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Stocco E, Emmi A, Sfriso MM, Tushevski A, De Caro R, Macchi V, Porzionato A. Carotid body plastic behavior: evidence for D 2-H 3 receptor-receptor interactions. Front Physiol 2024; 15:1422270. [PMID: 39072219 PMCID: PMC11272601 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2024.1422270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Dopamine and histamine receptors D2R and H3R are G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) which can establish physical receptor-receptor interactions (RRIs), leading to homo/hetero-complexes in a dynamic equilibrium. Although D2R and H3R expression has been detected within the carotid body (CB), their possible heterodimerization has never been demonstrated. The aim of this work was to verify D2R and H3R colocalization in the CB, thus suggesting a possible interplay that, in turn, may be responsible of specific D2R-H3R antagonistic functional implications. The CBs of both Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 5) and human donors (n = 5) were dissected, and immunolocalization of D2R and H3R was performed; thereafter, in situ proximity ligation assay (PLA) was developed. According to experimental evidence (immunohistochemistry and double immunofluorescence), all the samples displayed positive D2R/H3R elements; hence, PLA assay followed by confocal microscopy analysis was positive for D2R-H3R RRIs. Additionally, D2R-H3R heterodimers were mainly detected in type I cells (βIII-tubulin-positive cells), but type II cells' involvement cannot be excluded. RRIs may play a role in functional modulation of CB cells; investigating RRIs in the CB may guide toward the comprehension of its plastic changes and fine regulatory role while also unveiling their possible clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Stocco
- Section of Human Anatomy, Department of Neuroscience, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
- Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Aron Emmi
- Section of Human Anatomy, Department of Neuroscience, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Maria Martina Sfriso
- Section of Human Anatomy, Department of Neuroscience, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Aleksandar Tushevski
- Section of Human Anatomy, Department of Neuroscience, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Raffaele De Caro
- Section of Human Anatomy, Department of Neuroscience, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Veronica Macchi
- Section of Human Anatomy, Department of Neuroscience, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Andrea Porzionato
- Section of Human Anatomy, Department of Neuroscience, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
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Mota-Rojas D, Villanueva-García D, Hernández-Ávalos I, Casas-Alvarado A, Domínguez-Oliva A, Lezama-García K, Miranda-Cortés A, Martínez-Burnes J. Cardiorespiratory and Neuroprotective Effects of Caffeine in Neonate Animal Models. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:1769. [PMID: 37889643 PMCID: PMC10252037 DOI: 10.3390/ani13111769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Caffeine is widely used to improve neonatal health in animals with low vitality. Due to its pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, caffeine stimulates the cardiorespiratory system by antagonism of adenosine receptors and alteration in Ca+2 ion channel activity. Moreover, the availability of intracellular Ca+2 also has positive inotropic effects by increasing heart contractibility and by having a possible positive effect on neonate vitality. Nonetheless, since neonatal enzymatic and tissular systems are immature at birth, there is a controversy about whether caffeine is an effective therapy for newborns. This review aims to analyze the basic concepts of caffeine in neonatal animal models (rat and mouse pups, goat kids, lambs, and piglets), and it will discuss the neuroprotective effect and its physiological actions in reducing apnea in newborns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Mota-Rojas
- Neurophysiology, Behavior and Animal Welfare Assessment, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana (UAM), Mexico City 04960, Mexico
| | - Dina Villanueva-García
- Division of Neonatology, National Institute of Health, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Mexico City 06720, Mexico;
| | - Ismael Hernández-Ávalos
- Clinical Pharmacology and Veterinary Anesthesia, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Cuautitlán 54714, Mexico; (I.H.-Á.)
| | - Alejandro Casas-Alvarado
- Neurophysiology, Behavior and Animal Welfare Assessment, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana (UAM), Mexico City 04960, Mexico
| | - Adriana Domínguez-Oliva
- Neurophysiology, Behavior and Animal Welfare Assessment, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana (UAM), Mexico City 04960, Mexico
| | - Karina Lezama-García
- Neurophysiology, Behavior and Animal Welfare Assessment, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana (UAM), Mexico City 04960, Mexico
| | - Agatha Miranda-Cortés
- Clinical Pharmacology and Veterinary Anesthesia, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Cuautitlán 54714, Mexico; (I.H.-Á.)
