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Kawasaki H, Tominaga M, Shigenaga A, Kamo A, Kamata Y, Iizumi K, Kimura U, Ogawa H, Takamori K, Yamakura F. Importance of tryptophan nitration of carbonic anhydrase III for the morbidity of atopic dermatitis. Free Radic Biol Med 2014; 73:75-83. [PMID: 24838180 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2014.04.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2013] [Revised: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The nitration of proteins results from the vigorous production of reactive nitrogen species in inflammatory disease. We previously reported the proteomic analysis of nitrated tryptophan residues in in vitro model cells for inflammatory diseases using a 6-nitrotryptophan-specific antibody. In this paper, we applied this method to the analysis of a disease model animal and identified the 6-nitrotryptophan-containing proteins in the skin of atopic dermatitis model mice (AD-NC/Nga mice). We found three nitrotryptophan-containing proteins, namely, carbonic anhydrase III (CAIII), α-enolase (α-ENO), and cytoskeletal keratin type II (KTII), and identified the positions of the nitrotryptophan residues in their amino acid sequences: Trp47 and Trp123 in CAIII, Trp365 in α-ENO, and Trp221 in KTII. Among these, the nitration of CAIII was increased not only in the lesional skin of AD-NC/Nga mice but also in the mice that did not present any symptoms. The in vitro nitration of purified CAIII by peroxynitrite reduced its CO2 hydratase activity in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, we found that CAIII was induced during the differentiation of normal human epidermal keratinocytes. Furthermore, we found the presence of CAIII and the formation of 6-nitrotryptophan-containing proteins in both the lesional and the nonlesional sections of the skin of patients with atopic dermatitis through immunohistochemical staining. This study provides the first demonstration of the formation of 6-nitrotryptophan in human tissues and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Kawasaki
- The Institute for Environmental and Gender-Specific Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Inzai, Chiba 270-1695, Japan
| | - Mitsutoshi Tominaga
- The Institute for Environmental and Gender-Specific Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Inzai, Chiba 270-1695, Japan
| | - Ayako Shigenaga
- The Institute of Health and Sports Sciences, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Inzai, Chiba 270-1695, Japan
| | - Atsuko Kamo
- The Institute for Environmental and Gender-Specific Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Inzai, Chiba 270-1695, Japan
| | - Yayoi Kamata
- The Institute for Environmental and Gender-Specific Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Inzai, Chiba 270-1695, Japan
| | - Kyoichi Iizumi
- The Institute for Environmental and Gender-Specific Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Inzai, Chiba 270-1695, Japan
| | - Utako Kimura
- Department of Dermatology, Juntendo University Urayasu Hospital, Chiba 279-0021, Japan
| | - Hideoki Ogawa
- The Institute for Environmental and Gender-Specific Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Inzai, Chiba 270-1695, Japan
| | - Kenji Takamori
- The Institute for Environmental and Gender-Specific Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Inzai, Chiba 270-1695, Japan; Department of Dermatology, Juntendo University Urayasu Hospital, Chiba 279-0021, Japan
| | - Fumiyuki Yamakura
- Juntendo University School of Health Care and Nursing, Chiba 279-0021, Japan.
