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Bartlett MF, Fitzgerald LF, Nagarajan R, Kent JA. Measurements of in vivo skeletal muscle oxidative capacity are lower following sustained isometric compared with dynamic contractions. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2024; 49:250-264. [PMID: 37906958 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2023-0315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
Human skeletal muscle oxidative capacity can be quantified non-invasively using 31-phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy (31P-MRS) to measure the rate constant of phosphocreatine (PCr) recovery (kPCr) following contractions. In the quadricep muscles, several studies have quantified kPCr following 24-30 s of sustained maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC). This approach has the advantage of simplicity but is potentially problematic because sustained MVICs inhibit perfusion, which may limit muscle oxygen availability or increase the intracellular metabolic perturbation, and thus affect kPCr. Alternatively, dynamic contractions allow reperfusion between contractions, which may avoid limitations in oxygen delivery. To determine whether dynamic contraction protocols elicit greater kPCr than sustained MVIC protocols, we used a cross-sectional design to compare quadriceps kPCr in 22 young and 11 older healthy adults following 24 s of maximal voluntary: (1) sustained MVIC and (2) dynamic (MVDC; 120°·s-1, 1 every 2 s) contractions. Muscle kPCr was ∼20% lower following the MVIC protocol compared with the MVDC protocol (p ≤ 0.001), though this was less evident in older adults (p = 0.073). Changes in skeletal muscle pH (p ≤ 0.001) and PME accumulation (p ≤ 0.001) were greater following the sustained MVIC protocol, and pH (p ≤ 0.001) and PME (p ≤ 0.001) recovery were slower. These results demonstrate that (i) a brief, sustained MVIC yields a lower value for skeletal muscle oxidative capacity than an MVDC protocol of similar duration and (ii) this difference may not be consistent across populations (e.g., young vs. old). Thus, the potential effect of contraction protocol on comparisons of kPCr in different study groups requires careful consideration in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miles F Bartlett
- Department of KinesiologyMuscle Physiology Laboratory, University of Massachusetts Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Liam F Fitzgerald
- Department of KinesiologyMuscle Physiology Laboratory, University of Massachusetts Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Rajakumar Nagarajan
- Human Magnetic Resonance Center, Institute for Applied Life Sciences (IALS), University of Massachusetts Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Jane A Kent
- Department of KinesiologyMuscle Physiology Laboratory, University of Massachusetts Amherst, MA 01003, USA
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Lopez C, Batra A, Moslemi Z, Rennick A, Guice K, Zeng H, Walter GA, Forbes SC. Effects of muscle damage on 31 phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy indices of energetic status and sarcolemma integrity in young mdx mice. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2022; 35:e4659. [PMID: 34841594 PMCID: PMC9804208 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.4659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2021] [Revised: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
31 Phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy (31 P-MRS) has been shown to detect altered energetic status (e.g. the ratio of inorganic phosphate to phosphocreatine: Pi/PCr), intracellular acid-base status, and free intracellular magnesium ([Mg2+ ]) in dystrophic muscle compared with unaffected muscle; however, the causes of these differences are not well understood. The purposes of this study were to examine 31 P-MRS indices of energetic status and sarcolemma integrity in young mdx mice compared with wild-type and to evaluate the effects of downhill running to induce muscle damage on 31 P-MRS indices in dystrophic muscle. In vivo 31 P-MRS spectra were acquired from the posterior hindlimb muscles in young (4-10 weeks of age) mdx (C57BL/10ScSn-DMDmdx) and wild-type (C57BL/10ScSnJ) mice using an 11.1-T MR system. The flux of phosphate from PCr to ATP was estimated by 31 P-MRS saturation transfer experiments. Relative concentrations of high-energy phosphates were measured, and intracellular pH and [Mg2+ ] were calculated. 1 H2 O-T2 was measured using single-voxel 1 H-MRS from the gastrocnemius and soleus using a 4.7-T MR system. Downhill treadmill running was performed in a subset of mice. Young mdx mice were characterized by elevated 1 H2 O-T2 (p < 0.01), Pi/PCr (p = 0.02), PCr to ATP flux (p = 0.04) and histological inflammatory markers (p < 0.05) and reduced (p < 0.01) [Mg2+ ] compared with wild-type. Furthermore, 24 h after downhill running, an increase (p = 0.02) in Pi/PCr was observed in mdx and wild-type mice compared with baseline, and a decrease (p < 0.001) in [Mg2+ ] and a lower (p = 0.048) intracellular [H+ ] in damaged muscle regions of mdx mice were observed, consistent with impaired sarcolemma integrity. Overall, our findings demonstrate that 31 P-MRS markers of energetic status and sarcolemma integrity are altered in young mdx compared with wild-type mice, and these indices are exacerbated following downhill running.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Lopez
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Abhinandan Batra
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Zahra Moslemi
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Andrew Rennick
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Kimberly Guice
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Huadong Zeng
- Advanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Spectroscopy Facility, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Glenn A. Walter
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Sean C. Forbes
