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Cervone DT, Sheremeta J, Kraft EN, Dyck DJ. Acylated and unacylated ghrelin directly regulate ß-3 stimulated lipid turnover in rodent subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue ex vivo but not in vivo. Adipocyte 2019; 8:1-15. [PMID: 30265180 PMCID: PMC6768250 DOI: 10.1080/21623945.2018.1528811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Ghrelin has garnered interest as a gut-derived regulator of lipid metabolism, beyond its classical roles in driving appetite and growth hormone release. Ghrelin’s circulating concentrations follow an ultradian rhythm, peak immediately before a meal and point towards a potential metabolic role in reducing the mobilization of fatty acid stores in preparation for the storage of ingested food. Here, we demonstrate that both acylated and unacylated ghrelin have physiological roles in attenuating lipolysis in mature subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue depots of rats. Ghrelin blunted the ß3-induction (CL 316, 243) of glycerol release (index of lipolysis) which coincided with a reduced activation of the key lipid hydrolase HSL at two of its serine residues (Ser563/660). Furthermore, ghrelin appeared to inhibit fatty acid reesterification in the presence of CL such that fatty acid concentrations in the surrounding media were maintained in spite of a reduction in lipolysis. Importantly, these aforementioned effects were not observed following ghrelin injection in vivo, as there was no attenuation of CL-induced glycerol release. This highlights the importance of exercising caution when interpreting the effects of administering ghrelin in vivo, and the necessity for uncovering the elusive mechanisms by which ghrelin regulates lipolysis and fatty acid reesterification. We conclude that both acylated and unacylated ghrelin can exert direct inhibitory effects on lipolysis and fatty acid reesterification in adipose tissue from rats. However, these effects are not observed in vivo and outline the complexity of studying ghrelin’s effects on fatty acid metabolism in the living animal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel T. Cervone
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Justin Sheremeta
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Emily N. Kraft
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - David J. Dyck
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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2
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Inflammation MO. Retracted: Treadmill Training Increases SIRT-1 and PGC-1 α Protein Levels and AMPK Phosphorylation in Quadriceps of Middle-Aged Rats in an Intensity-Dependent Manner. Mediators Inflamm 2017; 2017:8287646. [PMID: 29123335 PMCID: PMC5662800 DOI: 10.1155/2017/8287646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
[This retracts the article DOI: 10.1155/2014/987017.].
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Booth FW, Roberts CK, Thyfault JP, Ruegsegger GN, Toedebusch RG. Role of Inactivity in Chronic Diseases: Evolutionary Insight and Pathophysiological Mechanisms. Physiol Rev 2017; 97:1351-1402. [PMID: 28814614 PMCID: PMC6347102 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00019.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 329] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Revised: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This review proposes that physical inactivity could be considered a behavior selected by evolution for resting, and also selected to be reinforcing in life-threatening situations in which exercise would be dangerous. Underlying the notion are human twin studies and animal selective breeding studies, both of which provide indirect evidence for the existence of genes for physical inactivity. Approximately 86% of the 325 million in the United States (U.S.) population achieve less than the U.S. Government and World Health Organization guidelines for daily physical activity for health. Although underappreciated, physical inactivity is an actual contributing cause to at least 35 unhealthy conditions, including the majority of the 10 leading causes of death in the U.S. First, we introduce nine physical inactivity-related themes. Next, characteristics and models of physical inactivity are presented. Following next are individual examples of phenotypes, organ systems, and diseases that are impacted by physical inactivity, including behavior, central nervous system, cardiorespiratory fitness, metabolism, adipose tissue, skeletal muscle, bone, immunity, digestion, and cancer. Importantly, physical inactivity, itself, often plays an independent role as a direct cause of speeding the losses of cardiovascular and strength fitness, shortening of healthspan, and lowering of the age for the onset of the first chronic disease, which in turn decreases quality of life, increases health care costs, and accelerates mortality risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank W Booth
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Geriatrics, Research, Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California; Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas; and Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Christian K Roberts
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Geriatrics, Research, Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California; Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas; and Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - John P Thyfault
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Geriatrics, Research, Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California; Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas; and Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Gregory N Ruegsegger
