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Di Donato M, Moretti A, Sorrentino C, Toro G, Gentile G, Iolascon G, Castoria G, Migliaccio A. Filamin A cooperates with the androgen receptor in preventing skeletal muscle senescence. Cell Death Discov 2023; 9:437. [PMID: 38040692 PMCID: PMC10692324 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-023-01737-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging induces a slow and progressive decrease in muscle mass and function, causing sarcopenia. Androgens control muscle trophism and exert important anabolic functions through the binding to the androgen receptor. Therefore, analysis of the androgen receptor-mediated actions in skeletal muscle might provide new hints for a better understanding of sarcopenia pathogenesis. In this study, we report that expression of the androgen receptor in skeletal muscle biopsies from 20 subjects is higher in young, as compared with old subjects. Co-immunoprecipitation experiments reveal that the androgen receptor is complexed with filamin A mainly in young, that in old subjects. Therefore, we have in depth analyzed the role of such complex using C2C12 myoblasts that express a significant amount of the androgen receptor. In these cells, hormone stimulation rapidly triggers the assembly of the androgen receptor/filamin A complex. Such complex prevents the senescence induced by oxidative stress in C2C12 cells, as disruption of the androgen receptor/filamin A complex by Rh-2025u stapled peptide re-establishes the senescent phenotype in C2C12 cells. Simultaneously, androgen stimulation of C2C12 cells rapidly triggers the activation of various signaling effectors, including Rac1, focal adhesion kinase, and mitogen-activated kinases. Androgen receptor blockade by bicalutamide or perturbation of androgen receptor/filamin A complex by Rh-2025u stapled peptide both reverse the hormone activation of signaling effectors. These findings further reinforce the role of the androgen receptor and its extranuclear partners in the rapid hormone signaling that controls the functions of C2C12 cells. Further investigations are needed to promote clinical interventions that might ameliorate muscle cell function as well the clinical outcome of age-related frailty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzia Di Donato
- Dipartimento di Medicina di Precisione, Università della Campania 'L. Vanvitelli'- Via L. De Crecchio, 7-80138, Naples, Italy
| | - Antimo Moretti
- Dipartimento Multidisciplinare di Specialità Medico- Chirurgiche e Odontoiatriche, Università della Campania 'L. Vanvitelli'- Via L. De Crecchio, 6-80138, Naples, Italy
| | - Carmela Sorrentino
- Dipartimento di Medicina di Precisione, Università della Campania 'L. Vanvitelli'- Via L. De Crecchio, 7-80138, Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Toro
- Dipartimento Multidisciplinare di Specialità Medico- Chirurgiche e Odontoiatriche, Università della Campania 'L. Vanvitelli'- Via L. De Crecchio, 6-80138, Naples, Italy
| | - Giulia Gentile
- Dipartimento di Medicina di Precisione, Università della Campania 'L. Vanvitelli'- Via L. De Crecchio, 7-80138, Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanni Iolascon
- Dipartimento Multidisciplinare di Specialità Medico- Chirurgiche e Odontoiatriche, Università della Campania 'L. Vanvitelli'- Via L. De Crecchio, 6-80138, Naples, Italy
| | - Gabriella Castoria
- Dipartimento di Medicina di Precisione, Università della Campania 'L. Vanvitelli'- Via L. De Crecchio, 7-80138, Naples, Italy.
| | - Antimo Migliaccio
- Dipartimento di Medicina di Precisione, Università della Campania 'L. Vanvitelli'- Via L. De Crecchio, 7-80138, Naples, Italy
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2
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Mavropalias G, Sim M, Taaffe DR, Galvão DA, Spry N, Kraemer WJ, Häkkinen K, Newton RU. Exercise medicine for cancer cachexia: targeted exercise to counteract mechanisms and treatment side effects. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2022; 148:1389-1406. [PMID: 35088134 PMCID: PMC9114058 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-022-03927-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Cancer-induced muscle wasting (i.e., cancer cachexia, CC) is a common and devastating syndrome that results in the death of more than 1 in 5 patients. Although primarily a result of elevated inflammation, there are multiple mechanisms that complement and amplify one another. Research on the use of exercise to manage CC is still limited, while exercise for CC management has been recently discouraged. Moreover, there is a lack of understanding that exercise is not a single medicine, but mode, type, dosage, and timing (exercise prescription) have distinct health outcomes. The purpose of this review was to examine the effects of these modes and subtypes to identify the most optimal form and dosage of exercise therapy specific to each underlying mechanism of CC. Methods The relevant literatures from MEDLINE and Scopus databases were examined. Results Exercise can counteract the most prominent mechanisms and signs of CC including muscle wasting, increased protein turnover, systemic inflammation, reduced appetite and anorexia, increased energy expenditure and fat wasting, insulin resistance, metabolic dysregulation, gut dysbiosis, hypogonadism, impaired oxidative capacity, mitochondrial dysfunction, and cancer treatments side-effects. There are different modes of exercise, and each mode has different sub-types that induce vastly diverse changes when performed over multiple sessions. Choosing suboptimal exercise modes, types, or dosages can be counterproductive and could further contribute to the mechanisms of CC without impacting muscle growth. Conclusion Available evidence shows that patients with CC can safely undertake higher-intensity resistance exercise programs, and benefit from increases in body mass and muscle mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios Mavropalias
- Exercise Medicine Research Institute, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, WA, 6027, Australia.
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia.