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Dumont N, Frenette J. Macrophages protect against muscle atrophy and promote muscle recovery in vivo and in vitro: a mechanism partly dependent on the insulin-like growth factor-1 signaling molecule. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2010; 176:2228-35. [PMID: 20304951 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2010.090884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Hindlimb unloading and reloading are characterized by a major loss of muscle force and are associated with classic leukocyte infiltration during recovery from muscle atrophy. Macrophages act as a cellular cornerstone by playing both pro- and anti-inflammatory roles during muscle recovery from atrophy. In the present study, we investigated the role of macrophages in muscle atrophy and regrowth using in vivo and in vitro models. Mice depleted in monocytes/macrophages and submitted to a hindlimb unloading and reloading protocol experienced a significant delay in muscle force recovery compared with matched placebo mice at 7 and 14 days after reloading. Furthermore, an in vitro myotube/macrophage coculture showed that anti-inflammatory macrophages, which contain apoptotic neutrophils and express low levels of cyclooxygenase-2, completely prevented the loss of protein content and the myotube atrophy observed after 2 days in low serum medium. The presence of macrophages also protected against the decrease in myosin heavy chain content in myotubes exposed to low serum medium for 1 day. Interestingly, the addition of an anti-IGF-1 antibody to the coculture significantly decreased the ability of macrophages to protect against myotube atrophy and myosin heavy chain loss after 2 days in low serum medium. These results clearly indicate that macrophages and, more precisely, the release of IGF-1 by macrophages, play an important role in recovery from muscle atrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Dumont
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université Laval, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
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Du AL, Du AL, Ren HM, Du AL, Ren HM, Lu CZ, Tu JL, Xu CF, Sun YA. Carbonic anhydrase III is insufficient in muscles of myasthenia gravis patients. Autoimmunity 2009; 42:209-15. [DOI: 10.1080/08916930802668610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Dumont N, Bouchard P, Frenette J. Neutrophil-induced skeletal muscle damage: a calculated and controlled response following hindlimb unloading and reloading. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2008; 295:R1831-8. [PMID: 18784335 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.90318.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophils phagocyte necrotic debris and release cytokines, enzymes, and oxidative factors. In the present study, we investigated the contribution of neutrophils to muscle injury, dysfunction, and recovery using an unloading and reloading model. Mice were submitted to 10 days of hindlimb unloading and were transiently depleted in neutrophils with anti-Ly6G/Ly6C antibody prior to reloading. Leukocyte accumulation and muscle function were assessed immunohistologically and functionally in vitro. In addition, soleus muscles submitted to unloading and reloading were incubated in vitro with LPS (100 microg/ml) to determine whether exogenous stimulus would activate neutrophil response and produce extensive muscle damage. Contractile properties were recorded every hour for 6 h, and muscles were subsequently incubated in procion orange to assess muscle damage. Neutrophil depletion affected neither the loss in muscle force nor the time of recovery in atrophied and reloaded soleus muscles. However, atrophied and reloaded soleus muscles that contained high concentration of neutrophils experienced a 20% greater loss in force than atrophied and reloaded soleus muscles depleted in neutrophils following in vitro incubation with LPS. Procion orange dye also confirmed that neutrophils induced a 2.5-fold increase in muscle membrane damage in the presence of LPS. These results show that neutrophil infiltration during modified mechanical loading is highly regulated and efficiently eliminated, with no significant muscle fiber injury unless the activation state of neutrophils is modified by the presence of LPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Dumont
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université Laval, 2705 Boulevard Laurier, T-R-93, Quebec City, QC, Canada G1V 4G2
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Dumont N, Lepage K, Côté CH, Frenette J. Mast cells can modulate leukocyte accumulation and skeletal muscle function following hindlimb unloading. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2007; 103:97-104. [PMID: 17395758 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01132.