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Ummadisetty O, Akhilesh, Gadepalli A, Chouhan D, Patil U, Singh SP, Singh S, Tiwari V. Dermorphin [D-Arg2, Lys4] (1-4) Amide Alleviates Frostbite-Induced Pain by Regulating TRP Channel-Mediated Microglial Activation and Neuroinflammation. Mol Neurobiol 2024; 61:6089-6100. [PMID: 38277118 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-024-03949-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Cold injury or frostbite is a common medical condition that causes serious clinical complications including sensory abnormalities and chronic pain ultimately affecting overall well-being. Opioids are the first-choice drug for the treatment of frostbite-induced chronic pain; however, their notable side effects, including sedation, motor incoordination, respiratory depression, and drug addiction, present substantial obstacle to their clinical utility. To address this challenge, we have exploited peripheral mu-opioid receptors as potential target for the treatment of frostbite-induced chronic pain. In this study, we investigated the effect of dermorphin [D-Arg2, Lys4] (1-4) amide (DALDA), a peripheral mu-opioid receptor agonist, on frostbite injury and hypersensitivity induced by deep freeze magnet exposure in rats. Animals with frostbite injury displayed significant hypersensitivity to mechanical, thermal, and cold stimuli which was significant ameliorated on treatment with different doses of DALDA (1, 3, and 10 mg/kg) and ibuprofen (100 mg/kg). Further, molecular biology investigations unveiled heightened oxido-nitrosative stress, coupled with a notable upregulation in the expression of TRP channels (TRPA1, TRPV1, and TRPM8), glial cell activation, and neuroinflammation (TNF-α, IL-1β) in the sciatic nerve, dorsal root ganglion (DRG), and spinal cord of frostbite-injured rats. Treatment with DALDA leads to substantial reduction in TRP channels, microglial activation, and suppression of the inflammatory cascade in the ipsilateral L4-L5 DRG and spinal cord of rats. Overall, findings from the present study suggest that activation of peripheral mu-opioid receptors mitigates chronic pain in rats by modulating the expression of TRP channels and suppressing glial cell activation and neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Obulapathi Ummadisetty
- Neuroscience and Pain Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, 221005, India
| | - Akhilesh
- Neuroscience and Pain Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, 221005, India
| | - Anagha Gadepalli
- Neuroscience and Pain Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, 221005, India
| | - Deepak Chouhan
- Neuroscience and Pain Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, 221005, India
| | - Utkarsh Patil
- Neuroscience and Pain Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, 221005, India
| | - Surya Pratap Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Sanjay Singh
- Baba Saheb Bhim Rao Ambedkar Central University (BBAU), Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226025, India
| | - Vinod Tiwari
- Neuroscience and Pain Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, 221005, India.
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Trif C, Banica AM, Manolache A, Anghel SA, Huţanu DE, Stratulat T, Badea R, Oprita G, Selescu T, Petrescu SM, Sisignano M, Offermanns S, Babes A, Tunaru S. Inhibition of TRPM8 function by prostacyclin receptor agonists requires coupling to Gq/11 proteins. Br J Pharmacol 2024; 181:1438-1451. [PMID: 38044577 DOI: 10.1111/bph.16295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The TRPM8 ion channel is involved in innocuous cold sensing and has a potent anti-inflammatory action. Its activation by lower temperature or chemical agonists such as menthol and icilin induces analgesic effects, reversing hypersensitivity and reducing chronic pain. On the other hand, prostacyclin (PGI2) enhances pain and inflammation by activating the IP receptors. Due to the critical roles of TRPM8 and IP receptors in the regulation of inflammatory pain, and considering their overlapping expression pattern, we analysed the functional interaction between human TRPM8 and IP receptors. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH We transiently expressed human TRPM8 channels and IP receptors in HEK293T cells and carried out intracellular calcium and cAMP measurements. Additionally, we cultured neurons from the dorsal root ganglia (DRGs) of mice and determined the increase in intracellular calcium triggered by the TRPM8 agonist, icilin, in the presence of the IP receptor agonist cicaprost, the IP receptor antagonist Cay10441, and the Gq/11 inhibitor YM254890. KEY RESULTS Activation of IP receptors by selective agonists (cicaprost, beraprost, and iloprost) inhibited TRPM8 channel function, independently of the Gs-cAMP pathway. The potent inhibition of TRPM8 channels by IP receptor agonists involved Gq/11 coupling. These effects were also observed in neurons isolated from murine DRGs. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Our results demonstrate an unusual signalling pathway of IP receptors by coupling to Gq/11 proteins to inhibit TRPM8 channel function. This pathway may contribute to a better understanding of the role of TRPM8 channels and IP receptors in regulating pain and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cosmin Trif
- Cell Signalling Research Group, Institute of Biochemistry of the Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Alexandra-Maria Banica
- Cell Signalling Research Group, Institute of Biochemistry of the Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Alexandra Manolache
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Sorina Andreea Anghel
- Cell Signalling Research Group, Institute of Biochemistry of the Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Debora-Elena Huţanu
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Teodora Stratulat
- Cell Signalling Research Group, Institute of Biochemistry of the Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Rodica Badea
- Cell Signalling Research Group, Institute of Biochemistry of the Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - George Oprita
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Tudor Selescu
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Stefana M Petrescu
- Cell Signalling Research Group, Institute of Biochemistry of the Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Marco Sisignano
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Pharmazentrum Frankfurt/ZAFES, University Hospital, Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Stefan Offermanns
- Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Alexandru Babes
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Sorin Tunaru
- Cell Signalling Research Group, Institute of Biochemistry of the Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania
- Prothanor Biotech S.R.L., Bucharest, Romania
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Li C, Zhao M, Liu X, Li Y, Xu B, Zhou L, Sun X, Sun W, Kang N, Ji Z, Li T, An H, Wang F, Wu C, Ye JY, Zhang JR, Wang Q, Zhao X, Li Z, Liu W. Ion channel TRPV2 is critical in enhancing B cell activation and function. J Exp Med 2024; 221:e20221042. [PMID: 38353705 PMCID: PMC10866685 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20221042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
The function of transient receptor potential vanilloid (TRPV) cation channels governing B cell activation remains to be explored. We present evidence that TRPV2 is highly expressed in B cells and plays a crucial role in the formation of the B cell immunological synapse and B cell activation. Physiologically, TRPV2 expression level is positively correlated to influenza-specific antibody production and is low in newborns and seniors. Pathologically, a positive correlation is established between TRPV2 expression and the clinical manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in adult and child SLE patients. Correspondingly, mice with deficient TRPV2 in B cells display impaired antibody responses following immunization. Mechanistically, the pore and N-terminal domains of TRPV2 are crucial for gating cation permeation and executing mechanosensation in B cells upon antigen stimulation. These processes synergistically contribute to membrane potential depolarization and cytoskeleton remodeling within the B cell immunological synapse, fostering efficient B cell activation. Thus, TRPV2 is critical in augmenting B cell activation and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuifeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, School of Life Sciences, Institute for Immunology, China Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Beijing Key Lab for Immunological Research on Chronic Diseases, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Meng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, School of Life Sciences, Institute for Immunology, China Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Beijing Key Lab for Immunological Research on Chronic Diseases, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaohang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, School of Life Sciences, Institute for Immunology, China Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Beijing Key Lab for Immunological Research on Chronic Diseases, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuxin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, School of Life Sciences, Institute for Immunology, China Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Beijing Key Lab for Immunological Research on Chronic Diseases, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Bihua Xu
- Department of Rheumatism and Immunology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Inflammatory and Immunology Diseases, Shenzhen, China
| | - Lina Zhou
- Department of Pediatric Research Institute, Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders (Chongqing), China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Xiaolin Sun
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Rheumatism Mechanism and Immune Diagnosis (BZ0135), Beijing, China
| | - Wenbo Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, School of Life Sciences, Institute for Immunology, China Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Beijing Key Lab for Immunological Research on Chronic Diseases, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Na Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, School of Life Sciences, Institute for Immunology, China Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Beijing Key Lab for Immunological Research on Chronic Diseases, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenglin Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, School of Life Sciences, Institute for Immunology, China Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Beijing Key Lab for Immunological Research on Chronic Diseases, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Tong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, School of Life Sciences, Institute for Immunology, China Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Beijing Key Lab for Immunological Research on Chronic Diseases, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Haoran An
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Fei Wang
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Chuan Wu
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jing-Ying Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, School of Life Sciences, Institute for Immunology, China Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Beijing Key Lab for Immunological Research on Chronic Diseases, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Jing-Ren Zhang
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing, China
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Qingwen Wang
- Department of Rheumatism and Immunology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Inflammatory and Immunology Diseases, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiaodong Zhao
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders (Chongqing), China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhanguo Li
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Rheumatism Mechanism and Immune Diagnosis (BZ0135), Beijing, China
| | - Wanli Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, School of Life Sciences, Institute for Immunology, China Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Beijing Key Lab for Immunological Research on Chronic Diseases, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing, China
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Sauna-like conditions or menthol treatment reduce tau phosphorylation through mild hyperthermia. Neurobiol Aging 2022; 113:118-130. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2022.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Tournissac M, Leclerc M, Valentin-Escalera J, Vandal M, Bosoi CR, Planel E, Calon F. Metabolic determinants of Alzheimer's disease: A focus on thermoregulation. Ageing Res Rev 2021; 72:101462. [PMID: 34534683 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2021.101462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a complex age-related neurodegenerative disease, associated with central and peripheral metabolic anomalies, such as impaired glucose utilization and insulin resistance. These observations led to a considerable interest not only in lifestyle-related interventions, but also in repurposing insulin and other anti-diabetic drugs to prevent or treat dementia. Body temperature is the oldest known metabolic readout and mechanisms underlying its maintenance fail in the elderly, when the incidence of AD rises. This raises the possibility that an age-associated thermoregulatory deficit contributes to energy failure underlying AD pathogenesis. Brown adipose tissue (BAT) plays a central role in thermogenesis and maintenance of body temperature. In recent years, the modulation of BAT activity has been increasingly demonstrated to regulate energy expenditure, insulin sensitivity and glucose utilization, which could also provide benefits for AD. Here, we review the evidence linking thermoregulation, BAT and insulin-related metabolic defects with AD, and we propose mechanisms through which correcting thermoregulatory impairments could slow the progression and delay the onset of AD.
