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Majerczak J, Drzymala‐Celichowska H, Grandys M, Kij A, Kus K, Celichowski J, Krysciak K, Molik WA, Szkutnik Z, Zoladz JA. Exercise Training Decreases Nitrite Concentration in the Heart and Locomotory Muscles of Rats Without Changing the Muscle Nitrate Content. J Am Heart Assoc 2024; 13:e031085. [PMID: 38214271 PMCID: PMC10926815 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.123.031085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Skeletal muscles are postulated to be a potent regulator of systemic nitric oxide homeostasis. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the impact of physical training on the heart and skeletal muscle nitric oxide bioavailability (judged on the basis of intramuscular nitrite and nitrate) in rats. METHODS AND RESULTS Rats were trained on a treadmill for 8 weeks, performing mainly endurance running sessions with some sprinting runs. Muscle nitrite (NO2-) and nitrate (NO3-) concentrations were measured using a high-performance liquid chromatography-based method, while amino acids, pyruvate, lactate, and reduced and oxidized glutathione were determined using a liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry technique. The content of muscle nitrite reductases (electron transport chain proteins, myoglobin, and xanthine oxidase) was assessed by western immunoblotting. We found that 8 weeks of endurance training decreased basal NO2- in the locomotory muscles and in the heart, without changes in the basal NO3-. In the slow-twitch oxidative soleus muscle, the decrease in NO2- was already present after the first week of training, and the content of nitrite reductases remained unchanged throughout the entire period of training, except for the electron transport chain protein content, which increased no sooner than after 8 weeks of training. CONCLUSIONS Muscle NO2- level, opposed to NO3-, decreases in the time course of training. This effect is rapid and already visible in the slow-oxidative soleus after the first week of training. The underlying mechanisms of training-induced muscle NO2- decrease may involve an increase in the oxidative stress, as well as metabolite changes related to an increased muscle anaerobic glycolytic activity contributing to (1) direct chemical reduction of NO2- or (2) activation of muscle nitrite reductases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Majerczak
- Chair of Exercise Physiology and Muscle Bioenergetics, Faculty of Health SciencesJagiellonian University Medical CollegeKrakowPoland
| | - Hanna Drzymala‐Celichowska
- Department of Neurobiology, Faculty of Health SciencesPoznan University of Physical EducationPoznanPoland
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Health SciencesPoznan University of Physical EducationPoznanPoland
| | - Marcin Grandys
- Chair of Exercise Physiology and Muscle Bioenergetics, Faculty of Health SciencesJagiellonian University Medical CollegeKrakowPoland
| | - Agnieszka Kij
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET)Jagiellonian UniversityKrakowPoland
| | - Kamil Kus
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET)Jagiellonian UniversityKrakowPoland
| | - Jan Celichowski
- Department of Neurobiology, Faculty of Health SciencesPoznan University of Physical EducationPoznanPoland
| | - Katarzyna Krysciak
- Department of Neurobiology, Faculty of Health SciencesPoznan University of Physical EducationPoznanPoland
| | - Weronika A. Molik
- Chair of Exercise Physiology and Muscle Bioenergetics, Faculty of Health SciencesJagiellonian University Medical CollegeKrakowPoland
- University of FloridaGainesvilleFLUSA
| | | | - Jerzy A. Zoladz
- Chair of Exercise Physiology and Muscle Bioenergetics, Faculty of Health SciencesJagiellonian University Medical CollegeKrakowPoland
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Cerra MC, Filice M, Caferro A, Mazza R, Gattuso A, Imbrogno S. Cardiac Hypoxia Tolerance in Fish: From Functional Responses to Cell Signals. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021460. [PMID: 36674975 PMCID: PMC9866870 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Aquatic animals are increasingly challenged by O2 fluctuations as a result of global warming, as well as eutrophication processes. Teleost fish show important species-specific adaptability to O2 deprivation, moving from intolerance to a full tolerance of hypoxia and even anoxia. An example is provided by members of Cyprinidae which includes species that are amongst the most tolerant hypoxia/anoxia teleosts. Living at low water O2 requires the mandatory preservation of the cardiac function to support the metabolic and hemodynamic requirements of organ and tissues which sustain whole organism performance. A number of orchestrated events, from metabolism to behavior, converge to shape the heart response to the restricted availability of the gas, also limiting the potential damages for cells and tissues. In cyprinids, the heart is extraordinarily able to activate peculiar strategies of functional preservation. Accordingly, by using these teleosts as models of tolerance to low O2, we will synthesize and discuss literature data to describe the functional changes, and the major molecular events that allow the heart of these fish to sustain adaptability to O2 deprivation. By crossing the boundaries of basic research and environmental physiology, this information may be of interest also in a translational perspective, and in the context of conservative physiology, in which the output of the research is applicable to environmental management and decision making.
