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Valenza A, Blount H, Bianco A, Worsley PR, Filingeri D. Biophysical, thermo-physiological and perceptual determinants of cool-seeking behaviour during exercise in younger and older women. Exp Physiol 2024; 109:255-270. [PMID: 37975151 PMCID: PMC10988754 DOI: 10.1113/ep091533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Women continue to be under-represented in thermoregulatory research despite their undergoing unique physiological changes across the lifespan. This study investigated the biophysical, thermo-physiological, and perceptual determinants of cool-seeking behaviour during exercise in younger and older women. Eleven younger (25 ± 5 years; 1.7 ± 0.1 m; 63.1 ± 5.2 kg) and 11 older women (53 ± 6 years; 1.7 ± 0.1 m; 65.4 ± 13.9 kg) performed a 40-min incremental cycling test in a thermoneutral environment (22 ± 1.7°C; 36 ± 4% relative humidity). Throughout the test, participants freely adjusted the temperature of a cooling probe applied to their wrists to offset their thermal discomfort. We continuously recorded the probe-wrist interface temperature to quantify participants' cool-seeking behaviour. We also measured changes in participants' rate of metabolic heat production, core and mean skin temperatures, and skin wetness. Finally, we body-mapped participants' skin heat, cold and wetness sensitivity. Our results indicated that: (1) older and younger women exhibited similar onset and magnitude of cool-seeking behaviour, despite older women presented reduced autonomic heat-dissipation responses (i.e., whole-body sweat losses); (2) older women's thermal behaviour was less determined by changes in core temperature (this being a key driver in younger women), and more by changes in multiple thermo-physiological and biophysical parameters (i.e., physical skin wetness, temperature and heat production); (3) older women did not present lower regional skin thermal and wetness sensitivity than younger women. We conclude that predictions of female cool-seeking behaviours based on thermo-physiological variables should consider the effects of ageing. These findings are relevant for the design of wearable cooling systems and sports garments that meet the thermal needs of women across the lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Valenza
- ThermosenseLab, Skin Sensing Research Group, School of Health SciencesThe University of SouthamptonSouthamptonUK
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Unit, SPPEFF DepartmentUniversity of PalermoPalermoItaly
| | - Hannah Blount
- ThermosenseLab, Skin Sensing Research Group, School of Health SciencesThe University of SouthamptonSouthamptonUK
| | - Antonino Bianco
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Unit, SPPEFF DepartmentUniversity of PalermoPalermoItaly
| | - Peter R. Worsley
- PRESSURELAB, Skin Sensing Research Group, School of Health SciencesThe University of SouthamptonSouthamptonUK
| | - Davide Filingeri
- ThermosenseLab, Skin Sensing Research Group, School of Health SciencesThe University of SouthamptonSouthamptonUK
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2
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Kingma B, Sullivan-Kwantes W, Castellani J, Friedl K, Haman F. We are all exposed, but some are more exposed than others. Int J Circumpolar Health 2023; 82:2199492. [PMID: 37052125 PMCID: PMC10116924 DOI: 10.1080/22423982.2023.2199492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
This paper defines functional cold exposure zones that illustrate whether a person is at risk of developing physical performance loss or cold weather injuries. Individual variation in body characteristics, activity level, clothing and protective equipment all contribute to variation in the effective exposure. Nevertheless, with the right education, training, and cold-adapted behaviours the exposure differences might not necessarily lead to increased risk for cold injury. To support the preparation process for cold weather operations, this paper presents a biophysical analysis explaining how much cold exposure risk can vary between individuals in the same environment. The results suggest that smaller persons are prone to be underdressed for moderate activity levels and larger persons are prone to be overdressed. The consequences of these discrepancies place people at different risks for performance loss or cold weather injuries. Nonetheless, even if all are well-dressed at the whole-body level, variation in hand morphology is also expected to influence hand skin temperatures that can be maintained; with smaller hands being more prone to reach skin temperatures associated with dexterity loss or cold weather injuries. In conclusion, this work focusses on bringing cold science to the Arctic warrior, establishing that combating cold stress is not a one size fits all approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Kingma
- The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Unit Defence, Safety and Security, Department of Human Performance, Soesterberg, The Netherlands
| | | | - John Castellani
- Thermal and Mountain Medicine Division, United States Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA, USA
| | - Karl Friedl
- Thermal and Mountain Medicine Division, United States Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA, USA
| | - François Haman
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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3
