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Cheng Y, Xu J, Zeng R, Zhao X, Gao W, Quan J, Hu X, Shen Z, Zhang J. The Role of Prostaglandin E2 Synthesized in Rat Lateral Parabrachial Nucleus in LPS-Induced Fever. Neuroendocrinology 2022; 112:399-416. [PMID: 34348333 DOI: 10.1159/000518491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The lateral parabrachial nucleus (LPBN) is considered to be a brain site of the pyrogenic action of prostaglandin (PG) E2 outside of the preoptic area. Yet, the role of the LPBN in fever following a systemic immune challenge remains poorly understood. METHODS We examined the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and microsomal PGE synthase-1 (mPGES-1) in the LPBN after the intraperitoneal injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). We investigated the effects of LPBN NS-398 (COX-2 inhibitor) on LPS-induced fever, the effects of direct LPBN PGE2 administration on the energy expenditure (EE), brown adipose tissue (BAT) thermogenesis, neck muscle electromyographic activity and tail temperature, and the effects of PGE2 on the spontaneous firing activity and thermosensitivity of in vitro LPBN neurons in a brain slice. RESULTS The COX-2 and mPGES-1 enzymes were upregulated at both mRNA and protein levels. The microinjection of NS-398 in the LPBN attenuated the LPS-induced fever. Direct PGE2 administration in the LPBN resulted in a febrile response by a coordinated response of increased EE, BAT thermogenesis, shivering, and possibly decreased heat loss through the tail. The LPBN neurons showed a clear anatomical distinction in the firing rate response to PGE2, with the majority of PGE2-excited or -inhibited neurons being located in the external lateral or dorsal subnucleus of the LPBN, respectively. However, neither the firing rate nor the thermal coefficient response to PGE2 showed any difference between warm-sensitive, cold-sensitive, and temperature-insensitive neurons in the LPBN. CONCLUSIONS PGE2 synthesized in the LPBN was at least partially involved in LPS-induced fever via its different modulations of the firing rate of neurons in different LPBN subnuclei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjing Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Thermoregulation and Inflammation of Sichuan Higher Education Institutes, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Jianhui Xu
- Key Laboratory of Thermoregulation and Inflammation of Sichuan Higher Education Institutes, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Ruixin Zeng
- School of Dentistry, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Xi Zhao
- School of Clinical Medicine, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Wenmin Gao
- Key Laboratory of Thermoregulation and Inflammation of Sichuan Higher Education Institutes, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Junru Quan
- School of Clinical Medicine, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaosong Hu
- School of Basic Medicine, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Ziling Shen
- School of Basic Medicine, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Thermoregulation and Inflammation of Sichuan Higher Education Institutes, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
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Branco ACCC, Sato MN, Alberca RW. The Possible Dual Role of the ACE2 Receptor in Asthma and Coronavirus (SARS-CoV2) Infection. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:550571. [PMID: 33072624 PMCID: PMC7538685 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.550571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Cláudia Calvielli Castelo Branco
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Laboratory of Dermatology and Immunodeficiencies, LIM-56, Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine and Institute of Tropical Medicine of São Paulo, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria Notomi Sato
- Laboratory of Dermatology and Immunodeficiencies, LIM-56, Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine and Institute of Tropical Medicine of São Paulo, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Wesley Alberca
