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Physiological rhythms are influenced by photophase wavelength in a nocturnal and a diurnal rodent species from South Africa. Physiol Behav 2021; 240:113551. [PMID: 34375624 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2021.113551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The quality and quantity of light changes significantly over the course of the day. The effect of light intensity on physiological and behavioural responses of animals has been well documented, particularly during the scotophase, but the effect of the wavelength of light, particularly during the photophase, less so. We assessed the daily responses in urine production, urinary 6-sulfatoxymelatonin (6-SMT) and glucocorticoid metabolite (uGCM) concentrations in the nocturnal Namaqua rock mouse (Micaelamys namaquensis) and diurnal four striped field mouse (Rhabdomys pumilio) under varying wavelengths of near monochromatic photophase (daytime) lighting. Animals were exposed to a short-wavelength light cycle (SWLC; ∼465-470 nm), a medium-wavelength light cycle (MWLC; ∼515-520 nm) and a long-wavelength light cycle (LWLC; ∼625-630 nm). The SWLC significantly attenuated mean daily urine production rates and the mean daily levels of urinary 6-SMT and of uGCM were inversely correlated with wavelength in both species. The presence of the SWLC greatly augmented overall daily 6-SMT levels, and simultaneously led to the highest uGCM concentrations in both species. In M. namaquensis, the urine production rate and urinary 6-SMT concentrations were significantly higher during the scotophase compared to the photophase under the SWLC and MWLC, whereas the uGCM concentrations were significantly higher during the scotophase under all WLCs. In R. pumilio, the urine production rate and uGCM were significantly higher during the scotophase of the SWLC, not the MWLC and LWLC. Our results illustrate that wavelength in the photophase plays a central role in the entrainment of rhythms in diurnal and nocturnal African rodent species.
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Zubidat AE, Fares B, Fares F, Haim A. Artificial Light at Night of Different Spectral Compositions Differentially Affects Tumor Growth in Mice: Interaction With Melatonin and Epigenetic Pathways. Cancer Control 2019; 25:1073274818812908. [PMID: 30477310 PMCID: PMC6259078 DOI: 10.1177/1073274818812908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Lighting technology is rapidly advancing toward shorter wavelength illuminations
that offer energy-efficient properties. Along with this advantage, the increased
use of such illuminations also poses some health challenges, particularly breast
cancer progression. Here, we evaluated the effects of artificial light at night
(ALAN) of 4 different spectral compositions (500-595 nm) at 350 Lux on melatonin
suppression by measuring its urine metabolite 6-sulfatoxymelatonin, global DNA
methylation, tumor growth, metastases formation, and urinary corticosterone
levels in 4T1 breast cancer cell-inoculated female BALB/c mice. The results
revealed an inverse dose-dependent relationship between wavelength and melatonin
suppression. Short wavelength increased tumor growth, promoted lung metastases
formation, and advanced DNA hypomethylation, while long wavelength lessened
these effects. Melatonin treatment counteracted these effects and resulted in
reduced cancer burden. The wavelength suppression threshold for
melatonin-induced tumor growth was 500 nm. These results suggest that short
wavelength increases cancer burden by inducing aberrant DNA methylation mediated
by the suppression of melatonin. Additionally, melatonin suppression and global
DNA methylation are suggested as promising biomarkers for early diagnosis and
therapy of breast cancer. Finally, ALAN may manifest other physiological
responses such as stress responses that may challenge the survival fitness of
the animal under natural environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- A E Zubidat
- 1 The Israeli Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Chronobiology, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - B Fares
- 2 Department of Human Biology, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel.,3 Department of Molecular Genetics, Carmel Medical Center, Haifa, Israel
| | - F Fares
- 2 Department of Human Biology, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel.,3 Department of Molecular Genetics, Carmel Medical Center, Haifa, Israel
| | - A Haim
- 1 The Israeli Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Chronobiology, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