| | - Julio Martínez-Burnes
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas, Victoria City 87000, Mexico
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3
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Stocco E, Sfriso MM, Borile G, Contran M, Barbon S, Romanato F, Macchi V, Guidolin D, De Caro R, Porzionato A. Experimental Evidence of A 2A-D 2 Receptor-Receptor Interactions in the Rat and Human Carotid Body. Front Physiol 2021; 12:645723. [PMID: 33935801 PMCID: PMC8082109 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.645723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenosine A2A receptors (A2AR) and dopamine D2 receptors (D2R) are known to be involved in the physiological response to hypoxia, and their expression/activity may be modulated by chronic sustained or intermittent hypoxia. To date, A2AR and D2R can form transient physical receptor–receptor interactions (RRIs) giving rise to a dynamic equilibrium able to influence ligand binding and signaling, as demonstrated in different native tissues and transfected mammalian cell systems. Given the presence of A2AR and D2R in type I cells, type II cells, and afferent nerve terminals of the carotid body (CB), the aim of this work was to demonstrate here, for the first time, the existence of A2AR–D2R heterodimers by in situ proximity ligation assay (PLA). Our data by PLA analysis and tyrosine hydroxylase/S100 colocalization indicated the formation of A2AR–D2R heterodimers in type I and II cells of the CB; the presence of A2AR–D2R heterodimers also in afferent terminals is also suggested by PLA signal distribution. RRIs could play a role in CB dynamic modifications and plasticity in response to development/aging and environmental stimuli, including chronic intermittent/sustained hypoxia. Exploring other RRIs will allow for a broad comprehension of the regulative mechanisms these interactions preside over, with also possible clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Stocco
- Department of Neuroscience, Institute of Human Anatomy, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Maria Martina Sfriso
- Department of Neuroscience, Institute of Human Anatomy, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Giulia Borile
- Department of Physics and Astronomy "G. Galilei," University of Padova, Padua, Italy.,Institute of Pediatric Research Città della Speranza, Padua, Italy
| | - Martina Contran
- Department of Neuroscience, Institute of Human Anatomy, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Silvia Barbon
- Department of Neuroscience, Institute of Human Anatomy, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Filippo Romanato
- Department of Physics and Astronomy "G. Galilei," University of Padova, Padua, Italy.,Institute of Pediatric Research Città della Speranza, Padua, Italy
| | - Veronica Macchi
- Department of Neuroscience, Institute of Human Anatomy, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Diego Guidolin
- Department of Neuroscience, Institute of Human Anatomy, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Raffaele De Caro
- Department of Neuroscience, Institute of Human Anatomy, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Andrea Porzionato
- Department of Neuroscience, Institute of Human Anatomy, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
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Porzionato A, Macchi V, De Caro R. Central and peripheral chemoreceptors in sudden infant death syndrome. J Physiol 2018; 596:3007-3019. [PMID: 29645275 PMCID: PMC6068209 DOI: 10.1113/jp274355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) has been ascribed to an underlying biological vulnerability to stressors during a critical period of development. This paper reviews the main data in the literature supporting the role of central (e.g. retrotrapezoid nucleus, serotoninergic raphe nuclei, locus coeruleus, orexinergic neurons, ventral medullary surface, solitary tract nucleus) and peripheral (e.g. carotid body) chemoreceptors in the pathogenesis of SIDS. Clinical and experimental studies indicate that central and peripheral chemoreceptors undergo critical development during the initial postnatal period, consistent with the age range of SIDS (<1 year). Most of the risk factors for SIDS (gender, genetic factors, prematurity, hypoxic/hyperoxic stimuli, inflammation, perinatal exposure to cigarette smoke and/or substance abuse) may structurally and functionally affect the developmental plasticity of central and peripheral chemoreceptors, strongly suggesting the involvement of these structures in the pathogenesis of SIDS. Morphometric and neurochemical changes have been found in the carotid body and brainstem respiratory chemoreceptors of SIDS victims, together with functional signs of chemoreception impairment in some clinical studies. However, the methodological problems of SIDS research will have to be addressed in the future, requiring large and highly standardized case series. Up-to-date autopsy protocols should be produced, involving substantial, and exhaustive sampling of all potentially involved structures (including peripheral arterial chemoreceptors). Morphometric approaches should include unbiased stereological methods with three-dimensional probes. Prospective clinical studies addressing functional tests and risk factors (including genetic traits) would probably be the gold standard, allowing markers of intrinsic or acquired vulnerability to be properly identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Porzionato