- Laboratory of Dermatology and Immunodeficiencies, LIM-56, Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine and Institute of Tropical Medicine of São Paulo, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Yamashiro LH, de Souza GEP, de Melo Soares D. Role of CINC-1 and CXCR2 receptors on LPS-induced fever in rats. Pflugers Arch 2018; 471:301-311. [PMID: 30349936 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-018-2222-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Revised: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The classic model of fever induction is based on the administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Gram-negative bacteria in experimental animals. LPS-induced fever results in the synthesis/release of many mediators that assemble an LPS-fever cascade. We have previously demonstrated that cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant (CINC)-1, a Glu-Leu-Arg (ELR) + chemokine, centrally administered to rats, induces fever and increases prostaglandin E2 in the cerebrospinal fluid. We now attempt to investigate the involvement of CINC-1 and its functional receptor CXCR2 on the fever induced by exogenous and endogenous pyrogens in rats. We also investigated the effect of reparixin, an allosteric inhibitor of CXCR1/CXCR2 receptors, on fever induced by either systemic administration of LPS or intracerebroventricular injection of CINC-1, as well as TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, or ET-1, known mediators of febrile response. Our results show increased CINC-1 mRNA expression in the liver, hypothalamus, CSF, and plasma following LPS injection. Moreover, reparixin administered right before CINC-1 or LPS abolished the fever induced by CINC-1 and significantly reduced the response induced by LPS. In spite of these results, reparixin does not modify the fever induced by IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6, but significantly reduces ET-1-induced fever. Therefore, it is plausible to suggest that CINC-1 might contribute to LPS-induced fever in rats by activating CXCR2 receptor on the CNS. Moreover, it can be hypothesized that CINC-1 is placed upstream TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 among the prostaglandin-dependent fever-mediator cascade and amidst the prostaglandin-independent synthesis pathway of fever.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lívia Harumi Yamashiro
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Physic and Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.,Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Glória Emília Petto de Souza
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Physic and Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Denis de Melo Soares
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Rua Barão do Jeremoabo, no. 147, Ondina, Salvador, Bahia, 40170-115, Brazil.
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Froes TQ, Melo MCC, Souza GEP, Castilho MS, Soares DM. Virtual screening and biological evaluation of novel antipyretic compounds. Chem Biol Drug Des 2017; 90:739-752. [PMID: 28390086 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.12995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Revised: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Due to the absence of safety of the antipyretics to patients with cardiovascular dysfunction, new targets to treat inflammation have been pursued. mPGES-1 is a promising target because its inhibition would not cause the side-effects related to COX inhibition. To identify novel inhibitors of mPGES-1, we developed a ligand-based pharmacophore model that differentiates true inhibitors from decoys and enlightens the structure-activity relationships for known mPGES-1 inhibitors. The model (four hydrophobic centers, two hydrogen bond acceptor and two hydrogen bond donor points) was employed to select lead-like compounds from ZINC database for in vivo evaluation. Among the 18 compounds selected, five inhibited the fever induced by LPS. The most potent compound (5-(4-fluorophenyl)-3-({6-methylimidazo[1,2-a]pyridin-2-yl}methyl)-2,3dihydro-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-one) is active peripherally (i.v.) or centrally (i.c.v.) (82.18% and 112% reduction, respectively) and reduces (69.13%) hypothalamic PGE2 production, without significant COX-1/2 inhibition. In conclusion, our in silico approach leads to the selection of a compound that presents the chemical features to inhibit mPGES-1 and reduces fever induced by LPS. Furthermore, the in vivo and in vitro results support the hypothesis that its mechanism of action does not depend on COX inhibition. Hence, it can be considered a promising lead compound for antipyretic development, once it would not have the side-effects of COX-1/2 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thamires Quadros Froes
- Laboratory of Pharmacology of Inflammation and Fever, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brazil.,Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Molecular Modeling, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Miriam C C Melo
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Gloria E P Souza
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Santos Castilho
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Molecular Modeling, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Denis M Soares
