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Freitas FEDA, Batista MAC, Braga DCDA, de Oliveira LB, Antunes VR, Cardoso LM. The gut-brain axis and sodium appetite: Can inflammation-related signaling influence the control of sodium intake? Appetite 2022; 175:106050. [PMID: 35447164 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2022.106050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Sodium is the main cation present in the extracellular fluid. Sodium and water content in the body are responsible for volume and osmotic homeostasis through mechanisms involving sodium and water excretion and intake. When body sodium content decreases below the homeostatic threshold, a condition termed sodium deficiency, highly motivated sodium seeking, and intake occurs. This is termed sodium appetite. Classically, sodium and water intakes are controlled by a number of neuroendocrine mechanisms that include signaling molecules from the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system acting in the central nervous system (CNS). However, recent findings have shown that sodium and water intakes can also be influenced by inflammatory agents and mediators acting in the CNS. For instance, central infusion of IL-1β or TNF-α can directly affect sodium and water consumption in animal models. Some dietary conditions, such as high salt intake, have been shown to change the intestinal microbiome composition, stimulating the immune branch of the gut-brain axis through the production of inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-17, which can stimulate the brain immune system. In this review, we address the latest findings supporting the hypothesis that immune signaling in the brain could produce a reduction in thirst and sodium appetite and, therefore, contribute to sodium intake control.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Vagner Roberto Antunes
- Dept. of Physiology and Biophysics - ICB, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Kumarhia D, He L, McCluskey LP. Inflammatory stimuli acutely modulate peripheral taste function. J Neurophysiol 2016; 115:2964-75. [PMID: 27009163 DOI: 10.1152/jn.01104.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation-mediated changes in taste perception can affect health outcomes in patients, but little is known about the underlying mechanisms. In the present work, we hypothesized that proinflammatory cytokines directly modulate Na(+) transport in taste buds. To test this, we measured acute changes in Na(+) flux in polarized fungiform taste buds loaded with a Na(+) indicator dye. IL-1β elicited an amiloride-sensitive increase in Na(+) transport in taste buds. In contrast, TNF-α dramatically and reversibly decreased Na(+) flux in polarized taste buds via amiloride-sensitive and amiloride-insensitive Na(+) transport systems. The speed and partial amiloride sensitivity of these changes in Na(+) flux indicate that IL-1β and TNF-α modulate epithelial Na(+) channel (ENaC) function. A portion of the TNF-mediated decrease in Na(+) flux is also blocked by the TRPV1 antagonist capsazepine, although TNF-α further reduced Na(+) transport independently of both amiloride and capsazepine. We also assessed taste function in vivo in a model of infection and inflammation that elevates these and additional cytokines. In rats administered systemic lipopolysaccharide (LPS), CT responses to Na(+) were significantly elevated between 1 and 2 h after LPS treatment. Low, normally preferred concentrations of NaCl and sodium acetate elicited high response magnitudes. Consistent with this outcome, codelivery of IL-1β and TNF-α enhanced Na(+) flux in polarized taste buds. These results demonstrate that inflammation elicits swift changes in Na(+) taste function, which may limit salt consumption during illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devaki Kumarhia
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia; and Graduate Program in Molecular Medicine, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Lianying He
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia; and
| | - Lynnette Phillips McCluskey
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia; and
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David RB, Roncari CF, Lauar MR, Vendramini RC, Antunes-Rodrigues J, Menani JV, De Luca LA. Sodium intake, brain c-Fos protein and gastric emptying in cell-dehydrated rats treated with methysergide into the lateral parabrachial nucleus. Physiol Behav 2015; 151:111-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2015.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Revised: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 07/10/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Gasparini S, Andrade-Franzé GMF, Gomide JMC, Andrade CAF, De Luca LA, Colombari DSA, De Paula PM, Colombari E, Menani JV. Sodium intake combining cholinergic activation and noradrenaline into the lateral parabrachial nucleus. Neuroscience 2015; 300:229-37. [PMID: 25977166 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.04.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Revised: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 04/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The administration of cholinergic agonists like pilocarpine intraperitoneally (i.p.) or carbachol intracerebroventricularly (i.c.v.) induces water, but non significant hypertonic NaCl intake. These treatments also produce pressor responses, which may inhibit sodium intake. Noradrenaline (NOR) acting on α2-adrenoceptors in the lateral parabrachial nucleus (LPBN) deactivates inhibitory mechanisms increasing fluid depletion-induced sodium intake. In the present study, we investigated: (1) water and 1.8% NaCl intake in rats treated with pilocarpine i.p. or carbachol i.c.v. combined with NOR into the LPBN; (2) if inhibitory signals from cardiovascular receptors are blocked by NOR in the LPBN. Male Holtzman rats with stainless steel guide-cannulas implanted in the lateral ventricle and bilaterally in the LPBN were used. Bilateral injections of NOR (80nmol/0.2μl) into the LPBN decreased water intake (0.8±0.3, vs. saline (SAL): 2.9±0.3ml/180min) induced by pilocarpine (1mg/kg of body weight) i.p., without changing 1.8% NaCl intake (0.8±2.4, vs. SAL: 0.5±0.3ml/180min). Prazosin (1mg/kg of body weight) i.p. blocked pressor responses and increased water and 1.8% NaCl intake (6.3±1.7 and 14.7±3.5ml/180min, respectively) in rats treated with pilocarpine combined with NOR into the LPBN. Prazosin i.p. also increased 1.8% NaCl intake in rats treated with carbachol i.c.v combined with NOR into the LPBN. The results suggest that different signals inhibit sodium intake in rats treated with cholinergic agonists, among them those produced by increases of arterial pressure that are not efficiently deactivated by NOR acting in the LPBN.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Gasparini
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University, UNESP, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - G M F Andrade-Franzé
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University, UNESP, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - J M C Gomide
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University, UNESP, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - C A F Andrade
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University, UNESP, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - L A De Luca
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University, UNESP, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - D S A Colombari
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University, UNESP, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - P M De Paula