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Sixtus RP, Gray C, Berry MJ, Dyson RM. Preterm-born individuals: a vulnerable population at risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality during thermal extremes? Exp Physiol 2023; 108:1011-1025. [PMID: 37084061 PMCID: PMC10988436 DOI: 10.1113/ep091152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the topic of this review? Thermal extremes disproportionately affect populations with cardiovascular conditions. Preterm birth, across all gestational age ranges below 37 weeks, has been identified as a non-modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular disease. The hypothesis is presented that individuals born preterm are at an increased risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality during thermal extremes. What advances does it highlight? Cardiovascular stress tests performed in preterm-born populations, from infancy through adulthood, highlight a progression of cardiovascular dysfunction accelerating through adolescence and adulthood. This dysfunction has many similarities with populations known to be at risk in thermal extremes. ABSTRACT Preterm-born individuals are a uniquely vulnerable population. Preterm exposure to the extrauterine environment and the (mal)adaptations that occur during the transitional period can result in alterations to their macro- and micro-physiological state. The physiological adaptations that increase survival in the short term may place those born preterm on a trajectory of lifelong dysfunction and later-life decompensation. Cardiovascular compensation in children and adolescents, which masks this trajectory of dysfunction, is overcome under stress, such that the functional cardiovascular capacity is reduced and recovery impaired following physiological stress. This has implications for their response to thermal stress. As the Anthropocene introduces greater changes in our environment, thermal extremes will impact vulnerable populations as yet unidentified in the climate change context. Here, we present the hypothesis that individuals born preterm are a vulnerable population at an increased risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality during thermal extremes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Phillip Sixtus
- Department of Paediatrics and Child HealthUniversity of OtagoWellingtonNew Zealand
| | - Clint Gray
- Department of Paediatrics and Child HealthUniversity of OtagoWellingtonNew Zealand
| | - Mary Judith Berry
- Department of Paediatrics and Child HealthUniversity of OtagoWellingtonNew Zealand
| | - Rebecca Maree Dyson
- Department of Paediatrics and Child HealthUniversity of OtagoWellingtonNew Zealand
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4
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Greenfield AM, Alba BK, Giersch GEW, Seeley AD. Sex differences in thermal sensitivity and perception: Implications for behavioral and autonomic thermoregulation. Physiol Behav 2023; 263:114126. [PMID: 36787810 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2023.114126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Temperature sensitive receptors in the skin and deep body enable the detection of the external and internal environment, including the perception of thermal stimuli. Changes in heat balance require autonomic (e.g., sweating) and behavioral (e.g., seeking shade) thermoeffector initiation to maintain thermal homeostasis. Sex differences in body morphology can largely, but not entirely, account for divergent responses in thermoeffector and perceptual responses to environmental stress between men and women. Thus, it has been suggested that innate differences in thermosensation may exist between men and women. Our goal in this review is to summarize the existing literature that investigates localized and whole-body cold and heat exposure pertaining to sex differences in thermal sensitivity and perception, and the interplay between autonomic and behavioral thermoeffector responses. Overall, it appears that local differences in thermal sensitivity and perception are minimized, yet still apparent, when morphological characteristics are well-controlled. Sex differences in the early vasomotor response to environmental stress and subsequent changes in blood flow likely contribute to the heightened thermal awareness observed in women. However, the contribution of thermoreceptors to observed sex differences in thermal perception and thermoeffector function is unclear, as human studies investigating these questions have not been performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M Greenfield
- Thermal and Mountain Medicine Division, US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA, United States of America; Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Belcamp, MD, United States of America.
| | - Billie K Alba
- Thermal and Mountain Medicine Division, US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA, United States of America
| | - Gabrielle E W Giersch
- Thermal and Mountain Medicine Division, US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA, United States of America
| | - Afton D Seeley
- Thermal and Mountain Medicine Division, US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA, United States of America
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5
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Sixtus RP, Berry MJ, Gray CL, Dyson RM. A novel whole-body thermal stress test for monitoring cardiovascular responses in Guinea pigs. J Therm Biol 2023; 113:103500. [PMID: 37055107 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2023.103500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Stress tests are frequently employed to expose early signs of cardiovascular dysfunction or disease and can be employed, for example, in the context of preterm birth. We aimed to establish a safe and effective thermal stress test to examine cardiovascular function. Guinea pigs were anaesthetized using a 0.8% isoflurane, 70% N2O mix. ECG, non-invasive blood pressure, laser Doppler flowmetry, respiratory rate, and an array of skin and rectal thermistors were applied. A physiologically relevant heating and a cooling thermal stress test was developed. Upper and lower thermal limits for core body temperature were set at 41.5 OC and 34 OC, for the safe recovery of animals. This protocol therefore presents a viable thermal stress test for use in guinea pig models of health and disease that facilitates exploration of whole-system cardiovascular function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan P Sixtus
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand.