- Laboratory of Pharmacology of Inflammation and Fever, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brazil
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Malvar DDC, Aguiar FA, Vaz ADLL, Assis DCR, de Melo MCC, Jabor VAP, Kalapothakis E, Ferreira SH, Clososki GC, de Souza GEP. Dipyrone metabolite 4-MAA induces hypothermia and inhibits PGE2 -dependent and -independent fever while 4-AA only blocks PGE2 -dependent fever. Br J Pharmacol 2016; 171:3666-79. [PMID: 24712707 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2013] [Revised: 02/03/2014] [Accepted: 03/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The antipyretic and hypothermic prodrug dipyrone prevents PGE2 -dependent and -independent fever induced by LPS from Escherichia coli and Tityus serrulatus venom (Tsv) respectively. We aimed to identify the dipyrone metabolites responsible for the antipyretic and hypothermic effects. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Male Wistar rats were treated i.p. with indomethacin (2 mg·kg(-1) ), dipyrone, 4-methylaminoantipyrine (4-MAA), 4-aminoantipyrine (4-AA) (60-360 mg·kg(-1) ), 4-formylaminoantipyrine, 4-acethylaminoantipyrine (120-360 mg·kg(-1) ) or vehicle 30 min before i.p. injection of LPS (50 μg·kg(-1) ), Tsv (150 μg·kg(-1) ) or saline. Rectal temperatures were measured by tele-thermometry and dipyrone metabolite concentrations determined in the plasma, CSF and hypothalamus by LC-MS/MS. PGE2 concentrations were determined in the CSF and hypothalamus by elisa. KEY RESULTS In contrast to LPS, Tsv-induced fever was not followed by increased PGE2 in the CSF or hypothalamus. The antipyretic time-course of 4-MAA and 4-AA on LPS-induced fever overlapped with the period of the highest concentrations of 4-MAA and 4-AA in the hypothalamus, CSF and plasma. These metabolites reduced LPS-induced fever and the PGE2 increase in the plasma, CSF and hypothalamus. Only 4-MAA inhibited Tsv-induced fever. The higher doses of dipyrone and 4-MAA also induced hypothermia. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS The presence of 4-MAA and 4-AA in the CSF and hypothalamus was associated with PGE2 synthesis inhibition and a decrease in LPS-induced fever. 4-MAA was also shown to be an antipyretic metabolite for PGE2 -independent fever induced by Tsv suggesting that it is responsible for the additional antipyretic mechanism of dipyrone. Moreover, 4-MAA is the hypothermic metabolite of dipyrone.
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Affiliation(s)
- David do C Malvar
- Laboratório de Farmacologia, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
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Fraga D, Zanoni CIS, Zampronio AR, Parada CA, Rae GA, Souza GEP. Endocannabinoids, through opioids and prostaglandins, contribute to fever induced by key pyrogenic mediators. Brain Behav Immun 2016; 51:204-211. [PMID: 26291402 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2015.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Revised: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/14/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aims to explore the contribution of endocannabinoids on the cascade of mediators involved in LPS-induced fever and to verify the participation of prostaglandins and endogenous opioids in fever induced by anandamide (AEA). Body temperature (Tc) of male Wistar rats was recorded over 6h, using a thermistor probe. Cerebrospinal fluid concentration of PGE2 and β-endorphin were measured by ELISA after the administration of AEA. Intracerebroventricular administration of the CB1 receptor antagonist AM251 (5μg, i.c.v.), reduced the fever induced by IL-1β (3ng, i.c.v.), TNF-α (250ng, i.c.v.), IL-6 (300ng, i.c.v.), corticotrophin release factor (CRH; 2.5μg, i.c.v.) and endothelin (ET)-1 (1pmol, i.c.v.), but not the fever induced by PGE2 (250ng, i.c.v.) or PGF2α (250ng, i.c.v.). Systemic administration of indomethacin (2mgkg(-1), i.p.) or celecoxib (5mgkg(-1), p.o.) reduced the fever induced by AEA (1μg, i.c.v.), while naloxone (1mgkg(-1), s.c.) abolished it. The increases of PGE2 and β-endorphin concentration in the CSF induced by AEA were abolished by the pretreatment of rats with AM251. These results suggest that endocannabinoids are intrinsically involved in the pyretic activity of cytokines (IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6), CRH and ET-1 but not the PGE2 or PGF2α induced fevers. However, anandamide via CB1 receptor activation induces fever that is dependent on the synthesis of prostaglandin and opioids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Fraga
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil; Faculty of Nursing, Federal University of Mato Grosso of Sul, Coxim, MS, Brazil.