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Rodent hindlimb suspension is widely used to induce inflammation and muscle impairment. We set out to define the role of mast cells in neutrophil and macrophage recruitment and muscle recovery after unloading-reloading. We hypothesized that mechanical perturbation would stimulate release of proinflammatory substances by mast cells, which would influence leukocyte recruitment and muscle function. Rats were suspended for 10 days and injected with a mast cell inhibitor (cromolyn) or stimulator (compound 48/80) or a placebo before reloading. Leukocyte accumulation and muscle function were assessed using immunohistological staining and measurements of contractile properties in vitro. Our results showed that mechanical loading activated mast cells, thereby influencing leukocyte recruitment in the early reloading periods. Indeed, the inhibition of mast cell degranulation significantly reduced the number of neutrophil cell profiles in reloaded soleus muscle, whereas mast cell activation provoked a significant increase in the number of neutrophil cell profiles in uninjured muscle. However, the inhibition of mast cell degranulation also led to a significant increase in the number of ED1+ macrophage cell profiles. These perturbations in the inflammatory response caused by mast cell inhibition induced a short protective effect on the loss of muscle force after 1 day of reloading but delayed the return to the normal contractile properties of muscles after 14 days of reloading. These results indicate that mechanical loading can induce mast cell degranulation, which can influence leukocyte influx and muscle function, and also highlighted the possibility that leukocytes may play a dual role in skeletal muscles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Dumont
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université Laval, Canada
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Hussain SNA, Matar G, Barreiro E, Florian M, Divangahi M, Vassilakopoulos T. Modifications of proteins by 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal in the ventilatory muscles of rats. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2006; 290:L996-1003. [PMID: 16603597 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00337.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Although 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (HNE, a product of lipid peroxidation) is a major cause of oxidative damage inside skeletal muscles, the exact proteins modified by HNE are unknown. We used two-dimensional electrophoresis, immunoblotting, and mass spectrometry to identify selective proteins targeted by HNE inside the diaphragm of rats under two conditions: severe sepsis [induced by E. coli lipopolysaccharides (LPS)] and during strenuous muscle contractions elicited by severe inspiratory resistive loading (IRL). Diaphragm HNE-protein adduct formation (detected with a polyclonal antibody) increased significantly after 1 and 3 h of LPS injection with a return to baseline values thereafter. Similarly, HNE-protein adduct formation inside the diaphragm rose significantly after 6 but not 3 h of IRL. Mass spectrometry analysis of HNE-modified proteins revealed enolase 3b, aldolase and triosephosphate isomerase 1, creatine kinase, carbonic anyhdrase III, aconitase 2, dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase, and electron transfer flavoprotein-beta. Measurements of in vitro enolase activity in the presence of pure HNE revealed that HNE significantly attenuated enolase activity in a dose-dependent fashion, suggesting that HNE-derived modifications have inhibitory effects on enzyme activity. We conclude that lipid peroxidation products may inhibit muscle contractile performance through selective targeting of enzymes involved in glycolysis, energy production as well as CO(2) hydration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabah N A Hussain
- Critical Care and Respiratory Divisions, Royal Victoria Hospital, McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, 687 Pine Avenue West, Montreal, Quebec H3A 1A1, Canada.
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Beekley MD, Wetzel P, Kubis HP, Gros G. Contractile properties of skeletal muscle fibre bundles from mice deficient in carbonic anhydrase II. Pflugers Arch 2006; 452:453-63. [PMID: 16601982 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-006-0048-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2005] [Revised: 10/10/2005] [Accepted: 01/19/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The function of cytosolic carbonic anhydrase (CA) isozyme II is largely unknown in skeletal muscle. Because of this, we compared the in vitro contractile properties of extensor digitorum longus (EDL) and soleus (SOL) fibre bundles from mice deficient in CA II (CAD) to litter mate controls (LM). Twitch rise, 1/2 relaxation time and peak twitch force at 22 degrees C of fibre bundles from CAD EDL [28.4+/-1.4 ms, 31.2+/-2.3 ms, 6.2+/-1.0 Newton/cm(2) (N/cm(2)), respectively] and CAD SOL (54.2+/-7.5 ms, 75.7+/-13.8 ms, 2.9+/-0.5 N/cm(2), respectively) were significantly higher compared to LM EDL (20.5+/-2.2 ms, 21.9+/-3.7 ms, 4.5+/-0.2 N/cm(2)) and LM SOL (42.8+/-3.5 ms, 51.4+/-2.4 ms, 2.1+/-0.4 N/cm(2)). However, in acidic Krebs-Henseleit solution, mimicking the pH, PCO(2), and HCO(3) (-) of arterial blood from CAD mice, twitch rise, 1/2 relaxation time, and peak twitch force of fibre bundles from CAD EDL (19.3+/-0.7 ms, 19.7+/-2.3 ms, 4.8+/-0.8 N/cm(2)) and CAD SOL (41.4+/-3.6 ms, 51.9+/-5.5 ms, 2.2+/-0.7 N/cm(2)) were not significantly different from LM fibre bundles in normal Krebs-Henseleit solution (EDL: 19.7+/-1.1 ms, 21.6+/-0.6 ms, 4.7+/-0.2 N/cm(2); SOL: 42.5+/-3.1 ms, 51.8+/-2.6 ms, 1.8+/-0.3 N/cm(2)). A higher pH(i) during exposure to acidic