| | - Marc Sim
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia
- Institute for Nutrition Research, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia
- Medical School, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Dennis R Taaffe
- Exercise Medicine Research Institute, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, WA, 6027, Australia
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia
| | - Daniel A Galvão
- Exercise Medicine Research Institute, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, WA, 6027, Australia
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia
| | - Nigel Spry
- Exercise Medicine Research Institute, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, WA, 6027, Australia
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia
| | - William J Kraemer
- Exercise Medicine Research Institute, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, WA, 6027, Australia
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia
- Department of Human Sciences, Ohio State University, Columbus, USA
| | - Keijo Häkkinen
- Neuromuscular Research Center, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyvaskyla, Finland
| | - Robert U Newton
- Exercise Medicine Research Institute, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, WA, 6027, Australia
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia
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Ren D, Song J, Liu R, Zeng X, Yan X, Zhang Q, Yuan X. Molecular and Biomechanical Adaptations to Mechanical Stretch in Cultured Myotubes. Front Physiol 2021; 12:689492. [PMID: 34408658 PMCID: PMC8365838 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.689492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Myotubes are mature muscle cells that form the basic structural element of skeletal muscle. When stretching skeletal muscles, myotubes are subjected to passive tension as well. This lead to alterations in myotube cytophysiology, which could be related with muscular biomechanics. During the past decades, much progresses have been made in exploring biomechanical properties of myotubes in vitro. In this review, we integrated the studies focusing on cultured myotubes being mechanically stretched, and classified these studies into several categories: amino acid and glucose uptake, protein turnover, myotube hypertrophy and atrophy, maturation, alignment, secretion of cytokines, cytoskeleton adaption, myotube damage, ion channel activation, and oxidative stress in myotubes. These biomechanical adaptions do not occur independently, but interconnect with each other as part of the systematic mechanoresponse of myotubes. The purpose of this review is to broaden our comprehensions of stretch-induced muscular alterations in cellular and molecular scales, and to point out future challenges and directions in investigating myotube biomechanical manifestations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dapeng Ren
- Department of Stomatology Medical Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.,College of Dentistry, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jing Song
- Department of Stomatology Medical Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Ran Liu
- Department of Stomatology Medical Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xuemin Zeng
- Department of Stomatology Medical Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.,College of Dentistry, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiao Yan
- Department of Stomatology Medical Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Department of Stomatology Medical Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiao Yuan
- Department of Stomatology Medical Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
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Cardaci TD, Machek SB, Wilburn DT, Heileson JL, Willoughby DS. High-Load Resistance Exercise Augments Androgen Receptor-DNA Binding and Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling without Increases in Serum/Muscle Androgens or Androgen Receptor Content. Nutrients 2020; 12:E3829. [PMID: 33333818 PMCID: PMC7765240 DOI: 10.3390/nu12123829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was (1) to determine the effect of single bouts of volume- and intensity-equated low- (LL) and high-load (HL) full-body resistance exercise (RE) on AR-DNA binding, serum/muscle testosterone and dihydrotestosterone, muscle androgen receptor (AR), and AR-DNA binding; and, (2) to determine the effect of RE on sarcoplasmic and nucleoplasmic β-catenin concentrations in order to determine their impact on mediating AR-DNA binding in the absence/presence of serum/muscle androgen and AR protein. In a cross-over design, 10 resistance-trained males completed volume- and intensity-equated LL and HL full-body RE. Blood and muscle samples were collected at pre-, 3 h-, and 24 h post-exercise. Separate 2 × 3 factorial analyses of variance (ANOVAs) with repeated measures and pairwise comparisons with a Bonferroni adjustment were used to analyze the main effects. No significant differences were observed in muscle AR, testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, or serum total testosterone in either condition (p > 0.05). Serum-free testosterone was significantly decreased 3 h post-exercise and remained significantly less than baseline 24 h post-exercise in both conditions (p < 0.05). In response to HL, AR-DNA binding significantly increased at 3 h post-exercise (p < 0.05), whereas no significant differences were observed at any time in response to LL (p > 0.05). Moreover, sarcoplasmic β-catenin was significantly greater in HL (p < 0.05) without significant changes in nucleoplasmic β-catenin (p > 0.05). In conclusion, increases in AR-DNA binding in response to HL RE indicate AR signaling may be load-dependent. Furthermore, despite the lack of increase in serum and muscle androgens or AR content following HL RE, elevations in AR-DNA binding with elevated sarcoplasmic β-catenin suggests β-catenin may be facilitating this response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas D. Cardaci
- Department of Health, Human Performance and Recreation, Robbins College of Health and Human Sciences, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76706, USA; (T.D.C.); (S.B.M.); (D.T.W.); (J.L.H.)
- Department of Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Steven B. Machek
- Department of Health, Human Performance and Recreation, Robbins College of Health and Human Sciences, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76706, USA; (T.D.C.); (S.B.M.); (D.T.W.); (J.L.H.)
| | - Dylan T. Wilburn
- Department of Health, Human Performance and Recreation, Robbins College of Health and Human Sciences, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76706, USA; (T.D.C.); (S.B.M.); (D.T.W.); (J.L.H.)
| | - Jeffery L. Heileson
- Department of Health, Human Performance and Recreation, Robbins College of Health and Human Sciences, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76706, USA; (T.D.C.); (S.B.M.); (D.T.W.); (J.L.H.)
| | - Darryn S. Willoughby
- Department of Health, Human Performance and Recreation, Robbins College of Health and Human Sciences, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76706, USA; (T.D.C.); (S.B.M.); (D.T.W.); (J.L.H.)
- School of Exercise and Sport Science, Mayborn College of Health Sciences, University of Mary Hardin-Baylor, Belton, TX 76513, USA
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Gharahdaghi N, Phillips BE, Szewczyk NJ, Smith K, Wilkinson DJ, Atherton PJ. Links Between Testosterone, Oestrogen, and the Growth Hormone/Insulin-Like Growth Factor Axis and Resistance Exercise Muscle Adaptations. Front Physiol 2020; 11:621226. [PMID: 33519525 PMCID: PMC7844366 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.621226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Maintenance of skeletal muscle mass throughout the life course is key for the regulation of health, with physical activity a critical component of this, in part, due to its influence upon key hormones such as testosterone, estrogen, growth hormone (GH), and insulin-like growth factor (IGF). Despite the importance of these hormones for the regulation of skeletal muscle mass in response to different types of exercise, their interaction with the processes controlling muscle mass remain unclear. This review presents evidence on the importance of these hormones in the regulation of skeletal muscle mass and their responses, and involvement in muscle adaptation to resistance exercise. Highlighting the key role testosterone plays as a primary anabolic hormone in muscle adaptation following exercise training, through its interaction with anabolic signaling pathways and other hormones via the androgen receptor (AR), this review also describes the potential importance of fluctuations in other hormones such as GH and IGF-1 in concert with dietary amino acid availability; and the role of estrogen, under the influence of the menstrual cycle and menopause, being especially important in adaptive exercise responses in women. Finally, the downstream mechanisms by which these hormones impact regulation of muscle protein turnover (synthesis and breakdown), and thus muscle mass are discussed. Advances in our understanding of hormones that impact protein turnover throughout life offers great relevance, not just for athletes, but also for the general and clinical populations alike.