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Agbaria S, Haim A, Fares F, Zubidat AE. Epigenetic modification in 4T1 mouse breast cancer model by artificial light at night and melatonin - the role of DNA-methyltransferase. Chronobiol Int 2019; 36:629-643. [PMID: 30746962 DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2019.1574265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Currently, one of the most disputed hypotheses regarding breast cancer (BC) development is exposure to short wavelength artificial light at night (ALAN) as multiple studies suggest a possible link between them. This link is suggested to be mediated by nocturnal melatonin suppression that plays an integral role in circadian regulations including cell division. The objective of the research was to evaluate effects of 1 × 30 min/midnight ALAN (134 µ Wcm-2, 460 nm) with or without nocturnal melatonin supplement on tumor development and epigenetic responses in 4T1 tumor-bearing BALB/c mice. Mice were monitored for body mass (Wb) and tumor volume for 3 weeks and thereafter urine samples were collected at regular intervals for determining daily rhythms of 6-sulfatoxymelatonin (6-SMT). Finally, mice were sacrificed and the tumor, lungs, liver, and spleen were excised for analyzing the total activity of DNA methyltransferases (DNMT) and global DNA methylation (GDM) levels. Mice exposed to ALAN significantly reduced 6-SMT levels and increased Wb, tumor volume, and lung metastasis compared with controls. These effects were diminished by melatonin. The DNMT activity and GDM levels showed tissue-specific response. The enzymatic activity and GDM levels were lower in tumor and liver and higher in spleen and lungs under ALAN compared with controls. Our results suggest that ALAN disrupts the melatonin rhythm and potentially leading to increased BC burden by affecting DNMT activity and GDM levels. These data may also be applicable to early detection and management of BC by monitoring melatonin and GDM levels as early biomarker of ALAN circadian disruption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahar Agbaria
- a Department of Human Biology , University of Haifa , Haifa , Israel
| | - Abraham Haim
- b The Israeli Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Chronobiology , University of Haifa , Haifa , Israel
| | - Fuad Fares
- a Department of Human Biology , University of Haifa , Haifa , Israel.,c Department of Molecular Genetics , Carmel Medical Center , Haifa , Israel
| | - Abed E Zubidat
- b The Israeli Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Chronobiology , University of Haifa , Haifa , Israel
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van der Merwe I, Oosthuizen MK, Ganswindt A, Haim A, Bennett NC. Effects of photophase illuminance on locomotor activity, urine production and urinary 6-sulfatoxymelatonin in nocturnal and diurnal South African rodents. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 220:1684-1692. [PMID: 28209805 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.146951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2016] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Effects of photophase illuminance (1, 10, 100 and 330 lx of white incandescent lighting) on daily rhythms of locomotor activity, urine production and 6-sulfatoxymelatonin (6-SMT; 10 versus 330 lx) were studied in nocturnal Namaqua rock mice (Micaelamys namaquensis) and diurnal four-striped field mice (Rhabdomys pumilio). Micaelamys namaquensis was consistently nocturnal (∼90-94% nocturnal activity), whereas considerable individual variation marked activity profiles in R. pumilio, but with activity mostly pronounced around twilight (∼55-66% diurnal activity). The amplitude of daily activity was distinctly affected by light intensity and this effect was greater in M. namaquensis than in R. pumilio Only M. namaquensis displayed a distinctive daily rhythm of urine production, which correlated with its activity rhythm. Mean daily urine production appeared to be attenuated under dim photophase conditions, particularly in R. pumilio The results suggest that the circadian regulation of locomotor activity and urine production possesses separate sensitivity thresholds to photophase illuminance. Micaelamys namaquensis expressed a significant daily 6-SMT rhythm that peaked during the late night, but the rhythm was attenuated by the brighter photophase cycle (330 lx). Rhabdomys pumilio appeared to express an ultradian 6-SMT rhythm under both lighting regimes with comparable mean daily 6-SMT values, but with different temporal patterns. It is widely known that a natural dark phase which is undisturbed by artificial light is essential for optimal circadian function. Here, we show that light intensity during the photophase also plays a key role in maintaining circadian rhythms in rodents, irrespective of their temporal activity rhythm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid van der Merwe
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield 0028, South Africa
| | - Maria K Oosthuizen
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield 0028, South Africa
| | - Andre Ganswindt
- Endocrine Research Laboratory, Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Ondesterpoort, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa
| | - Abraham Haim
- Israeli Center for Interdisciplinary Studies in Chronobiology, University of Haifa, Haifa 31905, Israel
| | - Nigel C Bennett
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield 0028, South Africa