- Section of Anatomy, Department of NeuroscienceUniversity of PadovaItaly
| | - Veronica Macchi
- Section of Anatomy, Department of NeuroscienceUniversity of PadovaItaly
| | - Raffaele De Caro
- Section of Anatomy, Department of NeuroscienceUniversity of PadovaItaly
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Ribeiro A, Mayer C, Wilson C, Martin R, MacFarlane P. Intratracheal LPS administration attenuates the acute hypoxic ventilatory response: Role of brainstem IL-1β receptors. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2017; 242:45-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2017.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Revised: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Uppari NP, Joseph V, Bairam A. Respiratory responses to progesterone and allopregnanolone following chronic caffeine treatment in newborn female rats. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2017; 240:32-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2017.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Revised: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Kouchi H, Uppari N, Joseph V, Bairam A. Sex-specific respiratory effects of acute and chronic caffeine administration in newborn rats. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2017; 240:8-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2017.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Revised: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Brito R, Pereira-Figueiredo D, Socodato R, Paes-de-Carvalho R, Calaza KC. Caffeine exposure alters adenosine system and neurochemical markers during retinal development. J Neurochem 2016; 138:557-70. [PMID: 27221759 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Revised: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Evidence points to beneficial properties of caffeine in the adult central nervous system, but teratogenic effects have also been reported. Caffeine exerts most of its effects by antagonizing adenosine receptors, especially A1 and A2A subtypes. In this study, we evaluated the role of caffeine on the expression of components of the adenosinergic system in the developing avian retina and the impact of caffeine exposure upon specific markers for classical neurotransmitter systems. Caffeine exposure (5-30 mg/kg by in ovo injection) to 14-day-old chick embryos increased the expression of A1 receptors and concomitantly decreased A2A adenosine receptors expression after 48 h. Accordingly, caffeine (30 mg/kg) increased [(3) H]-8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dipropylxanthine (A1 antagonist) binding and reduced [(3) H]-ZM241385 (A2A antagonist) binding. The caffeine time-response curve demonstrated a reduction in A1 receptors 6 h after injection, but an increase after 18 and 24 h. In contrast, caffeine exposure increased the expression of A2A receptors from 18 and 24 h. Kinetic assays of [(3) H]-S-(4-nitrobenzyl)-6-thioinosine binding to the equilibrative adenosine transporter ENT1 revealed an increase in Bmax with no changes in Kd , an effect accompanied by an increase in adenosine uptake. Immunohistochemical analysis showed a decrease in retinal content of tyrosine hydroxylase, calbindin and choline acetyltransferase, but not Brn3a, after 48 h of caffeine injection. Furthermore, retinas exposed to caffeine had increased levels of phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase and cAMP-response element binding protein. Overall, we show an in vivo regulation of the adenosine system, extracellular signal-regulated kinase and cAMP-response element binding protein function and protein expression of specific neurotransmitter systems by caffeine in the developing retina. The beneficial or maleficent effects of caffeine have been demonstrated by the work of different studies. It is known that during animal development, caffeine can exert harmful effects, impairing the correct formation of CNS structures. In this study, we demonstrated cellular and tissue effects of caffeine's administration on developing chick embryo retinas. Those effects include modulation of adenosine receptors (A1 , A2 ) content, increasing in cAMP response element-binding protein (pCREB) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase phosphorylation (pERK), augment of adenosine equilibrative transporter content/activity, and a reduction of some specific cell subpopulations. ENT1, Equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Brito