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6
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Hardee JP, Counts BR, Carson JA. Understanding the Role of Exercise in Cancer Cachexia Therapy. Am J Lifestyle Med 2019; 13:46-60. [PMID: 30627079 PMCID: PMC6311610 DOI: 10.1177/1559827617725283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Revised: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cachexia, the unintentional loss of body weight, is prevalent in many cancer types, and the associated skeletal muscle mass depletion increases patient morbidity and mortality. While anorexia can be present, cachexia is not reversible with nutritional therapies alone. Pharmacological agents have been proposed to treat this condition, but there are currently no approved treatments. Nonetheless, the hallmark characteristics associated with cancer cachexia remain viable foundations for future therapies. Regular physical activity holds a promising future as a nonpharmacological alternative to improve patient survival through cachexia prevention. Evidence suggests exercise training is beneficial during cancer treatment and survival. However, the mechanistic examination of cachectic skeletal muscle's response to exercise is both needed and justified. The primary objective of this review is to discuss the role of exercise for the prevention and treatment of cancer-associated muscle wasting. Initially, we provide an overview of systemic alterations induced by cancer and their role in the regulation of wasting processes during cachexia progression. We then discuss how exercise could alter disrupted regulatory pathways related to growth and metabolism during cancer-induced muscle atrophy. Last, we outline current exercise prescription guidelines and how exercise could be a potential behavioral therapy to curtail cachexia development in cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin P. Hardee
- Department of Exercise Science (JPH, BRC, JAC), University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina
- Center for Colon Cancer Research (JAC), University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina
| | - Brittany R. Counts
- Department of Exercise Science (JPH, BRC, JAC), University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina
- Center for Colon Cancer Research (JAC), University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina
| | - James A. Carson
- James A. Carson, PhD, Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, 921 Assembly Street, Public Health Research Center, Rm 301, Columbia, SC 29208; e-mail:
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Wu Y, Yang H, Wang X. The function of androgen/androgen receptor and insulin growth factor‑1/insulin growth factor‑1 receptor on the effects of Tribulus terrestris extracts in rats undergoing high intensity exercise. Mol Med Rep 2017; 16:2931-2938. [PMID: 28677770 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.6891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Our previous study demonstrated that treatment with Tribulus terrestris (TT) extracts (120 mg/kg) promoted the muscle weight gain and performance of rats undergoing high intensity exercise. The present study was designed to explore the mechanisms underlying the effect of treatment with TT extracts and the involvement of androgens, the androgen receptor (AR), insulin growth factor‑1 (IGF‑1) and the IGF‑1 receptor (IGF‑1R). A total of 32 Sprague‑Dawley rats were randomly divided into groups as follows: Control; TT, treated with TT extracts, E, high intensity exercise; E+TT, high intensity exercise plus TT treatment. The rats of the E and E+TT groups underwent high intensity exercise with a progressively increasing load for 5 weeks, and TT extracts were intragastrically administered in the TT and E+TT rats 30 min prior to training. TT extract composition was analyzed using ultra‑high performance liquid chromatography‑quadrupole‑time of flight mass spectrometry. Testosterone and IGF‑1 plasma levels and AR, IGF‑1R and myosin heavy chain (MHC) protein levels in muscles were determined by ELISA and western blotting, respectively. The saponins tigogenin and diosgenin comprised ~71.35% of the total peak area. Compared with the E group, TT extracts increased the testosterone and IGF‑1 plasma levels, and AR, IGF‑1R and MHC protein levels in the gastrocnemius of rats undergoing high intensity exercise, accompanied with increased body weight and gastrocnemius weight. In conclusion, the effect of TT extracts on the performance of high intensity exercise rats may be attributed to increased levels of circulating testosterone and IGF‑1 and increased AR and IGF‑1R protein expression levels in the gastrocnemius, resulting in increased muscle weight and increased MHC in the gastrocnemius. The present study provided preliminary evidence supporting the use of TT extracts as a dietary supplement for the promotion of skeletal muscle mass increase and the enhancement of athletic performance in humans performing high intensity exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Wu
- Department of Computer and Statistics, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, P.R. China
| | - Hongfang Yang
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, P.R. China
| | - Xiaohui Wang
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, P.R. China
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8
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Terena SML, Fernandes KPS, Bussadori SK, Deana AM, Mesquita-Ferrari RA. Systematic review of the synergist muscle ablation model for compensatory hypertrophy. Rev Assoc Med Bras (1992) 2017; 63:164-172. [DOI: 10.1590/1806-9282.63.02.164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Summary Objective: The aim was to evaluate the effectiveness of the experimental synergists muscle ablation model to promote muscle hypertrophy, determine the period of greatest hypertrophy and its influence on muscle fiber types and determine differences in bilateral and unilateral removal to reduce the number of animals used in this model. Method: Following the application of the eligibility criteria for the mechanical overload of the plantar muscle in rats, nineteen papers were included in the review. Results: The results reveal a greatest hypertrophy occurring between days 12 and 15, and based on the findings, synergist muscle ablation is an efficient model for achieving rapid hypertrophy and the contralateral limb can be used as there was no difference between unilateral and bilateral surgery, which reduces the number of animals used in this model. Conclusion: This model differs from other overload models (exercise and training) regarding the characteristics involved in the hypertrophy process (acute) and result in a chronic muscle adaptation with selective regulation and modification of fast-twitch fibers in skeletal muscle. This is an efficient and rapid model for compensatory hypertrophy.
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Kim YJ, Tamadon A, Park HT, Kim H, Ku SY. The role of sex steroid hormones in the pathophysiology and treatment of sarcopenia. Osteoporos Sarcopenia 2016; 2:140-155. [PMID: 30775480 PMCID: PMC6372754 DOI: 10.1016/j.afos.2016.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Revised: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Sex steroids influence the maintenance and growth of muscles. Decline in androgens, estrogens and progesterone by aging leads to the loss of muscular function and mass, sarcopenia. These steroid hormones can interact with different signaling pathways through their receptors. To date, sex steroid hormone receptors and their exact roles are not completely defined in skeletal and smooth muscles. Although numerous studies focused on the effects of sex steroid hormones on different types of cells, still many unexplained molecular mechanisms in both skeletal and smooth muscle cells remain to be investigated. In this paper, many different molecular mechanisms that are activated or inhibited by sex steroids and those that influence the growth, proliferation, and differentiation of skeletal and smooth muscle cells are reviewed. Also, the similarities of cellular and molecular pathways of androgens, estrogens and progesterone in both skeletal and smooth muscle cells are highlighted. The reviewed signaling pathways and participating molecules can be targeted in the future development of novel therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Jin Kim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Korea University Guro Hospital, South Korea
| | - Amin Tamadon
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyun Tae Park
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Korea University Anam Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, South Korea
| | - Hoon Kim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seung-Yup Ku
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
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Carson JA, Manolagas SC. Effects of sex steroids on bones and muscles: Similarities, parallels, and putative interactions in health and disease. Bone 2015; 80:67-78. [PMID: 26453497 PMCID: PMC4600533 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2015.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Revised: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Estrogens and androgens influence the growth and maintenance of bones and muscles and are responsible for their sexual dimorphism. A decline in their circulating levels leads to loss of mass and functional integrity in both tissues. In the article, we highlight the similarities of the molecular and cellular mechanisms of action of sex steroids in the two tissues; the commonality of a critical role of mechanical forces on tissue mass and function; emerging evidence for an interplay between mechanical forces and hormonal and growth factor signals in both bones and muscles; as well as the current state of evidence for or against a cross-talk between muscles and bone. In addition, we review evidence for the parallels in the development of osteoporosis and sarcopenia with advancing age and the potential common mechanisms responsible for the age-dependent involution of these two tissues. Lastly, we discuss the striking difference in the availability of several drug therapies for the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis, as compared to none for sarcopenia. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled "Muscle Bone Interactions".