| | - Mary J Berry
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Clint L Gray
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Rebecca M Dyson
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand
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6
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Sedilla KB, Maeda T. Autonomic thermoregulatory responses and subjective thermal perceptions upon the initiation of thermal behavior among resting humans in hot and humid environment. J Physiol Anthropol 2022; 41:35. [PMID: 36217190 PMCID: PMC9549644 DOI: 10.1186/s40101-022-00308-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Background While thermoregulatory behavior is critical for maintaining homeostasis, our knowledge of behavioral thermoeffectors in humid heat is limited compared to the control of autonomic thermoeffectors. The predictions that the frequency and duration of intensified humid heat events are expected to increase in the coming years underline this shortcoming. Therefore, this study aims to elucidate the activation of autonomic thermoregulatory responses and subjective thermal perceptions upon deciding to initiate thermal behavior in a hot and humid environment. Methods Ten young male adults participated in an experimental trial where local cooling was permitted at any time during the behavioral assessment during passive exposure to humid heat. The air temperature and relative humidity were kept at 33\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$^{\circ }$$\end{document}∘C and 80\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\%$$\end{document}%, respectively. Skin temperatures, core body temperature (T\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$_{\text {core}}$$\end{document}core), and skin blood flow (forearm, upper arm, and upper back) were obtained 120 s preceding thermal behavior. Local sweat rate (forearm and upper arm) and subjective thermal perceptions (neck and whole-body) upon thermal behavior initiation were also recorded. Results Mean skin temperature (\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$${\overline{\mathrm {T}}}_{\text {sk}}$$\end{document}T¯sk) and T\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$_{\text {core}}$$\end{document}core increased prior to thermal behavior initiation (p\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$=$$\end{document}= 0.002; p\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$=$$\end{document}= 0.001). An increase in mean body temperature (\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$${\overline{\mathrm {T}}}_{\text {body}}$$\end{document}T¯body) was also observed (p < 0.001). However, the initiation of thermal behavior is not preceded by an increase in skin blood flow (p\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\ge$$\end{document}≥ 0.154) and local sweat rate (p\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\ge$$\end{document}≥ 0.169). An increase in thermal discomfort and skin wetness perception was observed (p\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\le$$\end{document}≤ 0.048; p\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\le$$\end{document}≤ 0.048), while thermal sensation did not differ from the baseline (p\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\ge$$\end{document}≥ 0.357). Conclusion These findings suggest that when given the opportunity to behaviorally thermoregulate in a hot and humid environment, changes in skin blood flow and sweat rate are not required for thermal behavior to be initiated in resting humans. Moreover, an increase in \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$_{\text {core}}$$\end{document}core, which appears to cause an increase in thermal discomfort, precedes thermal behavior. In addition, an increase in \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$${\overline{\mathrm {T}}}_{\text {body}}$$\end{document}T¯body leading up to thermal behavior initiation was observed, suggesting that changes in \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$${\overline{\mathrm {T}}}_{\text {body}}$$\end{document}T¯body rather than \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$_{\text {core}}$$\end{document}core alone mediate thermal behavior in humid heat. Collectively, the results of this study appear to support the hypothesis that the temporal recruitment of autonomic thermoeffectors follows an orderly manner based on their physiological cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keneth B. Sedilla
- grid.177174.30000 0001 2242 4849Department of Design (Human Science International Course), Graduate School of Design, Kyushu University, 4-9-1 Shiobaru, Minami-ku, 815-8540 Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takafumi Maeda
- grid.177174.30000 0001 2242 4849Department of Human Life Design and Science, Faculty of Design, Kyushu University, 4-9-1 Shiobaru, Minami-ku, 815-8540 Fukuoka, Japan ,grid.177174.30000 0001 2242 4849Physiological Anthropology Research Center, Faculty of Design, Kyushu University, 4-9-1 Shiobaru, Minami-ku, 815-8540 Fukuoka, Japan
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7
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Greenfield AM, Charkoudian N, Alba BK. Influences of ovarian hormones on physiological responses to cold in women. Temperature (Austin) 2021; 9:23-45. [DOI: 10.1080/23328940.2021.1953688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Martin Greenfield