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Sandra I, Verri T, Filice M, Barca A, Schiavone R, Gattuso A, Cerra MC. Shaping the cardiac response to hypoxia: NO and its partners in teleost fish. Curr Res Physiol 2022; 5:193-202. [PMID: 35434651 PMCID: PMC9010694 DOI: 10.1016/j.crphys.2022.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The reduced availability of dissolved oxygen is a common stressor in aquatic habitats that affects the ability of the heart to ensure tissue oxygen supply. Among key signalling molecules activated during cardiac hypoxic stress, nitric oxide (NO) has emerged as a central player involved in the related adaptive responses. Here, we outline the role of the nitrergic control in modulating tolerance and adaptation of teleost heart to hypoxia, as well as major molecular players that participate in the complex NO network. The purpose is to provide a framework in which to depict how the heart deals with limitations in oxygen supply. In this perspective, defining the relational interplay between the multiple (sets of) proteins that, due to the gene duplication events that occurred during the teleost fish evolutive radiation, do operate in parallel with similar functions in the (different) heart (districts) and other body districts under low levels of oxygen supply, represents a next goal of the comparative research in teleost fish cardiac physiology. The flexibility of the teleost heart to O2 limitations is illustrated by using cyprinids as hypoxia tolerance models. Major molecular mediators of the teleost cardiac response are discussed with a focus on the nitrergic system. A comparative analysis of gene duplication highlights conserved targets which may orchestrate the cardiac response to hypoxia.
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Nitrite Concentration in the Striated Muscles Is Reversely Related to Myoglobin and Mitochondrial Proteins Content in Rats. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23052686. [PMID: 35269826 PMCID: PMC8910716 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23052686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscles are an important reservoir of nitric oxide (NO•) stored in the form of nitrite [NO2−] and nitrate [NO3−] (NOx). Nitrite, which can be reduced to NO• under hypoxic and acidotic conditions, is considered a physiologically relevant, direct source of bioactive NO•. The aim of the present study was to determine the basal levels of NOx in striated muscles (including rat heart and locomotory muscles) with varied contents of tissue nitrite reductases, such as myoglobin and mitochondrial electron transport chain proteins (ETC-proteins). Muscle NOx was determined using a high-performance liquid chromatography-based method. Muscle proteins were evaluated using western-immunoblotting. We found that oxidative muscles with a higher content of ETC-proteins and myoglobin (such as the heart and slow-twitch locomotory muscles) have lower [NO2−] compared to fast-twitch muscles with a lower content of those proteins. The muscle type had no observed effect on the [NO3−]. Our results demonstrated that fast-twitch muscles possess greater potential to generate NO• via nitrite reduction than slow-twitch muscles and the heart. This property might be of special importance for fast skeletal muscles during strenuous exercise and/or hypoxia since it might support muscle blood flow via additional NO• provision (acidic/hypoxic vasodilation) and delay muscle fatigue.