- Neurobiology of the Retina Laboratory, Department of Neurobiology and Program of Neurosciences, Institute of Biology, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Laboratory of Cellular Neurobiology, Department of Neurobiology and Program of Neurosciences, Institute of Biology, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Danniel Pereira-Figueiredo
- Neurobiology of the Retina Laboratory, Department of Neurobiology and Program of Neurosciences, Institute of Biology, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Renato Socodato
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S) and Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Roberto Paes-de-Carvalho
- Laboratory of Cellular Neurobiology, Department of Neurobiology and Program of Neurosciences, Institute of Biology, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Karin C Calaza
- Neurobiology of the Retina Laboratory, Department of Neurobiology and Program of Neurosciences, Institute of Biology, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Maitre NL, Chan J, Stark AR, Lambert WE, Aschner JL, Key AP. Effects of caffeine treatment for apnea of prematurity on cortical speech-sound differentiation in preterm infants. J Child Neurol 2015; 30:307-13. [PMID: 24939976 PMCID: PMC4269579 DOI: 10.1177/0883073814538500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Caffeine, standard treatment for apnea of prematurity, improves brainstem auditory processing. We hypothesized that caffeine also improves cortical differentiation of complex speech sounds. We used event-related potential methodology to measure responses to speech-sound contrasts in 45 intensive care neonates, stratified by cumulative exposure as no-, low-, and high-caffeine groups. Sound differentiation in the low-caffeine group and near-term no-caffeine infants was similar with repeated measures analysis of variance controlling for gestational and postnatal age. However, a generalized estimating equation approach demonstrated that, at equivalent postnatal age, differentiation was reduced in the high-caffeine (gestational age 25 weeks) compared to the low-caffeine group (gestational age 28 weeks), reflecting the importance of maturity at birth (Z = 2.77, P < .006). We conclude that caffeine improves measures of auditory processing associated with improved neurodevelopmental outcomes in preterm infants. However, current usage of caffeine for apnea of prematurity cannot fully compensate for the effects of brain immaturity on speech sound processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie L Maitre
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Jeremy Chan
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Ann R Stark
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Warren E Lambert
- Kennedy Center for Research on Human Development & Department of Hearing and Speech Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Judy L Aschner
- Department of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Alexandra P Key
- Kennedy Center for Research on Human Development & Department of Hearing and Speech Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
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Garção P, Szabó EC, Wopereis S, Castro AA, Tomé ÂR, Prediger RD, Cunha RA, Agostinho P, Köfalvi A. Functional interaction between pre-synaptic α6β2-containing nicotinic and adenosine A2A receptors in the control of dopamine release in the rat striatum. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 169:1600-11. [PMID: 23638679 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2012] [Revised: 04/17/2013] [Accepted: 04/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Pre-synaptic nicotinic ACh receptors (nAChRs) and adenosine A2A receptors (A2A Rs) are involved in the control of dopamine release and are putative therapeutic targets in Parkinson's disease and addiction. Since A2A Rs have been reported to interact with nAChRs, here we aimed at mapping the possible functional interaction between A2A Rs and nAChRs in rat striatal dopaminergic terminals. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH We pharmacologically characterized the release of dopamine and defined the localization of nAChR subunits in rat striatal nerve terminals in vitro and carried out locomotor behavioural sensitization in rats in vivo. KEY RESULTS In striatal nerve terminals, the selective A2A R agonist CGS21680 inhibited, while the A2A R antagonist ZM241385 potentiated the nicotine-stimulated [(3) H]dopamine ([(3) H]DA) release. Upon blockade of the α6 subunit-containing nAChRs, the remaining nicotine-stimulated [(3) H]DA release was no longer modulated by A2A R ligands. In the locomotor sensitization experiments, nicotine enhanced the locomotor activity on day 7 of repeated nicotine injection, an effect that no longer persisted after 1 week of drug withdrawal. Notably, ZM241385-injected rats developed locomotor sensitization to nicotine already on day 2, which remained persistent upon nicotine withdrawal. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS These results provide the first evidence for a functional interaction between nicotinic and adenosine A2A R in striatal dopaminergic terminals, with likely therapeutic consequences for smoking, Parkinson's disease and other dopaminergic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Garção