| | - Cristiane I S Zanoni
- Laboratory of Neuropathic Pain, Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Carlos A Parada
- Biology Institute, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Giles A Rae
- Department of Pharmacology, Biological Science Center, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Glória E P Souza
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
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Foster J, Mauger AR, Chrismas BCR, Thomasson K, Taylor L. Is prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) involved in the thermogenic response to environmental cooling in healthy humans? Med Hypotheses 2015; 85:607-11. [PMID: 26253311 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2015.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Revised: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is an eicosanoid derived from cyclooxygenase, an enzyme responsible for the cyclisation and oxygenation of arachidonic acid. In response to bacterial infection, PGE2 binds to EP3 receptors on a population of GABAergic neurons in the pre-optic area. Activation of the EP3 receptor decreases the intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) concentrations of these neurons, and the resulting dis-inhibition activates spinal motor outputs responsible for shivering thermogenesis, tachycardia, and brown adipose tissue activation. These involuntary responses increase core body temperature to varying degrees depending on the magnitude of infection; an immune response which is crucial for the survival of the host. However, evidence in animal and human models, primarily through the use of cyclooxygenase inhibitors (which block the production of PGE2), suggests that PGE2 may also be an important molecule for the defence of core temperature against body cooling and cold stress (in the absence of fever). In this paper, evidence within human and animal models is discussed which supports the hypothesis that the eicosanoid PGE2 has a role in maintaining human core temperature during environmental cooling. Given that over-the-counter PGE2 inhibiting drugs [i.e. Non-Steroidal Anti Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDS)] are frequently used worldwide, it is possible that the use of such medication during environmental cooling could impair one's ability to thermoregulate. Support for such findings could have major implications in the pathology of hypothermia, thus, we suggest that future researchers investigate this specific hypothesis in vivo, using healthy human models. Suggestions for the implementation of such experiments are provided in the present work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josh Foster
- Applied Sport and Exercise Physiology (ASEP) Research Group, Institute of Sport and Physical Activity Research (ISPAR), Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Bedfordshire, Bedford, UK
| | - Alexis R Mauger
- Endurance Research Group, School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Kent, Chatham Maritime, UK
| | - Bryna C R Chrismas
- Applied Sport and Exercise Physiology (ASEP) Research Group, Institute of Sport and Physical Activity Research (ISPAR), Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Bedfordshire, Bedford, UK
| | - Katie Thomasson
- Applied Sport and Exercise Physiology (ASEP) Research Group, Institute of Sport and Physical Activity Research (ISPAR), Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Bedfordshire, Bedford, UK
| | - Lee Taylor
- Applied Sport and Exercise Physiology (ASEP) Research Group, Institute of Sport and Physical Activity Research (ISPAR), Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Bedfordshire, Bedford, UK.
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Kanashiro A, Figueiredo MJ, Malvar DDC, Souza GEP. Cytokines, but not corticotropin-releasing factor and endothelin-1, participate centrally in the febrile response in zymosan-induced arthritis in rats. Brain Res 2015; 1610:12-9. [PMID: 25819555 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.03.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Revised: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Recent literature has revealed that centrally generated prostaglandins participate in the febrile response in zymosan-induced arthritis in rats. However, it is not clear whether other centrally acting pyrogenic mediators such as cytokines, endothelins (ETs), and the corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) contribute to the febrile response in this model. In the present study, rats were pretreated with intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injections of soluble TNF receptor I (sTNFRI), recombinant IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra), anti-rat IL-6 monoclonal antibody (AbIL-6), α-helical CRF9-41 (a nonselective CRF1/CRF2 receptor antagonist), BQ-123 (an ETA receptor antagonist), BQ-788 (an ETB receptor antagonist), and artificial cerebrospinal fluid (aCSF, control) prior to an intra-articular zymosan (4 mg) injection. Rectal temperatures were measured with a telethermometer. The administration of IL-1ra (200 µg), sTNFRI (500 ng), and AbIL-6 (5 µg) attenuated body temperature elevations after a zymosan injection. The administration of BQ-788 (3 pmol), BQ-123 (3 pmol), and α-helical CRF9-41 (25 µg) did not affect the zymosan-induced febrile response. All the compounds used to pretreat the animals did not significantly alter their basal body temperatures. Together, the results here demonstrate that the febrile response in zymosan-induced arthritis in rats depends on the centrally acting pyrogenic cytokines TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6, but does not depend on either CRF or ET-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Kanashiro
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Physics and Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Av. do Café s/n, Ribeirão Preto 14040-903, SP, Brazil
| | - Maria J Figueiredo
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Physics and Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Av. do Café s/n, Ribeirão Preto 14040-903, SP, Brazil
| | - David do C Malvar
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Physiologic Sciences, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, BR 465/Km 07, Seropédica 23890-000, RJ, Brazil
| | - Glória E P Souza
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Physics and Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Av. do Café s/n, Ribeirão Preto 14040-903, SP, Brazil.
