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Apodaca G. Defining the molecular fingerprint of bladder and kidney fibroblasts. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2023; 325:F826-F856. [PMID: 37823192 PMCID: PMC10886799 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00284.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibroblasts are integral to the organization and function of all organs and play critical roles in pathologies such as fibrosis; however, we have limited understanding of the fibroblasts that populate the bladder and kidney. In this review, I describe how transcriptomics is leading to a revolution in our understanding of fibroblast biology by defining the molecular fingerprint (i.e., transcriptome) of universal and specialized fibroblast types, revealing gene signatures that allows one to resolve fibroblasts from other mesenchymal cell types, and providing a new comprehension of the fibroblast lineage. In the kidney, transcriptomics is giving us new insights into the molecular fingerprint of kidney fibroblasts, including those for cortical fibroblasts, medullary fibroblasts, and erythropoietin (EPO)-producing Norn fibroblasts, as well as new information about the gene signatures of kidney myofibroblasts and the transition of kidney fibroblasts into myofibroblasts. Transcriptomics has also revealed that the major cell type in the bladder interstitium is the fibroblast, and that multiple fibroblast types, each with their own molecular fingerprint, are found in the bladder wall. Interleaved throughout is a discussion of how transcriptomics can drive our future understanding of fibroblast identification, diversity, function, and their roles in bladder and kidney biology and physiology in health and in disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerard Apodaca
- Renal-Electrolyte Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
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2
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Clayton DR, Ruiz WG, Dalghi MG, Montalbetti N, Carattino MD, Apodaca G. Studies of ultrastructure, gene expression, and marker analysis reveal that mouse bladder PDGFRA + interstitial cells are fibroblasts. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2022; 323:F299-F321. [PMID: 35834272 PMCID: PMC9394772 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00135.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblasts are crucial to normal and abnormal organ and tissue biology, yet we lack basic insights into the fibroblasts that populate the bladder wall. Candidates may include bladder interstitial cells (also referred to as myofibroblasts, telocytes, and interstitial cells of Cajal-like cells), which express the fibroblast-associated marker PDGFRA along with VIM and CD34 but whose form and function remain enigmatic. By applying the latest insights in fibroblast transcriptomics, coupled with studies of gene expression, ultrastructure, and marker analysis, we observe the following: 1) that mouse bladder PDGFRA+ cells exhibit all of the ultrastructural hallmarks of fibroblasts including spindle shape, lack of basement membrane, abundant endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi, and formation of homotypic cell-cell contacts (but not heterotypic ones); 2) that they express multiple canonical fibroblast markers (including Col1a2, CD34, LY6A, and PDGFRA) along with the universal fibroblast genes Col15a1 and Pi16 but they do not express Kit; and 3) that PDGFRA+ fibroblasts include suburothelial ones (which express ACTA2, CAR3, LY6A, MYH10, TNC, VIM, Col1a2, and Col15a1), outer lamina propria ones (which express CD34, LY6A, PI16, VIM, Col1a2, Col15a1, and Pi16), intermuscular ones (which express CD34, VIM, Col1a2, Col15a1, and Pi16), and serosal ones (which express CD34, PI16, VIM, Col1a2, Col15a1, and Pi16). Collectively, our study revealed that the ultrastructure of PDFRA+ interstitial cells combined with their expression of multiple canonical and universal fibroblast-associated gene products indicates that they are fibroblasts. We further propose that there are four regionally distinct populations of fibroblasts in the bladder wall, which likely contribute to bladder function and dysfunction.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We currently lack basic insights into the fibroblasts that populate the bladder wall. By exploring the ultrastructure of mouse bladder connective tissue cells, combined with analyses of their gene and protein expression, our study revealed that PDGRA+ interstitial cells (also referred to as myofibroblasts, telocytes, and interstitial cells of Cajal-like cells) are fibroblasts and that the bladder wall contains multiple, regionally distinct populations of these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis R Clayton
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Wily G Ruiz
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Marianela G Dalghi