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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Lopez Kolkovsky AL, Marty B, Giacomini E, Meyerspeer M, Carlier PG. Repeatability of multinuclear interleaved acquisitions with nuclear Overhauser enhancement effect in dynamic experiments in the calf muscle at 3T. Magn Reson Med 2021; 86:115-130. [PMID: 33565187 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.28684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the repeatability of multinuclear interleaved 1 H/31 P NMR dynamic acquisitions in skeletal muscle and the impact of nuclear Overhauser enhancement (nOe) on the 31 P results at 3T in exercise-recovery and ischemia-hyperemia paradigms. METHODS A 1 H/31 P interleaved pulse sequence was used to measure every 2.5 s a perfusion-weighted image, a T 2 ∗ map, a 31 P spectrum and 32 1 H spectra sensitive to deoxymyoglobin. 21 subjects performed a plantar flexion exercise and after recovery underwent an 8-min lower leg ischemia. The procedure was repeated in visit 2 with 12 subjects. An additional exercise bout without 1 H excitation was appended to visit 1. Individual 1 H RF pulse nOe was measured at rest in every visit. RESULTS Repeatability scores (coefficient of variation, Bland-Altman analysis) were similar to those found in the literature using similar mono-nuclear acquisitions. |Pi]/[PCr], pH drop, creatine rephosphorylation rate (τPCr ), maximum perfusion, time to peak perfusion, and blood flow post-exercise showed high reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient > 0.7), whereas hemodynamic results from reactive hyperemia showed higher repeatability. After accounting for nOe, which increased Pi and PCr signal-to-noise ratio by 30%, no differences in 31 P results were observed between interleaved and 31 P MRS-only acquisitions. τPCr was unaffected by nOe. CONCLUSION The method shows good repeatability for both paradigms while simultaneously providing multiple dynamic data sets on a clinical scanner. The nOe effects were accounted for on a per-subject and per-visit basis using a short 31 P reference scan. This multiparametric approach has a multitude of applications for the study of oxygen utilization and ATP turnover in the muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo L Lopez Kolkovsky
- NMR Laboratory, Neuromuscular Investigation Center, Institute of Myology, Paris, France.,NMR Laboratory, CEA, DRF, IBFJ, MIRCen, Paris, France
| | - Benjamin Marty
- NMR Laboratory, Neuromuscular Investigation Center, Institute of Myology, Paris, France.,NMR Laboratory, CEA, DRF, IBFJ, MIRCen, Paris, France
| | - Eric Giacomini
- NMR Laboratory, Neuromuscular Investigation Center, Institute of Myology, Paris, France
| | - Martin Meyerspeer
- High Field MR Center, Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Pierre G Carlier
- NMR Laboratory, Neuromuscular Investigation Center, Institute of Myology, Paris, France.,NMR Laboratory, CEA, DRF, IBFJ, MIRCen, Paris, France
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Bartlett MF, Fitzgerald LF, Nagarajan R, Kent JA. Validity and accuracy of calculating oxidative ATP synthesis in vivo during high-intensity skeletal muscle contractions. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2020; 33:e4381. [PMID: 32803787 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.4381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 06/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Several methods have been developed for using 31 P-MRS to calculate rates of oxidative ATP synthesis (ATPOX ) during muscular contractions based on assumptions that (1) the ATP cost of force generation (ATPCOST ) remains constant or (2) Michaelis-Menten coupling between cytosolic ADP and ATPOX does not change. However, growing evidence suggests that one, or both, of these assumptions are invalid during high-intensity fatigue protocols. Consequently, there is a need to examine the validity and accuracy of traditional ATPOX calculation methods under these conditions. To address this gap, we measured phosphate concentrations and pH in the vastus lateralis muscle of nine young adults during four rest-contraction-recovery trials lasting 24, 60, 120, and 240 s. The initial velocity of phosphocreatine resynthesis (ViPCr ) following each trial served as the criterion measure of ATPOX because this method makes no assumptions of constant ATPCOST or Michaelis-Menten coupling between changes in cytosolic ADP and ATPOX . Subsequently, we calculated ATPOX throughout the 240 s trial using several traditional calculation methods and compared estimations of ATPOX from each method with time-matched measurements of ViPCr . Method 1, which assumes that ATPCOST does not change, was able to model changes in ViPCr over time, but showed poor accuracy for predicting ViPCr across a wide range of ATPOX values. In contrast, Michaelis-Menten methods, which assume that the relationship between changes in cytosolic ADP and ATPOX remains constant, were invalid because they could not model the decline in ViPCr . However, adjusting these Michaelis-Menten methods for observed changes in maximal ATPOX capacity (i.e., Vmax ) permitted modeling of the decline in ViPCr and markedly improved accuracy. The results of these comprehensive analyses demonstrate that valid, accurate measurements of ATPOX can be obtained during high-intensity contractions by adjusting Michaelis-Menten ATPOX calculations for changes in Vmax observed from baseline to post-fatigue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miles F Bartlett
- Muscle Physiology Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Liam F Fitzgerald
- Muscle Physiology Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Rajakumar Nagarajan
- Human Magnetic Resonance Center, Institute for Applied Life Sciences (IALS), University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jane A Kent
- Muscle Physiology Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