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Simultaneous determination of dipyrone metabolites in rat hypothalamus, cerebrospinal fluid and plasma samples by LC-MS/MS. Bioanalysis 2014; 5:2631-45. [PMID: 24180504 DOI: 10.4155/bio.13.229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND After oral administration dipyrone is rapidly hydrolyzed to 4-methylaminoantipyrine, which is absorbed and further metabolized to 4-formylaminoantipyrine and to 4-aminoantipyrine, which is acetylated by a polymorphic N-acetyltransferase system to 4-acetylaminoantipyrine. To evaluate the presence of dipyrone metabolites in different rat matrices after intraperitoneal administration, an analytical method was developed and validated. METHODOLOGY The four main dipyrone metabolites were extracted from plasma, cerebrospinal fluid and hypothalamus samples by LLE prior to LC-MS/MS. RESULTS Standard calibration graphs for all metabolites were linear (r > 0.99). The intra- and inter-day precision and accuracy values were both inferior to 15%. CONCLUSION This method is simple and specific for studying dipyrone metabolites after intraperitoneal administration.
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Martins JM, Longhi-Balbinot DT, Soares DM, Figueiredo MJ, Malvar DDC, de Melo MCC, Rae GA, Souza GEP. Involvement of PGE2and RANTES inStaphylococcus aureus-induced fever in rats. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2012; 113:1456-65. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00936.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the involvement of prostaglandins and regulated on activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted (RANTES), in fever induced by live Staphylococcus aureus (no. 25923, American Type Culture Collection) injection in rats. S. aureus was injected intraperitoneally at 109, 1010, and 2 × 1010colony-forming units (CFU)/cavity, and body temperature (Tb) was measured by radiotelemetry. The lowest dose of S. aureus induced a modest transient increase in Tb, whereas the two higher doses promoted similar long-lasting and sustained Tbincreases. Thus, the 1010CFU/cavity dose was chosen for the remaining experiments. The Tbincrease induced by S. aureus was accompanied by significant decreases in tail skin temperature and increases in PGE2levels in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and hypothalamus but not in the venous plasma. Celecoxib (selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor, 2.5 mg/kg po) inhibited the fever and the increases in PGE2concentration in the CSF and hypothalamus induced by S. aureus. Dipyrone (120 mg/kg ip) reduced the fever from 2.5 to 4 h and the PGE2increase in the CSF but not in the hypothalamus. S. aureus increased RANTES in the peritoneal exudate but not in the CSF or hypothalamus. Met-RANTES (100 μg/kg iv), a chemokine (C-C motif) receptor (CCR)1/CCR5 antagonist, reduced the first 6 h of fever induced by S. aureus. This study suggests that peripheral (local) RANTES and central PGE2production are key events in the febrile response to live S. aureus injection. As dipyrone does not reduce PGE2synthesis in the hypothalamus, it is plausible that S. aureus induces fever, in part, via a dipyrone-sensitive PGE2-independent pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliano M. Martins
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil; and
| | - Daniela T. Longhi-Balbinot
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil; and
| | - Denis M. Soares
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil; and
| | - Maria José Figueiredo
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil; and
| | - David do C. Malvar
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil; and
| | - Miriam C. C. de Melo
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil; and
| | - Giles A. Rae
- Department of Pharmacology, Biological Sciences Center, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Glória E. P. Souza
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil; and
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Increased levels of inflammatory cytokines and endothelin-1 in alveolar macrophages from patients with chronic heart failure. PLoS One 2012; 7:e36815. [PMID: 22615818 PMCID: PMC3352929 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0036815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2011] [Accepted: 04/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pathophysiological interactions between heart and lungs in heart failure (HF) are well recognized. We investigated whether expression of different factors known to be increased in the myocardium and/or the circulation in HF is also increased in alveolar macrophages in HF. Methodology/Principal Findings Lung function, hemodynamic parameters, gene expression in alveolar macrophages, and plasma levels in