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Takahashi M, Ishida T, Khan S, Makino R, Cline MA, Tachibana T. Zymosan and lipopolysaccharide decrease gene expression of neuronal nitric oxide synthase in peripheral organs in chicks. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2024; 271:110752. [PMID: 38579442 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2024.110752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/30/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is gaseous bioactive molecule that is synthesized by NO synthase (NOS). Inducible NOS (iNOS) expression occurs in response to pathogenic challenges, resulting in the production of large amounts of NO. However, there is a lack of knowledge regarding neuronal NOS (nNOS) and endothelial NOS (eNOS) in birds during pathogenic challenge. Therefore, the present study was conducted to determine the influence of intraperitoneal (IP) injection of zymosan (cell wall component of yeast) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS, a cell wall component of gram-negative bacteria) on NOS expression in chicks (Gallus gallus). Furthermore, the effect of NOS inhibitors on the corresponding behavioral and physiological parameters was investigated. Zymosan and LPS injections induced iNOS mRNA expression in several organs. Zymosan had no effect on eNOS mRNA expression in the organs investigated, whereas LPS increased its expression in the pancreas. Zymosan and LPS decreased nNOS mRNA expression in the lung, heart, kidney, and pancreas. The decreased nNOS mRNA expression in pancreas was probably associated with the NO from iNOS provided that such effect was reproduced by IP injection of sodium nitroprusside, which is a NO donor. Furthermore, pancreatic nNOS mRNA expression decreased following subcutaneous injection of corticosterone. Furthermore, IP injections of a nonspecific NOS inhibitor, NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester, and an nNOS-specific inhibitor, 7-nitroindazole, resulted in the significant decreases in food intake, cloacal temperature, and feed passage via the digestive tract in chicks. Collectively, the current findings imply the decreased nNOS expression because of fungal and bacterial infections, which affects food intake, body temperature, and the digestive function in birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maki Takahashi
- Department of Agrobiological Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ehime University, Matsuyama 790-8566, Japan
| | - Tomohisa Ishida
- Department of Agrobiological Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ehime University, Matsuyama 790-8566, Japan
| | - Sakirul Khan
- Research Center for Global and Local Infectious Diseases, Oita University, Yufu, Oita 879-5593, Japan; Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Yufu, Oita 879-5593, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Makino
- Department of Agrobiological Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ehime University, Matsuyama 790-8566, Japan
| | - Mark A Cline
- School of Neuroscience, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, United States
| | - Tetsuya Tachibana
- Department of Agrobiological Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ehime University, Matsuyama 790-8566, Japan.
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Tachibana T, Okuyama H, Takahashi M, Khan S, Makino R, Cline MA. Possible role of corticosterone on behavioral, physiological, and immune responses in chicks. Physiol Behav 2023; 272:114357. [PMID: 37741605 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2023.114357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids are one of steroid hormone and have a variety of functions including stress response, carbohydrate metabolism, and modulation of immune system in vertebrates. Corticosterone is the main glucocorticoid in birds, although the precise role of the glucocorticoid during immune challenge is not fully understood. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to determine if a single subcutaneous injection of corticosterone could affect inflammation-related gene expressions in the spleen and liver of chicks (Gallus gallus). In addition, the effects of corticosterone injection on the food intake, cloacal temperature, formation of conditioned visual aversion, and plasma constituents were also measured. Corticosterone did not affect the food intake or cloacal temperature and did not cause conditioned visual aversion in chicks. The corticosterone injection was associated with a significant decrease in gene expression of several pro-inflammatory cytokines including inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2 in the spleen and liver at 1 and 3 h post-injection. Corticosterone increased the plasma glucose and uric acid concentrations and the antioxidant capacity. In summary, the present study suggests that corticosterone is likely not associated with food intake, cloacal temperature or the development of aversive sensation, but suppresses the synthesis of inflammation-associated bioactive molecules and increases the antioxidant capacity in chicks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Tachibana
- Department of Agrobiological Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ehime University, Matsuyama 790-8566, Japan.