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Marcelo D Carattino
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Gerard Apodaca
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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3
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Lee K, Park SO, Choi PC, Ryoo SB, Lee H, Peri LE, Zhou T, Corrigan RD, Yanez AC, Moon SB, Perrino BA, Sanders KM, Koh SD. Molecular and functional characterization of detrusor PDGFRα positive cells in spinal cord injury-induced detrusor overactivity. Sci Rep 2021; 11:16268. [PMID: 34381120 PMCID: PMC8357952 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-95781-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Volume accommodation occurs via a novel mechanism involving interstitial cells in detrusor muscles. The interstitial cells in the bladder are PDGFRα+, and they restrain the excitability of smooth muscle at low levels and prevents the development of transient contractions (TCs). A common clinical manifestation of spinal cord injury (SCI)-induced bladder dysfunction is detrusor overactivity (DO). Although a myogenic origin of DO after SCI has been suggested, a mechanism for development of SCI-induced DO has not been determined. In this study we hypothesized that SCI-induced DO is related to loss of function in the regulatory mechanism provided by PDGFRα+ cells. Our results showed that transcriptional expression of Pdgfra and Kcnn3 was decreased after SCI. Proteins encoded by these genes also decreased after SCI, and a reduction in PDGFRα+ cell density was also documented. Loss of PDGFRα+ cells was due to apoptosis. TCs in ex vivo bladders during filling increased dramatically after SCI, and this was related to the loss of regulation provided by SK channels, as we observed decreased sensitivity to apamin. These findings show that damage to the mechanism restraining muscle contraction during bladder filling that is provided by PDGFRα+ cells is causative in the development of DO after SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Lee
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, NV, 89557, USA
| | - Sang O Park
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Pil-Cho Choi
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seung-Bum Ryoo
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University Hospital, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Haeyeong Lee
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, NV, 89557, USA
| | - Lauren E Peri
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, NV, 89557, USA
| | - Tong Zhou
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, NV, 89557, USA
| | - Robert D Corrigan
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, NV, 89557, USA
| | - Andrew C Yanez
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, NV, 89557, USA
| | - Suk B Moon
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Brian A Perrino
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, NV, 89557, USA
| | - Kenton M Sanders
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, NV, 89557, USA
| | - Sang Don Koh
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, NV, 89557, USA.
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4
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Fry CH, McCloskey KD. Purinergic signalling in the urinary bladder - When function becomes dysfunction. Auton Neurosci 2021; 235:102852. [PMID: 34329833 DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2021.102852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Knowledge of the participation of ATP and related purines in urinary tract physiology has been established over the last five decades through the work of many independent groups, inspired by, and building on the pioneering studies of Professor Geoffrey Burnstock and his coworkers. As part of a series of reviews in this tribute edition, the present article summarises our current understanding of purines and purinergic signalling in modulating and regulating urinary tract function. Purinergic mechanisms underlying the origin of bladder pain; sensations of bladder filling and urinary tract motility; and regulation of detrusor smooth muscle contraction are described, encompassing the relevant history of discovery and consolidation of knowledge as methodologies and pharmacological tools have developed. We consider normal physiology, including development and ageing and then move to pathophysiology, discussing the causal and consequential contribution of purinergic signalling mechanism and their constituent components (receptors, signal transduction, effector molecules) to bladder dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher H Fry
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology & Neuroscience, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
| | - Karen D McCloskey
- Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK.