bathing solution was maintained by CAD EDL (7.37+/-0.02) and CAD SOL (7.33+/-0.05) compared to LM EDL (7.28+/-0.04) and LM SOL (7.22+/-0.02). This suggests that the skeletal muscle of CAD mice possesses an improved defense of pH(i) against elevated pCO(2). In support of this, apparent non-bicarbonate buffer capacity (in mequiv H(+) (pH unit)(-1) (kg cell H(2)O)(-1)) as determined by pH microelectrode was markedly increased in CAD EDL (75.7+/-4.1) and CAD SOL (85.9+/-3.3) compared to LM EDL (39.3+/-4.7) and LM SOL (37.5+/-3.8). Both latter phenomena may be related to the slowed rate of intracellular acidification seen in CAD SOL in comparison with LM SOL upon an increase in PCO(2) of the bath. In conclusion, skeletal muscle from mice deficient in CA II exhibits altered handling of acid-base challenges and shows normal contractile behavior at normal intracellular pH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Beekley
- Zentrum Physiologie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, 30623 Hannover, Germany
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Barreiro E, Gea J, Matar G, Hussain SNA. Expression and carbonylation of creatine kinase in the quadriceps femoris muscles of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2005; 33:636-42. [PMID: 16166745 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2005-0114oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative protein modification involving carbonylation has recently been identified as an important factor in skeletal muscle dysfunction in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). However, the exact identity of modified proteins inside limb muscles of patients with COPD remains unknown. We used 2D electrophoresis, immunoblotting, and mass spectrometry to identify carbonylated proteins in the vastus lateralis muscle of 12 patients with COPD and 6 control subjects. Both creatine kinase (CK) and carbonic anhydrase III (CAIII) were identified as being strongly carbonylated in this muscle in both groups of subjects. Total CK activity, CK protein expression, and the intensity of CK carbonylation were significantly greater in the muscles of patients with COPD as compared with control subjects, whereas CAIII protein expression and intensity of carbonylation were similar in the two groups. In patients with COPD, CK activity and protein expression correlated positively with FEV(1) and V O(2)max, whereas the intensity of CK carbonylation correlated negatively with the same parameters. These results indicate that oxygen radicals selectively target CK and CAIII inside limb muscles of humans. The observation that the intensity of CK carbonylation correlates negatively with CK activity in limb muscles of patients with COPD suggests that carbonylation may have a deleterious effect on CK activity, and may contribute to impaired CK function in the limb muscles of these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Barreiro
- Critical Care and respiratory Divisions, Royal Victoria Hospital and Meakins-Christie Laboratories, McGill University, Room L3.05, 687 Pine Avenue West, Montreal, PQ, H3A 1A1 Canada
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Barreiro E, Gea J, Di Falco M, Kriazhev L, James S, Hussain SNA. Protein Carbonyl Formation in the Diaphragm. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2005; 32:9-17. [PMID: 15472139 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2004-0021oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Although protein carbonyl formation is an index of oxidative stress in skeletal muscles, the exact proteins, which undergo oxidation in these muscles, remain unknown. We used 2D electrophoresis, immunoblotting, and mass spectrometry to identify carbonylated proteins in the diaphragm in septic animals. Rats were injected with saline (control) or Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharides (LPS) and killed after various intervals. Diaphragm protein carbonylation increased significantly and peaked 12 h after LPS injection, and it was localized both inside muscle fibers and in blood vessels supplying muscle fibers. Aldolase A, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase, enolase 3beta, mitochondrial and cytosolic creatine kinases, alpha-actin, carbonic anyhdrase III, and ubiquinol-cytochrome c reductase were all carbonylated in septic rat diaphragms. In addition, we found significant negative correlations between the intensity of carbonylation and creatine kinase and aldolase activities. We conclude that glycolysis, ATP production, CO2 hydration, and contractile proteins are targeted by oxygen radicals inside the diaphragm during sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Barreiro