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David RB, Roncari CF, Lauar MR, Vendramini RC, Antunes-Rodrigues J, Menani JV, De Luca LA. Sodium intake, brain c-Fos protein and gastric emptying in cell-dehydrated rats treated with methysergide into the lateral parabrachial nucleus. Physiol Behav 2015; 151:111-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2015.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Revised: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 07/10/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Brainstem areas activated by intermittent apnea in awake unrestrained rats. Neuroscience 2015; 297:262-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Revised: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Thunhorst RL, Beltz T, Johnson AK. Age-related declines in thirst and salt appetite responses in male Fischer 344×Brown Norway rats. Physiol Behav 2014; 135:180-8. [PMID: 24952266 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2014.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2014] [Revised: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The F344×BN strain is the first generational cross between Fischer 344 (F344) and Brown Norway (BN) rats. The F344×BN strain is widely used in aging studies as it is regarded as a model of "healthy" aging (Sprott, 1991). In the present work, male F344×BN rats aged 4mo (young, n=6) and 20mo (old, n=9) received a series of experimental challenges to body fluid homeostasis to determine their thirst and salt appetite responses. Corresponding urinary responses were measured in some of the studies. Following sodium depletion, old rats ingested less saline solution (0.3M NaCl) than young rats on a body weight basis, but both ages drank enough saline solution to completely repair the accrued sodium deficits. Following intracellular dehydration, old rats drank less water than young rats, again on a body weight basis, and were less able than young rats to drink amounts of water proportionate to the osmotic challenge. Compared with young rats, old rats drank less of both water and saline solution after combined food and fluid restriction, and also were refractory to the stimulatory effects of low doses of captopril on water drinking and sodium ingestion. Age differences in urinary water and sodium excretion could not account for the age differences in accumulated water and sodium balances. These results extend observations of diminished behavioral responses of aging animals to the F344×BN rat strain and support the idea that impairments in behavior contribute more to the waning ability of aging animals to respond to body fluid challenges than do declines in kidney function. In addition, the results suggest that behavioral defense of sodium homeostasis is less diminished with age in the F344×BN strain compared to other strains so far studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert L Thunhorst
- Department of Psychology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242-1407, United States; The Cardiovascular Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242-1407, United States.
| | - Terry Beltz
- Department of Psychology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242-1407, United States
| | - Alan Kim Johnson
- Department of Psychology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242-1407, United States; Department of Health and Human Physiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242-1407, United States; Department of Pharmacology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242-1407, United States; The Cardiovascular Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242-1407, United States
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Thunhorst RL, Beltz TG, Johnson AK. Effects of aging on mineralocorticoid-induced salt appetite in rats. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2013; 305:R1498-505. [PMID: 24133100 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00349.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This work examined the effects of age on salt appetite measured in the form of daily saline (i.e., 0.3 M NaCl) drinking in response to administration of deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA; 5 mg/kg body wt) using young (4 mo), "middle-aged" adult (12 mo), and old (30 mo) male Brown Norway rats. Water and sodium intakes, excretions, and balances were determined daily. The salt appetite response was age dependent with "middle-aged" rats ingesting the most saline solution followed in order by young and then old rats. While old rats drank the least saline solution, the amounts of saline ingested still were copious and comprise an unambiguous demonstration of salt appetite in old rats. Middle-aged rats had the highest saline preference ratios of the groups under baseline conditions and throughout testing consistent with an increased avidity for sodium taste. There were age differences in renal handling of water and sodium that were consistent with a renal contribution to the greater saline intakes by middle-aged rats. There was evidence of impaired renal function in old rats, but this did not account for the reduced saline intakes of the oldest rats.