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Bartlett MF, Fitzgerald LF, Nagarajan R, Hiroi Y, Kent JA. Oxidative ATP synthesis in human quadriceps declines during 4 minutes of maximal contractions. J Physiol 2020; 598:1847-1863. [PMID: 32045011 DOI: 10.1113/jp279339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS During maximal exercise, skeletal muscle metabolism and oxygen consumption remain elevated despite precipitous declines in power. Presently, it is unclear whether these responses are caused by an increased ATP cost of force generation (ATPCOST ) or mitochondrial uncoupling; a process that reduces the efficiency of oxidative ATP synthesis (ATPOX ). To address this gap, we used 31-phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy to measure changes in ATPCOST and ATPOX in human quadriceps during repeated trials of maximal intensity knee extensions lasting up to 4 min. ATPCOST remained unchanged. In contrast, ATPOX plateaued by ∼2 min and then declined (∼15%) over the final 2 min. The maximal capacity for ATPOX (Vmax ), as well as ADP-specific rates of ATPOX , were also significantly diminished. Collectively, these results suggest that mitochondrial uncoupling, and not increased ATPCOST , is responsible for altering the regulation of skeletal muscle metabolism and oxygen consumption during maximal exercise. ABSTRACT The relationship between skeletal muscle oxygen consumption and power output is augmented during exercise at workloads above the lactate threshold. Potential mechanisms for this response have been hypothesized, including increased ATP cost of force generation (ATPCOST ) and mitochondrial uncoupling, a process that reduces the efficiency of oxidative ATP synthesis (ATPOX ). To test these hypotheses, we used phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy to non-invasively measure changes in phosphate concentrations and pH in the vastus lateralis muscle of nine young adults during repeated trials of maximal, all-out dynamic knee extensions (120°s-1 , 1 every 2 s) lasting 24, 60, 120, and 240 s. ATPOX was measured at each time point from the initial velocity of PCr resynthesis, and ATPCOST was calculated as the sum of ATP synthesized by the creatine and adenylate kinase reactions, non-oxidative glycolysis, ATPOX and net changes in [ATP]. Power output declined in a reproducible manner for all four trials. ATPCOST did not change over time (main effect P = 0.45). ATPOX plateaued from 60 to 120 s and then decreased over the final 120 s (main effect P = 0.001). The maximal capacity for oxidative ATP synthesis (Vmax ), as well as ADP-specific rates of ATPOX , also decreased over time (main effect P = 0.001, both). Collectively, these results demonstrate that prolonged maximal contraction protocols impair oxidative energetics and implicate mitochondrial uncoupling as the mechanism for this response. The causes of mitochondrial uncoupling are presently unknown but may offer a potential explanation for the dissociation between skeletal muscle power output and oxygen consumption during maximal, all-out exercise protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miles F Bartlett
- Muscle Physiology Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, 01003.,Department of Kinesiology, University of Texas, Arlington, Texas, 76019
| | - Liam F Fitzgerald
- Muscle Physiology Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, 01003
| | - Rajakumar Nagarajan
- Human Magnetic Resonance Center, Institute for Applied Life Sciences (IALS), University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, 01003
| | - Yeun Hiroi
- Muscle Physiology Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, 01003
| | - Jane A Kent
- Muscle Physiology Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, 01003
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Olek RA, Kujach S, Ziemann E, Ziolkowski W, Waz P, Laskowski R. Adaptive Changes After 2 Weeks of 10-s Sprint Interval Training With Various Recovery Times. Front Physiol 2018; 9:392. [PMID: 29719513 PMCID: PMC5913318 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: The aim of this study was to compare the effect of applying two different rest recovery times in a 10-s sprint interval training session on aerobic and anaerobic capacities as well as skeletal muscle enzyme activities. Methods: Fourteen physically active but not highly trained male subjects (mean maximal oxygen uptake 50.5 ± 1.0 mlO2·kg−1·min−1) participated in the study. The training protocol involved a series of 10-s sprints separated by either 1-min (SIT10:1) or 4-min (SIT10:4) of recovery. The number of sprints progressed from four to six over six sessions separated by 1–2 days rest. Pre and post intervention anthropometric measurements, assessment of aerobic, anaerobic capacity and muscle biopsy were performed. In the muscle samples maximal activities of citrate synthase (CS), 3-hydroxyacylCoA dehydrogenase (HADH), carnitine palmitoyl-transferase (CPT), malate dehydrogenase (MDH), and its mitochondrial form (mMDH), as well as lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were determined. Analysis of variance was performed to determine changes between conditions. Results: Maximal oxygen uptake improved significantly in both training groups, by 13.6% in SIT10:1 and 11.9% in SIT10:4, with no difference between groups. Wingate anaerobic test results indicated main effect of time for total work, peak power output and mean power output, which increased significantly and similarly in both groups. Significant differences between training groups were observed for end power output, which increased by 10.8% in SIT10:1, but remained unchanged in SIT10:4. Both training protocols induced similar increase in CS activity (main effect of time p < 0.05), but no other enzymes. Conclusion: Sprint interval training protocols induce metabolic adaptation over a short period of time, and the reduced recovery between bouts may attenuate fatigue during maximal exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Olek
- Department of Bioenergetics and Nutrition, Faculty of Rehabilitation and Kinesiology, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Sylwester Kujach
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Ewa Ziemann
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Rehabilitation and Kinesiology, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Wieslaw Ziolkowski