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Constitutive Phosphorylation as a Key Regulator of TRPM8 Channel Function. J Neurosci 2021; 41:8475-8493. [PMID: 34446569 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0345-21.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Revised: 07/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In mammals, environmental cold sensing conducted by peripheral cold thermoreceptor neurons mostly depends on TRPM8, an ion channel that has evolved to become the main molecular cold transducer. This TRP channel is activated by cold, cooling compounds, such as menthol, voltage, and rises in osmolality. TRPM8 function is regulated by kinase activity that phosphorylates the channel under resting conditions. However, which specific residues, how this post-translational modification modulates TRPM8 activity, and its influence on cold sensing are still poorly understood. By mass spectrometry, we identified four serine residues within the N-terminus (S26, S29, S541, and S542) constitutively phosphorylated in the mouse ortholog. TRPM8 function was examined by Ca2+ imaging and patch-clamp recordings, revealing that treatment with staurosporine, a kinase inhibitor, augmented its cold- and menthol-evoked responses. S29A mutation is sufficient to increase TRPM8 activity, suggesting that phosphorylation of this residue is a central molecular determinant of this negative regulation. Biophysical and total internal reflection fluorescence-based analysis revealed a dual mechanism in the potentiated responses of unphosphorylated TRPM8: a shift in the voltage activation curve toward more negative potentials and an increase in the number of active channels at the plasma membrane. Importantly, basal kinase activity negatively modulates TRPM8 function at cold thermoreceptors from male and female mice, an observation accounted for by mathematical modeling. Overall, our findings suggest that cold temperature detection could be rapidly and reversibly fine-tuned by controlling the TRPM8 basal phosphorylation state, a mechanism that acts as a dynamic molecular brake of this thermo-TRP channel function in primary sensory neurons.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Post-translational modifications are one of the main molecular mechanisms involved in adjusting the sensitivity of sensory ion channels to changing environmental conditions. Here we show, for the first time, that constitutive phosphorylation of the well-conserved serine 29 within the N-terminal domain negatively modulates TRPM8 channel activity, reducing its activation by agonists and decreasing the number of active channels at the plasma membrane. Basal phosphorylation of TRPM8 acts as a key regulator of its function as the main cold-transduction channel, significantly contributing to the net response of primary sensory neurons to temperature reductions. This reversible and dynamic modulatory mechanism opens new opportunities to regulate TRPM8 function in pathologic conditions where this thermo-TRP channel plays a critical role.
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Jimenez I, Prado Y, Marchant F, Otero C, Eltit F, Cabello-Verrugio C, Cerda O, Simon F. TRPM Channels in Human Diseases. Cells 2020; 9:E2604. [PMID: 33291725 PMCID: PMC7761947 DOI: 10.3390/cells9122604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The transient receptor potential melastatin (TRPM) subfamily belongs to the TRP cation channels family. Since the first cloning of TRPM1 in 1989, tremendous progress has been made in identifying novel members of the TRPM subfamily and their functions. The TRPM subfamily is composed of eight members consisting of four six-transmembrane domain subunits, resulting in homomeric or heteromeric channels. From a structural point of view, based on the homology sequence of the coiled-coil in the C-terminus, the eight TRPM members are clustered into four groups: TRPM1/M3, M2/M8, M4/M5 and M6/M7. TRPM subfamily members have been involved in several physiological functions. However, they are also linked to diverse pathophysiological human processes. Alterations in the expression and function of TRPM subfamily ion channels might generate several human diseases including cardiovascular and neurodegenerative alterations, organ dysfunction, cancer and many other channelopathies. These effects position them as remarkable putative targets for novel diagnostic strategies, drug design and therapeutic approaches. Here, we review the current knowledge about the main characteristics of all members of the TRPM family, focusing on their actions in human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivanka Jimenez
- Faculty of Life Science, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago 8370186, Chile; (I.J.); (Y.P.); (F.M.); (C.C.-V.)
- Millennium Nucleus of Ion Channel-Associated Diseases (MiNICAD), Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile;
| | - Yolanda Prado
- Faculty of Life Science, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago 8370186, Chile; (I.J.); (Y.P.); (F.M.); (C.C.-V.)
- Millennium Nucleus of Ion Channel-Associated Diseases (MiNICAD), Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile;
| | - Felipe Marchant
- Faculty of Life Science, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago 8370186, Chile; (I.J.); (Y.P.); (F.M.); (C.C.-V.)
- Millennium Nucleus of Ion Channel-Associated Diseases (MiNICAD), Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile;
| | - Carolina Otero
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago 8370186, Chile;
| | - Felipe Eltit
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver, BC V6Z 1Y6, Canada;
- Department of Urological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6Z 1Y6, Canada
| | - Claudio Cabello-Verrugio
- Faculty of Life Science, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago 8370186, Chile; (I.J.); (Y.P.); (F.M.); (C.C.-V.)
- Center for the Development of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (CEDENNA), Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago 7560484, Chile
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago 8370146, Chile
| | - Oscar Cerda
- Millennium Nucleus of Ion Channel-Associated Diseases (MiNICAD), Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile;
- Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBM), Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile
| | - Felipe Simon
- Faculty of Life Science, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago 8370186, Chile; (I.J.); (Y.P.); (F.M.); (C.C.-V.)
- Millennium Nucleus of Ion Channel-Associated Diseases (MiNICAD), Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile;
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago 8370146, Chile
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Epidermal expression of human TRPM8, but not of TRPA1 ion channels, is associated with sensory responses to local skin cooling. Pain 2020; 160:2699-2709. [PMID: 31343541 DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000001660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Human cold perception and nociception play an important role in persisting pain. However, species differences in the target temperature of thermosensitive ion channels expressed in peripheral nerve endings have fueled discussions about the mechanism of cold nociception in humans. Most frequently implicated thermosensors are members of the transient receptor potential (TRP) ion channel family TRPM8 and TRPA1. Regularly observed, distinct cold pain phenotype groups suggested the existence of interindividually differing molecular bases. In 28 subjects displaying either high or medium sensitivity to local cooling of the skin, the density at epidermal nerve fibers of TRPM8, but not that of TRPA1 expression, correlated significantly with the cold pain threshold. Moreover, reproducible grouping of the subjects, based on high or medium sensitivity to cooling, was reflected in an analogous grouping based on high or low TRPM8 expression at epidermal nerve fibers. The distribution of TRPM8 expression in epidermal nerve fibers provided an explanation for the previously observed (bi)modal distribution of human cold pain thresholds which was reproduced in this study. In the light of current controversies on the role of human TRPA1 ion channels in cold pain perception, the present observations demonstrating a lack of association of TRPA1 channel expression with cold sensitivity-related measures reinforce doubts about involvement of this channel in cold pain in humans. Since TRP inhibitors targeting TRPM8 and TRPA1 are currently entering clinical phases of drug development, the existence of known species differences, in particular in the function of TRPA1, emphasizes the increasing importance of new methods to directly approach the roles of TRPs in humans.
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Negative Modulation of TRPM8 Channel Function by Protein Kinase C in Trigeminal Cold Thermoreceptor Neurons. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21124420. [PMID: 32580281 PMCID: PMC7352406 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21124420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
TRPM8 is the main molecular entity responsible for cold sensing. This polymodal ion channel is activated by cold, cooling compounds such as menthol, voltage, and rises in osmolality. In corneal cold thermoreceptor neurons (CTNs), TRPM8 expression determines not only their sensitivity to cold, but also their role as neural detectors of ocular surface wetness. Several reports suggest that Protein Kinase C (PKC) activation impacts on TRPM8 function; however, the molecular bases of this functional modulation are still poorly understood. We explored PKC-dependent regulation of TRPM8 using Phorbol 12-Myristate 13-Acetate to activate this kinase. Consistently, recombinant TRPM8 channels, cultured trigeminal neurons, and free nerve endings of corneal CTNs revealed a robust reduction of TRPM8-dependent responses under PKC activation. In corneal CTNs, PKC activation decreased ongoing activity, a key parameter in the role of TRPM8-expressing neurons as humidity detectors, and also the maximal cold-evoked response, which were validated by mathematical modeling. Biophysical analysis indicated that PKC-dependent downregulation of TRPM8 is mainly due to a decreased maximal conductance value, and complementary noise analysis revealed a reduced number of functional channels at the cell surface, providing important clues to understanding the molecular mechanisms of how PKC activity modulates TRPM8 channels in CTNs.
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Abstract
Raynaud's phenomenon (RP) is common, affecting approximately 5% of the population, and is important to the rheumatologist because it is often the presenting symptom of connective tissue disease, especially of systemic sclerosis (SSc)-spectrum disorders. RP therefore provides a window of opportunity for early diagnosis. When RP is associated with SSc it is particularly challenging to treat. This review begins with a discussion of some of the recent advances in our understanding of the pathogenesis of RP: it is through increased understanding of the complex pathophysiology of RP that we are most likely to develop new therapies. The following questions are then addressed (with three clinical scenarios demonstrating key principles of assessment and management): 1. How can we predict underlying connective tissue disease in the patient presenting with Raynaud's? 2. How can we measure severity of Raynaud's? 3. What are the latest advances in treatment of connective tissue disease-related digital vasculopathy?
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariane L Herrick
- Division of Musculoskeletal and Dermatological Sciences, The University of Manchester, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK.
| | - Fredrick M Wigley
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA.