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Filice M, Imbrogno S, Gattuso A, Cerra MC. Hypoxic and Thermal Stress: Many Ways Leading to the NOS/NO System in the Fish Heart. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:1401. [PMID: 34573033 PMCID: PMC8471457 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10091401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Teleost fish are often regarded with interest for the remarkable ability of several species to tolerate even dramatic stresses, either internal or external, as in the case of fluctuations in O2 availability and temperature regimes. These events are naturally experienced by many fish species under different time scales, but they are now exacerbated by growing environmental changes. This further challenges the intrinsic ability of animals to cope with stress. The heart is crucial for the stress response, since a proper modulation of the cardiac function allows blood perfusion to the whole organism, particularly to respiratory organs and the brain. In cardiac cells, key signalling pathways are activated for maintaining molecular equilibrium, thus improving stress tolerance. In fish, the nitric oxide synthase (NOS)/nitric oxide (NO) system is fundamental for modulating the basal cardiac performance and is involved in the control of many adaptive responses to stress, including those related to variations in O2 and thermal regimes. In this review, we aim to illustrate, by integrating the classic and novel literature, the current knowledge on the NOS/NO system as a crucial component of the cardiac molecular mechanisms that sustain stress tolerance and adaptation, thus providing some species, such as tolerant cyprinids, with a high resistance to stress.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sandra Imbrogno
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy; (M.F.); (M.C.C.)
| | - Alfonsina Gattuso
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy; (M.F.); (M.C.C.)
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Carnevale C, Syme DA, Gamperl AK. Effects of hypoxic acclimation, muscle strain, and contraction frequency on nitric oxide-mediated myocardial performance in steelhead trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss). Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2021; 320:R588-R610. [PMID: 33501888 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00014.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Whether hypoxic acclimation influences nitric oxide (NO)-mediated control of fish cardiac function is not known. Thus, we measured the function/performance of myocardial strips from normoxic- and hypoxic-acclimated (40% air saturation; ∼8 kPa O2) trout at several frequencies (20-80 contractions·min-1) and two muscle strain amplitudes (8% and 14%) when exposed to increasing concentrations of the NO donor sodium nitroprusside (SNP) (10-9 to 10-4 M). Further, we examined the influence of 1) nitric oxide synthase (NOS) produced NO [by blocking NOS with 10-4 M NG-monomethyl-l-arginine (l-NMMA)] and 2) soluble guanylyl cyclase mediated, NOS-independent, NO effects (i.e., after blockade with 10-4 M ODQ), on myocardial contractility. Hypoxic acclimation increased twitch duration by 8%-10% and decreased mass-specific net power by ∼35%. However, hypoxic acclimation only had minor impacts on the effects of SNP and the two blockers on myocardial function. The most surprising finding of the current study was the degree to which contraction frequency and strain amplitude influenced NO-mediated effects on myocardial power. For example, at 8% strain, 10-4 SNP resulted in a decrease in net power of ∼30% at 20 min-1 but an increase of ∼20% at 80 min-1, and this effect was magnified at 14% strain. This research suggests that hypoxic acclimation has only minor effects on NO-mediated myocardial contractility in salmonids, is the first to report the high frequency- and strain-dependent nature of NO effects on myocardial contractility in fishes, and supports previous work showing that NO effects on the heart (myocardium) are finely tuned spatiotemporally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Carnevale
- Department of Ocean Sciences and Biology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada
| | - Douglas A Syme
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - A Kurt Gamperl
- Department of Ocean Sciences and Biology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada
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Filice M, Mazza R, Leo S, Gattuso A, Cerra MC, Imbrogno S. The Hypoxia Tolerance of the Goldfish ( Carassius auratus) Heart: The NOS/NO System and Beyond. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9060555. [PMID: 32604810 PMCID: PMC7346152 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9060555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The extraordinary capacity of the goldfish (Carassius auratus) to increase its cardiac performance under acute hypoxia is crucial in ensuring adequate oxygen supply to tissues and organs. However, the underlying physiological mechanisms are not yet completely elucidated. By employing an ex vivo working heart preparation, we observed that the time-dependent enhancement of contractility, distinctive of the hypoxic goldfish heart, is abolished by the Nitric Oxide Synthase (NOS) antagonist L-NMMA, the Nitric Oxide (NO) scavenger PTIO, as well as by the PI3-kinase (PI3-K) and sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase 2a (SERCA2a) pumps’ inhibition by Wortmannin and Thapsigargin, respectively. In goldfish hearts exposed to hypoxia, an ELISA test revealed no changes in cGMP levels, while Western Blotting analysis showed an enhanced expression of the phosphorylated protein kinase B (pAkt) and of the NADPH oxidase catalytic subunit Nox2 (gp91phox). A significant decrease of protein S-nitrosylation was observed by Biotin Switch assay in hypoxic hearts. Results suggest a role for a PI3-K/Akt-mediated activation of the NOS-dependent NO production, and SERCA2a pumps in the mechanisms conferring benefits to the goldfish heart under hypoxia. They also propose protein denitrosylation, and the possibility of nitration, as parallel intracellular events.