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University, UNESP, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - E Colombari
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University, UNESP, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - J V Menani
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University, UNESP, Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
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De Luca LA, Almeida RL, David RB, de Paula PM, Andrade CAF, Menani JV. Participation of α2 -adrenoceptors in sodium appetite inhibition during sickness behaviour following administration of lipopolysaccharide. J Physiol 2015; 594:1607-16. [PMID: 26036817 DOI: 10.1113/jp270377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Sickness behaviour, a syndrome characterized by a general reduction in animal activity, is part of the active-phase response to fight infection. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), an effective endotoxin to model sickness behaviour, reduces thirst and sodium excretion, and increases neurohypophysial secretion. Here we review the effects of LPS on thirst and sodium appetite. Altered renal function and hydromineral fluid intake in response to LPS occur in the context of behavioural reorganization, which manifests itself as part of the syndrome. Recent data show that, in addition to its classical effect on thirst, non-septic doses of LPS injected intraperitoneally produce a preferential inhibition of intracellular thirst versus extracellular thirst. Moreover, LPS also reduced hypertonic NaCl intake in sodium-depleted rats that entered a sodium appetite test. Antagonism of α2 -adrenoceptors abolished the effect of LPS on sodium appetite. LPS and cytokine transduction potentially recruit brain noradrenaline and α2 -adrenoceptors to control sodium appetite and sickness behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurival A De Luca
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University - UNESP, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Roberto L Almeida
- Department of Physiology, ABC Medical School, Santo André, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Richard B David
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University - UNESP, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Patricia M de Paula
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University - UNESP, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carina A F Andrade
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University - UNESP, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - José V Menani
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University - UNESP, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
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de Souza Mecawi A, Ruginsk SG, Elias LLK, Varanda WA, Antunes‐Rodrigues J. Neuroendocrine Regulation of Hydromineral Homeostasis. Compr Physiol 2015; 5:1465-516. [DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c140031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Menani JV, De Luca LA, Johnson AK. Role of the lateral parabrachial nucleus in the control of sodium appetite. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2014; 306:R201-10. [PMID: 24401989 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00251.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In states of sodium deficiency many animals seek and consume salty solutions to restore body fluid homeostasis. These behaviors reflect the presence of sodium appetite that is a manifestation of a pattern of central nervous system (CNS) activity with facilitatory and inhibitory components that are affected by several neurohumoral factors. The primary focus of this review is on one structure in this central system, the lateral parabrachial nucleus (LPBN). However, before turning to a more detailed discussion of the LPBN, a brief overview of body fluid balance-related body-to-brain signaling and the identification of the primary CNS structures and humoral factors involved in the control of sodium appetite is necessary. Angiotensin II, mineralocorticoids, and extracellular osmotic changes act on forebrain areas to facilitate sodium appetite and thirst. In the hindbrain, the LPBN functions as a key integrative node with an ascending output that exerts inhibitory influences on forebrain regions. A nonspecific or general deactivation of LPBN-associated inhibition by GABA or opioid agonists produces NaCl intake in euhydrated rats without any other treatment. Selective LPBN manipulation of other neurotransmitter systems [e.g., serotonin, cholecystokinin (CCK), corticotrophin-releasing factor (CRF), glutamate, ATP, or norepinephrine] greatly enhances NaCl intake when accompanied by additional treatments that induce either thirst or sodium appetite. The LPBN interacts with key forebrain areas that include the subfornical organ and central amygdala to determine sodium intake. To summarize, a model of LPBN inhibitory actions on forebrain facilitatory components for the control of sodium appetite is presented in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose V Menani
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, School of Dentistry, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil; and Departments of Psychology, Pharmacology and Health, and Human Physiology and the Cardiovascular Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
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Ferreira JG, Tellez LA, Ren X, Yeckel CW, de Araujo IE. Regulation of fat intake in the absence of flavour signalling. J Physiol 2012; 590:953-72. [PMID: 22219333 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2011.218289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Animals, including humans, can achieve precise regulation of caloric intake by adjusting consumption in response to covert changes in energy density. It remains unknown, however, whether the presence of flavour cues are required for the ability to maintain constant caloric intake. Also unknown are the brain circuits that may function as the central calorie monitors that control adaptive adjustments in energy intake. Here we show that mice trained to lick a dry spout in order to receive intra-gastric infusions of a fat emulsion maintained constant hourly caloric intake by adjusting the number of dry licks in response to changes in caloric density. Animals also increased dry licking according to hunger levels, and developed conditioned preferences for dry sippers associated with high calorie infusions. Importantly, striatal dopamine levels were closely associated with the amount of calories ingested, rather than with the number of dry licks produced. Dopamine levels in dorsal and ventral striatum also reflected caloric density in mice passively receiving intra-gastric infusions of fat emulsions. Consistent with the above, systemic administration of the dopamine receptor blocker haloperidol markedly increased the production of dry licks needed to obtain high-calorie infusions, as if the caloric density of the infusions had been diluted. Conversely, haloperidol markedly decreased the production of dry licks needed to obtain low-calorie infusions. Taken together, our results support the proposition that brain dopamine circuits function as one central sensor of calorie ingestion, since (1) extracellular striatal dopamine levels fluctuate in proportion to the caloric density of nutrients infused in the gut; and (2) inhibiting dopamine receptor signalling disrupts the animals' ability to maintain constant caloric intake across experimental sessions.
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