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Aroni P, Fonseca LF, Ciol MA, Margatho AS, Galvão CM. The use of mentholated popsicle to reduce thirst during preoperative fasting: A randomised controlled trial. J Clin Nurs 2019; 29:840-851. [DOI: 10.1111/jocn.15138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Aroni
- Department of Nursing State University of Londrina Londrina Brazil
| | - Ligia F. Fonseca
- Department of Nursing State University of Londrina Londrina Brazil
| | - Marcia A. Ciol
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine School of Medicine University of Washington Seattle WA USA
| | - Amanda S. Margatho
- General and Specialized Nursing Department Ribeirão Preto College of Nursing University of São Paulo Ribeirão Preto Brazil
| | - Cristina M. Galvão
- General and Specialized Nursing Department Ribeirão Preto College of Nursing University of São Paulo Ribeirão Preto Brazil
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Alavi MS, Shamsizadeh A, Karimi G, Roohbakhsh A. Transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1)-mediated toxicity: friend or foe? Toxicol Mech Methods 2019; 30:1-18. [PMID: 31409172 DOI: 10.1080/15376516.2019.1652872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Transient receptor potential (TRP) channels have been widely studied during the last decade. New studies uncover new features and potential applications for these channels. TRPA1 has a huge distribution all over the human body and has been reported to be involved in different physiological and pathological conditions including cold, pain, and damage sensation. Considering its role, many studies have been devoted to evaluating the role of this channel in the initiation and progression of different toxicities. Accordingly, we reviewed the most recent studies and divided the role of TRPA1 in toxicology into the following sections: neurotoxicity, cardiotoxicity, dermatotoxicity, and pulmonary toxicity. Acetaminophen, heavy metals, tear gases, various chemotherapeutic agents, acrolein, wood smoke particulate materials, particulate air pollution materials, diesel exhaust particles, cigarette smoke extracts, air born irritants, sulfur mustard, and plasticizers are selected compounds and materials with toxic effects that are, at least in part, mediated by TRPA1. Considering the high safety of TRPA1 antagonists and their efficacy to resolve selected toxic or adverse drug reactions, the future of these drugs looks promising.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohaddeseh Sadat Alavi
- Division of Neurocognitive Sciences, Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Ali Shamsizadeh
- Physiology-Pharmacology Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Karimi
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Ali Roohbakhsh
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Situ P, Begley CG, Simpson TL. Effects of Tear Film Instability on Sensory Responses to Corneal Cold, Mechanical, and Chemical Stimuli. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2019; 60:2935-2941. [PMID: 31284310 PMCID: PMC6615367 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.19-27298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose To investigate the effects of tear film instability (TFI) induced by sustained tear exposure (STARE) on sensory responses to corneal cold, mechanical, and chemical stimuli. Methods Fifteen normal subjects were enrolled. TFI was induced during 10 repeated trials of STARE. Pneumatic cold, mechanical, and chemical stimuli were delivered using a computer-controlled Belmonte esthesiometer on three separate visits. The magnitude of the sensory responses to threshold and suprathreshold (1.25 and 1.50 times threshold levels) stimuli were assessed for intensity, coolness or warmness, irritation and pain, using a 0 (none) to 100 (very strong) scale, before and after STARE trials. Symptoms of ocular discomfort were evaluated using the Current Symptom Questionnaire (CSQ). Repeated measures ANOVA was used for data analysis. Results Following STARE trials, the intensity and coolness ratings to cooling stimuli decreased (P = 0.043 and 0.044 for intensity and coolness, respectively), while rated irritation to mechanical stimuli was increased (P = 0.024). The CSQ scores also increased regardless of visits (all P < 0.001). Intensity ratings, coolness to room temperature stimuli and irritation to mechanical and chemical stimuli increased for all suprathreshold stimuli with increasing stimulus levels (P ≤ 0.005). Conclusions Repeated TFI induced by STARE affects neurosensory function of the ocular surface. The decrease in reports of cooling and increase in irritation after repeated TFI suggest a complex interaction of neural mechanisms (particularly nonnociceptive cold and nociceptive mechanical) giving rise to ocular surface sensation in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Situ
- School of Optometry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, United States
| | - Carolyn G Begley
- School of Optometry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, United States
| | - Trefford L Simpson
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
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Ordás P, Hernández-Ortego P, Vara H, Fernández-Peña C, Reimúndez A, Morenilla-Palao C, Guadaño-Ferraz A, Gomis A, Hoon M, Viana F, Señarís R. Expression of the cold thermoreceptor TRPM8 in rodent brain thermoregulatory circuits. J Comp Neurol 2019; 529:234-256. [PMID: 30942489 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The cold- and menthol-activated ion channel transient receptor potential channel subfamily M member 8 (TRPM8) is the principal detector of environmental cold in mammalian sensory nerve endings. Although it is mainly expressed in a subpopulation of peripheral sensory neurons, it has also been identified in non-neuronal tissues. Here, we show, by in situ hybridization (ISH) and by the analysis of transgenic reporter expression in two different reporter mouse strains, that TRPM8 is also expressed in the central nervous system. Although it is present at much lower levels than in peripheral sensory neurons, we found cells expressing TRPM8 in restricted areas of the brain, especially in the hypothalamus, septum, thalamic reticular nucleus, certain cortices and other limbic structures, as well as in some specific nuclei in the brainstem. Interestingly, positive fibers were also found traveling through the major limbic tracts, suggesting a role of TRPM8-expressing central neurons in multiple aspects of thermal regulation, including autonomic and behavioral thermoregulation. Additional ISH experiments in rat brain demonstrated a conserved pattern of expression of this ion channel between rodent species. We confirmed the functional activity of this channel in the mouse brain using electrophysiological patch-clamp recordings of septal neurons. These results open a new window in TRPM8 physiology, guiding further efforts to understand potential roles of this molecular sensor within the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Purificación Ordás
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernández-CSIC, San Juan de Alicante, Spain
| | - Pablo Hernández-Ortego
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernández-CSIC, San Juan de Alicante, Spain
| | - Hugo Vara
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernández-CSIC, San Juan de Alicante, Spain
| | - Carlos Fernández-Peña
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernández-CSIC, San Juan de Alicante, Spain
| | - Alfonso Reimúndez
- Departmento de Fisiología, CIMUS, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Cruz Morenilla-Palao
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernández-CSIC, San Juan de Alicante, Spain
| | - Ana Guadaño-Ferraz
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols", Universidad Autónoma de Madrid-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Gomis
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernández-CSIC, San Juan de Alicante, Spain
| | - Mark Hoon
- Molecular Genetics Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research/NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Félix Viana
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernández-CSIC, San Juan de Alicante, Spain
| | - Rosa Señarís
- Departmento de Fisiología, CIMUS, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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15
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Serato VM, Fonseca LF, Birolim MM, Rossetto EG, Mai LD, Garcia AKA. Package of menthol measures for thirst relief: a randomized clinical study. Rev Bras Enferm 2019; 72:600-608. [DOI: 10.1590/0034-7167-2018-0057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of the menthol package (lip hydration and ice popsicles) compared to a package of non-menthol measures (lip hydration and ice popsicles) as a way to relieve thirst in patients in the Anesthetic Recovery Room. Method: Randomized and parallel trial study, with 120 patients randomized patients in an experimental group - menthol measurements (n=59) and control group - measures without menthol (n = 61). Results: There was a significant (p<0.05) decrease in intensity, hydration, dryness and taste in the oral cavity between the three moments of assessment/intervention in the two groups. The difference was significant in the experimental group for thirst intensity at the second assessment/intervention point (p<0.05) after a single administration of the menthol package. Conclusion: There was a reduction in thirst intensity in both groups. Patients who received menthol packages showed a significant decrease in intensity after a single evaluation/intervention time. NCT: 02869139.
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16
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Basbaum A. Chemogenetic management of neuropathic pain. Brain 2019; 140:2522-2525. [PMID: 28969393 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awx227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Allan Basbaum
- Department of Anatomy, University California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94901, USA
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17
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Abstract
The ability to detect environmental cold serves as an important survival tool. The sodium channels NaV1.8 and NaV1.9, as well as the TRP channel Trpm8, have been shown to contribute to cold sensation in mice. Surprisingly, transcriptional profiling shows that NaV1.8/NaV1.9 and Trpm8 are expressed in nonoverlapping neuronal populations. Here we have used in vivo GCaMP3 imaging to identify cold-sensing populations of sensory neurons in live mice. We find that ∼80% of neurons responsive to cold down to 1 °C do not express NaV1.8, and that the genetic deletion of NaV1.8 does not affect the relative number, distribution, or maximal response of cold-sensitive neurons. Furthermore, the deletion of NaV1.8 had no observable effect on transient cold-induced (≥5 °C) behaviors in mice, as measured by the cold-plantar, cold-plate (5 and 10 °C), or acetone tests. In contrast, nocifensive-like behavior to extreme cold-plate stimulation (-5 °C) was completely absent in mice lacking NaV1.8. Fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) and subsequent microarray analysis of sensory neurons activated at 4 °C identified an enriched repertoire of ion channels, which include the Trp channel Trpm8 and potassium channel Kcnk9, that are potentially required for cold sensing above freezing temperatures in mouse DRG neurons. These data demonstrate the complexity of cold-sensing mechanisms in mouse sensory neurons, revealing a principal role for NaV1.8-negative neurons in sensing both innocuous and acute noxious cooling down to 1 °C, while NaV1.8-positive neurons are likely responsible for the transduction of prolonged extreme cold temperatures, where tissue damage causes pan-nociceptor activation.