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Kapil V, Khambata RS, Jones DA, Rathod K, Primus C, Massimo G, Fukuto JM, Ahluwalia A. The Noncanonical Pathway for In Vivo Nitric Oxide Generation: The Nitrate-Nitrite-Nitric Oxide Pathway. Pharmacol Rev 2020; 72:692-766. [DOI: 10.1124/pr.120.019240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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Abstract
In the 1950s, Arthur C. Guyton removed the heart from its pedestal in cardiovascular physiology by arguing that cardiac output is primarily regulated by the peripheral vasculature. This is counterintuitive, as modulating heart rate would appear to be the most obvious means of regulating cardiac output. In this Review, we visit recent and classic advances in comparative physiology in light of this concept. Although most vertebrates increase heart rate when oxygen demands rise (e.g. during activity or warming), experimental evidence suggests that this tachycardia is neither necessary nor sufficient to drive a change in cardiac output (i.e. systemic blood flow, Q̇ sys) under most circumstances. Instead, Q̇ sys is determined by the interplay between vascular conductance (resistance) and capacitance (which is mainly determined by the venous circulation), with a limited and variable contribution from heart function (myocardial inotropy). This pattern prevails across vertebrates; however, we also highlight the unique adaptations that have evolved in certain vertebrate groups to regulate venous return during diving bradycardia (i.e. inferior caval sphincters in diving mammals and atrial smooth muscle in turtles). Going forward, future investigation of cardiovascular responses to altered metabolic rate should pay equal consideration to the factors influencing venous return and cardiac filling as to the factors dictating cardiac function and heart rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Joyce
- Zoophysiology, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark .,Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, 30 Marie Curie, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Tobias Wang
- Zoophysiology, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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Carlström M, Lundberg JO, Weitzberg E. Mechanisms underlying blood pressure reduction by dietary inorganic nitrate. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2018; 224:e13080. [PMID: 29694703 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Revised: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) importantly contributes to cardiovascular homeostasis by regulating blood flow and maintaining endothelial integrity. Conversely, reduced NO bioavailability is a central feature during natural ageing and in many cardiovascular disorders, including hypertension. The inorganic anions nitrate and nitrite are endogenously formed after oxidation of NO synthase (NOS)-derived NO and are also present in our daily diet. Knowledge accumulated over the past two decades has demonstrated that these anions can be recycled back to NO and other bioactive nitrogen oxides via serial reductions that involve oral commensal bacteria and various enzymatic systems. Intake of inorganic nitrate, which is predominantly found in green leafy vegetables and beets, has a variety of favourable cardiovascular effects. As hypertension is a major risk factor of morbidity and mortality worldwide, much attention has been paid to the blood pressure reducing effect of inorganic nitrate. Here, we describe how dietary nitrate, via stimulation of the nitrate-nitrite-NO pathway, affects various organ systems and discuss underlying mechanisms that may contribute to the observed blood pressure-lowering effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Carlström
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology; Karolinska Institutet; Stockholm Sweden
| | - J. O. Lundberg
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology; Karolinska Institutet; Stockholm Sweden
| | - E. Weitzberg
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology; Karolinska Institutet; Stockholm Sweden
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Gattuso A, Garofalo F, Cerra MC, Imbrogno S. Hypoxia Tolerance in Teleosts: Implications of Cardiac Nitrosative Signals. Front Physiol 2018; 9:366. [PMID: 29706897 PMCID: PMC5906588 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Changes in environmental oxygen (O2) are naturally occurring phenomena which ectotherms have to face on. Many species exhibit a striking capacity to survive and remain active for long periods under hypoxia, even tolerating anoxia. Some fundamental adaptations contribute to this capacity: metabolic suppression, tolerance of pH and ionic unbalance, avoidance and/or repair of free-radical-induced cell injury during reoxygenation. A remarkable feature of these species is their ability to preserve a normal cardiovascular performance during hypoxia/anoxia to match peripheral (tissue pO2) requirements. In this review, we will refer to paradigms of hypoxia- and anoxia-tolerant teleost fish to illustrate cardiac physiological strategies that, by involving nitric oxide and its metabolites, play a critical role in the adaptive responses to O2 limitation. The information here reported may contribute to clarify the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying heart vulnerability vs. resistance in relation to O2 availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfonsina Gattuso