- Department of Bioenergetics and Nutrition, Faculty of Rehabilitation and Kinesiology, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Piotr Waz
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Radoslaw Laskowski
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, Gdańsk, Poland
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Vollaard NBJ, Metcalfe RS, Williams S. Effect of Number of Sprints in an SIT Session on Change in V˙O2max: A Meta-analysis. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2017; 49:1147-1156. [PMID: 28079707 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000001204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Recent meta-analyses indicate that sprint interval training (SIT) improves cardiorespiratory fitness (V˙O2max), but the effects of various training parameters on the magnitude of the improvement remain unknown. The present meta-analysis examined the modifying effect of the number of sprint repetitions in an SIT session on improvements in V˙O2max. METHODS The databases PubMed and Web of Science were searched for original studies that have examined pre- and posttraining V˙O2max in adults after ≥2 wk of training consisting of repeated (≥2) Wingate-type cycle sprints, published up to May 1, 2016. Articles were excluded if they were not in English; if they involved patients, athletes, or participants with a mean baseline V˙O2max of >55 mL·kg·min or a mean age <18 yr; and if an SIT trial was combined with another intervention or used intervals shorter than 10 s. A total of 38 SIT trials from 34 studies were included in the meta-analysis. Probabilistic magnitude-based inferences were made to interpret the outcome of the analysis. RESULTS The meta-analysis revealed a likely large effect of a typical SIT intervention on V˙O2max (mean ± 90% confidence limits = 7.8% ± 4.0%) with a possibly small modifying effect of the maximum number of sprint repetitions in a training session (-1.2% ± 0.8% decrease per two additional sprint repetitions). Apart from possibly small effects of baseline V˙O2max and age, all other modifying effects were unclear or trivial. CONCLUSION We conclude that the improvement in V˙O2max with SIT is not attenuated with fewer sprint repetitions, and possibly even enhanced. This means that SIT protocols can be made more time efficient, which may help SIT to be developed into a viable strategy to impact public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niels B J Vollaard
- 1Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, UNITED KINGDOM; and 2School of Sport, Ulster University, Northern Ireland, UNITED KINGDOM
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Bartlett MF, Miehm JD, Fitzgerald LF, Straight CR. Do changes in mitochondrial quality contribute to increases in skeletal muscle oxidative capacity following endurance training? J Physiol 2017; 595:1861-1862. [PMID: 28074468 DOI: 10.1113/jp273809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Miles F Bartlett
- Kinesiology Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 30 Eastman Lane, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Julia D Miehm
- Kinesiology Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 30 Eastman Lane, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Liam F Fitzgerald
- Kinesiology Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 30 Eastman Lane, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Chad R Straight
- Kinesiology Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 30 Eastman Lane, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
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Zinner C, Morales-Alamo D, Ørtenblad N, Larsen FJ, Schiffer TA, Willis SJ, Gelabert-Rebato M, Perez-Valera M, Boushel R, Calbet JAL, Holmberg HC. The Physiological Mechanisms of Performance Enhancement with Sprint Interval Training Differ between the Upper and Lower Extremities in Humans. Front Physiol 2016; 7:426. [PMID: 27746738 PMCID: PMC5043010 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
To elucidate the mechanisms underlying the differences in adaptation of arm and leg muscles to sprint training, over a period of 11 days 16 untrained men performed six sessions of 4–6 × 30-s all-out sprints (SIT) with the legs and arms, separately, with a 1-h interval of recovery. Limb-specific VO2peak, sprint performance (two 30-s Wingate tests with 4-min recovery), muscle efficiency and time-trial performance (TT, 5-min all-out) were assessed and biopsies from the m. vastus lateralis and m. triceps brachii taken before and after training. VO2peak and Wmax increased 3–11% after training, with a more pronounced change in the arms (P < 0.05). Gross efficiency improved for the arms (+8.8%, P < 0.05), but not the legs (−0.6%). Wingate peak and mean power outputs improved similarly for the arms and legs, as did TT performance. After training, VO2 during the two Wingate tests was increased by 52 and 6% for the arms and legs, respectively (P < 0.001). In the case of the arms, VO2 was higher during the first than second Wingate test (64 vs. 44%, P < 0.05). During the TT, relative exercise intensity, HR, VO2, VCO2, VE, and Vt were all lower during arm-cranking than leg-pedaling, and oxidation of fat was minimal, remaining so after training. Despite the higher relative intensity, fat oxidation was 70% greater during leg-pedaling (P = 0.017). The aerobic energy contribution in the legs was larger than for the arms during the Wingate tests, although VO2 for the arms was enhanced more by training, reducing the O2 deficit after SIT. The levels of muscle glycogen, as well as the myosin heavy chain composition were unchanged in both cases, while the activities of 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA-dehydrogenase and citrate synthase were elevated only in the legs and capillarization enhanced in both limbs. Multiple regression analysis demonstrated that the variables that predict TT performance differ for the arms and legs. The primary mechanism of adaptation to SIT by both the arms and legs is enhancement of aerobic energy production. However, with their higher proportion of fast muscle fibers, the arms exhibit greater plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Zinner