- Thermal & Mountain Medicine Division, US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA, USA
- Oak Ridge Institute of Science and Education, Belcamp, MD, USA
| | - Nisha Charkoudian
- Thermal & Mountain Medicine Division, US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA, USA
| | - Billie Katherine Alba
- Thermal & Mountain Medicine Division, US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA, USA
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8
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Keramidas ME, Botonis PG. Short-term sleep deprivation and human thermoregulatory function during thermal challenges. Exp Physiol 2021; 106:1139-1148. [PMID: 33745159 DOI: 10.1113/ep089467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the topic of this review? It is generally accepted that sleep deprivation constitutes a predisposing factor to the development of thermal injury. This review summarizes the available human-based evidence on the impact of sleep loss on autonomic and behavioural thermoeffectors during acute exposure to low and high ambient temperatures. What advances does it highlight? Limited to moderate evidence suggests that sleep deprivation per se impairs thermoregulatory defence mechanisms during exposure to thermal extremes. Future research is required to establish whether inadequate sleep enhances the risk for cold- and heat-related illnesses. ABSTRACT Relatively short periods of inadequate sleep provoke physiological and psychological perturbations, typically leading to functional impairments and degradation in performance. It is commonly accepted that sleep deprivation also disturbs thermal homeostasis, plausibly enhancing susceptibility to cold- and heat-related illnesses. Herein, we summarize the current state of human-based evidence on the impact of short-term (i.e., ≤4 nights) sleep deprivation on autonomic and behavioural thermoeffectors during acute exposure to low and high ambient temperatures. The purpose of this brief narrative review is to highlight knowledge gaps in the area and stimulate future research to investigate whether sleep deprivation constitutes a predisposing factor for the development of thermal injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michail E Keramidas
- Division of Environmental Physiology, Swedish Aerospace Physiology Center, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Solna, Sweden
| | - Petros G Botonis
- School of Physical Education and Sports Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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9
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The influence of environmental and core temperature on cyclooxygenase and PGE2 in healthy humans. Sci Rep 2021; 11:6531. [PMID: 33753764 PMCID: PMC7985197 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-84563-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Whether cyclooxygenase (COX)/prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) thermoregulatory pathways, observed in rodents, present in humans? Participants (n = 9) were exposed to three environments; cold (20 °C), thermoneutral (30 °C) and hot (40 °C) for 120 min. Core (Tc)/skin temperature and thermal perception were recorded every 15 min, with COX/PGE2 concentrations determined at baseline, 60 and 120 min. Linear mixed models identified differences between and within subjects/conditions. Random coefficient models determined relationships between Tc and COX/PGE2. Tc [mean (range)] increased in hot [+ 0.8 (0.4-1.2) °C; p < 0.0001; effect size (ES): 2.9], decreased in cold [- 0.5 (- 0.8 to - 0.2) °C; p < 0.0001; ES 2.6] and was unchanged in thermoneutral [+ 0.1 (- 0.2 to 0.4) °C; p = 0.3502]. A relationship between COX2/PGE2 in cold (p = 0.0012) and cold/thermoneutral [collapsed, condition and time (p = 0.0243)] was seen, with higher PGE2 associated with higher Tc. A within condition relationship between Tc/PGE2 was observed in thermoneutral (p = 0.0202) and cold/thermoneutral [collapsed, condition and time (p = 0.0079)] but not cold (p = 0.0631). The data suggests a thermogenic response of the COX/PGE2 pathway insufficient to defend Tc in cold. Further human in vivo research which manipulates COX/PGE2 bioavailability and participant acclimation/acclimatization are warranted to elucidate the influence of COX/PGE2 on Tc.
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10
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Filingeri D, Chaseling G, Christogianni A, Feka K, Bianco A, Davis SL, Jay O. Individualized analysis of skin thermosensory thresholds and sensitivity in heat-sensitive people with multiple sclerosis. Temperature (Austin) 2021; 8:21-29. [PMID: 33553502 DOI: 10.1080/23328940.2020.1769007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated whether and how multiple sclerosis (MS) alters thresholds for perceiving increases and decreases in local skin temperature, as well as the sensitivity to progressively greater temperature stimuli, amongst heat-sensitive people with MS. Eleven MS patients (5 M/6 F; 51.1 ± 8.6 y, EDSS 5.7 ± 1.9) and 11 healthy controls (CTR; 7 M/4 F; 50.3 ± 9.0 y) performed warm and cold threshold tests on a hairy skin site, on both sides of the body. They also underwent a thermosensitivity test where they rated (visual analogue scale) perceived magnitude of 4 local skin stimuli (i.e. 22, 26, 34, 38°C). Individual thresholds and slopes of linear regression