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Geriatrics, Research, Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California; Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas; and Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Ryan G Toedebusch
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Geriatrics, Research, Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California; Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas; and Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
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MacDonald TL, MacPherson R, Castellani L, Cervone D, Anderson E, Wright DC, Dyck DJ. Estradiol does not directly regulate adipose lipolysis. Adipocyte 2017; 6:76-86. [PMID: 28425842 DOI: 10.1080/21623945.2017.1287638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms by which estradiol modulates adipose lipolysis are poorly understood. We sought to measure basal and β3-stimulated indices of lipoysis (FFAs, glycerol) in vivo in E2 deficient or supplemented rats, and ex vivo with direct acute E2 exposure. For 2 weeks, ovariectomized (OVX) and OVX rats treated with a daily oral dose of E2 (OVX E2) were pairfed to SHAM controls (n = 12 per group). Adipocyte size was modestly (∼40%) increased in OVX rats, but did not reach significance (p = 0.2). After 2 weeks, half of the animals in each group received an in vivo injection of saline or 1 mg/kg of the β3 agonist CL 316, 243. Serum FFA concentrations, but not glycerol, were lower in OVX and OVX E2 rats compared with SHAM controls (p = 0.02). A significant CL response was present in all groups (p<0.001) and HSL activation was unaffected by OVX or OVX E2 in retroperitoneal (r.p.) or inguinal (iWAT) adipose depots in vivo. Ex vivo, CL increased FFA and glycerol accumulation in the media as well as HSL phosphorylation by several fold in r.p. and iWAT explants, but responses from OVX and OVX E2 rats were comparable to SHAMs. To assess whether E2 can directly affect lipolysis, r.p. and iWAT tissue was treated with E2, CL or E2 + CL for 2, 4 or 8 hours using adipose tissue organ culture. CL stimulated FFA release (p<0.001), but was unaffected by E2. Overall, our results indicate that E2 does not directly regulate adipose tissue lipolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara L. MacDonald
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rebecca MacPherson
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Laura Castellani
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Daniel Cervone
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Eoin Anderson
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - David C. Wright
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - David J. Dyck
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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Coles CA. Adipokines in Healthy Skeletal Muscle and Metabolic Disease. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 900:133-60. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-27511-6_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Wang Y, Gao E, Lau WB, Wang Y, Liu G, Li JJ, Wang X, Yuan Y, Koch WJ, Ma XL. G-protein-coupled receptor kinase 2-mediated desensitization of adiponectin receptor 1 in failing heart. Circulation 2015; 131:1392-404. [PMID: 25696921 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.114.015248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phosphorylative desensitization of G-protein-coupled receptors contributes significantly to post-myocardial infarction (MI) remodeling and heart failure (HF). Here, we determined whether adiponectin receptors (AdipoRs) 1 and 2 (the 7-transmembrane domain-containing receptors mediating adiponectin functions) are phosphorylatively modified and functionally impaired after MI. METHODS AND RESULTS Post-MI HF was induced by coronary artery occlusion. Receptor phosphorylation, kinase expression, and adiponectin function were determined via in vivo, ex vivo, and in vitro models. AdipoR1 and AdipoR2 are not phosphorylated in the normal heart. However, AdipoR1 was significantly phosphorylated after MI, peaking at 7 days and remaining significantly phosphorylated thereafter. The extent of post-MI AdipoR1 phosphorylation positively correlated with the expression level of GPCR kinase (GRK) 2, the predominant GRK isoform upregulated in the failing heart. Cardiac-specific GRK2 knockout virtually abolished post-MI AdipoR1 phosphorylation, whereas virus-mediated GRK2 overexpression significantly phosphorylated AdipoR1 and blocked adiponectin metabolic-regulatory/anti-inflammatory signaling. Mass spectrometry identified serine-7, threonine-24, and threonine-53 (residues located in the n-terminal intracellular AdipoR1 region) as the GRK2 phosphorylation sites. Ex vivo experiments demonstrated that adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase activation and the anti-tumor necrosis factor-α effect of adiponectin were significantly inhibited in cardiomyocytes isolated from nonischemic area 7 days after MI. In vivo experiments demonstrated that acute adiponectin administration-induced cardiac GLUT4 translocation and endothelial nitric oxide synthase phosphorylation were blunted 7 days after MI. Continuous adiponectin administration beginning 7 days after MI failed to protect the heart from adverse remodeling and HF progression. Finally, cardiac-specific GRK2 knockdown restored the cardioprotective effect of adiponectin. CONCLUSION AdipoR1 is phosphorylatively modified and desensitized by GRK2 in failing cardiomyocytes, contributing to post-MI remodeling and HF progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajing Wang
- From Department of Emergency Medicine (Y.W., W.B.L., Y.W., G.L., J.-J.L., X.W., Y.Y., X.-L.M.) and Center for Translational Medicine, Department of Medicine (X.-L.M.), Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA; and Center for Translational Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA (E.G., W.J.K.).