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy
| | - Filippo Garofalo
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy
| | - Maria C Cerra
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy
| | - Sandra Imbrogno
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy
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Dietary nitrate improves cardiac contractility via enhanced cellular Ca²⁺ signaling. Basic Res Cardiol 2016; 111:34. [PMID: 27071401 DOI: 10.1007/s00395-016-0551-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The inorganic anion nitrate (NO3 (-)), which is naturally enriched in certain vegetables (e.g., spinach and beetroot), has emerged as a dietary component that can regulate diverse bodily functions, including blood pressure, mitochondrial efficiency, and skeletal muscle force. It is not known if dietary nitrate improves cardiac contractility. To test this, mice were supplemented for 1-2 weeks with sodium nitrate in the drinking water at a dose similar to a green diet. The hearts from nitrate-treated mice showed increased left ventricular pressure and peak rate of pressure development as measured with the Langendorff heart technique. Cardiomyocytes from hearts of nitrate-treated and control animals were incubated with the fluorescent indicator Fluo-3 to measure cytoplasmic free [Ca(2+)] and fractional shortening. Cardiomyocytes from nitrate-treated mice displayed increased fractional shortening, which was linked to larger Ca(2+) transients. Moreover, nitrate hearts displayed increased protein expression of the L-type Ca(2+) channel/dihydropyridine receptor and peak L-type Ca(2+) channel currents. The nitrate-treated hearts displayed increased concentration of cAMP but unchanged levels of cGMP compared with controls. These findings provide the first evidence that dietary nitrate can affect the expression of important Ca(2+) handling proteins in the heart, resulting in increased cardiomyocyte Ca(2+) signaling and improved left ventricular contractile function. Our observation shows that dietary nitrate impacts cardiac function and adds understanding to inorganic nitrate as a physiological modulator.
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Omar SA, Webb AJ, Lundberg JO, Weitzberg E. Therapeutic effects of inorganic nitrate and nitrite in cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. J Intern Med 2016; 279:315-36. [PMID: 26522443 DOI: 10.1111/joim.12441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is generated endogenously by NO synthases to regulate a number of physiological processes including cardiovascular and metabolic functions. A decrease in the production and bioavailability of NO is a hallmark of many major chronic diseases including hypertension, ischaemia-reperfusion injury, atherosclerosis and diabetes. This NO deficiency is mainly caused by dysfunctional NO synthases and increased scavenging of NO by the formation of reactive oxygen species. Inorganic nitrate and nitrite are emerging as substrates for in vivo NO synthase-independent formation of NO bioactivity. These anions are oxidation products of endogenous NO generation and are also present in the diet, with green leafy vegetables having a high nitrate content. The effects of nitrate and nitrite are diverse and include vasodilatation, improved endothelial function, enhanced mitochondrial efficiency and reduced generation of reactive oxygen species. Administration of nitrate or nitrite in animal models of cardiovascular disease shows promising results, and clinical trials are currently ongoing to investigate the therapeutic potential of nitrate and nitrite in hypertension, pulmonary hypertension, peripheral artery disease and myocardial infarction. In addition, the nutritional aspects of the nitrate-nitrite-NO pathway are interesting as diets suggested to protect against cardiovascular disease, such as the Mediterranean diet, are especially high in nitrate. Here, we discuss the potential therapeutic opportunities for nitrate and nitrite in prevention and treatment of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Omar
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - A J Webb
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Clinical Pharmacology, King's College London British Heart Foundation Centre, London, UK
| | - J O Lundberg
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - E Weitzberg
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Ormerod JOM, Arif S, Mukadam M, Evans JDW, Beadle R, Fernandez BO, Bonser RS, Feelisch M, Madhani M, Frenneaux MP. Short-term intravenous sodium nitrite infusion improves cardiac and pulmonary hemodynamics in heart failure patients. Circ Heart Fail 2015; 8:565-71. [PMID: 25838311 PMCID: PMC4435579 DOI: 10.1161/circheartfailure.114.001716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nitrite exhibits hypoxia-dependent vasodilator properties, selectively dilating capacitance vessels in healthy subjects. Unlike organic nitrates, it seems not to be subject to the development of tolerance. Currently, therapeutic options for decompensated heart failure (HF) are limited. We hypothesized that by preferentially dilating systemic capacitance and pulmonary resistance vessels although only marginally dilating resistance vessels, sodium nitrite (NaNO2) infusion