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Affiliation(s)
- James A Carson
- Department of Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208 USA
| | - Stavros C Manolagas
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Center for Osteoporosis and Metabolic Bone Diseases, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences and the Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, Little Rock, AR, USA.
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11
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Micussi MT, Freitas RP, Varella L, Soares EM, Lemos TM, Maranhão TM. Relationship between pelvic floor muscle and hormone levels in polycystic ovary syndrome. Neurourol Urodyn 2015; 35:780-5. [PMID: 26288062 DOI: 10.1002/nau.22817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To evaluate the electrical activity of the pelvic floor muscles (PFM) in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. METHODS Forty-two women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS group) and 13 premenopausal women (control group) were recruited in this cross-sectional study. Total testosterone and estradiol were measured and muscle tone and maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) of PFM were determined by surface electromyography. RESULTS There was a difference in muscle tone (PCOS = 59.9 µV and Control group = 25.5 µV; P < 0.0001) and MVC (PCOS = 159.7 µV and Control group = 63.7 µV; P < 0.0002) between groups. The concentration of estradiol and testosterone showed a strong correlation with tone (r = 0.9, r = 0.8 respectively) and MVC (r = 0.9, r = 0.9 respectively) in women with PCOS. The control group exhibited a strong correlation between testosterone and muscle tone (r = 0.9) and MVC (r = 0.9). CONCLUSION Women with PCOS display higher electromyographic values than those in premenopause. Moreover, electrical activity showed a positive relation with estradiol and testosterone concentrations. Although PCOS is a heterogeneous disorder affecting young women, it is suggested that the hyperandrogenic state associated with PCOS is a protective factor for PFM. Neurourol. Urodynam. 35:780-785, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Thereza Micussi
- Department of Physiotherapy, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Pegado Freitas
- Department of Physiotherapy, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - Larissa Varella
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - Elvira Maria Soares
- Maternidade-Escola Januário Cicco, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - Telma Maria Lemos
- Department of Clinical Analysis, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - Técia Maria Maranhão
- Department of Tocogynecology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
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Spillane M, Schwarz N, Willoughby DS. Upper-body resistance exercise augments vastus lateralis androgen receptor-DNA binding and canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling compared to lower-body resistance exercise in resistance-trained men without an acute increase in serum testosterone. Steroids 2015; 98:63-71. [PMID: 25742735 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2015.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Revised: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/20/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the study was to determine the effect of single bouts of lower-body (LB) and upper- and lower-body (ULB) resistance exercise on serum testosterone concentrations and the effects on muscle testosterone, dihydrotestosterone (DHT), androgen receptor (AR) protein content, and AR-DNA binding. A secondary purpose was to determine the effects on serum wingless-type MMTV integration site (Wnt4) levels and skeletal muscle β-catenin content. In a randomized cross-over design, exercise bouts consisted of a LB and ULB protocol, and each bout was separated by 1 week. Blood and muscle samples were obtained before exercise and 3 and 24h post-exercise; blood samples were also obtained at 0.5, 1, and 2 h post-exercise. Statistical analyses were performed by separate two-way factorial analyses of variance (ANOVA) with repeated measures. No significant differences from baseline were observed in serum total and free testosterone and skeletal muscle testosterone and DHT with either protocol (p>0.05). AR protein was significantly increased at 3 h post-exercise and decreased at 24 h post-exercise for ULB, whereas AR-DNA binding was significantly increased at 3 and 24h post-exercise (p<0.05). In response to ULB, serum Wnt4 was significantly increased at 0.5, 1, and 2 h post-exercise (p<0.05) and β-catenin was significantly increased at 3 and 24 h post-exercise (p<0.05). It was concluded that, despite a lack of increase in serum testosterone and muscle androgen concentrations from either mode of resistance exercise, ULB resistance exercise increased Wnt4/β-catenin signaling and AR-DNA binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mike Spillane
- Department of Health, Physical Education, and Leisure Studies, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36688, USA
| | - Neil Schwarz
- Department of Health, Physical Education, and Leisure Studies, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36688, USA
| | - Darryn S Willoughby
- Exercise and Biochemical Nutrition Lab, Department of Health, Human Performance, and Recreation, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798, USA.
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13
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Ferry A, Schuh M, Parlakian A, Mgrditchian T, Valnaud N, Joanne P, Butler-Browne G, Agbulut O, Metzger D. Myofiber androgen receptor promotes maximal mechanical overload-induced muscle hypertrophy and fiber type transition in male mice. Endocrinology 2014; 155:4739-48. [PMID: 25216388 DOI: 10.1210/en.2014-1195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The first aim of this study was to examine the role of myofiber androgen receptor (AR) in male mice on muscle performance gain and remodeling-induced muscle mechanical overloading (OVL) that mimics resistance training. The response of OVL in mice in which AR is selectively ablated in myofibers (AR(skm-/y)) was compared with that of wild-type (WT) mice. In addition, we determined whether the synthetic anabolic androgen nandrolone administration affects the OVL response. We found that OVL increased absolute maximal force and fatigue resistance in both mouse genotypes (P < .05). However, the absolute maximal force increased more in AR(skm-/y) mice as compared with WT mice (+88% vs +63%) (P < .05). Muscle weight increased less in response to OVL in AR(skm-/y) mice (+54%) than in WT mice (+115%) (P < .05). The fiber number per cross-section similarly increased in both mouse genotypes after OVL (P < .05). In contrast to WT mice, the diameter of the fibers expressing myosin heavy chain (MHC)-2x decreased after OVL in AR(skm-/y) mice (P < .05). The MHC-2b to MHC-2a fiber type transition in response to OVL was reduced in AR(skm-/y) mice as compared with WT mice (P < .05). Finally, nandrolone administration during OVL did not further improve absolute maximal force and fatigue resistance and markedly alter muscle remodeling in both mouse genotypes. Together, our results indicate that myofiber AR is required for a complete response to OVL and that exogenous androgens do not increase muscle performance during intensive remodeling in male mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud Ferry
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie Université Paris 06 (A.F., T.M., N.V., G.B.-B.), Sorbonne Universités, Inserm Unité 974, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 7215, Institut de Myologie, F-75013 Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes (A.F.), Sorbonne Paris Cité, F-75006 Paris, France; Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (M.S., D.M.), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 7104, Inserm Unité 964, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch 67404, France; and Université Pierre et Marie Curie Université Paris 06 (A.P., T.M., P.J., O.A.), Sorbonne Universités, Unité Mixte de Recherche Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 8256, Biological Adaptation and Ageing, F-75005 Paris, France
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14
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Washington TA, Healey JM, Thompson RW, Lowe LL, Carson JA. Lactate dehydrogenase regulation in aged skeletal muscle: Regulation by anabolic steroids and functional overload. Exp Gerontol 2014; 57:66-74. [PMID: 24835193 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2014.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Revised: 04/23/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Aging alters the skeletal muscle response to overload-induced growth. The onset of functional overload is characterized by increased myoblast proliferation and an altered muscle metabolic profile. The onset of functional overload is associated with increased energy demands that are met through the interconversion of lactate and pyruvate via the activity of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). Testosterone targets many of the processes activated at the onset of functional overload. However, the effect of aging on this metabolic plasticity at the onset of functional overload and how anabolic steroid administration modulates this response is not well understood. The purpose of this study was to determine if aging would alter overload-induced LDH activity and expression at the onset of functional overload and whether anabolic steroid administration would modulate this response. Five-month and 25-month male Fischer 344xF1 BRN were given nandrolone decanoate (ND) or sham injections for 14days and then the plantaris was functionally overloaded (OV) for 3days by synergist ablation. Aging reduced muscle LDH-A & LDH-B activity 70% (p<0.05). Aging also reduced LDH-A mRNA abundance, however there was no age effect on LDH-B mRNA abundance. In 5-month muscle, both ND and OV decreased LDH-A and LDH-B activity. However, there was no synergistic or additive effect. In 5-month muscle, ND and OV decreased LDH-A mRNA expression with no change in LDH-B expression. In 25-month muscle, ND and OV increased LDH-A and LDH-B activity. LDH-A mRNA expression was not altered by ND or OV in aged muscle. However, there was a main effect of OV to decrease LDH-B mRNA expression. There was also an age-induced LDH isoform shift. ND and OV treatment increased the "fast" LDH isoforms in aged muscle, whereas ND and OV increased the "slow" isoforms in young muscle. Our study provides evidence that aging alters aspects of skeletal muscle metabolic plasticity normally induced by overload and anabolic steroid administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyrone A Washington
- Exercise Muscle Biology Laboratory, Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Health, Human Performance and Recreation, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville AR 72701, United States; Integrative Muscle Biology Laboratory, Exercise Science Department, Norman J. Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, United States.