| | - Hirofumi Okuyama
- Department of Agrobiological Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ehime University, Matsuyama 790-8566, Japan
| | - Maki Takahashi
- Department of Agrobiological Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ehime University, Matsuyama 790-8566, Japan
| | - Sakirul Khan
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Yufu, Oita 879-5593, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Makino
- Department of Agrobiological Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ehime University, Matsuyama 790-8566, Japan
| | - Mark A Cline
- School of Neuroscience, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 24061, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States
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Watson H, Nilsson JÅ, Nilsson JF. Thermoregulatory costs of the innate immune response are modulated by winter food availability in a small passerine. J Anim Ecol 2023; 92:1065-1074. [PMID: 37032462 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023]
Abstract
In winter, a challenge to the immune system could pose a major energetic trade-off for small endotherms, whereby increasing body temperature (Tb ; i.e. eliciting fever) may be beneficial to fight off invading pathogens yet incur a cost for vital energy-saving mechanisms. Having previously shown that the availability and acquisition of energy, through manipulation of food predictability, influences the depth of rest-phase hypothermia in a wild bird in winter, we expected that the nocturnal thermoregulatory component of the acute-phase immune response would also be modulated by food availability. By manipulating winter food availability in the wild for great tits Parus major, we created an area offering a "predictable" and constant supply of food at feeding stations, while an unmanipulated area was subject to naturally "unpredictable" food. Birds were subject to an immune challenge shortly after dusk, and the thermoregulatory response was quantified via continuous recording of nocturnal Tb , using subcutaneous thermo-sensitive transponders. In response to immune challenge, all birds increased Tb above the level maintained prior to immune challenge (i.e. baseline). However, birds experiencing a naturally unpredictable food supply elevated Tb more than birds subject to predictable food resources, during the period of expected peak response and for the duration of the night. Furthermore, "unpredictable-food" females took longer to return to their baseline Tb . Assuming baseline nocturnal Tb reflects an individual's optimum, based on their available energy budget, the metabolic cost of eliciting an acute-phase response for "unpredictable-food" birds was more than double that of "predictable-food" birds. The absence of differences in absolute Tb during the peak response could support the idea of an optimal Tb for immune system activation. Alternatively, "predictable-food" birds could have acquired tolerance to endotoxin as a result of using feeding stations, thus affording them reduced costs associated with a smaller Tb increase. These findings shed new light on the trade-offs associated with food acquisition, thermoregulation and immune function in small-bodied endotherms. This knowledge is of increasing importance, given the predicted elevated pathogen risks associated with changes in climate and anthropogenic activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Watson
- Evolutionary Ecology, Lund University, Lund, SE-223 62, Sweden
| | - Jan-Åke Nilsson
- Evolutionary Ecology, Lund University, Lund, SE-223 62, Sweden
| | - Johan F Nilsson
- Evolutionary Ecology, Lund University, Lund, SE-223 62, Sweden
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Uyanga VA, Zhao J, Wang X, Jiao H, Onagbesan OM, Lin H. Dietary L-citrulline influences body temperature and inflammatory responses during nitric oxide synthase inhibition and endotoxin challenge in chickens. Stress 2022; 25:74-86. [PMID: 34962227 DOI: 10.1080/10253890.2021.2023495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have revealed the role of L-citrulline (L-CIT) in thermoregulation, but very little is known about the mechanisms involved. In this study, nitric oxide synthase inhibition and endotoxin-induced fever were used to investigate the effects of L-CIT on body temperature and inflammatory responses. In experiment 1, NW-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME, 150 mg/kg BW), was i. p. injected into chicks fed with basal (CON) or L-CIT diets for 14 days. In experiment 2, Lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 2 mg/kg BW) was i. p. injected following 21d feeding with CON or L-CIT diets. In experiment 3, chickens were injected with either L-NAME, LPS, or L-NAME + LPS following 26 days feeding with CON or L-CIT diets. The rectal (RT), ear (ET), and core body temperature (CBT) of chickens were examined. Results showed that L-NAME effectively decreased the RT, ET, CBT, and plasma NO concentration. In contrast, LPS increased NO levels and initiated hyperthermia by increasing RT, ET, CBT, and PGE2 levels. L-CIT diet reduced the mean CBT in experiment 1 and diminished the NO level, PGE2 level, and mean RT in experiment 3. Co-administration of L-CIT + LPS upregulated IL-6 expression, whereas, LPS injection alone induced IL-10, IL-1β, and TLR4 gene expressions. Therefore, this study reveals that L-CIT-induced hypothermia was related to NO inhibition and a decrease in PGE2 concentration. Conversely, LPS induced hyperthermia was associated with an increase in both NO and PGE2 concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Anthony Uyanga