- Department of Sport Science, Julius Maximilians University WürzburgWürzburg, Germany; Swedish Winter Sports Research Centre, Mid Sweden UniversityÖstersund, Sweden
| | - David Morales-Alamo
- Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS) and Department of Physical Education, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria Las Palmas, Spain
| | - Niels Ørtenblad
- Swedish Winter Sports Research Centre, Mid Sweden UniversityÖstersund, Sweden; Institute of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern DenmarkOdense, Denmark
| | - Filip J Larsen
- Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tomas A Schiffer
- Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Linköping University Linköping, Sweden
| | - Sarah J Willis
- Swedish Winter Sports Research Centre, Mid Sweden University Östersund, Sweden
| | - Miriam Gelabert-Rebato
- Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS) and Department of Physical Education, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria Las Palmas, Spain
| | - Mario Perez-Valera
- Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS) and Department of Physical Education, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria Las Palmas, Spain
| | - Robert Boushel
- School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Jose A L Calbet
- Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS) and Department of Physical Education, University of Las Palmas de Gran CanariaLas Palmas, Spain; School of Kinesiology, University of British ColumbiaVancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Hans-Christer Holmberg
- Swedish Winter Sports Research Centre, Mid Sweden UniversityÖstersund, Sweden; School of Kinesiology, University of British ColumbiaVancouver, BC, Canada; School of Sport Sciences, UiT Arctic University of NorwayTromsø, Norway
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Kent JA, Fitzgerald LF. In vivo mitochondrial function in aging skeletal muscle: capacity, flux, and patterns of use. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2016; 121:996-1003. [PMID: 27539499 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00583.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Because of the fundamental dependence of mammalian life on adequate mitochondrial function, the question of how and why mitochondria change in old age is the target of intense study. Given the importance of skeletal muscle for the support of mobility and health, this question extends to the need to understand mitochondrial changes in the muscle of older adults, as well. We and others have focused on clarifying the age-related changes in human skeletal muscle mitochondrial function in vivo. These changes include both the maximal capacity for oxidative production of energy (ATP), as well as the relative use of mitochondrial ATP production for powering muscular activity. It has been known for nearly 50 yr that muscle mitochondrial content is highly plastic; exercise training can induce an ∼2-fold increase in mitochondrial content, while disuse has the opposite effect. Here, we suggest that a portion of the age-related changes in mitochondrial function that have been reported are likely the result of behavioral effects, as physical activity influences have not always been accounted for. Further, there is emerging evidence that various muscles may be affected differently by age-related changes in physical activity and movement patterns. In this review, we will focus on age-related changes in oxidative capacity and flux measured in vivo in human skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane A Kent
- Muscle Physiology Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts
| | - Liam F Fitzgerald
- Muscle Physiology Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts
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11
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Vincent G, Lamon S, Gant N, Vincent PJ, MacDonald JR, Markworth JF, Edge JA, Hickey AJR. Changes in mitochondrial function and mitochondria associated protein expression in response to 2-weeks of high intensity interval training. Front Physiol 2015; 6:51. [PMID: 25759671 PMCID: PMC4338748 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2015.00051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE High-intensity short-duration interval training (HIT) stimulates functional and metabolic adaptation in skeletal muscle, but the influence of HIT on mitochondrial function remains poorly studied in humans. Mitochondrial metabolism as well as mitochondrial-associated protein expression were tested in untrained participants performing HIT over a 2-week period. METHODS Eight males performed a single-leg cycling protocol (12 × 1 min intervals at 120% peak power output, 90 s recovery, 4 days/week). Muscle biopsies (vastus lateralis) were taken pre- and post-HIT. Mitochondrial respiration in permeabilized fibers, citrate synthase (CS) activity and protein expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator (PGC-1α) and respiratory complex components were measured. RESULTS HIT training improved peak power and time to fatigue. Increases in absolute oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) capacities and CS activity were observed, but not in the ratio of CCO to the electron transport system (CCO/ETS), the respiratory control ratios (RCR-1 and RCR-2) or mitochondrial-associated protein expression. Specific increases in OXPHOS flux were not apparent after normalization to CS, indicating that gross changes mainly resulted from increased mitochondrial mass. CONCLUSION Over only 2 weeks HIT significantly increased mitochondrial function in skeletal muscle independently of detectable changes in mitochondrial-associated and mitogenic protein expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace Vincent
- Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition Research, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University Melbourne VIC, Australia ; Department of Sport and Exercise Science, The University of Auckland Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Séverine Lamon
- Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition Research, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University Melbourne VIC, Australia
| | - Nicholas Gant
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, The University of Auckland Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Peter J Vincent
- Department of General Practice and Primary Healthcare, Auckland School of Medicine, The University of Auckland Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Julia R MacDonald
- Applied Surgery and Metabolism Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland Auckland, New Zealand
| | | | - Johann A Edge
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, The University of Auckland Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Anthony J R Hickey
- Applied Surgery and Metabolism Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland Auckland, New Zealand
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Mueller SM, Aguayo D, Zuercher M, Fleischmann O, Boutellier U, Auer M, Jung HH, Toigo M. High-intensity interval training with vibration as rest intervals attenuates fiber atrophy and prevents decreases in anaerobic performance. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0116764. [PMID: 25679998 PMCID: PMC4332652 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0116764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 12/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Aerobic high-intensity interval training (HIT) improves cardiovascular capacity but may reduce the finite work capacity above critical power (W′) and lead to atrophy of myosin heavy chain (MyHC)-2 fibers. Since whole-body vibration may enhance indices of anaerobic performance, we examined whether side-alternating whole-body vibration as a replacement for the active rest intervals during a 4x4 min HIT prevents decreases in anaerobic performance and capacity without compromising gains in aerobic function. Thirty-three young recreationally active men were randomly assigned to conduct either conventional 4x4 min HIT, HIT with 3 min of WBV at 18 Hz (HIT+VIB18) or 30 Hz (HIT+VIB30) in lieu of conventional rest intervals, or WBV at 30 Hz (VIB30). Pre and post training, critical power (CP), W′, cellular muscle characteristics, as well as cardiovascular and neuromuscular variables were determined. W′ (−14.3%, P = 0.013), maximal voluntary torque (−8.6%, P = 0.001), rate of force development (−10.5%, P = 0.018), maximal jumping power (−6.3%, P = 0.007) and cross-sectional areas of MyHC-2A fibers (−6.4%, P = 0.044) were reduced only after conventional HIT. CP, V̇O2peak, peak cardiac output, and overall capillary-to-fiber ratio were increased after HIT, HIT+VIB18, and HIT+VIB30 without differences between groups. HIT-specific reductions in anaerobic performance and capacity were prevented by replacing active rest intervals with side-alternating whole-body vibration, notably without compromising aerobic adaptations. Therefore, competitive cyclists (and potentially other endurance-oriented athletes) may benefit from replacing the active rest intervals during aerobic HIT with side-alternating whole-body vibration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandro Manuel Mueller
- Exercise Physiology Lab, Institute of Human Movement Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - David Aguayo
- Exercise Physiology Lab, Institute of Human Movement Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Zuercher
- Exercise Physiology Lab, Institute of Human Movement Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Oliver Fleischmann
- Exercise Physiology Lab, Institute of Human Movement Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Urs Boutellier
- Exercise Physiology Lab, Institute of Human Movement Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Maria Auer
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Hans H. Jung
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marco Toigo
- Exercise Physiology Lab, Institute of Human Movement Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
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13
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Kemp GJ, Ahmad RE, Nicolay K, Prompers JJ. Quantification of skeletal muscle mitochondrial function by 31P magnetic resonance spectroscopy techniques: a quantitative review. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2015; 213:107-44. [PMID: 24773619 DOI: 10.1111/apha.12307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2013] [Revised: 12/30/2013] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) can give information about cellular metabolism in vivo which is difficult to obtain in other ways. In skeletal muscle, non-invasive (31) P MRS measurements of the post-exercise recovery kinetics of pH, [PCr], [Pi] and [ADP] contain valuable information about muscle mitochondrial function and cellular pH homeostasis in vivo, but quantitative interpretation depends on understanding the underlying physiology. Here, by giving examples of the analysis of (31) P MRS recovery data, by some simple computational simulation, and by extensively comparing data from published studies using both (31) P MRS and invasive direct measurements of muscle O2 consumption in a common analytical framework, we consider what can be learnt quantitatively about mitochondrial metabolism in skeletal muscle using MRS-based methodology. We explore some technical and conceptual limitations of current methods, and point out some aspects of the physiology which are still incompletely understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. J. Kemp
- Department of Musculoskeletal Biology, and Magnetic Resonance and Image Analysis Research Centre; University of Liverpool; Liverpool UK
| | - R. E. Ahmad
- Department of Musculoskeletal Biology, and Magnetic Resonance and Image Analysis Research Centre; University of Liverpool; Liverpool UK
| | - K. Nicolay
- Biomedical NMR; Department of Biomedical Engineering; Eindhoven University of Technology; Eindhoven the Netherlands
| | - J. J. Prompers
- Biomedical NMR; Department of Biomedical Engineering; Eindhoven University of Technology; Eindhoven the Netherlands