| | - Erhe Gao
- From Department of Emergency Medicine (Y.W., W.B.L., Y.W., G.L., J.-J.L., X.W., Y.Y., X.-L.M.) and Center for Translational Medicine, Department of Medicine (X.-L.M.), Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA; and Center for Translational Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA (E.G., W.J.K.)
| | - Wayne Bond Lau
- From Department of Emergency Medicine (Y.W., W.B.L., Y.W., G.L., J.-J.L., X.W., Y.Y., X.-L.M.) and Center for Translational Medicine, Department of Medicine (X.-L.M.), Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA; and Center for Translational Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA (E.G., W.J.K.)
| | - Yang Wang
- From Department of Emergency Medicine (Y.W., W.B.L., Y.W., G.L., J.-J.L., X.W., Y.Y., X.-L.M.) and Center for Translational Medicine, Department of Medicine (X.-L.M.), Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA; and Center for Translational Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA (E.G., W.J.K.)
| | - Gaizheng Liu
- From Department of Emergency Medicine (Y.W., W.B.L., Y.W., G.L., J.-J.L., X.W., Y.Y., X.-L.M.) and Center for Translational Medicine, Department of Medicine (X.-L.M.), Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA; and Center for Translational Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA (E.G., W.J.K.)
| | - Jing-Jing Li
- From Department of Emergency Medicine (Y.W., W.B.L., Y.W., G.L., J.-J.L., X.W., Y.Y., X.-L.M.) and Center for Translational Medicine, Department of Medicine (X.-L.M.), Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA; and Center for Translational Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA (E.G., W.J.K.)
| | - Xiaoliang Wang
- From Department of Emergency Medicine (Y.W., W.B.L., Y.W., G.L., J.-J.L., X.W., Y.Y., X.-L.M.) and Center for Translational Medicine, Department of Medicine (X.-L.M.), Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA; and Center for Translational Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA (E.G., W.J.K.)
| | - Yuexing Yuan
- From Department of Emergency Medicine (Y.W., W.B.L., Y.W., G.L., J.-J.L., X.W., Y.Y., X.-L.M.) and Center for Translational Medicine, Department of Medicine (X.-L.M.), Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA; and Center for Translational Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA (E.G., W.J.K.)
| | - Walter J Koch
- From Department of Emergency Medicine (Y.W., W.B.L., Y.W., G.L., J.-J.L., X.W., Y.Y., X.-L.M.) and Center for Translational Medicine, Department of Medicine (X.-L.M.), Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA; and Center for Translational Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA (E.G., W.J.K.)
| | - Xin-Liang Ma
- From Department of Emergency Medicine (Y.W., W.B.L., Y.W., G.L., J.-J.L., X.W., Y.Y., X.-L.M.) and Center for Translational Medicine, Department of Medicine (X.-L.M.), Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA; and Center for Translational Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA (E.G., W.J.K.).