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18
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Kozyreva TV, Evtushenko AA, Voronova IP, Khramova GM, Kozaruk VP. Effect of Activation of Peripheral Ion Channel TRPM8 on Gene Expression of Thermosensitive TRP Ion Channels in the Hypothalamus. Comparison with the Effect of Cooling. Bull Exp Biol Med 2018; 166:188-191. [PMID: 30488220 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-018-4311-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Experiments on rats showed that activation of the peripheral ion channel TRPM8 with menthol and rapid cooling (decrease in core temperature by 3°C) led to 1.5-fold activation of the expression of TRPV3 ion channel gene in the posterior hypothalamus, but had no effect on the expression of this gene in the anterior hypothalamus. Neither stimulation of peripheral TRPМ8, nor acute cooling affected the expression of genes for other thermosensitive ion channels (TRPV1, TRPV2, TRPV4, TRPA1, and TRPМ8) in the hypothalamus. Enhanced expression of Trpv3 gene can indicate increased sensitivity of hypothalamic neurons in the range of TRPV3 ion channel functioning (31-39oC). The relationship between the changes in Trpv3 gene expression and the shift of thermoregulatory reaction thresholds is discussed. Our findings attest to the presence of a functional relationship between TRP ion channels of the peripheral nervous system and TRP channels in the central structures of the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- T V Kozyreva
- Laboratory of Thermophysiology, Research Institute of Physiology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Division of the Russian Academy of Sciences Novosibirsk, Siberia, Russia.
| | - A A Evtushenko
- Laboratory of Thermophysiology, Research Institute of Physiology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Division of the Russian Academy of Sciences Novosibirsk, Siberia, Russia
| | - I P Voronova
- Laboratory of Thermophysiology, Research Institute of Physiology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Division of the Russian Academy of Sciences Novosibirsk, Siberia, Russia
| | - G M Khramova
- Laboratory of Thermophysiology, Research Institute of Physiology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Division of the Russian Academy of Sciences Novosibirsk, Siberia, Russia
| | - V P Kozaruk
- Laboratory of Thermophysiology, Research Institute of Physiology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Division of the Russian Academy of Sciences Novosibirsk, Siberia, Russia
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19
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Efficacy of an Ice Popsicle on Thirst Management in the Immediate Postoperative Period: A Randomized Clinical Trial. J Perianesth Nurs 2018; 33:153-161. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jopan.2016.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Revised: 03/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Deletion of the Cold Thermoreceptor TRPM8 Increases Heat Loss and Food Intake Leading to Reduced Body Temperature and Obesity in Mice. J Neurosci 2018. [PMID: 29530988 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3002-17.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The coupling of energy homeostasis to thermoregulation is essential to maintain homeothermy in changing external environments. We studied the role of the cold thermoreceptor TRPM8 in this interplay in mice of both sexes. We demonstrate that TRPM8 is required for a precise thermoregulation in response to cold, in fed and fasting. Trpm8-/- mice exhibited a fall of 0.7°C in core body temperature when housed at cold temperatures, and a deep hypothermia (<30°C) during food deprivation. In both situations, TRPM8 deficiency induced an increase in tail heat loss. This, together with the presence of TRPM8-sensory fibers innervating the main tail vessels, unveils a major role of this ion channel in tail vasomotor regulation. Finally, TRPM8 deficiency had a remarkable impact on energy balance. Trpm8-/- mice raised at mild cold temperatures developed late-onset obesity and metabolic dysfunction, with daytime hyperphagia and reduction of fat oxidation as plausible causal factors. In conclusion, TRPM8 fine-tunes eating behavior and fuel utilization during thermoregulatory adjustments to mild cold. Persistent imbalances in these responses result in obesity.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The thermosensitive ion channel TRPM8 is required for a precise thermoregulatory response to cold and fasting, playing an important role in tail vasoconstriction, and therefore heat conservation, as well as in the regulation of ingestive behavior and metabolic fuel selection upon cooling. Indeed, TRPM8-deficient mice, housed in a mild cold environment, displayed an increase in tail heat loss and lower core body temperature, associated with the development of late-onset obesity with glucose and lipid metabolic dysfunction. A persistent diurnal hyperphagia and reduced fat oxidation constitute plausible underlying mechanisms in the background of a deficient thermoregulatory adjustment to mild cold ambient temperatures.
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Abstract
Of somatosensory modalities cold is one of the more ambiguous percepts, evoking the pleasant sensation of cooling, the stinging bite of cold pain, and welcome relief from chronic pain. Moreover, unlike the precipitous thermal thresholds for heat activation of thermosensitive afferent neurons, thresholds for cold fibers are across a range of cool to cold temperatures that spans over 30°C. Until recently, how cold produces this myriad of biologic effects was unknown. However, recent advances in our understanding of cold mechanisms at the behavioral, physiologic, and cellular level have begun to provide insights into this sensory modality. The identification of a number of ion channels that either serve as the principal detectors of a cold stimulus in the peripheral nervous system, or are part of a differential expression pattern of channels that maintain cell excitability in the cold, endows select neurons with properties that are amenable to electric signaling in the cold. This chapter highlights the current understanding of the molecules involved in cold transduction in the mammalian peripheral nervous system, as well as presenting a hypothetic model to account for the broad range of cold thermal thresholds and distinct functions of cold fibers in perception, pain, and analgesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- David D McKemy
- Section of Neurobiology, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States.
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22
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Kruse V, Neess D, Færgeman NJ. The Significance of Epidermal Lipid Metabolism in Whole-Body Physiology. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2017; 28:669-683. [PMID: 28668301 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2017.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2017] [Revised: 06/03/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The skin is the largest sensory organ of the human body. The skin not only prevents loss of water and other components of the body, but also is involved in regulation of body temperature and serves as an essential barrier, protecting mammals from both routine and extreme environments. Given the importance of the skin in temperature regulation, it is surprising that adaptive alterations in skin functions and morphology only vaguely have been associated with systemic physiological responses. Despite that impaired lipid metabolism in the skin often impairs the epidermal permeability barrier and insulation properties of the skin, its role in regulating systemic physiology and metabolism is yet to be recognized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vibeke Kruse
- Villum Center for Bioanalytical Sciences, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense M, Denmark
| | - Ditte Neess
- Villum Center for Bioanalytical Sciences, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense M, Denmark
| | - Nils J Færgeman
- Villum Center for Bioanalytical Sciences, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense M, Denmark.
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Kanezaki M, Ebihara S. Effect of the cooling sensation induced by olfactory stimulation by L-menthol on dyspnoea: a pilot study. Eur Respir J 2017; 49:49/4/1601823. [DOI: 10.1183/13993003.01823-2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2016] [Accepted: 12/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Lin L, Chen Z, Cao Y, Sun G. Normal saline solution nasal-pharyngeal irrigation improves chronic cough associated with allergic rhinitis. Am J Rhinol Allergy 2017; 31:96-104. [PMID: 28452705 DOI: 10.2500/ajra.2017.31.4418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Upper airway inflammation is one of the most commonly identified causes of chronic cough, although the underlying mechanism is not clear. This study compared normal saline solution nasal-pharyngeal irrigation (NSNPI) and fluticasone propionate nasal spray (FPNS) treatment for chronic cough associated with allergic rhinitis (AR). METHODS Patients with suspected AR to house-dust mite were enrolled, and the symptom of cough was assessed by a cough symptom score and the Leicester Cough Questionnaire, and cough response to capsaicin was evaluated. AR was assessed by using the visual analog scale (VAS) and the Mini Juniper Rhinoconjunctivitis Quality of Life Questionnaire (MiniRQLQ). Mediators, including histamine, leukotriene C4, and prostaglandin D2, and the major basic protein from nasal lavage fluid (NLF) were examined. The patients were treated with NSNPI (the NSNPI group) or FPNS (the FPNS group) for 30 days, after which they were reassessed. RESULTS Forty-five of 50 patients completed this study. The scores of the cough symptom and the Leicester Cough Questionnaire, and the capsaicin cough threshold all improved statistically after NSNPI but did not change after FPNS. There were statistically significant changes in the evaluations of the MiniRQLQ and the mediators, including histamine and leukotriene C4, in the NLF in the NSNPI group. However, significant changes were found in the assessments of VAS, MiniRQLQ, and all above mediators including histamine, leukotriene C4, and prostaglandin D2, and the major basic protein in the NLF of the FPNS group. Furthermore, the assessments of VAS and all the mediators were reduced more in the FPNS group compared with those in the NSNPI group. CONCLUSION The patients with suspected AR to house-dust mite reported a better relief of the cough symptom after 30 days of treatment with NSNPI compared with that after nasal corticosteroid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Lin
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Huashan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Role of the Excitability Brake Potassium Current I KD in Cold Allodynia Induced by Chronic Peripheral Nerve Injury. J Neurosci 2017; 37:3109-3126. [PMID: 28179555 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3553-16.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Revised: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cold allodynia is a common symptom of neuropathic and inflammatory pain following peripheral nerve injury. The mechanisms underlying this disabling sensory alteration are not entirely understood. In primary somatosensory neurons, cold sensitivity is mainly determined by a functional counterbalance between cold-activated TRPM8 channels and Shaker-like Kv1.1-1.2 channels underlying the excitability brake current IKD Here we studied the role of IKD in damage-triggered painful hypersensitivity to innocuous cold. We found that cold allodynia induced by chronic constriction injury (CCI) of the sciatic nerve in mice, was related to both an increase in the proportion of cold-sensitive neurons (CSNs) in DRGs contributing to the sciatic nerve, and a decrease in their cold temperature threshold. IKD density was reduced in high-threshold CSNs from CCI mice compared with sham animals, with no differences in cold-induced TRPM8-dependent current density. The electrophysiological properties and neurochemical profile of CSNs revealed an increase of nociceptive-like phenotype among neurons from CCI animals compared with sham mice. These results were validated using a mathematical model of CSNs, including IKD and TRPM8, showing that a reduction in IKD current density shifts the thermal threshold to higher temperatures and that the reduction of this current induces cold sensitivity in former cold-insensitive neurons expressing low levels of TRPM8-like current. Together, our results suggest that cold allodynia is largely due to a functional downregulation of IKD in both high-threshold CSNs and in a subpopulation of polymodal nociceptors expressing TRPM8, providing a general molecular and neural mechanism for this sensory alteration.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT This paper unveils the critical role of the brake potassium current IKD in damage-triggered cold allodynia. Using a well-known form of nerve injury and combining behavioral analysis, calcium imaging, patch clamping, and pharmacological tools, validated by mathematical modeling, we determined that the functional expression of IKD is reduced in sensory neurons in response to peripheral nerve damage. This downregulation not only enhances cold sensitivity of high-threshold cold thermoreceptors signaling cold discomfort, but it also transforms a subpopulation of polymodal nociceptors signaling pain into neurons activated by mild temperature drops. Our results suggest that cold allodynia is linked to a reduction of IKD in both high-threshold cold thermoreceptors and nociceptors expressing TRPM8, providing a general model for this form of cold-induced pain.