the pulmonary and femoral arteries of HF patients (n = 20) were compared to control subjects (n = 16). Our principal findings were: (1) Lung function was significantly lower in HF patients compared to controls (P<0.05). (2) mRNA levels of ET-1, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin-6 (IL-6) were increased in alveolar macrophages from HF patients. (3) Plasma levels of ET-1, TNFα, IL-6 and MCP-1 were significantly increased in HF patients, whereas our data indicate a net pulmonary release of MCP-1 into the circulation in HF. Conclusions/Significance Several important cytokines and ET-1 are induced in alveolar macrophages in human HF. Further studies should clarify whether increased synthesis of these factors affects pulmonary remodeling and, directly or indirectly, adversely affects the failing myocardium.
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Febrile response induced by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) in rats: involvement of prostaglandin E2 and cytokines. Med Microbiol Immunol 2011; 201:219-29. [DOI: 10.1007/s00430-011-0225-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2010] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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A crucial role for IL-6 in the CNS of rats during fever induced by the injection of live E. coli. Med Microbiol Immunol 2011; 201:47-60. [DOI: 10.1007/s00430-011-0204-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Malvar DDC, Soares DM, Fabrício ASC, Kanashiro A, Machado RR, Figueiredo MJ, Rae GA, de Souza GEP. The antipyretic effect of dipyrone is unrelated to inhibition of PGE(2) synthesis in the hypothalamus. Br J Pharmacol 2011; 162:1401-9. [PMID: 21133897 PMCID: PMC3058171 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2010.01150.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induces fever through two parallel pathways; one, prostaglandin (PG)-dependent and the other, PG-independent and involving endothelin-1 (ET-1). For a better understanding of the mechanisms by which dipyrone exerts antipyresis, we have investigated its effects on fever and changes in PGE(2) content in plasma, CSF and hypothalamus induced by either LPS or ET-1. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Rats were given (i.p.) dipyrone (120 mg·kg(-1)) or indomethacin (2 mg·kg(-1)) 30 min before injection of LPS (5 µg·kg(-1), i.v.) or ET-1 (1 pmol, i.c.v.). Rectal temperature was measured by tele-thermometry. PGE(2) levels were determined in the plasma, CSF and hypothalamus by elisa. KEY RESULTS LPS or ET-1 induced fever and increased CSF and hypothalamic PGE(2) levels. Two hours after LPS, indomethacin reduced CSF and hypothalamic PGE(2) but did not inhibit fever, while at 3 h it reduced all three parameters. Three hours after ET-1, indomethacin inhibited the increase in CSF and hypothalamic PGE(2) levels but did not affect fever. Dipyrone abolished both the fever and the increased CSF PGE(2) levels induced by LPS or ET-1 but did not affect the increased hypothalamic PGE(2) levels. Dipyrone also reduced the increase in the venous plasma PGE(2) concentration induced by LPS. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS These findings confirm that PGE(2) does not play a relevant role in ET-1-induced fever. They also demonstrate for the first time that the antipyretic effect of dipyrone was not mechanistically linked to the inhibition of hypothalamic PGE(2) synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- David do C Malvar
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
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Increase of core temperature induced by corticotropin-releasing factor and urocortin: A comparative study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 165:191-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.regpep.2010.07.167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2009] [Revised: 06/23/2010] [Accepted: 07/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Soares DM, Cristofoletti R, Melo MCC, Lindsey CJ, Veiga-Souza FH, Fabricio AS, Souza GE. Cyclooxygenase-independent mechanism of ibuprofen-induced antipyresis: the role of central vasopressin V1 receptors. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2010; 25:670-81. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-8206.2010.00894.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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17