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Park M, Sabetski A, Kwan Chan Y, Turdi S, Sweeney G. Palmitate induces ER stress and autophagy in H9c2 cells: implications for apoptosis and adiponectin resistance. J Cell Physiol 2015; 230:630-9. [PMID: 25164368 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 08/22/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The association between obesity and heart failure is well documented and recent studies have indicated that understanding the physiological role of autophagy will be of great significance. Cardiomyocyte apoptosis is one component of cardiac remodeling which leads to heart failure and in this study we used palmitate-treated H9c2 cells as an in vitro model of lipotoxicity to investigate the role of autophagy in cell death. Temporal analysis revealed that palmitate (100 μM) treatment induced a gradual increase of intracellular lipid accumulation as well as apoptotic cell death. Palmitate induced autophagic flux, determined via increased LC3-II formation and p62 degradation as well as by detecting reduced colocalization of GFP with RFP in cells overexpressing tandem fluorescent GFP/RFP-LC3. The increased level of autophagy indicated by these measures were confirmed using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Upon inhibiting autophagy using bafilomycin we observed an increased level of palmitate-induced cell death assessed by Annexin V/PI staining, detection of active caspase-3 and MTT cell viability assay. Interestingly, using TEM and p-PERK or p-eIF2α detection we observed increased endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in response to palmitate. Autophagy was induced as an adaptive response against ER stress since it was sensitive to ER stress inhibition. Palmitate-induced ER stress also induced adiponectin resistance, assessed via AMPK phosphorylation, via reducing APPL1 expression. This effect was independent of palmitate-induced autophagy. In summary, our data indicate that palmitate induces autophagy subsequent to ER stress and that this confers a prosurvival effect against lipotoxicity-induced cell death. Palmitate-induced ER stress also led to adiponecin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Park
- Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, Canada
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Influence of glutamine on the effect of resistance exercise on cardiac ANP in rats. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE CIÊNCIAS DO ESPORTE 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rbce.2013.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Marette A, Liu Y, Sweeney G. Skeletal muscle glucose metabolism and inflammation in the development of the metabolic syndrome. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2014; 15:299-305. [PMID: 25326656 DOI: 10.1007/s11154-014-9296-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Insulin resistance and metabolic dysfunction in skeletal muscle play a major role in the development of the metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes. Numerous mechanisms have been proposed to explain the pathophysiology of obesity-linked metabolic dysfunction and this review will focus on the contributing role of adiponectin and inflammation. The beneficial effects of adiponectin on both insulin action and inflammation are now well documented and will be reviewed. More recent work provided new insights into adiponectin signaling mechanisms. The development of strategies to mimic adiponectin action holds promise that adiponectin-based compounds may translate into effective therapeutic applications. We will also discussed the novel role of long chain ω-3 PUFA-derived resolution mediators, which in addition to resolving inflammation, can also exert glucoregulatory effects in models of obesity and insulin resistance. We will focus on one resolution mediator, protectin DX (PDX), which was recently shown to act as a muscle interleukin-6 secretagogue. PDX and its isomer PD1 also enhance adiponectin expression and action. Ultimately, it is via a better understanding the molecular mechanisms of action via which inflammation, insulin resistance and metabolic dysfunction occur in skeletal muscle, and also how they crosstalk with each other, that we can generate new and improved therapies for obesity-linked metabolic complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Marette
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Heart and Lung Institute, Laval University, Québec, QC, Canada,
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Abstract
The beneficial metabolic effects of adiponectin which confer insulin-sensitizing and anti-diabetic effects are well established. Skeletal muscle is an important target tissue for adiponectin where it regulates glucose and fatty acid metabolism directly and via insulin sensitizing effects. Cell surface receptors and the intracellular signaling events via which adiponectin orchestrates metabolism are now becoming well characterized. The initially accepted dogma of adiponectin action was that the physiological effects were mediated via endocrine effects of adipose-derived adiponectin. However, in recent years it has been established that skeletal muscle can also produce and secrete adiponectin that can elicit important functional effects. There is evidence that skeletal muscle adiponectin resistance may develop in obesity and play a role in the pathogenesis of diabetes. In summary, adiponectin acting in an autocrine and endocrine manner has important metabolic and insulin sensitizing effects on skeletal muscle which contribute to the overall anti-diabetic outcome of adiponectin action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Liu
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Gary Sweeney
- Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada.
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