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González A, Herrera G, Ugarte G, Restrepo C, Piña R, Pertusa M, Orio P, Madrid R. IKD Current in Cold Transduction and Damage-Triggered Cold Hypersensitivity. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 1015:265-277. [PMID: 29080031 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-62817-2_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In primary sensory neurons of the spinal and trigeminal somatosensory system, cold-sensitivity is strongly dependent on the functional balance between TRPM8 channels, the main molecular entity responsible for the cold-activated excitatory current, and Shaker-like Kv1.1-1.2 potassium channels, the molecular counterpart underlying the excitability brake current IKD. This slow-inactivating outward K+ current reduces the excitability of cold thermoreceptor neurons increasing their thermal threshold, and prevents unspecific activation by cold of neurons of other somatosensory modalities. Here we examine the main biophysical properties of this current in primary sensory neurons, its central role in cold thermotransduction, and its contribution to alterations in cold sensitivity triggered by peripheral nerve damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro González
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química y Biología, and Millennium Nucleus of Ion Channels-Associated Diseases (MiNICAD), Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Alameda L. Bdo. O'Higgins 3363, 9160000, Santiago, Chile
| | - Gaspar Herrera
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia de Valparaíso and Instituto de Neurociencia, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, 2340000, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Gonzalo Ugarte
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química y Biología, and Millennium Nucleus of Ion Channels-Associated Diseases (MiNICAD), Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Alameda L. Bdo. O'Higgins 3363, 9160000, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carlos Restrepo
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química y Biología, and Millennium Nucleus of Ion Channels-Associated Diseases (MiNICAD), Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Alameda L. Bdo. O'Higgins 3363, 9160000, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ricardo Piña
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química y Biología, and Millennium Nucleus of Ion Channels-Associated Diseases (MiNICAD), Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Alameda L. Bdo. O'Higgins 3363, 9160000, Santiago, Chile
| | - María Pertusa
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química y Biología, and Millennium Nucleus of Ion Channels-Associated Diseases (MiNICAD), Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Alameda L. Bdo. O'Higgins 3363, 9160000, Santiago, Chile
| | - Patricio Orio
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia de Valparaíso and Instituto de Neurociencia, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, 2340000, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Rodolfo Madrid
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química y Biología, and Millennium Nucleus of Ion Channels-Associated Diseases (MiNICAD), Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Alameda L. Bdo. O'Higgins 3363, 9160000, Santiago, Chile.
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Melanaphy D, Johnson CD, Kustov MV, Watson CA, Borysova L, Burdyga TV, Zholos AV. Ion channel mechanisms of rat tail artery contraction-relaxation by menthol involving, respectively, TRPM8 activation and L-type Ca2+ channel inhibition. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2016; 311:H1416-H1430. [PMID: 27765744 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00222.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Transient receptor potential melastatin 8 (TRPM8) is the principal cold and menthol receptor channel. Characterized primarily for its cold-sensing role in sensory neurons, it is expressed and functional in several nonneuronal tissues, including vasculature. We previously demonstrated that menthol causes variable mechanical responses (vasoconstriction, vasodilatation, or biphasic reactions) in isolated arteries, depending on vascular tone. Here we aimed to dissect the specific ion channel mechanisms and corresponding Ca2+ signaling pathways underlying such complex responses to menthol and other TRPM8 ligands in rat tail artery myocytes using patch-clamp electrophysiology, confocal Ca2+ imaging, and ratiometric Ca2+ recording. Menthol (300 μM, a concentration typically used to induce TRPM8 currents) strongly inhibited L-type Ca2+ channel current (L-ICa) in isolated myocytes, especially its sustained component, most relevant for depolarization-induced vasoconstriction. In contraction studies, with nifedipine present (10 μM) to abolish L-ICa contribution to phenylephrine (PE)-induced vasoconstrictions of vascular rings, a marked increase in tone was observed with menthol, similar to resting (i.e., without α-adrenoceptor stimulation by PE) conditions, when L-type channels were mostly deactivated. Menthol-induced increases in PE-induced vasoconstrictions could be inhibited both by the TRPM8 antagonist AMTB (thus confirming the specific role of TRPM8) and by cyclopiazonic acid treatment to deplete Ca2+ stores, pointing to a major contribution of Ca2+ release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum in these contractile responses. Immunocytochemical analysis has indeed revealed colocalization of TRPM8 and InsP3 receptors. Moreover, menthol Ca2+ responses, which were somewhat reduced under Ca2+-free conditions, were strongly reduced by cyclopiazonic acid treatment to deplete Ca2+ store, whereas caffeine-induced Ca2+ responses were blunted in the presence of menthol. Finally, two other common TRPM8 agonists, WS-12 and icilin, also inhibited L-ICa With respect to L-ICa inhibition, WS-12 is the most selective agonist. It augmented PE-induced contractions, whereas any secondary phase of vasorelaxation (as with menthol) was completely lacking. Thus TRPM8 channels are functionally active in rat tail artery myocytes and play a distinct direct stimulatory role in control of vascular tone. However, indirect effects of TRPM8 agonists, which are unrelated to TRPM8, are mediated by inhibition of L-type Ca2+ channels and largely obscure TRPM8-mediated vasoconstriction. These findings will promote our understanding of the vascular TRPM8 role, especially the well-known hypotensive effect of menthol, and may also have certain translational implications (e.g., in cardiovascular surgery, organ storage, transplantation, and Raynaud's phenomenon).
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Affiliation(s)
- Donal Melanaphy
- Center for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, The Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher D Johnson
- Centre for Biomedical Sciences Education, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, The Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom;
| | - Maxim V Kustov
- A. A. Bogomoletz Institute of Physiology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kiev, Ukraine
| | - Conall A Watson
- Centre for Biomedical Sciences Education, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, The Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Lyudmyla Borysova
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom; and
| | - Theodor V Burdyga
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom; and
| | - Alexander V Zholos
- Center for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, The Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom.,A. A. Bogomoletz Institute of Physiology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kiev, Ukraine.,Department of Biophysics, Institute of Biology, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Kyiv, Ukraine
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Pérez de Vega MJ, Gómez-Monterrey I, Ferrer-Montiel A, González-Muñiz R. Transient Receptor Potential Melastatin 8 Channel (TRPM8) Modulation: Cool Entryway for Treating Pain and Cancer. J Med Chem 2016; 59:10006-10029. [PMID: 27437828 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b00305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
TRPM8 ion channels, the primary cold sensors in humans, are activated by innocuous cooling (<28 °C) and cooling compounds (menthol, icilin) and are implicated in sensing unpleasant cold stimuli as well as in mammalian thermoregulation. Overexpression of these thermoregulators in prostate cancer and in other life-threatening tumors, along with their contribution to an increasing number of pathological conditions, opens a plethora of medicinal chemistry opportunities to develop receptor modulators. This Perspective seeks to describe current known modulators for this ion channel because both agonists and antagonists may be useful for the treatment of most TRPM8-mediated pathologies. We primarily focus on SAR data for the different families of compounds and the pharmacological properties of the most promising ligands. Furthermore, we also address the knowledge about the channel structure, although still in its infancy, and the role of the TRPM8 protein signalplex to channel function and dysfunction. We finally outline the potential future prospects of the challenging TRPM8 drug discovery field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Isabel Gómez-Monterrey
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università "Federico II" de Napoli , Via D. Montesano 49, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Antonio Ferrer-Montiel
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular. Universitas Miguel Hernández . 03202 Alicante, Spain
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Millqvist E. TRPV1 and TRPM8 in Treatment of Chronic Cough. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2016; 9:E45. [PMID: 27483288 PMCID: PMC5039498 DOI: 10.3390/ph9030045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Revised: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic cough is common in the population, and among some there is no evident medical explanation for the symptoms. Such a refractory or idiopathic cough is now often regarded as a neuropathic disease due to dysfunctional airway ion channels, though the knowledge in this field is still limited. Persistent coughing and a cough reflex easily triggered by irritating stimuli, often in combination with perceived dyspnea, are characteristics of this disease. The patients have impaired quality of life and often reduced work capacity, followed by social and economic consequences. Despite the large number of individuals suffering from such a persisting cough, there is an unmet clinical need for effective cough medicines. The cough treatment available today often has little or no effect. Adverse effects mostly follow centrally acting cough drugs comprised of morphine and codeine, which demands the physician's awareness. The possibilities of modulating airway transient receptor potential (TRP) ion channels may indicate new ways to treat the persistent cough "without a reason". The TRP ion channel vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) and the TRP melastin 8 (TRPM8) appear as two candidates in the search for cough therapy, both as single targets and in reciprocal interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Millqvist
- Department of Allergology, Institution of Internal Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, 413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden.