for thermosensitivity were z-transformed for each MS patient, and used to determine individual thermosensory abnormalities. When considering both threshold and thermosensitivity, six out of our 11 heat-sensitive patients (54.5%) exhibited skin thermosensory abnormalities. Those abnormalities varied amongst patients in terms of type (threshold vs. thermosensitivity), quality (warm vs. cold), location (left vs. right side of the body) and extent. Each of those six patients presented unique thermosensory profiles. While some patients experienced thermosensory loss in both thresholds and sensitivity and on both sides of the body, others experienced cold thermosensory loss on one side of the body only. The observed individual variability in thermosensory function among heat-sensitive MS patients highlight the need for a patient-centered approach to assessing thermosensory dysfunction and its potential implications for heat stress vulnerability in this patient group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Filingeri
- THERMOSENSELAB, Environmental Ergonomics Research Centre, Loughborough University, UK
| | - Georgia Chaseling
- Thermal Ergonomics Laboratory, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Kaltrina Feka
- THERMOSENSELAB, Environmental Ergonomics Research Centre, Loughborough University, UK.,Department of Psychology, Educational Science and Human Movement, University of Palermo, Italy
| | - Antonino Bianco
- Department of Psychology, Educational Science and Human Movement, University of Palermo, Italy
| | - Scott L Davis
- Department of Applied Physiology & Wellness, Southern Methodist University, Dallas USA
| | - Ollie Jay
- Thermal Ergonomics Laboratory, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
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11
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Yosten GLC. AJP-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology: Looking Toward the Future. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2020; 319:R82-R86. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00104.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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12
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Lei TH, Matsukawa H, Okushima D, Gerrett N, Schlader ZJ, Mündel T, Fujiwara M, Kondo N. Autonomic and perceptual thermoregulatory responses to voluntarily engaging in a common thermoregulatory behaviour. Physiol Behav 2020; 215:112768. [PMID: 31836448 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2019.112768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We examined whether partial clothing removal is an effective thermoregulatory behaviour to attenuate both thermoregulatory and perceptual strain in a moderate environment (23 °C, 65% RH) during and after exercise. Ten healthy males (age: 21.9 (0.9) years; height: 173.9 (6.2) cm; mass: 62.3 (8.2) kg; body surface area: 1.8 (0.1) m2; VO2max: 51.8 (13.3) mL.kg-1.min-1) wore a long sleeve polyester shirt and performed two randomized cycling trials for 40 min at 40% VO2max followed by 20 min recovery. In one trial, they were permitted to roll up their sleeves at any time they wanted (Roll) whereas in the other trial, they were instructed to remain with long sleeves (No Roll) until the end of the recovery. Thermoregulatory variables were measured continuously whilst thermal perceptions (forearm wettedness perception (WPForearm), forearm and whole-body thermal discomfort (TDForearm, TDWhole), local and whole-body thermal sensation (TSForearm, TSWhole) and whole-body wettedness perception (WPwhole)) were measured every 10 min. All subjects behaved by rolling up their sleeves at 21.6 (4.7) minutes. Tskin (32.3 (0.2) °C, vs 32.0 (0.1) °C, p = 0.03), local sweat rate on the forearm (0.24 (0.08) mg.cm-2.min-1 vs 0.2 (0.04) mg.cm-2.min-1, p = 0.05), WPForearm, TDForearm, TSForearm and WPWhole were all lower in Roll than No Roll (all p < 0.05) whilst Tcore and cutaneous vascular conductance (CVC) on the forearm were not different (all p > 0.7) throughout the entire trial. We conclude that this behavioural response is an effective thermoregulatory behaviour to modulate local sudomotor function and thermal perceptions, WPWhole during exercise but only Tsk, TDForearm WPForearm and WPWhole persisted throughout the recovery in a moderate environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tze-Huan Lei
- Laboratory for Applied Human Physiology, Graduate School of Human Development and Environment, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Hiroki Matsukawa
- Laboratory for Applied Human Physiology, Graduate School of Human Development and Environment, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Dai Okushima
- Faculty of Human Sciences, Osaka International University, Moriguchi, Japan
| | - Nicola Gerrett
- Faculty of Human Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Zachary J Schlader
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States
| | - Toby Mündel
- School of Sport, Exercise and Nutrition, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Masashi Fujiwara
- Laboratory for Applied Human Physiology, Graduate School of Human Development and Environment, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Narihiko Kondo
- Laboratory for Applied Human Physiology, Graduate School of Human Development and Environment, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan.