| | - Julie M Healey
- Integrative Muscle Biology Laboratory, Exercise Science Department, Norman J. Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, United States
| | - Raymond W Thompson
- Integrative Muscle Biology Laboratory, Exercise Science Department, Norman J. Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, United States
| | - Larry L Lowe
- Department of Biological and Physical Sciences, Benedict College, Columbia, SC 29208, United States
| | - James A Carson
- Integrative Muscle Biology Laboratory, Exercise Science Department, Norman J. Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, United States
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15
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Kitaoka Y, Machida M, Takemasa T, Hatta H. Expression of monocarboxylate transporter (MCT) 1 and MCT4 in overloaded mice plantaris muscle. J Physiol Sci 2011; 61:467-72. [PMID: 21826525 PMCID: PMC10717019 DOI: 10.1007/s12576-011-0167-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2011] [Accepted: 07/14/2011] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
A number of studies have shown that changes in muscle contractile activity regulate the expression of monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs) in the skeletal muscle. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of functional overload on MCT1 and MCT4 protein expression. Plantaris muscles were functionally overloaded for 15 days by ablation of the synergistic muscles. MCT1 and MCT4 mRNA abundance increased by 160-161% (p < 0.01) and 265-325% (p < 0.05), respectively, after 1-3 days of functional overload. MCT1 and MCT4 protein expression increased by 92 and 61%, respectively, after 12 days of functional overload (p < 0.05). AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) phosphorylation status [phospho-AMPK (Thr172)/total AMPK] was significantly elevated after 3-9 days of functional overload. Plasma testosterone concentration was elevated after 12 days of functional overload, while blood lactate concentration was not altered. Thus, the current study demonstrated that heavy mechanical loading induces increase in MCT1 and MCT4 protein expression in the muscles with increase in AMPK phosphorylation status and plasma testosterone concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Kitaoka
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tennodai 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8574 Japan
| | - Masanao Machida
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tennodai 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8574 Japan
| | - Tohru Takemasa
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tennodai 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8574 Japan
| | - Hideo Hatta
- Department of Sports Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Komaba 3-8-1, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8902 Japan
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16
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Ahtiainen JP, Hulmi JJ, Kraemer WJ, Lehti M, Nyman K, Selänne H, Alen M, Pakarinen A, Komulainen J, Kovanen V, Mero AA, Häkkinen K. Heavy resistance exercise training and skeletal muscle androgen receptor expression in younger and older men. Steroids 2011; 76:183-92. [PMID: 21070797 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2010.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2010] [Revised: 10/15/2010] [Accepted: 10/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Effects of heavy resistance exercise on serum testosterone and skeletal muscle androgen receptor (AR) concentrations were examined before and after a 21-week resistance training period. Seven healthy untrained young adult men (YT) and ten controls (YC) as well as ten older men (OT) and eight controls (OC) volunteered as subjects. Heavy resistance exercise bouts (5 × 10 RM leg presses) were performed before and after the training period. Muscle biopsies were obtained before and 1h and 48 h after the resistance exercise bouts from m.vastus lateralis (VL) to determine cross-sectional area of muscle fibers (fCSA) and AR mRNA expression and protein concentrations. No changes were observed in YC and OC while resistance training led to significant increases in maximal strength of leg extensors (1 RM), fCSA and lean body mass in YT and OT. Acute increases occurred in serum testosterone concentrations due to resistance exercises but basal testosterone remained unaltered. Mean AR mRNA expression and protein concentration remained unchanged after heavy resistance exercise bouts compared to pre-values. The individual pre- to post-training changes in resting (pre-exercise) AR protein concentration correlated with the changes in fCSA and lean body mass in the combined group of YT and OT. Similarly, it correlated with the changes in 1 RM in YT. Although mean AR expression did not changed due to the resistance exercise training, the present findings suggest that the individual changes of AR protein concentration in skeletal muscle following resistance training may have an impact on training-induced muscular adaptations in both younger and older men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juha P Ahtiainen
- Department of Biology of Physical Activity and Neuromuscular Research Center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland.