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Dalghi MG, Montalbetti N, Carattino MD, Apodaca G. The Urothelium: Life in a Liquid Environment. Physiol Rev 2020; 100:1621-1705. [PMID: 32191559 PMCID: PMC7717127 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00041.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The urothelium, which lines the renal pelvis, ureters, urinary bladder, and proximal urethra, forms a high-resistance but adaptable barrier that surveils its mechanochemical environment and communicates changes to underlying tissues including afferent nerve fibers and the smooth muscle. The goal of this review is to summarize new insights into urothelial biology and function that have occurred in the past decade. After familiarizing the reader with key aspects of urothelial histology, we describe new insights into urothelial development and regeneration. This is followed by an extended discussion of urothelial barrier function, including information about the roles of the glycocalyx, ion and water transport, tight junctions, and the cellular and tissue shape changes and other adaptations that accompany expansion and contraction of the lower urinary tract. We also explore evidence that the urothelium can alter the water and solute composition of urine during normal physiology and in response to overdistension. We complete the review by providing an overview of our current knowledge about the urothelial environment, discussing the sensor and transducer functions of the urothelium, exploring the role of circadian rhythms in urothelial gene expression, and describing novel research tools that are likely to further advance our understanding of urothelial biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianela G Dalghi
- Department of Medicine, Renal-Electrolyte Division, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Nicolas Montalbetti
- Department of Medicine, Renal-Electrolyte Division, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Marcelo D Carattino
- Department of Medicine, Renal-Electrolyte Division, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Gerard Apodaca
- Department of Medicine, Renal-Electrolyte Division, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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McCloskey KD, Wyndaele JJ, Speich JE, Birder L, Nelson PP. Should we be revisiting LUT basic science and clinical measurement of LUT sensation to improve patient care? ICI-RS 2019. Neurourol Urodyn 2020; 39 Suppl 3:S23-S29. [PMID: 32662560 DOI: 10.1002/nau.24273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
AIMS This article reviews current knowledge of the underpinning mechanisms of how the bladder senses fullness locally and also revisits clinical measurements of lower urinary tract sensation. The former represents cellular sensing during bladder filling whereas the latter describes the sensations leading to conscious perception of bladder fullness. METHODS The topic was discussed in a "think tank" session at the 2019 International Consultation on Incontinence-Research Symposium in Bristol, UK; summarized in the present review. RESULTS Recent advances in the basic science of bladder sensing relating to (a) the bladder wall-urothelial cells, sensory nerves, interstitial cells, and smooth muscle cells and (b) putative chemo/mechanosensors in the urethra-paraneurons or "brush cells" are discussed. Validated clinical measurement of lower urinary tract sensation is reviewed in the context of how this could be better harnessed for patient benefit. We discuss the potential of app/tablet/mobile technology based on triggers and distractors to override aberrant local sensing/higher sensation and how these technologies could be utilized in treatment. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that a better understanding of bladder sensation is essential to inform clinical management of lower urinary tract symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen D McCloskey
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | | | - John E Speich
- Department of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering, College of Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Lori Birder
- Departments of Medicine-Renal Electrolyte Division and Pharmacology/Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Pierre P Nelson
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Hôpital Rothschild, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
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Fry CH, McCloskey KD. Spontaneous Activity and the Urinary Bladder. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1124:121-147. [PMID: 31183825 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-5895-1_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The urinary bladder has two functions: to store urine, when it is relaxed and highly compliant; and void its contents, when intravesical pressure rises due to co-ordinated contraction of detrusor smooth muscle in the bladder wall. Superimposed on this description are two observations: (1) the normal, relaxed bladder develops small transient increases of intravesical pressure, mirrored by local bladder wall movements; (2) pathological, larger pressure variations (detrusor overactivity) can occur that may cause involuntary urine loss and/or detrusor overactivity. Characterisation of these spontaneous contractions is important to understand: how normal bladder compliance is maintained during filling; and the pathophysiology of detrusor overactivity. Consideration of how spontaneous contractions originate should include the structural complexity of the bladder wall. Detrusor smooth muscle layer is overlain by a mucosa, itself a complex structure of urothelium and a lamina propria containing sensory nerves, micro-vasculature, interstitial cells and diffuse muscular elements.Several theories, not mutually exclusive, have been advanced for the origin of spontaneous contractions. These include intrinsic rhythmicity of detrusor muscle; modulation by non-muscular pacemaking cells in the bladder wall; motor input to detrusor by autonomic nerves; regulation of detrusor muscle excitability and contractility by the adjacent mucosa and spontaneous contraction of elements of the lamina propria. This chapter will consider evidence for each theory in both normal and overactive bladder and how their significance may vary during ageing and development. Further understanding of these mechanisms may also identify novel drug targets to ameliorate the clinical consequences of large contractions associated with detrusor overactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher H Fry
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
| | - Karen D McCloskey
- School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
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8
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Xu P, Feng X, Luan H, Wang J, Ge R, Li Z, Bian J. Current knowledge on the nucleotide agonists for the P2Y2 receptor. Bioorg Med Chem 2017; 26:366-375. [PMID: 29254895 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2017.11.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Revised: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
P2Y receptors are G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) for extracellular nucleotides. There are eight mammalian P2Y receptor subtypes (P2Y1, P2Y2, P2Y4, P2Y6, P2Y11, P2Y12, P2Y13, and P2Y14). P2Y2 receptors are widely expressed and play important roles in multiple functionalities. Diquafosol tetrasodium, known as INS365, which was the first P2Y2 receptor agonists that had been approved in April 2010 and launched in Japan by Santen Pharmaceuticals. Besides, a series of similar agonists for the P2Y2 receptor are undergoing development to cure different diseases related to the P2Y2 receptor. This article illustrated the structure and functions of the P2Y2 receptor and focused on several kinds of agonists about their molecular structures, research progress and chemical synthesis methods. Last but not the least, we summarized the structures-activity relationship (SAR) of agonists for the P2Y2 receptor and expected more efficient agonists for the P2Y2 receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China; Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Xi Feng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China; Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongyu Luan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China; Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Jubo Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China; Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Raoling Ge
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China; Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiyu Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jinlei Bian
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China.