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Zubidat AE, Nelson RJ, Haim A. Spectral and duration sensitivity to light-at-night in 'blind' and sighted rodent species. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 214:3206-17. [PMID: 21900468 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.058883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Light-at-night (LAN) has become a defining feature of human and animal ecosystems and may possibly compromise human and animal physiology and health. Spectral and acclimation duration (AD) sensitivity were compared between social voles (Microtus socialis) and 'blind' mole rats (Spalax ehrenbergi) in four increasing ADs (0, 1, 7 and 21 days) to LAN (1×30 min, 293 μW cm(-2)) of three different monochromatic lights [blue (479 nm), yellow (586 nm) and red (697 nm)]. Animals were sampled for urine and oxygen consumption (V(O(2))) promptly after each LAN-AD. Urine samples were analyzed for production rate, urinary 6-sulfatoxymelatonin and urinary metabolites of adrenalin and cortisol. Overall, the blue light elicited the greatest effects on the biological markers of M. socialis, whereas similar effects were detected for S. ehrenbergi in response to red light. The increasing LAN-AD resulted in a dose-dependent decrement of all markers tested, except of stress hormones, which showed a direct positive correlation with LAN-AD. Our results suggest that: (1) photoperiod is an important cue for entraining physiological functions in the 'blind' S. ehrenbergi, which is essentially characterized by red-shifted sensitivity compared with the blue-shifted sensitivity detected for the sighted counterpart species, and (2) there is a strong association between LAN of the appropriate wavelength and adrenal endocrine responses, suggesting that LAN is a potential environmental stressor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abed E Zubidat
- Department of Evolution and Environmental Biology, University of Haifa, Mount Carmel, Haifa 31905, Israel.
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Zubidat AE, Nelson RJ, Haim A. Photosensitivity to different light intensities in blind and sighted rodents. J Exp Biol 2009; 212:3857-64. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.033969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARY
Photoperiod is an important cue regulating biological rhythms in mammals, including ‘blind’ subterranean and sighted fossorial rodent species. These species may respond differentially to changes in light quality according to their retinal complexity. The effects of increasing light intensity on daily rhythms of urine excretion and urinary output of 6-sulfatoxymelatonin levels were compared in ‘blind’ mole rats Spalax ehrenbergi and sighted social voles, Microtus socialis. Our results show that the threshold irradiance required to entrain rhythms of voles is three magnitudes greater than that for mole rats. The results suggest that mole rats have an operational photoreceptive pathway with a lower threshold irradiance than voles. Such a low threshold reflects the remarkable capability of this ‘blind’ species to utilize light signals even under challenging light conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. E. Zubidat
- Department of Evolution and Environmental Biology, University of Haifa, Haifa 31905, Israel
| | - R. J. Nelson
- Departments of Psychology and Neuroscience, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - A. Haim
- Department of Evolution and Environmental Biology, University of Haifa, Haifa 31905, Israel
- Department of Biology, University of Haifa—Oranim, Kiryat Tivon 36006, Israel
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Moreira TS, Takakura AC, Colombari E, Menani JV. Antihypertensive effects of central ablations in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2009; 296:R1797-806. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.90730.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Commissural nucleus of the solitary tract (commNTS) lesions transitorily (first 5 days) reduce mean arterial pressure (MAP) in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), and lesions of the tissue surrounding the anteroventral third ventricle (AV3V region) chronically reduce MAP in other models of hypertension. In the present study, we investigated the effects of combined AV3V+commNTS electrolytic lesions on MAP and heart rate (HR) in conscious SHR. Baseline MAP and HR were recorded in male SHR before and for the next 40 days after sham or AV3V lesions combined with sham or commNTS lesions. The AV3V lesions produced no change in MAP in SHR, while commNTS lesions reduced MAP acutely (121 ± 2 to 127 ± 3 mmHg in the 1st and 5th days, respectively, vs. prelesion: 192 ± 4 mmHg) but not chronically (from 10 to 40 days). However, combined AV3V+commNTS lesions reduced MAP of SHR chronically (119 ± 2 to 161 ± 4 mmHg, in the 1st and 40th day, respectively, vs. prelesion levels: 186 ± 4 mmHg) or sham-lesioned SHR (187 ± 4 to 191 ± 6 mmHg). Sympathetic and angiotensinergic blockade produced less reduction in MAP in SHR with AV3V+commNTS-lesions, and there was no relationship between changes on water and food intake, body weight, or urinary excretion produced by AV3V+commNTS lesions with the changes in MAP. The present findings suggest that in the absence of the commNTS, the AV3V region contributes to the hypertension observed in SHR by mechanisms that appear to involve enhanced angiotensinergic and sympathetic activity.