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17
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Vingren JL, Kraemer WJ, Ratamess NA, Anderson JM, Volek JS, Maresh CM. Testosterone Physiology in Resistance Exercise and Training. Sports Med 2010; 40:1037-53. [PMID: 21058750 DOI: 10.2165/11536910-000000000-00000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 238] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jakob L Vingren
- Applied Physiology Laboratories, Department of Kinesiology, Health Promotion and Recreation, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas, USA
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18
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White JP, Reecy JM, Washington TA, Sato S, Le ME, Davis JM, Wilson LB, Carson JA. Overload-induced skeletal muscle extracellular matrix remodelling and myofibre growth in mice lacking IL-6. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2009; 197:321-32. [PMID: 19681796 DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-1716.2009.02029.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
AIM Overloading healthy skeletal muscle produces myofibre hypertrophy and extracellular matrix remodelling, and these processes are thought to be interdependent for producing muscle growth. Inflammatory cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6) gene expression is induced in overloaded skeletal muscle, and the loss of this IL-6 induction can attenuate the hypertrophic response to overload (OV). Although the OV induction of IL-6 in skeletal muscle may be an important regulator of inflammatory processes and satellite cell proliferation, less is known about its role in the regulation of extracellular matrix remodelling. The purpose of the current study was to examine if OV-induced extracellular matrix remodelling, muscle growth, and associated gene expression were altered in mice that lack IL-6, when compared with wild-type mice. METHODS Male C57/BL6 (WT) and C57/BL6 x IL-6(-/-) (IL-6(-/-)) mice (10 weeks of age) were assigned to either a sham control or synergist ablation OV treatments for 3, 21 or 56 days. RESULT Plantaris muscle mass increased 59% in WT and 116% in IL-6(-/-) mice after 21 day OV. Myofibre CSA was also increased by 21 day OV in both WT and IL-6(-/-) mice. OV induced a twofold greater increase in the volume of non-contractile tissue in IL-6(-/-) muscle compared to WT. OV also induced a significantly greater accumulation of hydroxyproline and procollagen-1 mRNA in IL-6(-/-) muscle, when compared with WT muscle after 21 day OV. Transforming growth factor-beta and insulin-like growth factor-1 mRNA expression were also induced to a greater extent in IL-6(-/-) muscle when compared with WT muscle after 21 day OV. There was no effect of IL-6 loss on the induction of myogenin, and cyclin D1 mRNA expression after 3 day OV. However, MyoD mRNA expression in 3 day OV IL-6(-/-) muscle was attenuated when compared with WT OV mice. CONCLUSION IL-6 appears to be necessary for the normal regulation of extracellular matrix remodelling during OV-induced growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P White
- Exercise Science Department, University of South Carolina, Columbia, 29208, USA
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19
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Kim HJ, Lee WJ. Insulin-like growth factor-I induces androgen receptor activation in differentiating C2C12 skeletal muscle cells. Mol Cells 2009; 28:189-94. [PMID: 19705083 DOI: 10.1007/s10059-009-0118-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2009] [Revised: 07/15/2009] [Accepted: 07/16/2009] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The modulating effect of IGF-I on the regulation of AR gene expression and activation in skeletal muscle cells remains poorly understood. In this study, the effects of IGF-I treatment on AR induction and activation in the absence of AR ligands were examined. Differentiating C2C12 cells were treated with different concentrations (0-250 ng/ml) of IGF-I or for various periods of time (0-60 min) of 250 ng/ml IGF-I. Treatment of C2C12 cells with IGF-I resulted in a dose- and time-dependent increase in total AR and phosphorylated AR (Ser 213). IGF-I treatment also led to significantly increased AR mRNA expression when compared with the control. The levels of skeletal alpha-actin and myogenin mRNA, known target genes of AR, were also significantly upregulated after 5 or 10 min of treatment with IGF-I. Confocal images revealed that IGF-I stimulated nuclear localization of AR in the absence of ligands. In addition, an electrophoretic mobility shift assay indicated that IGF-I stimulated the AR DNA binding activity in a time-dependent manner. The present results suggest that IGF-I stimulates the expression and activation of AR by ligand-independent mechanism in differentiating C2C12 mouse skeletal muscle cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Jin Kim
- Department of Exercise Science, College of Health Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
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20
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Spiering BA, Kraemer WJ, Vingren JL, Ratamess NA, Anderson JM, Armstrong LE, Nindl BC, Volek JS, Häkkinen K, Maresh CM. Elevated endogenous testosterone concentrations potentiate muscle androgen receptor responses to resistance exercise. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2009; 114:195-9. [PMID: 19429451 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2009.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2008] [Revised: 02/09/2009] [Accepted: 02/11/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of endogenous circulating testosterone (T) on muscle androgen receptor (AR) responses to acute resistance exercise (RE). Six healthy men (26+/-4 years; 176+/-5 cm; 75.8+/-11.4 kg) performed a knee extension exercise protocol on two occasions separated by 1-3 weeks. Rest preceded one trial (i.e., control [CON] trial) and a high-volume upper-body RE protocol designed to increase circulating T preceded the other trial (i.e., high T [HT] trial). Serial blood samples were obtained throughout each trial to determine circulating T concentrations. Biopsies of the vastus lateralis were obtained pre-RE (REST), 10-min post-RE (+10), and 180-min post-RE (+180) to determine muscle AR content. Circulating T concentrations remained stable during CON. Alternately, HT significantly (p< or =0.05) increased T concentrations above resting values (+16%). Testosterone area-under-the-time curve during HT exceeded CON by 14%. AR content remained stable from REST to +10 in both trials. Compared to the corresponding +10 value, muscle AR content at +180 tended to decrease during CON (-33%; p=0.10) but remained stable during HT (+40%; p=0.17). Muscle AR content at +180 during the HT trial exceeded the corresponding CON value. In conclusion, acute elevations in circulating T potentiated muscle AR content following RE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barry A Spiering
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Connecticut, 2095 Hillside Road, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
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21
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Capacchione JF, Radimer MC, Sagel JS, Kraus GP, Sambuughin N, Muldoon SM. Trauma, systemic inflammatory response syndrome, dietary supplements, illicit steroid use and a questionable malignant hyperthermia reaction. Anesth Analg 2009; 108:900-3. [PMID: 19224800 DOI: 10.1213/ane.0b013e31819240a5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malignant hyperthermia (MH) is a pharmacogenetic disorder of skeletal muscle calcium regulation associated primarily, but not exclusively, with mutations in the skeletal muscle ryanodine receptor. Associated environmental factors, however, may also be important for expression of the syndrome. METHODS AND RESULTS A 24-yr-old trauma patient developed a fulminant MH crisis after a 3 minute exposure to sevoflurane. A thorough evaluation of underlying co-morbidities revealed a number of environmental factors that could have altered skeletal muscle calcium regulation, and may have potentially influenced the effects of volatile inhaled anesthetics. Since MH is a syndrome characterized by abnormal skeletal muscle calcium regulation, other factors that alter calcium homeostasis may exacerbate the impact of inhaled MH-triggering drugs. CONCLUSIONS While a thorough history of MH episodes in a proband and family is emphasized as part of a complete preanesthetic evaluation, obtaining a history of other environmental entities that may alter calcium regulation may be equally important to knowing the family history.
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Affiliation(s)
- John F Capacchione
- Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Department of Anesthesiology, 4301 Jones Bridge Rd., Bethesda, MD 20814, USA.