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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Mosca E, Ciechanski P, Roy A, Scheibli E, Ballanyi K, Wilson R. Methylxanthine reversal of opioid-induced respiratory depression in the neonatal rat: Mechanism and location of action. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2014; 200:80-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2014.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2014] [Revised: 06/03/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Abstract
There is a growing public awareness that hormones can have a significant impact on most biological systems, including the control of breathing. This review will focus on the actions of two broad classes of hormones on the neuronal control of breathing: sex hormones and stress hormones. The majority of these hormones are steroids; a striking feature is that both groups are derived from cholesterol. Stress hormones also include many peptides which are produced primarily within the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN) and secreted into the brain or into the circulatory system. In this article we will first review and discuss the role of sex hormones in respiratory control throughout life, emphasizing how natural fluctuations in hormones are reflected in ventilatory metrics and how disruption of their endogenous cycle can predispose to respiratory disease. These effects may be mediated directly by sex hormone receptors or indirectly by neurotransmitter systems. Next, we will discuss the origins of hypothalamic stress hormones and their relationship with the respiratory control system. This relationship is 2-fold: (i) via direct anatomical connections to brainstem respiratory control centers, and (ii) via steroid hormones released from the adrenal gland in response to signals from the pituitary gland. Finally, the impact of stress on the development of neural circuits involved in breathing is evaluated in animal models, and the consequences of early stress on respiratory health and disease is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Behan
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
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Fournier S, Joseph V, Kinkead R. Influence of juvenile housing conditions on the ventilatory, thermoregulatory, and endocrine responses to hypoxia of adult male rats. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2011; 111:516-23. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00370.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
“Extreme” housing conditions, such as isolation (single housing) or crowding, are stressful for rats, and their deleterious impact on behavior is well documented. To determine whether more subtle variations in housing can affect animal physiology, the present study tested the hypothesis that the hypoxic ventilatory response (HVR) of adult male rats housed in pairs during the juvenile period (postnatal day 21 to adulthood) does not differ from that of animals housed in triads. Because neonatal stress augments the neuroendocrine responsiveness to stress and HVR, experiments were performed both on “control” (undisturbed) animals and rats subjected to neonatal maternal separation (NMS; 3 h/day, postnatal days 3–12). At adulthood, ventilatory activity was measured by whole body plethysmography under normoxic and hypoxic conditions (inspired fraction of O2 = 0.12; 20 min). The ventilatory and body temperature responses to hypoxia of rats raised in triads were less than those of rats housed in pairs. For the HVR, however, the attenuation induced by triad housing was more important in NMS rats. Triad housing decreased “basal” plasma corticosterone, but increased estradiol and testosterone levels. Much like the HVR, housing-related decrease in corticosterone level was greater in NMS than control rats. We conclude that modest changes in housing conditions (pairs vs. triads) during the juvenile period can influence basic homeostatic functions, such as temperature, endocrine, and respiratory regulation. Housing conditions can influence (even eliminate) the manifestations of respiratory plasticity subsequent to deleterious neonatal treatments. Differences in neuroendocrine function likely contribute to these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Fournier