would increase cardiac output but reduce systemic arterial blood pressure only modestly. We therefore undertook a first-in-human HF proof of concept/safety study, evaluating the hemodynamic effects of short-term NaNO2 infusion. METHODS AND RESULTS Twenty-five patients with severe chronic HF were recruited. Eight received short-term (5 minutes) intravenous NaNO2 at 10 μg/kg/min and 17 received 50 μg/kg/min with measurement of cardiac hemodynamics. During infusion of 50 μg/kg/min, left ventricular stroke volume increased (from 43.22±21.5 to 51.84±23.6 mL; P=0.003), with marked falls in pulmonary vascular resistance (by 29%; P=0.03) and right atrial pressure (by 40%; P=0.007), but with only modest falls in mean arterial blood pressure (by 4 mm Hg; P=0.004). The increase in stroke volume correlated with the increase in estimated trans-septal gradient (=pulmonary capillary wedge pressure-right atrial pressure; r=0.67; P=0.003), suggesting relief of diastolic ventricular interaction as a contributory mechanism. Directionally similar effects were observed for the above hemodynamic parameters with 10 μg/kg/min; this was significant only for stroke volume, not for other parameters. CONCLUSIONS This first-in-human HF efficacy/safety study demonstrates an attractive profile during short-term systemic NaNO2 infusion that may be beneficial in decompensated HF and warrants further evaluation with longer infusion regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian O M Ormerod
- From the Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom (J.O.M.O., S.A., J.D.W.E., R.B., M.M.); Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham NHS Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom (M.M., R.S.B.); Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom (B.O.F., M.F.); and Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom (M.P.F.)
| | - Sayqa Arif
- From the Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom (J.O.M.O., S.A., J.D.W.E., R.B., M.M.); Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham NHS Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom (M.M., R.S.B.); Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom (B.O.F., M.F.); and Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom (M.P.F.)
| | - Majid Mukadam
- From the Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom (J.O.M.O., S.A., J.D.W.E., R.B., M.M.); Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham NHS Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom (M.M., R.S.B.); Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom (B.O.F., M.F.); and Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom (M.P.F.)
| | - Jonathan D W Evans
- From the Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom (J.O.M.O., S.A., J.D.W.E., R.B., M.M.); Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham NHS Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom (M.M., R.S.B.); Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom (B.O.F., M.F.); and Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom (M.P.F.)
| | - Roger Beadle
- From the Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom (J.O.M.O., S.A., J.D.W.E., R.B., M.M.); Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham NHS Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom (M.M., R.S.B.); Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom (B.O.F., M.F.); and Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom (M.P.F.)
| | - Bernadette O Fernandez
- From the Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom (J.O.M.O., S.A., J.D.W.E., R.B., M.M.); Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham NHS Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom (M.M., R.S.B.); Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom (B.O.F., M.F.); and Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom (M.P.F.)
| | - Robert S Bonser
- From the Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom (J.O.M.O., S.A., J.D.W.E., R.B., M.M.); Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham NHS Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom (M.M., R.S.B.); Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom (B.O.F., M.F.); and Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom (M.P.F.)
| | - Martin Feelisch
- From the Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom (J.O.M.O., S.A., J.D.W.E., R.B., M.M.); Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham NHS Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom (M.M., R.S.B.); Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom (B.O.F., M.F.); and Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom (M.P.F.)
| | - Melanie Madhani
- From the Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom (J.O.M.O., S.A., J.D.W.E., R.B., M.M.); Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham NHS Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom (M.M., R.S.B.); Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom (B.O.F., M.F.); and Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom (M.P.F.)
| | - Michael P Frenneaux
- From the Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom (J.O.M.O., S.A., J.D.W.E., R.B., M.M.); Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham NHS Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom (M.M., R.S.B.); Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom (B.O.F., M.F.); and Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom (M.P.F.).