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Briyal S, Gulati A. Endothelin-A receptor antagonist BQ123 potentiates acetaminophen induced hypothermia and reduces infarction following focal cerebral ischemia in rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2010; 644:73-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2010.06.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2010] [Revised: 06/08/2010] [Accepted: 06/24/2010] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist inhibits the release of glutamate, hydroxyl radicals, and prostaglandin E2 in the hypothalamus during pyrogen-induced fever in rabbits. Eur J Pharmacol 2010; 629:125-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2009.11.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2009] [Revised: 11/11/2009] [Accepted: 11/23/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Steiner AA, Krall CM, Liu E. A reappraisal on the ability of leptin to induce fever. Physiol Behav 2009; 97:430-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2009.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2009] [Revised: 03/13/2009] [Accepted: 03/16/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Soares DM, Figueiredo MJ, Martins JM, Machado RR, Kanashiro A, Malvar DDC, Pessini AC, Roth J, Souza GEP. CCL3/MIP-1α is not involved in the LPS-induced fever and its pyrogenic activity depends on CRF. Brain Res 2009; 1269:54-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2009.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2008] [Revised: 02/14/2009] [Accepted: 03/02/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Yeh SS, Blackwood K, Schuster MW. The cytokine basis of cachexia and its treatment: are they ready for prime time? J Am Med Dir Assoc 2008; 9:219-36. [PMID: 18457797 DOI: 10.1016/j.jamda.2008.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2008] [Accepted: 01/04/2008] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Cachexia is a hypercatabolic condition that is often associated with the terminal stages of many diseases, in which the patient's resting metabolic rate is high and loss of muscle and fat tissue mass occur at an alarming rate. The patient also usually has concurrent anorexia, amplifying the wasting syndrome that is cachexia. The greater the extent of cachexia (regardless of underlying disease), the worse the prognosis. Efforts to treat cachexia over the years have fallen short of satisfactorily reversing the wasting syndrome. This article reviews the pathophysiology of cachexia, enumerating the different pro-inflammatory cytokines that contribute to the syndrome and attempting to illustrate their interwoven pathways. We also review the different treatments that have been explored, as well as the recent literature addressing the use of anti-cytokine therapy to treat cachexia.
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Romanovsky AA. Thermoregulation: some concepts have changed. Functional architecture of the thermoregulatory system. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2007; 292:R37-46. [PMID: 17008453 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00668.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 415] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
While summarizing the current understanding of how body temperature (Tb) is regulated, this review discusses the recent progress in the following areas: central and peripheral thermosensitivity and temperature-activated transient receptor potential (TRP) channels; afferent neuronal pathways from peripheral thermosensors; and efferent thermoeffector pathways. It is proposed that activation of temperature-sensitive TRP channels is a mechanism of peripheral thermosensitivity. Special attention is paid to the functional architecture of the thermoregulatory system. The notion that deep Tb is regulated by a unified system with a single controller is rejected. It is proposed that Tb is regulated by independent thermoeffector loops, each having its own afferent and efferent branches. The activity of each thermoeffector is triggered by a unique combination of shell and core Tbs. Temperature-dependent phase transitions in thermosensory neurons cause sequential activation of all neurons of the corresponding thermoeffector loop and eventually a thermoeffector response. No computation of an integrated Tb or its comparison with an obvious or hidden set point of a unified system is necessary. Coordination between thermoeffectors is achieved through their common controlled variable, Tb. The described model incorporates Kobayashi’s views, but Kobayashi’s proposal to eliminate the term sensor is rejected. A case against the term set point is also made. Because this term is historically associated with a unified control system, it is more misleading than informative. The term balance point is proposed to designate the regulated level of Tb and to attract attention to the multiple feedback, feedforward, and open-loop components that contribute to thermal balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrej A Romanovsky
- Systemic Inflammation Laboratory, Trauma Research, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ 85013, USA.
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