- Department of Animal Science, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an City, China
| | - Jingpeng Zhao
- Department of Animal Science, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an City, China
| | - Xiaojuan Wang
- Department of Animal Science, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an City, China
| | - Hongchao Jiao
- Department of Animal Science, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an City, China
| | - Okanlawon M Onagbesan
- Department of Animal Physiology, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta P.M.B, Nigeria
| | - Hai Lin
- Department of Animal Science, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an City, China
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Abstract
Stress affects core body temperature (Tc). Many kinds of stress induce transient, monophasic hyperthermia, which diminishes gradually if the stressor is terminated. Stronger stressors produce a longer-lasting effect. Repeated/chronic stress induces anticipatory hyperthermia, reduces diurnal changes in Tc, or slightly increases Tc throughout the day. Animals that are exposed to chronic stress or a cold environment exhibit an enhanced hyperthermic response to a novel stress. These changes persist for several days after cessation of stress exposure. In contrast, long-lasting inescapable stress sometimes induces hypothermia. In healthy humans, psychologic stress induces slight increases in Tc, which are within the normal range of Tc or just above it. Some individuals, however, develop extremely high Tc (up to 41°C) when they are exposed to emotional events or show persistent low-grade high Tc (37-38°C) during or after chronic stress situations. In addition to the nature of the stressor itself, such stress-induced thermal responses are modulated by sex, age, ambient temperature, cage mates, past stressful experiences and cold exposure, and coping. Stress-induced hyperthermia is driven by mechanisms distinct from infectious fever, which requires inflammatory mediators. However, both stress and infection activate the dorsomedial hypothalamus-rostral medullary raphe region-sympathetic nerve axis to increase Tc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takakazu Oka
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, International University of Health and Welfare Hospital, Tochigi-ken, Japan.
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Needham KB, Kucera AC, Heidinger BJ, Greives TJ. Repeated immune challenges affect testosterone but not sperm quality. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART 2017; 327:398-406. [DOI: 10.1002/jez.2110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Katie B. Needham
- Department of Biological Sciences; North Dakota State University; Fargo North Dakota
| | - Aurelia C. Kucera
- Department of Biological Sciences; North Dakota State University; Fargo North Dakota
| | - Britt J. Heidinger
- Department of Biological Sciences; North Dakota State University; Fargo North Dakota
| | - Timothy J. Greives
- Department of Biological Sciences; North Dakota State University; Fargo North Dakota
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Dantonio V, Batalhão ME, Fernandes MHMR, Komegae EN, Buqui GA, Lopes NP, Gargaglioni LH, Carnio ÉC, Steiner AA, Bícego KC. Nitric oxide and fever: immune-to-brain signaling vs. thermogenesis in chicks. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2016; 310:R896-905. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00453.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) plays a role in thermogenesis but does not mediate immune-to-brain febrigenic signaling in rats. There are suggestions of a different situation in birds, but the underlying evidence is not compelling. The present study was designed to clarify this matter in 5-day-old chicks challenged with a low or high dose of bacterial LPS. The lower LPS dose (2 μg/kg im) induced fever at 3–5 h postinjection, whereas 100 μg/kg im decreased core body temperature (Tc) (at 1 h) followed by fever (at 4 or 5 h). Plasma nitrate levels increased 4 h after LPS injection, but they were not correlated with the magnitude of fever. The NO synthase inhibitor ( NG-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester, l-NAME; 50 mg/kg im) attenuated the fever induced by either dose of LPS and enhanced the magnitude of the Tc reduction induced by the high dose in chicks at 31–32°C. These effects were associated with suppression of metabolic rate, at least in the case of the high LPS dose. Conversely, the effects of l-NAME on Tc disappeared in chicks maintained at 35–36°C, suggesting that febrigenic signaling was essentially unaffected. Accordingly, the LPS-induced rise in the brain level of PGE2 was not affected by l-NAME. Moreover, l-NAME augmented LPS-induced huddling, which is indicative of compensatory mechanisms to run fever in the face of attenuated thermogenesis. Therefore, as in rats, systemic inhibition of NO synthesis attenuates LPS-induced fever in chicks by affecting thermoeffector activity and not by interfering with immune-to-brain signaling. This may constitute a conserved effect of NO in endotherms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valter Dantonio
- Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, College of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology-Comparative Physiology (INCT-Fisiologia Comparada), Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcelo E. Batalhão
- Nursing School of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcia H. M. R. Fernandes
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Evilin N. Komegae
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; and
| | - Gabriela A. Buqui
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, Núcleo de Pesquisa em Produtos Naturais e Sintéticos, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Norberto P. Lopes
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, Núcleo de Pesquisa em Produtos Naturais e Sintéticos, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luciane H. Gargaglioni
- Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, College of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology-Comparative Physiology (INCT-Fisiologia Comparada), Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Évelin C. Carnio
- Nursing School of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alexandre A. Steiner
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; and
| | - Kênia C. Bícego
- Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, College of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology-Comparative Physiology (INCT-Fisiologia Comparada), Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil
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8
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Stress-induced core temperature changes in pigeons (Columba livia). Physiol Behav 2015; 139:449-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2014.11.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Revised: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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10
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Pharmacokinetics of dexamethasone after intravenous and intramuscular administration in broiler chickens. Vet J 2013; 195:216-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2012.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2011] [Revised: 06/06/2012] [Accepted: 06/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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A review of the physiology of fever in birds. J Comp Physiol B 2012; 183:297-312. [DOI: 10.1007/s00360-012-0718-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2012] [Revised: 10/05/2012] [Accepted: 10/22/2012] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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12
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Cagle C, Wasilenko J, Adams SC, Cardona CJ, To TL, Nguyen T, Spackman E, Suarez DL, Smith D, Shepherd E, Roth J, Pantin-Jackwood MJ. Differences in Pathogenicity, Response to Vaccination, and Innate Immune Responses in Different Types of Ducks Infected with a Virulent H5N1 Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus from Vietnam. Avian Dis 2012; 56:479-87. [DOI: 10.1637/10030-120511-reg.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Marais M, Maloney SK, Gray DA. The development of endotoxin tolerance, and the role of hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal function and glucocorticoids in Pekin ducks. J Exp Biol 2011; 214:3378-85. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.056499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARY
Endotoxin tolerance represents a state of abated immunological responsiveness to pyrogens, which, in mammals, leads to the decline or abolition of the fever response. The development of endotoxin tolerance in birds is not well understood; consequently, the impact of repeated pathogenic exposure on the avian febrile response, and thus on the ability of birds to fight recurrent infection, is not known. We determined the effect of repeated injections of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on the febrile response of Pekin ducks. We gave ducks five injections of LPS, spaced 1, 4 or 10 days apart, and recorded their core body temperature with abdominally implanted temperature data loggers. Once we established that Pekin ducks developed endotoxin tolerance, we investigated the effect of repeated injections of LPS on the central and peripheral segments of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis in an attempt to elucidate the role of glucocorticoids in the modulation of the febrile response during the tolerant period. When our ducks became tolerant to LPS, they had significantly higher basal levels of plasma corticosterone (CORT, the principal glucocorticoid in birds), and their HPA response to treatment with LPS was blunted. We propose that the augmented levels of basal plasma CORT resulted from sensitized HPA function, and this, in turn, contributed to the development of endotoxin tolerance. Regulation of the circulating level of CORT might be a possible target for the re-establishment of appropriate immune responses in birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manette Marais
- School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Science, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa
| | - Shane K. Maloney
- Physiology, School of Biomedical, Biomolecular, and Chemical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - David A. Gray
- School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Science, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa