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Vargas NT, Chapman CL, Johnson BD, Gathercole R, Cramer MN, Schlader ZJ. Thermal Behavior Augments Heat Loss Following Low Intensity Exercise. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 17:ijerph17010020. [PMID: 31861405 PMCID: PMC6981425 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17010020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 12/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We tested the hypothesis that thermal behavior alleviates thermal discomfort and accelerates core temperature recovery following low intensity exercise. Methods: In a 27 0 C, 48 6% relative humidity environment, 12 healthy subjects (six females) completed 60 min of exercise followed by 90 min of seated recovery on two occasions. Subjects wore a suit top perfusing 34 ± 0 °C water during exercise. In the control trial, this water continually perfused throughout recovery. In the behavior trial, the upper body was maintained thermally comfortable by pressing a button to receive cool water (3 2 °C) perfusing through the top for 2 min per button press. Results: Physiological variables (core temperature, p ≥ 0.18; mean skin temperature, p = 0.99; skin wettedness, p ≥ 0.09; forearm skin blood flow, p = 0.29 and local axilla sweat rate, p = 0.99) did not differ between trials during exercise. Following exercise, mean skin temperature decreased in the behavior trial in the first 10 min (by -0.5 0.7 °C, p < 0.01) and upper body skin temperature was reduced until 70 min into recovery (by 1.8 1.4 °C, p < 0.05). Core temperature recovered to pre-exercise levels 17 31 min faster (p = 0.02) in the behavior trial. There were no differences in skin blood flow or local sweat rate between conditions during recovery (p ≥ 0.05). Whole-body thermal discomfort was reduced (by -0.4 0.5 a.u.) in the behavior trial compared to the control trial within the first 20 min of recovery (p ≤ 0.02). Thermal behavior via upper body cooling resulted in augmented cumulative heat loss within the first 30 min of recovery (Behavior: 288 92 kJ; Control: 160 44 kJ, p = 0.02). Conclusions: Engaging in thermal behavior that results in large reductions in mean skin temperature following exercise accelerates the recovery of core temperature and alleviates thermal discomfort by promoting heat loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole T. Vargas
- Center for Research and Education in Special Environments, Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA; (N.T.V.); (C.L.C.); (B.D.J.)
| | - Christopher L. Chapman
- Center for Research and Education in Special Environments, Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA; (N.T.V.); (C.L.C.); (B.D.J.)
| | - Blair D. Johnson
- Center for Research and Education in Special Environments, Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA; (N.T.V.); (C.L.C.); (B.D.J.)
| | - Rob Gathercole
- Lululemon Athletica Inc., Vancouver, BC V6J 1C7, Canada;
| | - Matthew N. Cramer
- Institute for Exercise and Environmental Medicine, Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital Dallas and University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75231, USA;
| | - Zachary J. Schlader
- Center for Research and Education in Special Environments, Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA; (N.T.V.); (C.L.C.); (B.D.J.)
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-812-855-6953
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14
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Vargas NT, Chapman CL, Johnson BD, Gathercole R, Cramer MN, Schlader ZJ. Thermal behavior alleviates thermal discomfort during steady-state exercise without affecting whole body heat loss. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2019; 127:984-994. [PMID: 31414951 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00379.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We tested the hypothesis that thermal behavior resulting in reductions in mean skin temperature alleviates thermal discomfort and mitigates the rise in core temperature during light-intensity exercise. In a 27 ± 0°C, 48 ± 6% relative humidity environment, 12 healthy subjects (6 men, 6 women) completed 60 min of recumbent cycling. In both trials, subjects wore a water-perfused suit top continually perfusing 34 ± 0°C water. In the behavior trial, subjects maintained their upper body thermally comfortable by pressing a button to perfuse cool water (2.2 ± 0.5°C) through the top for 2 min per button press. Metabolic heat production (control: 404 ± 52 W, behavior: 397 ± 65 W; P = 0.44) was similar between trials. Mean skin temperature was reduced in the behavior trial (by -2.1 ± 1.8°C, P < 0.01) because of voluntary reductions in water-perfused top temperature (P < 0.01). Whole body (P = 0.02) and local sweat rates were lower in the behavior trial (P ≤ 0.05). Absolute core temperature was similar (P ≥ 0.30); however, the change in core temperature was greater in the behavior trial after 40 min of exercise (P ≤ 0.03). Partitional calorimetry did not reveal any differences in cumulative heat storage (control: 554 ± 229, behavior: 544 ± 283 kJ; P = 0.90). Thermal behavior alleviated whole body thermal discomfort during exercise (by -1.17 ± 0.40 arbitrary units, P < 0.01). Despite lower evaporative cooling in the behavior trial, similar heat loss was achieved by voluntarily employing convective cooling. Therefore, thermal behavior resulting in large reductions in skin temperature is effective at alleviating thermal discomfort during exercise without affecting whole body heat loss.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of thermal behavior in maintaining thermal comfort during exercise by allowing subjects to voluntarily cool their torso and upper limbs with 2°C water throughout a light-intensity exercise protocol. We show that voluntary cooling of the upper body alleviates thermal discomfort while maintaining heat balance through convective rather than evaporative means of heat loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole T Vargas
- Center for Research and Education in Special Environments, Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| | - Christopher L Chapman
- Center for Research and Education in Special Environments, Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| | - Blair D Johnson
- Center for Research and Education in Special Environments, Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| | - Rob Gathercole