- Department of Pediatrics, Centre de Recherche Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Vincent Joseph
- Department of Pediatrics, Centre de Recherche Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Richard Kinkead
- Department of Pediatrics, Centre de Recherche Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
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Julien CA, Joseph V, Bairam A. Alteration of carotid body chemoreflexes after neonatal intermittent hypoxia and caffeine treatment in rat pups. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2011; 177:301-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2011.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2010] [Revised: 05/10/2011] [Accepted: 05/10/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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15
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Koos BJ. Adenosine A₂a receptors and O₂ sensing in development. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2011; 301:R601-22. [PMID: 21677265 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00664.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Reduced mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, via activation of adenylate kinase and the resulting exponential rise in the cellular AMP/ATP ratio, appears to be a critical factor underlying O₂ sensing in many chemoreceptive tissues in mammals. The elevated AMP/ATP ratio, in turn, activates key enzymes that are involved in physiologic adjustments that tend to balance ATP supply and demand. An example is the conversion of AMP to adenosine via 5'-nucleotidase and the resulting activation of adenosine A(₂A) receptors, which are involved in acute oxygen sensing by both carotid bodies and the brain. In fetal sheep, A(₂A) receptors associated with carotid bodies trigger hypoxic cardiovascular chemoreflexes, while central A(₂A) receptors mediate hypoxic inhibition of breathing and rapid eye movements. A(₂A) receptors are also involved in hypoxic regulation of fetal endocrine systems, metabolism, and vascular tone. In developing lambs, A(₂A) receptors play virtually no role in O₂ sensing by the carotid bodies, but brain A(₂A) receptors remain critically involved in the roll-off ventilatory response to hypoxia. In adult mammals, A(₂A) receptors have been implicated in O₂ sensing by carotid glomus cells, while central A(₂A) receptors likely blunt hypoxic hyperventilation. In conclusion, A(₂A) receptors are crucially involved in the transduction mechanisms of O₂ sensing in fetal carotid bodies and brains. Postnatally, central A(₂A) receptors remain key mediators of hypoxic respiratory depression, but they are less critical for O₂ sensing in carotid chemoreceptors, particularly in developing lambs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian J Koos
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; Brain Research Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA.
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16
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Niane LM, Bairam A. Selecting representative ages for developmental changes of respiratory irregularities and hypoxic ventilatory response in rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.4236/ojmip.2011.11001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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17
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Ravindran CRM, Bayne JN, Bravo SC, Busby T, Crain CN, Escobedo JA, Gresham K, O'Grady BJ, Rios L, Roy S, Gdovin MJ. Intracellular acidosis and pH regulation in central respiratory chemoreceptors. J Health Care Poor Underserved 2011; 22:174-86. [PMID: 22102313 PMCID: PMC4372124 DOI: 10.1353/hpu.2011.0168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Dysfunctions of brainstem regions responsible for central CO2 chemoreception have been proposed as an underlying pathophysiology of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS). We recorded respiratory motor output and intracellular pH (pHi) from chemosensitive neurons in an in vitro tadpole brainstem during normocapnia and hypercapnia. Flash photolysis of the H+ donor nitrobenzaldehyde was used to induce focal decreases in pHi alone. Hypercapnia and flash photolysis significantly decreased pHi from normocapnia. In addition, chemoreceptors did not regulate pHi during hypercapnia, but demonstrated significant pHi recovery when only pHi was reduced by flash photolysis. Respiration was stimulated by decreases in pHi (hypercapnia and flash photolysis) by decreases in burst cycle. These data represent our ability to load the brainstem with nitrobenzaldehyde without disrupting the respiration, to quantify changes in chemoreceptor pHi recovery, and to provide insights regarding mechanisms of human health conditions with racial/ethnic health disparities such as SIDS and Apnea of Prematurity (AOP).