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Marais M, Maloney SK, Gray DA. Brain IL-6- and PG-dependent actions of IL-1β and lipopolysaccharide in avian fever. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2011; 301:R791-800. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00136.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
There is no persuasive evidence of a correlation between proinflammatory cytokines and avian fever. In this study, for the first time, we use avian cytokines to investigate a role for proinflammatory cytokines in the central component of avian fever. IL-1β and IL-6 injected intracerebroventricularly into Pekin ducks ( n = 8) initiated robust fevers of equal magnitude and duration, although there was a significant difference in the latency to a febrile response. In addition, the IL-1β-induced fever could be abolished with an intracerebroventricular injection of antibodies to avian IL-6 or an oral administration of a PG synthesis inhibitor. Our findings indicate the following sequence of events within the central component of the avian febrile mechanism: IL-1β gives rise to bioactive IL-6, which stimulates an accelerated synthesis of PGs, and these PGs then adjust the sensitivity of warm-sensitive neurons in the avian brain stem to mediate fever. Yet PGE2 was not upregulated in the cerebrospinal fluid of ducks made febrile with LPS. We conclude that IL-1β and IL-6 may well mediate fever by instigating an accelerated synthesis of brain-derived PG, of a class other than PGE2, or that IL-6 serves as one of the terminal mediators of the avian febrile response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manette Marais
- School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Science, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; and
| | - Shane K. Maloney
- School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Science, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; and
- Physiology, School of Biomedical, Biomolecular, and Chemical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - David A. Gray
- School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Science, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; and
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Pekin and Muscovy ducks respond differently to vaccination with a H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) commercial inactivated vaccine. Vaccine 2011; 29:6549-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2010] [Revised: 06/27/2011] [Accepted: 07/04/2011] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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17
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Role of brain nitric oxide in the thermoregulation of broiler chicks. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2009; 154:204-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2009.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2008] [Revised: 06/06/2009] [Accepted: 06/07/2009] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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18
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Marais M, Gray DA. A role for natriuretic peptide in lipopolysaccharide-induced fever in Pekin ducks (Anas platyrhynchos): is natriuretic peptide an endogenous antipyretic in birds? J Comp Physiol B 2008; 179:125-32. [DOI: 10.1007/s00360-008-0295-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2008] [Revised: 07/29/2008] [Accepted: 08/02/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Gray DA, Maloney SK, Kamerman PR. Restraint increases afebrile body temperature but attenuates fever in Pekin ducks (Anas platyrhynchos). Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2008; 294:R1666-71. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00865.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In mammals, procedures such as handling, restraint, or exposure to open spaces induces an increase in body temperature (Tb). The increase in temperature shares some characteristics with pyrogen-induced fever and so is often called “stress fever.” Birds also respond to acute handling with a stress fever, which may confound thermoregulatory studies that involve animal restraint. We have measured the Tb responses of Pekin ducks on days when they were restrained and compared them to days when the birds remained unrestrained. Restraint induced a 0.5°C increase in Tb that was sustained for the entire 8 h of restraint. To determine whether the restraint-induced increase in Tb is mediated by prostaglandins (PGs) we compared the Tb responses during restraint after intraperitoneal injection with saline to the responses during restraint after injection with diclofenac sodium (15 mg/kg). There was no difference in response, suggesting that restraint affects Tb by a PG-independent mechanism. We also compared the Tb response to intramuscular injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 100 μg/kg), a bacterial pyrogen, when the ducks were restrained or unrestrained. Despite Tb being higher at the time of LPS injection when the ducks were restrained, the maximum temperature reached after LPS injection was higher, and the period that Tb remained elevated was longer when the ducks were unrestrained. We conclude that restraint should be considered as a potential confounder in thermoregulatory studies in birds and presumably other species too.