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30
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De Petrocellis L, Arroyo FJ, Orlando P, Schiano Moriello A, Vitale RM, Amodeo P, Sánchez A, Roncero C, Bianchini G, Martín MA, López-Alvarado P, Menéndez JC. Tetrahydroisoquinoline-Derived Urea and 2,5-Diketopiperazine Derivatives as Selective Antagonists of the Transient Receptor Potential Melastatin 8 (TRPM8) Channel Receptor and Antiprostate Cancer Agents. J Med Chem 2016; 59:5661-83. [PMID: 27232526 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b01448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Tetrahydroisoquinoline derivatives containing embedded urea functions were identified as selective TRPM8 channel receptor antagonists. Structure-activity relationships were investigated, with the following conclusions: (a) The urea function and the tetrahydroisoquinoline system are necessary for activity. (b) Bis(1-aryl-6,7dimethoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinolyl)ureas are more active than compounds containing one tetrahydroisoquinoline ring and than an open phenetylamine ureide. (c) Trans compounds are more active than their cis isomers. (d) Aryl substituents are better than alkyls at the isoquinoline C-1 position. (e) Electron-withdrawing substituents lead to higher activities. The most potent compound is the 4-F derivative, with IC50 in the 10(-8) M range and selectivities around 1000:1 for most other TRP receptors. Selected compounds were found to be active in reducing the growth of LNCaP prostate cancer cells. TRPM8 inhibition reduces proliferation in the tumor cells tested but not in nontumor prostate cells, suggesting that the activity against prostate cancer is linked to TRPM8 inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciano De Petrocellis
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Protein Biochemistry and Institute of Applied Sciences & Intelligent Systems, National Research Council , Via Campi Flegrei 34, Comprensorio Olivetti, 80078 Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy
| | - Francisco J Arroyo
- Departamento de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense , 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Pierangelo Orlando
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Protein Biochemistry, National Research Council , Via P. Castellino 111, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Aniello Schiano Moriello
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Protein Biochemistry and Institute of Applied Sciences & Intelligent Systems, National Research Council , Via Campi Flegrei 34, Comprensorio Olivetti, 80078 Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy
| | - Rosa Maria Vitale
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Protein Biochemistry and Institute of Applied Sciences & Intelligent Systems, National Research Council , Via Campi Flegrei 34, Comprensorio Olivetti, 80078 Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy
| | - Pietro Amodeo
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Protein Biochemistry and Institute of Applied Sciences & Intelligent Systems, National Research Council , Via Campi Flegrei 34, Comprensorio Olivetti, 80078 Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy
| | - Aránzazu Sánchez
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular II, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense , 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Cesáreo Roncero
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular II, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense , 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Giulia Bianchini
- Departamento de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense , 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - M Antonia Martín
- S.D. Química Analítica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense , 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Pilar López-Alvarado
- Departamento de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense , 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - J Carlos Menéndez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense , 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Kim YS, Kim TH, McKemy DD, Bae YC. Expression of vesicular glutamate transporters in transient receptor potential melastatin 8 (TRPM8)-positive dental afferents in the mouse. Neuroscience 2015; 303:378-88. [PMID: 26166724 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Revised: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Transient receptor potential melastatin 8 (TRPM8) is activated by innocuous cool and noxious cold and plays a crucial role in cold-induced acute pain and pain hypersensitivity. To help understand the mechanism of TRPM8-mediated cold perception under normal and pathologic conditions, we used light microscopic immunohistochemistry and Western blot analysis in mice expressing a genetically encoded axonal tracer in TRPM8-positive (+) neurons. We investigated the coexpression of TRPM8 and vesicular glutamate transporter 1 (VGLUT1) and VGLUT2 in the trigeminal ganglion (TG) and the dental pulp before and after inducing pulpal inflammation. Many TRPM8+ neurons in the TG and axons in the dental pulp expressed VGLUT2, while none expressed VGLUT1. TRPM8+ axons were dense in the pulp horn and peripheral pulp and also frequently observed in the dentinal tubules. Following pulpal inflammation, the proportion of VGLUT2+ and of VGLUT2+/TRPM8+ neurons increased significantly, whereas that of TRPM8+ neurons remained unchanged. Our findings suggest the existence of VGLUT2 (but not VGLUT1)-mediated glutamate signaling in TRPM8+ neurons possibly underlying the cold-induced acute pain and hypersensitivity to cold following pulpal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y S Kim
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 700-412, South Korea
| | - T H Kim
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 700-412, South Korea
| | - D D McKemy
- Neurobiology Section, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Y C Bae
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 700-412, South Korea.
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32
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Mediators of Chronic Pruritus in Atopic Dermatitis: Getting the Itch Out? Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2015; 51:263-292. [DOI: 10.1007/s12016-015-8488-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Feketa VV, Marrelli SP. Induction of therapeutic hypothermia by pharmacological modulation of temperature-sensitive TRP channels: theoretical framework and practical considerations. Temperature (Austin) 2015; 2:244-57. [PMID: 27227027 PMCID: PMC4844121 DOI: 10.1080/23328940.2015.1024383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Revised: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 02/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic hypothermia has emerged as a remarkably effective method of neuroprotection from ischemia and is being increasingly used in clinics. Accordingly, it is also a subject of considerable attention from a basic scientific research perspective. One of the fundamental problems, with which current studies are concerned, is the optimal method of inducing hypothermia. This review seeks to provide a broad theoretical framework for approaching this problem, and to discuss how a novel promising strategy of pharmacological modulation of the thermosensitive ion channels fits into this framework. Various physical, anatomical, physiological and molecular aspects of thermoregulation, which provide the foundation for this text, have been comprehensively reviewed and will not be discussed exhaustively here. Instead, the first part of the current review, which may be helpful for a broader readership outside of thermoregulation research, will build on this existing knowledge to outline possible opportunities and research directions aimed at controlling body temperature. The second part, aimed at a more specialist audience, will highlight the conceptual advantages and practical limitations of novel molecular agents targeting thermosensitive Transient Receptor Potential (TRP) channels in achieving this goal. Two particularly promising members of this channel family, namely TRP melastatin 8 (TRPM8) and TRP vanilloid 1 (TRPV1), will be discussed in greater detail.
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Key Words
- DMH, dorso-medial hypothalamus
- MPA, medial preoptic area of hypothalamus
- TRP, Transient Receptor Potential
- TRPA1, Transient Receptor Potential cation channel, subfamily A, member 1
- TRPM8, Transient Receptor Potential cation channel, subfamily M, member 8
- TRPV1, Transient Receptor Potential cation channel, subfamily V, member 1
- TRPV2, Transient Receptor Potential cation channel, subfamily V, member 2
- TRPV3, Transient Receptor Potential cation channel, subfamily V, member 3
- TRPV4, Transient Receptor Potential cation channel, subfamily V, member 4
- ThermoTRPs
- ThermoTRPs, Thermosensitive Transient Receptor Potential cation channels
- body temperature
- core temperature
- pharmacological hypothermia
- physical cooling
- rMR, rostral medullary raphe region
- therapeutic hypothermia
- thermopharmacology
- thermoregulation
- thermosensitive ion channels
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktor V Feketa
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics Graduate Program; Cardiovascular Sciences Track; Baylor College of Medicine , Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sean P Marrelli
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics Graduate Program; Cardiovascular Sciences Track; Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Anesthesiology; Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
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Lehto SG, Weyer AD, Zhang M, Youngblood BD, Wang J, Wang W, Kerstein PC, Davis C, Wild KD, Stucky CL, Gavva NR. AMG2850, a potent and selective TRPM8 antagonist, is not effective in rat models of inflammatory mechanical hypersensitivity and neuropathic tactile allodynia. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2015; 388:465-76. [PMID: 25662185 PMCID: PMC4359714 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-015-1090-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
TRPM8 has been implicated in pain and migraine based on dorsal root- and trigeminal ganglion-enriched expression, upregulation in preclinical models of pain, knockout mouse studies, and human genetics. Here, we evaluated the therapeutic potential in pain of AMG2850 ((R)-8-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-N-((S)-1,1,1-trifluoropropan-2-yl)-5,6-dihydro-1,7-naphthyridine-7(8H)-carboxamide), a small molecule antagonist of TRPM8 by in vitro and in vivo characterization. AMG2850 is potent in vitro at rat TRPM8 (IC90 against icilin activation of 204 ± 28 nM), highly selective (>100-fold IC90 over TRPV1 and TRPA1 channels), and orally bioavailable (F po > 40 %). When tested in a skin-nerve preparation, AMG2850 blocked menthol-induced action potentials but not mechanical activation in C fibers. AMG2850 exhibited significant target coverage in vivo in a TRPM8-mediated icilin-induced wet-dog shake (WDS) model in rats (at 10 mg/kg p.o.). However, AMG2850 did not produce a significant therapeutic effect in rat models of inflammatory mechanical hypersensitivity or neuropathic tactile allodynia at doses up to 100 mg/kg. The lack of efficacy suggests that either TRPM8 does not play a role in mediating pain in these models or that a higher level of target coverage is required. The potential of TRPM8 antagonists as migraine therapeutics is yet to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonya G. Lehto
- Department of Neuroscience, Amgen Inc, One Amgen Center Dr, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320-1799 USA
| | - Andy D. Weyer
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226 USA
| | - Maosheng Zhang
- Department of Neuroscience, Amgen Inc, One Amgen Center Dr, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320-1799 USA
| | - Beth D. Youngblood
- Department of Neuroscience, Amgen Inc, One Amgen Center Dr, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320-1799 USA
| | - Judy Wang
- Department of Neuroscience, Amgen Inc, One Amgen Center Dr, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320-1799 USA
| | - Weiya Wang
- Department of Neuroscience, Amgen Inc, One Amgen Center Dr, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320-1799 USA
| | - Patrick C. Kerstein
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226 USA
| | - Carl Davis
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc, One Amgen Center Dr, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320-1799 USA
| | - Kenneth D. Wild
- Department of Neuroscience, Amgen Inc, One Amgen Center Dr, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320-1799 USA
| | - Cheryl L. Stucky
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226 USA
| | - Narender R. Gavva
- Department of Neuroscience, Amgen Inc, One Amgen Center Dr, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320-1799 USA
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Abstract
During exposure to cold, our bodies attempt to maintain normal core temperature by restricting heat loss through cutaneous vasoconstriction, and by increasing heat production through shivering and nonshivering thermogenesis. In selected areas of human skin (including on the fingers and toes), the vascular system has specialized structural and functional features that enable it to contribute to thermoregulation. These features include arteriovenous anastomoses, which directly connect the arterial and venous systems and bypass the nutritional capillaries supplying blood to the skin tissue. Of note, Raynaud phenomenon predominantly affects the arterial territories supplying these specialized areas of skin. Indeed, Raynaud phenomenon can be considered a disorder of vascular thermoregulatory control. This Review presents an understanding of Raynaud phenomenon in the context of vascular and thermoregulatory control mechanisms, including the role of unique thermosensitive vascular structural and functional specialization, and describes the potential role of thermogenesis in this disorder. This new approach provides remarkable insight into the disease process and builds a framework to critically appraise the existing knowledge base. This paradigm also explains the deficiencies in some current therapeutic approaches, and highlights new areas of potential relevance to the pathogenesis and treatment of Raynaud phenomenon that should be expanded and explored.