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22
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Aizawa K, Iemitsu M, Otsuki T, Maeda S, Miyauchi T, Mesaki N. Sex differences in steroidogenesis in skeletal muscle following a single bout of exercise in rats. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2008; 104:67-74. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00558.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Sex steroid hormones, such as testosterone and estradiol, play important roles in developing both strength and mass of skeletal muscle. Recently, we demonstrated that skeletal muscle can synthesize sex steroid hormones. Whether there are sex differences in basal steroidogenesis or acute exercise-induced alterations of steroidogenesis in the skeletal muscle is unknown. We examined sex differences in the levels of testosterone, estradiol, and steroidogenesis-related enzymes, such as 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (HSD), 3β-HSD, and aromatase cytochrome P-450 (P450arom), in the skeletal muscle at rest and after exercise. We studied the gastrocnemius muscles of resting rats (10 wk old) and exercised rats (10 wk old, treadmill running, 30 m/min, 30 min). Basal muscular testosterone levels were higher in males than females, whereas estradiol did not differ between sexes. Additionally, 17β-HSD, 3β-HSD, and P450arom transcript and protein expression were greater in females. After acute exercise, testosterone levels and 17β-HSD expression increased in muscle in both sexes. By comparison, muscular estradiol levels increased in males following exercise but were unchanged in females. Expression of P450arom, which regulates estrogen synthesis, increased after acute exercise in males but decreased after exercise in females. Thus a single bout of exercise can influence the steroidogenic system in skeletal muscle, and these alterations differ between sexes. The acute exercise-induced alteration of steroidogenic enzymes may enhance the local steroidogenesis in the skeletal muscle in both sexes.
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23
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Huey KA, McCall GE, Zhong H, Roy RR. Modulation of HSP25 and TNF-alpha during the early stages of functional overload of a rat slow and fast muscle. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2007; 102:2307-14. [PMID: 17379754 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00021.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Early events in response to abrupt increases in activation and loading with muscle functional overload (FO) are associated with increased damage and inflammation. Heat shock protein 25 (HSP25) may protect against these stressors, and its expression can be regulated by muscle loading and activation. The purpose of this study was to investigate the responses of HSP25, phosphorylated HSP25 (pHSP25), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) during FO of the slow soleus and fast plantaris. We compared the HSP25 mRNA, HSP25 protein, pHSP25, and TNF-alpha responses in the soleus and plantaris after 0.5, 1, 2, 3, and 7 days of FO. HSP25 and pHSP25 were quantified in soluble and insoluble fractions. HSP25 mRNA increased immediately in both muscles and decreased with continued FO. However, HSP25 mRNA levels were consistently higher in the muscles of FO than control rats. In the soluble fraction, HSP25 increased in the plantaris after 2-7 days of FO with the greatest response at 3 and 7 days. The pHSP25 response to FO was greater in the plantaris than soleus at all points in the soluble fraction and at 0.5 days in the insoluble fraction. TNF-alpha levels in the plantaris, but not soleus, were higher than control at 0.5-2 days of FO. This may have contributed to the greater FO response in pHSP25 in the plantaris than soleus as TNF-alpha increased pHSP25 in C2C12 myotubes. These results suggest that the initial responses of pHSP25 and TNF-alpha to mechanical stress and inflammation associated with FO are greater in a fast than slow extensor muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly A Huey
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, 120 Freer Hall, 906 S. Goodwin Ave., Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
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Aizawa K, Iemitsu M, Maeda S, Jesmin S, Otsuki T, Mowa CN, Miyauchi T, Mesaki N. Expression of steroidogenic enzymes and synthesis of sex steroid hormones from DHEA in skeletal muscle of rats. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2007; 292:E577-84. [PMID: 17018772 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00367.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The functional importance of sex steroid hormones (testosterone and estrogens), derived from extragonadal tissues, has recently gained significant appreciation. Circulating dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) is peripherally taken up and converted to testosterone by 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (HSD) and 17beta-HSD, and testosterone in turn is irreversibly converted to estrogens by aromatase cytochrome P-450 (P450arom). Although sex steroid hormones have been implicated in skeletal muscle regulation and adaptation, it is unclear whether skeletal muscles have a local steroidogenic enzymatic machinery capable of metabolizing circulating DHEA. Thus, here, we investigate whether the three key steroidogenic enzymes (3beta-HSD, 17beta-HSD, and P450arom) are present in the skeletal muscle and are capable of generating sex steroid hormones. Consistent with our hypothesis, the present study demonstrates mRNA and protein expression of these enzymes in the skeletal muscle cells of rats both in vivo and in culture (in vitro). Importantly, we also show an intracellular formation of testosterone and estradiol from DHEA or testosterone in cultured muscle cells in a dose-dependent manner. These findings are novel and important in that they provide the first evidence showing that skeletal muscles are capable of locally synthesizing sex steroid hormones from circulating DHEA or testosterone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuji Aizawa
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tennodai 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577, Japan
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25
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Thompson RW, McClung JM, Baltgalvis KA, Davis JM, Carson JA. Modulation of overload-induced inflammation by aging and anabolic steroid administration. Exp Gerontol 2006; 41:1136-48. [PMID: 17064867 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2006.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2006] [Revised: 08/11/2006] [Accepted: 08/29/2006] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Aging can alter the skeletal muscle growth response induced by overload. The initiation of overload induces muscle extracellular matrix expansion, increased cellularity, and inflammatory gene expression, which are all related to processes important for myofiber growth. These remodeling processes are also biological targets of testosterone. It is not certain how aging affects the inflammatory response to functional overload and whether anabolic steroid administration can alter this response. The effect of anabolic steroid administration on inflammatory processes during functional overload is not known. The purpose of this study was to determine if age altered the skeletal muscle inflammatory response at the onset of functional overload and whether anabolic steroid administration would modulate this response in young or older animals. Five-month and 25 month F344 x BRN rats were given nandrolone decanoate (ND) (6 mg/kg bw/wk) or sham injections for 3 weeks, and then the soleus muscle was overloaded (OV) for 3 days by synergist ablation. ND alone induced a 230% increase in ED1(+) cells in 5 month muscle. Three days of OV had no effect on ED1(+) cell number at either age. OV combined with ND induced a 90% increase in ED2(+) cells in 5 month muscle, while there was no effect of either treatment alone at this age. In 25 month muscle, OV induced a 40% increase in ED2(+) cells. Regardless of age, OV induced muscle TNF-alpha mRNA expression (300%) and IL-6 mRNA expression (900%). ND attenuated OV-induced IL-6 mRNA but not TNF-alpha expression in both age groups. The overload induction of IL-1beta mRNA was 3-fold greater in 25 month muscle (1400%), compared to 5 month muscle (400%). ND administration ablated the overload IL-1beta mRNA induction in 25 month muscle. Anabolic steroid administration can suppress inflammatory cytokine gene expression at the onset of overload and this effect is age dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond W Thompson
- Integrative Muscle Biology Laboratory, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
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26
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Kraemer WJ, Spiering BA, Volek JS, Ratamess NA, Sharman MJ, Rubin MR, French DN, Silvestre R, Hatfield DL, Van Heest JL, Vingren JL, Judelson DA, Deschenes MR, Maresh CM. Androgenic Responses to Resistance Exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2006; 38:1288-96. [PMID: 16826026 DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000227314.85728.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this investigation was to determine the effects of 3 wk of L-carnitine L-tartrate (LCLT) supplementation and post-resistance-exercise (RE) feeding on hormonal and androgen receptor (AR) responses. METHODS Ten resistance-trained men (mean+/-SD: age, 22+/-1 yr; mass, 86.3+/-15.3 kg; height, 181+/-11 cm) supplemented with LCLT (equivalent to 2 g of L-carnitine per day) or placebo (PL) for 21 d, provided muscle biopsies for AR determinations, then performed two RE protocols: one followed by water intake, and one followed by feeding (8 kcal.kg body mass, consisting of 56% carbohydrate, 16% protein, and 28% fat). RE protocols were randomized and included serial blood draws and a 1-h post-RE biopsy. After a 7-d washout period, subjects crossed over, and all experimental procedures were repeated. RESULTS LCLT supplementation upregulated (P<0.05) preexercise AR content compared with PL (12.9+/-5.9 vs 11.2+/-4.0 au, respectively). RE increased (P<0.05) AR content compared with pre-RE values in the PL trial only. Post-RE feeding significantly increased AR content compared with baseline and water trials for both LCLT and PL. Serum total testosterone concentrations were suppressed (P<0.05) during feeding trials with respect to corresponding water and pre-RE values. Luteinizing hormone demonstrated subtle, yet significant changes in response to feeding and LCLT. CONCLUSION In summary, these data demonstrated that: 1) feeding after RE increased AR content, which may result in increased testosterone uptake, and thus enhanced luteinizing hormone secretion via feedback mechanisms; and 2) LCLT supplementation upregulated AR content, which may promote recovery from RE.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J Kraemer
- Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269-1110, USA.