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Mahmoud ME, Shimizu Y, Shiina T, Nikami H, Dosoky RM, Ahmed MM, Takewaki T. Involvement of a capsaicin-sensitive TRPV1-independent mechanism in lipopolysaccharide-induced fever in chickens. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2007; 148:578-83. [PMID: 17761445 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2007.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2007] [Revised: 07/27/2007] [Accepted: 07/30/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
It has been demonstrated that capsaicin blocks lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced fever in mammals. In this study, we investigated TRPV1 (transient receptor potential ion channel of vanilloid subtype-1)-independent action of capsaicin on LPS-induced fever in chickens. The chicken is a valuable model for this purpose because chicken TRPV1 has been shown to be insensitive to capsaicin and thus the effects of capsaicin can be attributed to TRPV1-independent mechanisms. Administration of capsaicin (10 mg/kg, iv) to conscious unrestrained chicks at 5 days of age caused a transient decrease in body temperature. This effect of capsaicin was not observed in chicks that had been pretreated twice with capsaicin, indicating that the capsaicin-sensitive pathway can be desensitized. LPS (2 mg/kg, ip) induced fever that lasted for about 2.5 h, but fever was not induced in chicks that had been pretreated with capsaicin for 2 days. The preventive effect of capsaicin on LPS-induced fever was not blocked by capsazepine, an antagonist for TRPV1, but the antagonist per se blocked the febrile response to LPS. These findings suggest that a capsaicin-sensitive TRPV1-independent mechanism may be involved in LPS-induced fever.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motamed Elsayed Mahmoud
- Department of Basic Veterinary Science, Laboratory of Physiology, The United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
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Sarkar S, Zaretskaia MV, Zaretsky DV, Moreno M, DiMicco JA. Stress- and lipopolysaccharide-induced c-fos expression and nNOS in hypothalamic neurons projecting to medullary raphe in rats: a triple immunofluorescent labeling study. Eur J Neurosci 2007; 26:2228-38. [PMID: 17927775 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2007.05843.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Neurons in the rostral raphe pallidus (rRP) have been proposed to mediate experimental stress-induced tachycardia and fever in rats, and projections from the dorsomedial hypothalamus (DMH) may signal their activation in these settings. Thus, we examined c-fos expression evoked by air jet/restraint stress and restraint stress or by systemic administration of lipopolysaccharide (10 microg/kg and 100 microg/kg) as well as the distribution of the neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) in neurons retrogradely labeled from the raphe with cholera toxin B in key hypothalamic regions. Many neurons in the medial preoptic area and the dorsal area of the DMH were retrogradely labeled, and approximately half of those in the medial preoptic area and moderate numbers in the dorsal DMH were also positive for nNOS. Either stress paradigm or dose of lipopolysaccharide increased the number of c-fos-positive neurons and nNOS/c-fos double-labeled neurons in all regions examined. However, retrogradely labeled neurons positive for c-fos were increased only in the dorsal DMH and adjoining region in both stressed and lipopolysaccharide-treated groups, and triple-labeled neurons were found only in this area in rats subjected to either stress paradigm. Thus, hypothalamic neurons that project to the rRP and express c-fos in response to either experimental stress or systemic inflammation are found only in the dorsal DMH, and many of those activated by stress contain nNOS, suggesting that nitric oxide may play a role in signaling in this pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumit Sarkar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, 635 Barnhill Dr, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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22
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Romanovsky AA. Thermoregulation: some concepts have changed. Functional architecture of the thermoregulatory system. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2007; 292:R37-46. [PMID: 17008453 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00668.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 415] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
While summarizing the current understanding of how body temperature (Tb) is regulated, this review discusses the recent progress in the following areas: central and peripheral thermosensitivity and temperature-activated transient receptor potential (TRP) channels; afferent neuronal pathways from peripheral thermosensors; and efferent thermoeffector pathways. It is proposed that activation of temperature-sensitive TRP channels is a mechanism of peripheral thermosensitivity. Special attention is paid to the functional architecture of the thermoregulatory system. The notion that deep Tb is regulated by a unified system with a single controller is rejected. It is proposed that Tb is regulated by independent thermoeffector loops, each having its own afferent and efferent branches. The activity of each thermoeffector is triggered by a unique combination of shell and core Tbs. Temperature-dependent phase transitions in thermosensory neurons cause sequential activation of all neurons of the corresponding thermoeffector loop and eventually a thermoeffector response. No computation of an integrated Tb or its comparison with an obvious or hidden set point of a unified system is necessary. Coordination between thermoeffectors is achieved through their common controlled variable, Tb. The described model incorporates Kobayashi’s views, but Kobayashi’s proposal to eliminate the term sensor is rejected. A case against the term set point is also made. Because this term is historically associated with a unified control system, it is more misleading than informative. The term balance point is proposed to designate the regulated level of Tb and to attract attention to the multiple feedback, feedforward, and open-loop components that contribute to thermal balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrej A Romanovsky
- Systemic Inflammation Laboratory, Trauma Research, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ 85013, USA.
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23
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Persson PB. Temperature control: from molecular insights, regulation in king penguins and diving seals, to studies in humans. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2006. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00315.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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