- Critical Care Division, Royal Victoria Hospital, McGill University Health Centre, and Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Frenette J, St-Pierre M, Côté CH, Mylona E, Pizza FX. Muscle impairment occurs rapidly and precedes inflammatory cell accumulation after mechanical loading. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2002; 282:R351-7. [PMID: 11792643 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00189.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Modified muscle use can result in muscle atrophy and impairment. We tested whether inflammatory cell concentrations correlate temporally with muscle impairment during modified loading periods. Rat hindlimbs were unloaded for 10 days followed by reloading. The density of neutrophils and ED1+ macrophages was significantly increased by 16.5- and 9.8-fold, respectively, after 1 day of reloading. ED2+ macrophage concentration was not significantly increased until 3 days of reloading. Maximal isometric tetanic tension (P(o); N/cm2) decreased during hindlimb suspension (HS), which was followed by a second drop in P(o) after 2 h of reloading. This latter loss in muscle force was uncoupled with the significant elevation in muscle inflammatory cell concentrations. Experiments where HS soleus muscles were incubated with caffeine revealed that at least 40% of the P(o) decrement at 2 h could be associated with a loss of efficiency of the excitation-contraction (E-C) coupling process. These data suggest that an important mechanism for the early loss in force is the inability to activate the contractile machinery likely caused by a failure in the E-C coupling process during the reloading period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme Frenette
- Department of Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Ste-Foy, Québec G1K 7P4, Canada
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Kowalchuk JM, Smith SA, Weening BS, Marsh GD, Paterson DH. Forearm muscle metabolism studied using (31)P-MRS during progressive exercise to fatigue after Acz administration. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2000; 89:200-9. [PMID: 10904053 DOI: 10.1152/jappl.2000.89.1.200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of acetazolamide (Acz)-induced carbonic anhydrase inhibition (CAI) on muscle intracellular thresholds (T) for intracellular pH (pH(i)) and inorganic phosphate-to-phosphate creatine ratio (P(i)/PCr) and the plasma lactate (La(-)) threshold were examined in nine adult male subjects performing forearm wrist flexion exercise to fatigue. Exercise consisted of raising and lowering (1-s contraction, 1-s relaxation) a cylinder whose volume increased at a rate of 200 ml/min. The protocol was performed during control (Con) and after 45 min of CAI with Acz (10 mg/kg body wt iv). T(pH(i)) and T(P(i)/PCr), determined using (31)P-labeled magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), were similar in Acz (722 +/- 50 and 796 +/- 75 mW, respectively) and Con (855 +/- 211 and 835 +/- 235 mW, respectively). The pH(i) was similar at end-exercise (6.38 +/- 0.10 Acz and 6.43 +/- 0.22 Con), but pH(i) recovery was slowed in Acz. In a separate experiment, blood was sampled from a deep arm vein at the elbow for determination of plasma lactate concentration ([La(-)](pl)) and T(La(-)). [La(-)](pl) was lower (P < 0.05) in Acz than Con (3.7 +/- 1.7 vs. 5.0 +/- 1.7 mmol/l) at end-exercise and in early recovery, but T(La(-)) was higher (1,433 +/- 243 vs. 1,041 +/- 414 mW, respectively). These data suggest that the lower [La(-)](pl) seen with CAI was not due to a delayed onset or rate of muscle La(-) accumulation but may be related to impaired La(-) removal from muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Kowalchuk
- The Centre for Activity and Ageing, School of Kinesiology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 3K7.
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Räisänen SR, Lehenkari P, Tasanen M, Rahkila P, Härkönen PL, Väänänen HK. Carbonic anhydrase III protects cells from hydrogen peroxide-induced apoptosis. FASEB J 1999; 13:513-22. [PMID: 10064618 DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.13.3.513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Carbonic anhydrase III (CA III; EC 4.2.1.1) is a cytoplasmic enzyme that exhibits a relatively low carbon dioxide hydratase activity. It is expressed at a very high level in skeletal muscle, where physical exercise has been shown to increase free radical production. In this work we show the effect of overexpression of CA III on cellular response to oxidative stress. Rat CA III cDNA was transfected to NIH/3T3 cells, which have no endogenous CA III expression. The isolated clones expressed CA III mRNA and protein. The protein was localized to cytoplasm and nuclei. Compared to parental cells, transfected cells showed lower basal oxidized state as judged by measurement of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) using fluorescent dye and an image analysis system. Addition of exogenous H2O2 to cells induced a rapid increase of ROS in control but not in CA III overexpressing cells. Association of this phenomenon with CA III expression was further confirmed by showing that overexpression of CA II could not prevent H2O2-stimulated increase of ROS. In proliferation assays, CA III overexpressing cells grew faster and were more resistant to cytotoxic concentrations of H2O2 than control cells. After a 16 h exposure to oxidative stress, the number of apoptotic cells was also reduced in transfectants. Our results suggest that CA III functions as an oxyradical scavenger and thus protects cells from oxidative damage. A lower level of free radicals in CA III overexpressing cells may also affect growth signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- S R Räisänen
- Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Anatomy and Medcity Research Laboratory, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
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