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Role of the TREK2 potassium channel in cold and warm thermosensation and in pain perception. Pain 2014; 155:2534-2544. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pain.2014.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2014] [Revised: 08/29/2014] [Accepted: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Miller S, Rao S, Wang W, Liu H, Wang J, Gavva NR. Antibodies to the extracellular pore loop of TRPM8 act as antagonists of channel activation. PLoS One 2014; 9:e107151. [PMID: 25203266 PMCID: PMC4159296 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0107151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 08/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian transient receptor potential melastatin channel 8 (TRPM8) is highly expressed in trigeminal and dorsal root ganglia. TRPM8 is activated by cold temperature or compounds that cause a cooling sensation, such as menthol or icilin. TRPM8 may play a role in cold hypersensitivity and hyperalgesia in various pain syndromes. Therefore, TRPM8 antagonists are pursued as therapeutics. In this study we explored the feasibility of blocking TRPM8 activation with antibodies. We report the functional characterization of a rabbit polyclonal antibody, ACC-049, directed against the third extracellular loop near the pore region of the human TRPM8 channel. ACC-049 acted as a full antagonist at recombinantly expressed human and rodent TRPM8 channels in cell based agonist-induced 45Ca2+ uptake assays. Further, several poly-and monoclonal antibodies that recognize the same region also blocked icilin activation of not only recombinantly expressed TRPM8, but also endogenous TRPM8 expressed in rat dorsal root ganglion neurons revealing the feasibility of generating monoclonal antibody antagonists. We conclude that antagonist antibodies are valuable tools to investigate TRPM8 function and may ultimately pave the way for development of therapeutic antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silke Miller
- Department of Neuroscience, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California, United States of America
| | - Sara Rao
- Department of Neuroscience, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California, United States of America
| | - Weiya Wang
- Department of Neuroscience, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California, United States of America
| | - Hantao Liu
- Department of Neuroscience, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California, United States of America
| | - Judy Wang
- Department of Neuroscience, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California, United States of America
| | - Narender R. Gavva
- Department of Neuroscience, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California, United States of America
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Pertusa M, González A, Hardy P, Madrid R, Viana F. Bidirectional modulation of thermal and chemical sensitivity of TRPM8 channels by the initial region of the N-terminal domain. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:21828-43. [PMID: 24917670 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.565994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
TRPM8, a nonselective cation channel activated by cold, voltage, and cooling compounds such as menthol, is the principal molecular detector of cold temperatures in primary sensory neurons of the somatosensory system. The N-terminal domain of TRPM8 consists of 693 amino acids, but little is known about its contribution to channel function. Here, we identified two distinct regions within the initial N terminus of TRPM8 that contribute differentially to channel activity and proper folding and assembly. Deletion or substitution of the first 40 residues yielded channels with augmented responses to cold and menthol. The thermal threshold of activation of these mutants was shifted 2 °C to higher temperatures, and the menthol dose-response curve was displaced to lower concentrations. Site-directed mutagenesis screening revealed that single point mutations at positions Ser-26 or Ser-27 by proline caused a comparable increase in the responses to cold and menthol. Electrophysiological analysis of the S27P mutant revealed that the enhanced sensitivity to agonists is related to a leftward shift in the voltage dependence of activation, increasing the probability of channel openings at physiological membrane potentials. In addition, we found that the region encompassing positions 40-60 is a key element in the proper folding and assembly of TRPM8. Different deletions and mutations within this region rendered channels with an impaired function that are retained within the endoplasmic reticulum. Our results suggest a critical contribution of the initial region of the N-terminal domain of TRPM8 to thermal and chemical sensitivity and the proper biogenesis of this polymodal ion channel.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Pertusa
- From the Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, 9160000 Santiago, Chile and the Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernández-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 03550 Alicante, Spain
| | - Alejandro González
- From the Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, 9160000 Santiago, Chile and
| | - Paulina Hardy
- From the Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, 9160000 Santiago, Chile and
| | - Rodolfo Madrid
- From the Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, 9160000 Santiago, Chile and
| | - Félix Viana
- the Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernández-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 03550 Alicante, Spain
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40
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Madrid R, Pertusa M. Intimacies and physiological role of the polymodal cold-sensitive ion channel TRPM8. CURRENT TOPICS IN MEMBRANES 2014; 74:293-324. [PMID: 25366241 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800181-3.00011-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The detection of environmental temperature is critical for the survival of the most diverse organisms. Thermosensitive transient receptor potential (thermoTRP) channels have evolved as a class of ion channels activated by a wide range of temperatures. These molecular thermal sensors are spread through the different TRP channel subfamilies. Among the Melastatin subfamily of TRP channels, the eighth member, TRPM8, is a calcium-permeable cationic ion channel activated by cold, by substances that evoke cold sensation such as menthol, and by voltage. This channel is considered the main molecular entity responsible for the sensitivity to cold of primary sensory neurons of the somatosensory system. Here we present to the readers a summary of some the most relevant biophysical properties, physiological role, and molecular intimacies of this polymodal thermoTRP channel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodolfo Madrid
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - María Pertusa
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Abstract
Transient receptor potential melastatin 8 (TRPM8) was originally cloned from prostate tissue. Shortly thereafter, the protein was identified as a cold- and menthol-activated ion channel in peripheral sensory neurons, where it plays a critical role in cold temperature detection. In this chapter, we review our current understanding of the molecular and biophysical properties, the pharmacology, and the modulation by signaling molecules of this TRP channel. Finally, we examine the physiological role of TRPM8 and its emerging link to various human diseases, including pain, prostate cancer, dry eye disease, and metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Almaraz
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernández-CSIC, Avenida S. Ramón y Cajal s.n., San Juan de Alicante, 03550, Spain
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42
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Abstract
Nociception is the process whereby primary afferent nerve fibers of the somatosensory system detect noxious stimuli. Pungent irritants from pepper, mint, and mustard plants have served as powerful pharmacological tools for identifying molecules and mechanisms underlying this initial step of pain sensation. These natural products have revealed three members of the transient receptor potential (TRP) ion channel family--TRPV1, TRPM8, and TRPA1--as molecular detectors of thermal and chemical stimuli that activate sensory neurons to produce acute or persistent pain. Analysis of TRP channel function and expression has validated the existence of nociceptors as a specialized group of somatosensory neurons devoted to the detection of noxious stimuli. These studies are also providing insight into the coding logic of nociception and how specification of nociceptor subtypes underlies behavioral discrimination of noxious thermal, chemical, and mechanical stimuli. Biophysical and pharmacological characterization of these channels has provided the intellectual and technical foundation for developing new classes of analgesic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Julius
- Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, California 94158;
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Feketa VV, Balasubramanian A, Flores CM, Player MR, Marrelli SP. Shivering and tachycardic responses to external cooling in mice are substantially suppressed by TRPV1 activation but not by TRPM8 inhibition. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2013; 305:R1040-50. [PMID: 24005250 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00296.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Mild decrease of core temperature (32-34°C), also known as therapeutic hypothermia, is a highly effective strategy of neuroprotection from ischemia and holds significant promise in the treatment of stroke. However, induction of hypothermia in conscious stroke patients is complicated by cold-defensive responses, such as shivering and tachycardia. Although multiple thermoregulatory responses may be altered by modulators of thermosensitive ion channels, TRPM8 (transient receptor potential melastatin 8) and TRPV1 (TRP vanilloid 1), it is unknown whether these agents affect cold-induced shivering and tachycardia. The current study aimed to determine the effects of TRPM8 inhibition and TRPV1 activation on the shivering and tachycardic responses to external cooling. Conscious mice were treated with TRPM8 inhibitor compound 5 or TRPV1 agonist dihydrocapsaicin (DHC) and exposed to cooling at 10°C. Shivering was measured by electromyography using implanted electrodes in back muscles, tachycardic response by electrocardiography, and core temperature by wireless transmitters in the abdominal cavity. The role of TRPM8 was further determined using TRPM8 KO mice. TRPM8 ablation had no effect on total electromyographic muscle activity (vehicle: 24.0 ± 1.8; compound 5: 23.8 ± 2.0; TRPM8 KO: 19.7 ± 1.9 V·s/min), tachycardia (ΔHR = 124 ± 31; 121 ± 13; 121 ± 31 beats/min) and drop in core temperature (-3.6 ± 0.1; -3.4 ± 0.4; -3.6 ± 0.5°C) during cold exposure. TRPV1 activation substantially suppressed muscle activity (vehicle: 25.6 ± 3.0 vs. DHC: 5.1 ± 2.0 V·s/min), tachycardia (ΔHR = 204 ± 25 vs. 3 ± 35 beats/min) and produced a profound drop in core temperature (-2.2 ± 0.6 vs. -8.9 ± 0.6°C). In conclusion, external cooling-induced shivering and tachycardia are suppressed by TRPV1 activation, but not by TRPM8 inhibition. This suggests that TRPV1 agonists may be combined with external physical cooling to achieve more rapid and effective hypothermia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktor V Feketa
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics Graduate Program, Cardiovascular Sciences Track, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
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44
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Targeting TRP channels for pain relief. Eur J Pharmacol 2013; 716:61-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2013.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2012] [Accepted: 03/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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45