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Affiliation(s)
- C R Marutha Ravindran
- Department of Biology, The University of Texas at San Antonio,1 UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
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Tchekalarova J, Kubová H, Mareš P. Postnatal period of caffeine treatment and time of testing modulate the effect of acute caffeine on cortical epileptic afterdischarges in rats. Brain Res 2010; 1356:121-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2010.07.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2010] [Revised: 07/30/2010] [Accepted: 07/31/2010] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Bairam A, Kinkead R, Lajeunesse Y, Joseph V. Neonatal caffeine treatment does not induce long-term consequences on TrkB receptors or BDNF expression in chemosensory organs of adult rats. Neurosci Lett 2009; 468:292-6. [PMID: 19914342 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2009.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2009] [Revised: 10/21/2009] [Accepted: 11/05/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Chronic treatment with caffeine during the neonatal period (neonatal caffeine treatment, NCT, 15mg/kg/day from P3 to P12, oral gavage) has long-lasting consequences on respiratory control development. In adult male (but not female) rats, prior exposure to NCT results in a greater respiratory frequency response to hypoxia. This sex-specific effect of NCT was accompanied by an augmented expression of adenosine A(2A) receptors (A(2A)R) in the carotid body (CB) but not in the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS). Since activation of adenosine A(2A)R can directly stimulate synthesis of tyrosine kinase B receptor (TrkBR) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), we determined whether NCT increases TrkBR and BDNF expression levels in the CB and NTS using both RT-PCR and western blot analyses. CB, NTS, and superior cervical ganglion were collected from adult male and female rats (10-12 weeks old) previously subjected to NCT or to control (neonatal water treatment, NWT). In male rats, when NCT tended to decrease TrkBR mRNA transcript levels by about 32% in the CB and to reduce BDNF transcripts in the NTS by 22%, western blot analyses showed no parallel changes in final protein expression. NCT had no effects on TrkBR or BDNF mRNA and protein levels in the CB and NTS of female rats. Neither gene was altered by NCT in the superior cervical ganglion of male and female rats. These data suggest that NCT has no long-term effects on trophic factor BDNF and TrkBR expression at peripheral and central level of chemosensory organs involved in respiratory control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aida Bairam
- Unité de recherche en périnatologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Hôpital Saint-François d'Assise, Département de Pédiatrie, Université Laval, Québec, Canada.
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Montandon G, Horner RL, Kinkead R, Bairam A. Caffeine in the neonatal period induces long-lasting changes in sleep and breathing in adult rats. J Physiol 2009; 587:5493-507. [PMID: 19770189 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2009.171918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Caffeine is commonly used clinically to treat apnoeas and unstable breathing associated with premature birth. Caffeine antagonizes adenosine receptors and acts as an efficient respiratory stimulant in neonates. Owing to its persistent effects on adenosine receptor expression in the brain, neonatal caffeine administration also has significant effects on maturation of the respiratory control system. However, since adenosine receptors are critically involved in sleep regulation, and sleep also modulates breathing, we tested the hypothesis that neonatal caffeine treatment disrupts regulation of sleep and breathing in the adult rat. Neonatal caffeine treatment (15 mg kg(-1) day(-1)) was administered from postnatal days 3-12. At adulthood (8-10 weeks old), sleep and breathing were measured with a telemetry system and whole-body plethysmography respectively. In adult rats treated with caffeine during the neonatal period, sleep time was reduced, sleep onset latency was increased, and non-rapid eye movement (non-REM) sleep was fragmented compared to controls. Ventilation at rest was higher in caffeine-treated adult rats compared to controls across sleep/wake states. Hypercapnic ventilatory responses were significantly reduced in caffeine-treated rats compared to control rats across sleep/wake states. Additional experiments in adult anaesthetized rats showed that at similar levels of arterial blood gases, phrenic nerve activity was enhanced in caffeine-treated rats. This study demonstrates that administration of caffeine in the neonatal period alters respiratory control system activity in awake and sleeping rats, as well as in the anaesthetized rats, and also has persistent disrupting effects on sleep that are apparent in adult rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaspard Montandon
- Departments of Medicine and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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Altered expression of adenosine A1 and A2A receptors in the carotid body and nucleus tractus solitarius of adult male and female rats following neonatal caffeine treatment. Brain Res 2009; 1287:74-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2009.06.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2009] [Revised: 06/12/2009] [Accepted: 06/19/2009] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Lumbroso D, Joseph V. Impaired acclimatization to chronic hypoxia in adult male and female rats following neonatal hypoxia. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2009; 297:R421-7. [PMID: 19494172 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00068.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