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McClung JM, Mehl KA, Thompson RW, Lowe LL, Carson JA. Nandrolone decanoate modulates cell cycle regulation in functionally overloaded rat soleus muscle. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2005; 288:R1543-52. [PMID: 15886356 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00285.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Functionally overloading rat soleus muscle by synergist ablation induces a rapid increase in mass. Muscle remodeling during the first week of overload is critical for the overload-induced growth. Anabolic steroid modulation of this overload-induced remodeling response is not well understood. The purpose of this study was to determine whether pretreatment with nandrolone decanoate, a clinically administered anabolic steroid, alters muscle morphology and gene expression related to muscle growth during the initiation of functional overload in the rat soleus muscle. Adult (5 mo) male Fisher 344 × Brown Norway rats were randomly assigned to control (Sham), 3-day functional overload (OV), nandrolone decanoate administration (ND), or 3-day functional overload with nandrolone decanoate administration (OV+ND) treatment groups. Morphologically, OV increased the percentage of small (361%) and large (150%) fibers and expanded the ECM 50%. ND administration decreased the 3-day OV induction of small fibers 51% and nuclei associated with the ECM 20%. ND administration also attenuated the induction of cell cycle regulator p21 (64%) and myogenin (37%) mRNAs after 3 days of overload. These data demonstrate that nandrolone decanoate pretreatment can alter morphological and cell cycle regulator expression related to muscle growth at the onset of functional overload.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph M McClung
- Integrative Muscle Biology Laboratory, Division of Applied Physiology, Exercise Science Department, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
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Washington TA, Reecy JM, Thompson RW, Lowe LL, McClung JM, Carson JA. Lactate dehydrogenase expression at the onset of altered loading in rat soleus muscle. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2005; 97:1424-30. [PMID: 15358753 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00222.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Both functional overload and hindlimb disuse induce significant energy-dependent remodeling of skeletal muscle. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), an important enzyme involved in anaerobic glycolysis, catalyzes the interconversion of lactate and pyruvate critical for meeting rapid high-energy demands. The purpose of this study was to determine rat soleus LDH-A and -B isoform expression, mRNA abundance, and enzymatic activity at the onset of increased or decreased loading in the rat soleus muscle. The soleus muscles from male Sprague-Dawley rats were functionally overloaded for up to 3 days by a modified synergist ablation or subjected to disuse by hindlimb suspension for 3 days. LDH mRNA concentration was determined by Northern blotting, LDH protein isoenzyme composition was determined by zymogram analysis, and LDH enzymatic activity was determined spectrophotometrically. LDH-A mRNA abundance increased by 372%, and LDH-B mRNA abundance decreased by 43 and 31% after 24 h and 3 days of functional overload, respectively, compared with that in control rats. LDH protein expression demonstrated a shift by decreasing LDH-B isoforms and increasing LDH-A isoforms. LDH-B activity decreased 80% after 3 days of functional overload. Additionally, LDH-A activity increased by 234% following 3 days of hindlimb suspension. However, neither LDH-A or LDH-B mRNA abundance was affected following 3 days of hindlimb suspension. In summary, the onset of altered loading induced a differential expression of LDH-A and -B in the rat soleus muscle, favoring rapid energy production. Long-term altered loading is associated with myofiber conversion; however, the rapid changes in LDH at the onset of altered loading may be involved in other physiological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyrone A Washington
- Integrative Muscle Biology Laboratory, Exercise Science Department, Norman J. Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina 29208, USA
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McClung JM, Thompson RW, Lowe LL, Carson JA. RhoA expression during recovery from skeletal muscle disuse. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2004; 96:1341-8. [PMID: 15016791 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01015.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional overload and anabolic steroid administration induce signaling pathways that regulate skeletal muscle RhoA expression. The purpose of this study was to determine RhoA and associated protein expression at the onset of disuse and after a brief period of reloading. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to cage control (Con), 3 days of hindlimb suspension (Sus), or 3 days of hindlimb suspension with 12 h of reloading (12-h Reload). The reloading stimuli consisted of 12 h of resumed normal locomotion after 3 days of hindlimb suspension. Plantaris muscle-to-body weight (mg/g) ratio decreased 17% from Con with Sus but returned to Con with 12-h Reload, increasing 13% from Sus. Sus decreased RhoA protein concentration 46%, whereas 12-h Reload induced a 24% increase compared with Sus. The ratio of cytosolic- to membrane-associated RhoA protein was not changed with either Sus or 12-h Reload. RhoA mRNA concentration was decreased 48% by Sus, and 12-h Reload induced a 170% increase from Sus. β1-Integrin protein, a transmembrane protein associated with RhoA activation, was not altered by Sus but increased 155% with 12-h Reload. Although β1-integrin mRNA was not altered by Sus, it increased 70% from Con with 12-h Reload. Rho family member Cdc42 protein associated with the muscle membrane was decreased 60% with Sus, and 12-h Reload induced a 172% increase compared with Sus. In conclusion, decreased RhoA protein expression and mRNA abundance are early adaptations to disuse but recover rapidly after normal locomotion is resumed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M McClung
- Department of Exercise Science, School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
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