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Li Q, Zhou XD, Kolosov VP, Perelman JM. Salidroside reduces cold-induced mucin production by inhibiting TRPM8 activation. Int J Mol Med 2013; 32:637-46. [PMID: 23835496 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2013.1434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2013] [Accepted: 06/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Salidroside is an effective component of the traditional Chinese herb, Rhodiola rosea, that is known to have the ability to protect individuals from cold attacks. In the present study, we investigated the effects of salidroside on respiratory epithelial cells exposed to cold temperatures. We wished to determine whether salidroside exerts any effect on cold-induced mucin (MUC) production and the possible mechanisms involved in this process. We incubated HBE16 cells with salidroside, exposed them to a cold stimulus (18˚C), and assayed the following endpoints: MUC production (the expression of MUC5AC), concentration intracellular of free calcium ([Ca2+]i), the activation of the transient receptor potential melastatin 8 (TRPM8) channel and the cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB). Our results revealed a significant increase in the [Ca2+]i concentration, as well as in TRPM8 and CREB expression in the cold-stimulated cells. MUC5AC expression was also increased. Treatment of the cells with salidroside at concentrations of 50 and 100 µM decreased the [Ca2+]i concentration, with a maximal effect detected in the cells treated with 100 µM salidroside. The expression of TRPM8 and TRPM8 channel conductivity were also repressed by salidroside; salidroside decreased the high levels of CREB activity and phosphorylation observed in the cold-stimulated cells. Furthermore, we transfected the cold-stimulated cells with CREB small interfering RNA (siRNA) to analyze TRPM8 gene expression in the absence of CREB activity. The results revealed that the cells treated with either CREB siRNA or salidroside expressed low levels of TRPM8 mRNA and protein. These results indicate that salidroside reduces MUC overproduction induced by cold stimuli and that salidroside exerts its protective effects by inhibiting TRPM8 activation, mainly by decreasing CREB activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Li
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, P.R. China
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McCoy DD, Zhou L, Nguyen AK, Watts AG, Donovan CM, McKemy DD. Enhanced insulin clearance in mice lacking TRPM8 channels. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2013; 305:E78-88. [PMID: 23651844 PMCID: PMC3725566 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00542.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Blood glucose concentration is tightly regulated by the rate of insulin secretion and clearance, a process partially controlled by sensory neurons serving as metabolic sensors in relevant tissues. The activity of these neurons is regulated by the products of metabolism which regulate transmitter release, and recent evidence suggests that neuronally expressed ion channels of the transient receptor potential (TRP) family function in this critical process. Here, we report the novel finding that the cold and menthol-gated channel TRPM8 is necessary for proper insulin homeostasis. Mice lacking TRPM8 respond normally to a glucose challenge while exhibiting prolonged hypoglycemia in response to insulin. Additionally, Trpm8-/- mice have increased rates of insulin clearance compared with wild-type animals and increased expression of insulin-degrading enzyme in the liver. TRPM8 channels are not expressed in the liver, but TRPM8-expressing sensory afferents innervate the hepatic portal vein, suggesting a TRPM8-mediated neuronal control of liver insulin clearance. These results demonstrate that TRPM8 is a novel regulator of serum insulin and support the role of sensory innervation in metabolic homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel D McCoy
- Neurobiology Section, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
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Plevkova J, Kollarik M, Poliacek I, Brozmanova M, Surdenikova L, Tatar M, Mori N, Canning BJ. The role of trigeminal nasal TRPM8-expressing afferent neurons in the antitussive effects of menthol. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2013; 115:268-74. [PMID: 23640596 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01144.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The cold-sensitive cation channel TRPM8 is a target for menthol, which is used routinely as a cough suppressant and as an additive to tobacco and food products. Given that cold temperatures and menthol activate neurons through gating of TRPM8, it is unclear how menthol actively suppresses cough. In this study we describe the antitussive effects of (-)-menthol in conscious and anesthetized guinea pigs. In anesthetized guinea pigs, cough evoked by citric acid applied topically to the tracheal mucosa was suppressed by menthol only when it was selectively administered as vapors to the upper airways. Menthol applied topically to the tracheal mucosa prior to and during citric acid application or administered continuously as vapors or as an aerosol to the lower airways was without effect on cough. These actions of upper airway menthol treatment were mimicked by cold air delivered to the upper airways but not by (+)-menthol, the inactive isomer of menthol, or by the TRPM8/TRPA1 agonist icilin administered directly to the trachea. Subsequent molecular analyses confirmed the expression of TRPM8 in a subset of nasal trigeminal afferent neurons that do not coincidently express TRPA1 or TRPV1. We conclude that menthol suppresses cough evoked in the lower airways primarily through a reflex initiated from the nose.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Plevkova
- Department of Pathophysiology, Jessenius School of Medicine, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
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48
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A sensory-labeled line for cold: TRPM8-expressing sensory neurons define the cellular basis for cold, cold pain, and cooling-mediated analgesia. J Neurosci 2013; 33:2837-48. [PMID: 23407943 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1943-12.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Many primary sensory neurons are polymodal, responding to multiple stimulus modalities (chemical, thermal, or mechanical), yet each modality is recognized differently. Although polymodality implies that stimulus encoding occurs in higher centers, such as the spinal cord or brain, recent sensory neuron ablation studies find that behavioral responses to different modalities require distinct subpopulations, suggesting the existence of modality-specific labeled lines at the level of the sensory afferent. Here we provide evidence that neurons expressing TRPM8, a cold- and menthol-gated channel required for normal cold responses in mammals, represents a labeled line solely for cold sensation. We examined the behavioral significance of conditionally ablating TRPM8-expressing neurons in adult mice, finding that, like animals lacking TRPM8 channels (Trpm8(-/-)), animals depleted of TRPM8 neurons ("ablated") are insensitive to cool to painfully cold temperatures. Ablated animals showed little aversion to noxious cold and did not distinguish between cold and a preferred warm temperature, a phenotype more profound than that of Trpm8(-/-) mice which exhibit only partial cold-avoidance and -preference behaviors. In addition to acute responses, cold pain associated with inflammation and nerve injury was significantly attenuated in ablated and Trpm8(-/-) mice. Moreover, cooling-induced analgesia after nerve injury was abolished in both genotypes. Last, heat, mechanical, and proprioceptive behaviors were normal in ablated mice, demonstrating that TRPM8 neurons are dispensable for other somatosensory modalities. Together, these data show that, although some limited cold sensitivity remains in Trpm8(-/-) mice, TRPM8 neurons are required for the breadth of behavioral responses evoked by cold temperatures.
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Kurose M, Meng ID. Corneal dry-responsive neurons in the spinal trigeminal nucleus respond to innocuous cooling in the rat. J Neurophysiol 2013; 109:2517-22. [PMID: 23446686 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00889.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Corneal primary afferent neurons that respond to drying of the ocular surface have been previously characterized and found to respond to innocuous cooling, menthol, and hyperosmotic stimuli. The purpose of the present study was to examine the receptive field properties of second-order neurons in the trigeminal nucleus that respond to drying of the ocular surface. Single-unit electrophysiological recordings were performed in anesthetized rats, and dry-responsive corneal units were isolated in the brain stem at the transition zone between the spinal trigeminal subnucleus caudalis and subnucleus interpolaris. Corneal units were characterized according to their responses to changes in temperature (cooling and heating), hyperosmotic artificial tears, menthol, and low pH. All dry-responsive neurons (n = 18) responded to cooling of the ocular surface. In addition, these neurons responded to hyperosmotic stimuli and menthol application to the cornea. One-half of the neurons were activated by low pH, and these acid-sensitive neurons were also activated by noxious heat. Furthermore, neurons that were activated by low pH had a significantly lower response to cooling and menthol. These results indicate that dry-responsive neurons recorded in the trigeminal nucleus receive input from cold, sensitive primary afferent neurons, with a subset of these neurons receiving input from corneal primary afferent neurons sensitive to acid and noxious heat. It is proposed that acid-insensitive corneal neurons represent a labeled line for lacrimation in response to evaporation of tears from the ocular surface, whereas acid-sensitive neurons are involved in tearing, elicited by damaging or potentially damaging stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Kurose
- Division of Oral Physiology, Department of Oral Biological Sciences, Niigata University, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
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50
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Abstract
Of somatosensory modalities, cold is one of the more ambiguous percepts, evoking the pleasant sensation of cooling, the stinging bite of cold pain, and welcome relief from chronic pain. Moreover, unlike the precipitous thermal thresholds for heat activation of thermosensitive afferent neurons, thresholds for cold fibers are across a range of cool to cold temperatures that spans over 30 °C. Until recently, how cold produces this myriad of biological effects has been poorly studied, yet new advances in our understanding of cold mechanisms may portend a better understanding of sensory perception as well as provide novel therapeutic approaches. Chief among these was the identification of a number of ion channels that either serve as the initial detectors of cold as a stimulus in the peripheral nervous system, or are part of rather sophisticated differential expression patterns of channels that conduct electrical signals, thereby endowing select neurons with properties that are amenable to electrical signaling in the cold. This review highlights the current understanding of the channels involved in cold transduction as well as presents a hypothetical model to account for the broad range of cold thermal thresholds and distinct functions of cold fibers in perception, pain, and analgesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- David D. McKemy
- Section of Neurobiology,
Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
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