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Tevald MA, Foulis SA, Kent JA. Effect of age on in vivo oxidative capacity in two locomotory muscles of the leg. AGE (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2014; 36:9713. [PMID: 25227177 PMCID: PMC4165814 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-014-9713-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
To determine the effects of age and sex on in vivo mitochondrial function of distinct locomotory muscles, the tibialis anterior (TA) and medial gastrocnemius (MG), of young (Y; 24 ± 3 years) and older (O; 69 ± 4) men (M) and women (W) of similar overall physical activity (PA) was compared. In vivo mitochondrial function was measured using phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and PA and physical function were measured in all subjects. Overall PA was similar among the groups, although O (n = 17) had fewer daily minutes of moderate-to-vigorous PA (p = 0.001), and slowed physical function (p < 0.05 for all variables), compared with Y (n = 17). In TA, oxidative capacity (V max; mM s(-1)) was higher in O than Y (p < 0.001; Y = 0.90 ± 0.12; O = 1.12 ± 0.18). There was no effect of age in MG (p = 0.5; Y = 0.91 ± 0.17; O = 0.96 ± 0.24), but women had higher oxidative capacity than men (p = 0.007; M = 0.84 ± 0.18; W = 1.03 ± 0.18). In vivo mitochondrial function was preserved in healthy O men and women, despite lower intensity PA and physical function in this group. The extent to which compensatory changes in gait may be responsible for this preservation warrants further investigation. Furthermore, women had higher oxidative capacity in the MG, but not the TA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Tevald
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Toledo, 2801 W, Bancroft Street, MS 119, Toledo, OH, 43616, USA,
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15
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Larsen RG, Maynard L, Kent JA. High-intensity interval training alters ATP pathway flux during maximal muscle contractions in humans. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2014; 211:147-60. [PMID: 24612773 DOI: 10.1111/apha.12275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2013] [Revised: 02/18/2014] [Accepted: 03/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
AIM High-intensity interval training (HIT) results in potent metabolic adaptations in skeletal muscle; however, little is known about the influence of these adaptations on energetics in vivo. We used magnetic resonance spectroscopy to examine the effects of HIT on ATP synthesis from net PCr breakdown (ATPCK ), oxidative phosphorylation (ATPOX ) and non-oxidative glycolysis (ATPGLY ) in vivo in vastus lateralis during a 24-s maximal voluntary contraction (MVC). METHODS Eight young men performed 6 sessions of repeated, 30-s 'all-out' sprints on a cycle ergometer; measures of muscle energetics were obtained at baseline and after the first and sixth sessions. RESULTS Training increased peak oxygen consumption (35.8 ± 1.4 to 39.3 ± 1.6 mL min(-1) kg(-1) , P = 0.01) and exercise capacity (217.0 ± 11.0 to 230.5 ± 11.7 W, P = 0.04) on the ergometer, with no effects on total ATP production or force-time integral during the MVC. While ATP production by each pathway was unchanged after the first session, 6 sessions increased the relative contribution of ATPOX (from 31 ± 2 to 39 ± 2% of total ATP turnover, P < 0.001) and lowered the relative contribution from both ATPCK (49 ± 2 to 44 ± 1%, P = 0.004) and ATPGLY (20 ± 2 to 17 ± 1%, P = 0.03). CONCLUSION These alterations to muscle ATP production in vivo indicate that brief, maximal contractions are performed with increased support of oxidative ATP synthesis and relatively less contribution from anaerobic ATP production following training. These results extend previous reports of molecular and cellular adaptations to HIT and show that 6 training sessions are sufficient to alter in vivo muscle energetics, which likely contributes to increased exercise capacity after short-term HIT.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. G. Larsen
- Department of Kinesiology; University of Massachusetts; Amherst MA USA
- Department of Health Science and Technology; Aalborg University; Aalborg Denmark
| | - L. Maynard
- Department of Kinesiology; University of Massachusetts; Amherst MA USA
| | - J. A. Kent
- Department of Kinesiology; University of Massachusetts; Amherst MA USA
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16
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Forbes SC, Bish LT, Ye F, Spinazzola J, Baligand C, Plant D, Vandenborne K, Barton ER, Sweeney HL, Walter GA. Gene transfer of arginine kinase to skeletal muscle using adeno-associated virus. Gene Ther 2014; 21:387-92. [PMID: 24572791 PMCID: PMC3975678 DOI: 10.1038/gt.2014.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2013] [Revised: 01/07/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we tested the feasibility of non-invasively measuring phosphoarginine (PArg) after gene delivery of arginine kinase (AK) using an adeno-associated virus (AAV) to murine hindlimbs. This was achieved by evaluating the time course, regional distribution and metabolic flux of PArg using (31)phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy ((31)P-MRS). AK gene was injected into the gastrocnemius of the left hindlimb of C57Bl10 mice (age 5 weeks, male) using self-complementary AAV, type 2/8 with desmin promoter. Non-localized (31)P-MRS data were acquired over 9 months after injection using 11.1-T and 17.6-T Bruker Avance spectrometers. In addition, (31)P two-dimensional chemical shift imaging and saturation transfer experiments were performed to examine the spatial distribution and metabolic flux of PArg, respectively. PArg was evident in each injected mouse hindlimb after gene delivery, increased until 28 weeks, and remained elevated for at least 9 months (P<0.05). Furthermore, PArg was primarily localized to the injected posterior hindimb region and the metabolite was in exchange with ATP. Overall, the results show the viability of AAV gene transfer of AK gene to skeletal muscle, and provide support of PArg as a reporter that can be used to non-invasively monitor the transduction of genes for therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean C. Forbes