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Rowland NE, Farnbauch LJ, Crews EC. Sodium deficiency and salt appetite in ICR: CD1 mice. Physiol Behav 2004; 80:629-35. [PMID: 14984796 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2003.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2003] [Revised: 09/29/2003] [Accepted: 11/07/2003] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Using an outbred strain of mouse, we examined several characteristics of sodium appetite induced by depletion. We found that an appetite for 0.15 M NaCl solution was stimulated 24 h after injection of furosemide and access to a low-sodium diet, but not by low-sodium diet alone. When the duration of exposure to low-sodium diet was increased from 1 to 7 days, there was no additional effect on either the appetite or the blood plasma changes including elevated hematocrit ratio, protein and aldosterone concentrations, and plasma renin activity (PRA). Mice also showed an appetite for hypertonic (0.5 M) NaCl in solutions or in a gel matrix; the intakes of these two were comparable but the gel measurement was gravimetric so maybe more accurate. In the same study, we showed that single injections of either 10 or 40 mg/kg furosemide followed by a 24-h low-sodium diet produced similar appetites, but that 2.5 mg/kg had a submaximal effect. Lastly, we further validated the use of the gel matrix by showing in chronically depleted mice that intake was inversely related to NaCl concentration in the range 0.5-1.5 M, and that appetite was selective for sodium but not the anion with which it was paired.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil E Rowland
- Department of Psychology, University of Florida, PO Box 112250, Gainesville, FL 32611-2250, USA.
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Sato MA, Schoorlemmer GHM, Menani JV, Lopes OU, Colombari E. Recovery of high blood pressure after chronic lesions of the commissural NTS in SHR. Hypertension 2003; 42:713-8. [PMID: 12900428 DOI: 10.1161/01.hyp.0000086523.51029.ec] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Acute electrolytic lesions of the commissural nucleus of the solitary tract (commNTS) reduce blood pressure (BP) in SHR but not in normotensive Wistar-Kyoto and Wistar rats and abolish the pressor response to intravenous injection of potassium cyanide. We investigated the chronic effect of commNTS lesions on mean arterial pressure (MAP), and on baroreceptor and chemoreceptor reflex responses in SHR. The contribution of the sympathetic nervous system and the hormones vasopressin and angiotensin II to maintenance of BP in lesioned SHR was also investigated. MAP fell to normotensive levels the day after lesioning the commNTS but returned to the hypertensive level 9 days later. The reflex tachycardia evoked by sodium nitroprusside remained attenuated for 10 days after commNTS lesions but became enhanced 30 days after commNTS lesions. The pressor component of the chemoreflex elicited by potassium cyanide remained blocked for 30 days after lesions. Vasopressin antagonist or ACE blocker did not change MAP in sham or commNTS-lesioned SHR. Ganglionic blockade with hexamethonium elicited similar reductions in MAP in sham and commNTS-lesioned SHR. Results demonstrated that commNTS lesions in SHR produce a transient fall in BP and a long-lasting inhibition of the pressor response of the chemoreflex. Therefore, the blockade of the pressor response to peripheral chemoreflex activation is not sufficient to chronically reduce MAP in SHR. In the chronic absence of the commNTS, other subnuclei of the NTS or other brain stem nuclei may reorganize to replace the function of commNTS neurons, restoring sympathetic activity and high BP in SHR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Akemi Sato
- Department of Physiology, Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas E Lohmeier
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, MS 39216-4505, USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ole Skøtt
- Physiology and Pharmacology, Univ. of Southern Denmark, 21 Winsløwparken, DK-5000 Odense, Denmark.
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