We tested the hypothesis that neonatal exposure to hypoxia alters acclimatization to chronic hypoxia later in life. Rat pups were exposed to normobaric hypoxia (12% O(2); nHx group) in a sealed chamber, or to normoxia (21% O(2); nNx group) from the day before birth to postnatal day 10. The animals were then raised in normal conditions until reaching 12 wk of age. At this age, we assessed ventilatory and hematological acclimatization to chronic hypoxia by exposing male and female nHx and nNx rats for 2 wk to 10% O(2). Minute ventilation, metabolic rate, hypoxic ventilatory response, hematocrit, and hemoglobin levels were measured both before and after acclimatization. We also quantified right ventricular hypertrophy as an index of pulmonary hypertension both before and after acclimatization. There was a significant effect of neonatal hypoxia that decreases ventilatory response (relative to metabolic rate, VE/VCO(2)) to acute hypoxia before acclimatization in males but not in females. nHx rats had an impaired acclimatization to chronic hypoxia characterized by altered respiratory pattern and elevated hematocrit and hemoglobin levels after acclimatization, in both males and females. Right ventricular hypertrophy was present before and after acclimatization in nHx rats, indicating that neonatal hypoxia results in pulmonary hypertension in adults. We conclude that neonatal hypoxia impairs acclimatization to chronic hypoxia in adults and may be a factor contributing to the establishment of chronic mountain sickness in humans living at high altitude.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delphine Lumbroso
- Department of Pediatrics, Laval University, Centre de Recherche, Hôpital St-François d'Assise, Quebec, Canada
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Antenatal environmental stress and maturation of the breathing control, experimental data. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2009; 168:92-100. [PMID: 19427414 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2009.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2009] [Revised: 04/27/2009] [Accepted: 04/30/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The nervous respiratory system undergoes postnatal maturation and yet still must be functional at birth. Any antenatal suboptimal environment could upset either its building prenatally and/or its maturation after birth. Here, we would like to briefly summarize some of the major stresses leading to clinical postnatal respiratory dysfunction that can occur during pregnancy, we then relate them to experimental models that have been developed in order to better understand the underlying mechanisms implicated in the respiratory dysfunctions observed in neonatal care units. Four sections are aimed to review our current knowledge based on experimental data. The first will deal with the metabolic factors such as oxygen and glucose, the second with consumption of psychotropic substances (nicotine, cocaine, alcohol, morphine, cannabis and caffeine), the third with psychoactive molecules commonly consumed by pregnant women within a therapeutic context and/or delivered to premature neonates in critical care units (benzodiazepine, caffeine). In the fourth section, we take into account care protocols involving extended maternal-infant separation due to isolation in incubators. The effects of this stress potentially adds to those previously described.
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Adenosinergic modulation of respiratory activity: Developmental plasticity induced by perinatal caffeine administration. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2008; 164:87-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2008.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2008] [Revised: 07/17/2008] [Accepted: 07/18/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Enhancement of the breathing frequency response to hypoxia by neonatal caffeine treatment in adult male rats: the role of testosterone. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2008; 165:261-5. [PMID: 19041735 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2008.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2008] [Revised: 10/31/2008] [Accepted: 11/03/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Caffeine is a common treatment for apnea of prematurity. Although relatively safe, little is known about the potential long-term effects of this treatment on respiratory control development. We previously showed that adult male (but not female) rats previously subjected to neonatal caffeine treatment (NCT; 15 mg/kg/day, postnatal days 3-12) show a higher breathing frequency response during the early phase of hypoxic exposure. To address the role of sexual hormones in this sexual dimorphism, the present study tested the hypothesis that in adult male rats, circulating testosterone contributes to NCT-related augmentation of the acute breathing frequency response to hypoxia. Whole body plethysmography was used to compare the acute ventilatory response to moderate hypoxia (FIO2=0.12; 20 min) between rats previously subjected to NCT or neonatal water treatment (NWT; same treatment as NCT but using water). In each group, rats were either sham-operated or gonadectomized (GDX) 14 days prior to ventilatory measurements. In sham-operated rats, the increase in breathing frequency measured during the first 8 min of hypoxia was greater in NCT rats versus NWT. The hypoxic ventilatory response measured at the end of the hypoxia was not affected by treatment, thus indicating that NCT mainly affected the peripheral component of the chemoreflex. Gonadectomy had no effect on NCT but augmented the frequency response of NWT rats to the same level of NCT, thus eliminating the between-group difference. NCT may interfere with the inhibitory effect of circulating testosterone on carotid body function. Although appealing, additional experiments are necessary to substantiate this interpretation.
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