- lululemon athletica inc., Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Matthew N Cramer
- Institute for Exercise and Environmental Medicine, Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital Dallas and University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Zachary J Schlader
- Center for Research and Education in Special Environments, Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York.,Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana
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15
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Schlader ZJ, Vargas NT. Regulation of Body Temperature by Autonomic and Behavioral Thermoeffectors. Exerc Sport Sci Rev 2019; 47:116-126. [PMID: 30632999 DOI: 10.1249/jes.0000000000000180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Thermoregulation is accomplished via autonomic and behavioral responses. Autonomic responses may influence decisions to behaviorally thermoregulate. For instance, in addition to changes in body temperature, skin wettedness and involuntary muscle contraction, which occur subsequent to sweating and shivering, likely modulate thermal behavior. This autonomic-behavioral interaction provides the rationale for our hypothesis that thermoregulatory behavior decreases the requirement for autonomic responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary J Schlader
- Center for Research and Education in Special Environments, Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY
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16
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Vargas NT, Chapman CL, Johnson BD, Gathercole R, Schlader ZJ. Exercise intensity independently modulates thermal behavior during exercise recovery but not during exercise. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2019; 126:1150-1159. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00992.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
We tested the hypothesis that thermal behavior is greater during and after high- compared with moderate-intensity exercise. In a 27°C, 20% relative humidity environment, 20 participants (10 women, 10 men) cycled for 30 min at moderate [53% (SD 6) peak oxygen uptake (V̇o2peak) or high [78% (SD 6) V̇o2peak] intensity, followed by 120 min of recovery. Mean skin and core temperatures and mean skin wettedness were recorded continuously. Participants maintained thermally comfortable neck temperatures with a custom-made neck device. Neck device temperature provided an index of thermal behavior. The weighted average of mean skin and core temperatures and mean skin wettedness provided an indication of the afferent stimulus to thermally behave. Mean skin and core temperatures were greater at end-exercise in high intensity ( P < 0.01). Core temperature remained elevated in high intensity until 70 min of recovery ( P = 0.03). Mean skin wettedness and the afferent stimulus were greater at 10–20 min of exercise in high intensity ( P ≤ 0.03) and remained elevated until 60 min of recovery ( P < 0.01). Neck device temperature was lower during exercise in high versus moderate intensity ( P ≤ 0.02). There was a strong relation between the afferent stimulus and neck device temperature during exercise (high: R2 = 0.82, P < 0.01; moderate: R2 = 0.95, P < 0.01) and recovery (high: R2 = 0.97, P < 0.01; moderate: R2 = 0.93, P < 0.01). During exercise, slope ( P = 0.49) and y-intercept ( P = 0.91) did not differ between intensities. In contrast, slope was steeper ( P < 0.01) and y-intercept was higher ( P < 0.01) during recovery from high-intensity exercise. Thermal behavior is greater during high-intensity exercise because of the greater stimulus to behave. The withdrawal of thermal behavior is augmented after high-intensity exercise. NEW & NOTEWORTHY This is the first study to determine the effects of exercise intensity on thermal behavior. We show that exercise intensity does not independently modulate thermal behavior during exercise but is dependent on the magnitude of afferent stimuli. In contrast, the withdrawal of thermal behavior after high-intensity exercise is augmented. This may be a consequence of an attenuated perceptual response to afferent stimuli, which may be due to processes underlying postexercise hypoalgesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole T. Vargas
- Center for Research and Education in Special Environments, Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| | - Christopher L. Chapman
- Center for Research and Education in Special Environments, Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| | - Blair D. Johnson
- Center for Research and Education in Special Environments, Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| | - Rob Gathercole
- lululemon athletica inc., Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Zachary J. Schlader
- Center for Research and Education in Special Environments, Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
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17
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VARGAS NICOLET, CHAPMAN CHRISTOPHERL, SACKETT JAMESR, JOHNSON BLAIRD, GATHERCOLE ROB, SCHLADER ZACHARYJ. Thermal Behavior Differs between Males and Females during Exercise and Recovery. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2019; 51:141-152. [DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000001756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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18
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Vargas NT, Chapman CL, Johnson BD, Gathercole R, Schlader ZJ. Skin wettedness is an important contributor to thermal behavior during exercise and recovery. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2018; 315:R925-R933. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00178.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