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Lawrence T. Bish
- Department of Physiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Fan Ye
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Janelle Spinazzola
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Celine Baligand
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Daniel Plant
- Advanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Spectroscopy Facility, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | | | - Elisabeth R. Barton
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - H. Lee Sweeney
- Department of Physiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Glenn A. Walter
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
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Prompers JJ, Wessels B, Kemp GJ, Nicolay K. MITOCHONDRIA: investigation of in vivo muscle mitochondrial function by 31P magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2014; 50:67-72. [PMID: 24569118 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2014.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Revised: 02/06/2014] [Accepted: 02/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The most important function of mitochondria is the production of energy in the form of ATP. The socio-economic impact of human diseases that affect skeletal muscle mitochondrial function is growing, and improving their clinical management critically depends on the development of non-invasive assays to assess mitochondrial function and monitor the effects of interventions. 31P magnetic resonance spectroscopy provides two approaches that have been used to assess in vivo ATP synthesis in skeletal muscle: measuring Pi→ATP exchange flux using saturation transfer in resting muscle, and measuring phosphocreatine recovery kinetics after exercise. However, Pi→ATP exchange does not represent net mitochondrial ATP synthesis flux and has no simple relationship with mitochondrial function. Post-exercise phosphocreatine recovery kinetics, on the other hand, yield reliable measures of muscle mitochondrial capacity in vivo, whose ability to define the site of functional defects is enhanced by combination with other non-invasive techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanine J Prompers
- Biomedical NMR, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
| | - Bart Wessels
- Biomedical NMR, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Graham J Kemp
- Department of Musculoskeletal Biology and Magnetic Resonance & Image Analysis Research Centre, University of Liverpool, UK
| | - Klaas Nicolay
- Biomedical NMR, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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18
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Jacobs RA, Flück D, Bonne TC, Bürgi S, Christensen PM, Toigo M, Lundby C. Improvements in exercise performance with high-intensity interval training coincide with an increase in skeletal muscle mitochondrial content and function. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2013; 115:785-93. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00445.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Six sessions of high-intensity interval training (HIT) are sufficient to improve exercise capacity. The mechanisms explaining such improvements are unclear. Accordingly, the aim of this study was to perform a comprehensive evaluation of physiologically relevant adaptations occurring after six sessions of HIT to determine the mechanisms explaining improvements in exercise performance. Sixteen untrained (43 ± 6 ml·kg−1·min−1) subjects completed six sessions of repeated ( 8 – 12 ) 60 s intervals of high-intensity cycling (100% peak power output elicited during incremental maximal exercise test) intermixed with 75 s of recovery cycling at a low intensity (30 W) over a 2-wk period. Potential training-induced alterations in skeletal muscle respiratory capacity, mitochondrial content, skeletal muscle oxygenation, cardiac capacity, blood volumes, and peripheral fatigue resistance were all assessed prior to and again following training. Maximal measures of oxygen uptake (V̇o2peak; ∼8%; P = 0.026) and cycling time to complete a set amount of work (∼5%; P = 0.008) improved. Skeletal muscle respiratory capacities increased, most likely as a result of an expansion of skeletal muscle mitochondria (∼20%, P = 0.026), as assessed by cytochrome c oxidase activity. Skeletal muscle deoxygenation also increased while maximal cardiac output, total hemoglobin, plasma volume, total blood volume, and relative measures of peripheral fatigue resistance were all unaltered with training. These results suggest that increases in mitochondrial content following six HIT sessions may facilitate improvements in respiratory capacity and oxygen extraction, and ultimately are responsible for the improvements in maximal whole body exercise capacity and endurance performance in previously untrained individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Acton Jacobs
- Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), Zurich, Switzerland
- Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland:
| | - Daniela Flück
- Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), Zurich, Switzerland
- Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Christian Bonne
- Department of Exercise and Sport Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; and
| | - Simon Bürgi
- Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Marco Toigo
- Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), Zurich, Switzerland
- Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Exercise Physiology, Institute of Human Movement Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Carsten Lundby
- Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), Zurich, Switzerland
- Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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