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15
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The evolution of nitric oxide signalling in vertebrate blood vessels. J Comp Physiol B 2014; 185:153-71. [DOI: 10.1007/s00360-014-0877-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Revised: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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16
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Imbrogno S, Garofalo F, Amelio D, Capria C, Cerra MC. Humoral control of cardiac remodeling in fish: role of Angiotensin II. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2013; 194:189-97. [PMID: 24080085 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2013.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2013] [Revised: 09/16/2013] [Accepted: 09/18/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Angiotensin II (AngII), the principal effector of the Renin-Angiotensin-System (RAS), is a multipotent hormone whose biological actions include short-term modulation as well as long-term adjustments. In the eel heart, AngII elicits short-term inotropic and chronotropic effects. However, information regarding the influence of AngII on cardiac remodeling, expressed as morphological and hemodynamic changes, is lacking. To clarify the putative actions of AngII on eel cardiac remodeling, we used freshwater eels (Anguilla anguilla) intraperitoneally injected for 4 weeks with saline or AngII (0.4 or 1.2 nmol g BW(-1)) or AngII (1.2 nmol g BW(-1)) plus the AT₂ receptor antagonist CGP42112. Using an in vitro working heart preparation, the cardiac response (stroke volume changes) to preload and afterload increases has been evaluated. Hearts of all groups showed similar Frank-Starling responses. However, in response to afterload increases, stroke volume rapidly decreased in control hearts, while it was better maintained in AngII-treated counterparts. These effects were abolished by an antagonist of the AT₂ receptor, whose cardiac expression was revealed by western blotting analysis. We also found by immunolocalization and immunoblotting that AngII influences both expression and localization of molecules which regulate cell growth [such as c-kit, heat shock protein 90 (Hsp-90), endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase "(eNOS)-like" isoform] and apoptosis [i.e. apoptosis repressor with CARD domain (ARC)], thus playing a role in cardiac long-term adjustments. These results point to a role of AngII in eel heart remodeling, providing new insights regarding the modulation of cardiac plasticity in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Imbrogno
- Dept. of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences (B.E.ST), University of Calabria, Italy.
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17
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Neves JS, Castro-Ferreira R, Ladeiras-Lopes R, Neiva-Sousa M, Leite-Moreira AM, Almeida-Coelho J, Fontes-Carvalho R, Ferreira-Martins J, Leite-Moreira AF. The effects of angiotensin II signaling pathway in the systolic response to acute stretch in the normal and ischemic myocardium. Peptides 2013; 47:77-84. [PMID: 23856453 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2013.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2013] [Revised: 07/04/2013] [Accepted: 07/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Acute myocardial stretch elicits a biphasic increase in contractility: an immediate increase, known as Frank-Starling mechanism (FSM), followed by a progressive increase, regarded as slow force response (SFR). In this study, we characterized the contractile response to acute stretch from 92 to 100% Lmax in rabbit papillary muscles (n=86) under normoxic and ischemic conditions, and its modulation by angiotensin II signaling pathway. Under normoxia, the FSM was independent of Na(+)/H(+)-exchanger, reverse mode of Na(+)/Ca(2+)-exchanger (r-NCX), AT1 receptor, AT2 receptor and PKC. Regarding the SFR, it was mediated by AT1 receptor activation and its downstream effectors PKC, Na(+)/H(+)-exchanger and r-NCX. Ischemia negatively impacted on the FSM and abolished the SFR, with the muscles exhibiting a time-dependent decline in contractility. Under ischemic conditions, FSM was not influenced by AT1 and AT2 receptors or PKC activation. AT1 receptor antagonism rescued the progressive deterioration in contractility, an effect partially dependent on AT2 receptor activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Sérgio Neves
- Department of Physiology and Cardiothoracic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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