We tested the hypothesis that mean skin wettedness contributes to thermal behavior to a greater extent than core and mean skin temperatures. In a 27.0 ± 1.0°C environment, 16 young participants (8 females) cycled for 30 min at 281 ± 51 W·m2, followed by 120 min of seated recovery. Mean skin and core temperatures and mean skin wettedness were recorded continuously. Participants maintained a thermally comfortable neck temperature throughout the protocol using a custom-made device. Neck device temperature provided an index of thermal behavior. Linear regression was performed using individual minute data with mean skin wettedness and core and mean skin temperatures as independent variables and neck device temperature as the dependent variable. Standarized β-coefficients were used to determine relative contributions to thermal behavior. Mean skin temperature differed from preexercise (32.6 ± 0.5°C) to 10 min into exercise (32.3 ± 0.6°C, P < 0.01). Core temperature increased from 37.1 ± 0.3°C preexercise to 37.7 ± 0.4°C by end exercise ( P < 0.01) and remained elevated through 30 min of recovery (37.2 ± 0.3°C, P < 0.01). Mean skin wettedness increased from preexercise [0.14 ± 0.03 arbitrary units (AU)] to 20 min into exercise (0.43 ± 0.09 AU, P < 0.01) and remained elevated through 80 min of recovery (0.18 ± 0.06 AU, P ≤ 0.05). Neck device temperature decreased from 26.4 ± 1.6°C preexercise to 18.5 ± 8.7°C 10 min into exercise ( P = 0.03) and remained depressed through 20 min of recovery (14.4 ± 11.2°C, P < 0.01). Mean skin wettedness (52 ± 24%) provided a greater contribution to thermal behavior compared with core (22 ± 22%, P = 0.06) and mean skin (26 ± 16%, P = 0.04) temperatures. Skin wettedness is an important contributing factor to thermal behavior during exercise and recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole T. Vargas
- Center for Research and Education in Special Environments, Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| | - Christopher L. Chapman
- Center for Research and Education in Special Environments, Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| | - Blair D. Johnson
- Center for Research and Education in Special Environments, Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| | - Rob Gathercole
- lululemon athletica inc., Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Zachary J. Schlader
- Center for Research and Education in Special Environments, Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
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19
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Vargas NT, Schlader ZJ. Physiological benefits likely underlie the systematic recruitment of thermoeffectors. Temperature (Austin) 2018; 5:199-201. [PMID: 30377638 DOI: 10.1080/23328940.2017.1415094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole T Vargas
- Center for Research and Education in Special Environments Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Zachary J Schlader
- Center for Research and Education in Special Environments Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
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20
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Vargas NT, Chapman CL, Sackett JR, Abdul-Rashed J, McBryde M, Johnson BD, Gathercole R, Schlader ZJ. Thermal behavior remains engaged following exercise despite autonomic thermoeffector withdrawal. Physiol Behav 2018; 188:94-102. [PMID: 29410068 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2018.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Revised: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We tested the hypothesis that thermal behavior during the exercise recovery compensates for elevated core temperatures despite autonomic thermoeffector withdrawal. In a thermoneutral environment, 6 females and 6 males (22 ± 1 y) cycled for 60 min (225 ± 46 W metabolic heat production), followed by 60 min passive recovery. Mean skin and core temperatures, skin blood flow, and local sweat rate were measured continually. Subjects controlled the temperature of their dorsal neck to perceived thermal comfort using a custom-made neck device. Neck device temperature provided an index of thermal behavior. Mean body temperature, calculated as the average of mean skin and core temperatures, provided an index of the stimulus for thermal behavior. To isolate the independent effect of exercise on thermal behavior during recovery, data were analyzed post-exercise the exact minute mean body temperature recovered to pre-exercise levels within a subject. Mean body temperature returned to pre-exercise levels 28 ± 20 min into recovery (Pre: 33.5 ± 0.2, Post: 33.5 ± 0.2 °C, P = 0.20), at which point, mean skin temperature had recovered (Pre: 29.6 ± 0.4, Post: 29.5 ± 0.5 °C, P = 0.20) and core temperature (Pre: 37.3 ± 0.2, Post: 37.5 ± 0.3 °C, P = 0.01) remained elevated. Post-exercise, skin blood flow (Pre: 59 ± 78, Post: 26 ± 25 PU, P = 0.10) and local sweat rate (Pre: 0.05 ± 0.25, Post: 0.13 ± 0.14 mg/cm2 min-1, P = 0.09) returned to pre-exercise levels, while neck device temperature was depressed (Pre: 27.4 ± 1.1, Post: 21.6 ± 7.4 °C, P = 0.03). These findings suggest that thermal behavior compensates for autonomic thermoeffector withdrawal in the presence of elevated core temperatures post-exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole T Vargas
- Center for Research and Education in Special Environments, Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Christopher L Chapman
- Center for Research and Education in Special Environments, Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - James R Sackett
- Center for Research and Education in Special Environments, Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Jabril Abdul-Rashed
- Center for Research and Education in Special Environments, Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Muhamed McBryde
- Center for Research and Education in Special Environments, Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Blair D Johnson
- Center for Research and Education in Special Environments, Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | | | - Zachary J Schlader
- Center for Research and Education in Special Environments, Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA.
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21
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Kingma BRM. The orchestration of autonomous and behavioral thermoregulation. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2018; 314:R145-R146. [PMID: 29118023 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00387.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Boris R M Kingma
- TNO, The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research, Unit Defense, Safety & Security, Soesterberg , The Netherlands.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology , Eindhoven , The Netherlands
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