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Koh SD, Lee H, Ward SM, Sanders KM. The Mystery of the Interstitial Cells in the Urinary Bladder. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2017; 58:603-623. [PMID: 28992432 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-010617-052615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Intrinsic mechanisms to restrain smooth muscle excitability are present in the bladder, and premature contractions during filling indicate a pathological phenotype. Some investigators have proposed that c-Kit+ interstitial cells (ICs) are pacemakers and intermediaries in efferent and afferent neural activity, but recent findings suggest these cells have been misidentified and their functions have been misinterpreted. Cells reported to be c-Kit+ cells colabel with vimentin antibodies, but vimentin is not a specific marker for c-Kit+ cells. A recent report shows that c-Kit+ cells in several species coexpress mast cell tryptase, suggesting that they are likely to be mast cells. In fact, most bladder ICs labeled with vimentin antibodies coexpress platelet-derived growth factor receptor α (PDGFRα). Rather than an excitatory phenotype, PDGFRα+ cells convey inhibitory regulation in the detrusor, and inhibitory mechanisms are activated by purines and stretch. PDGFRα+ cells restrain premature development of contractions during bladder filling, and overactive behavior develops when the inhibitory pathways in these cells are blocked. PDGFRα+ cells are also a prominent cell type in the submucosa and lamina propria, but little is known about their function in these locations. Effective pharmacological manipulation of bladder ICs depends on proper identification and further study of the pathways in these cells that affect bladder functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Don Koh
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada 89557, USA;
| | - Haeyeong Lee
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada 89557, USA;
| | - Sean M Ward
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada 89557, USA;
| | - Kenton M Sanders
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada 89557, USA;
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10
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Lee H, Koh BH, Peri LE, Corrigan RD, Lee HT, George NE, Bhetwal BP, Xie Y, Perrino BA, Chai TC, Sanders KM, Koh SD. Premature contractions of the bladder are suppressed by interactions between TRPV4 and SK3 channels in murine detrusor PDGFRα + cells. Sci Rep 2017; 7:12245. [PMID: 28947806 PMCID: PMC5613012 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-12561-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
During filling, urinary bladder volume increases dramatically with little change in pressure. This is accomplished by suppressing contractions of the detrusor muscle that lines the bladder wall. Mechanisms responsible for regulating detrusor contraction during filling are poorly understood. Here we describe a novel pathway to stabilize detrusor excitability involving platelet-derived growth factor receptor-α positive (PDGFRα+) interstitial cells. PDGFRα+ cells express small conductance Ca2+-activated K+ (SK) and TRPV4 channels. We found that Ca2+ entry through mechanosensitive TRPV4 channels during bladder filling stabilizes detrusor excitability. GSK1016790A (GSK), a TRPV4 channel agonist, activated a non-selective cation conductance that coupled to activation of SK channels. GSK induced hyperpolarization of PDGFRα+ cells and decreased detrusor contractions. Contractions were also inhibited by activation of SK channels. Blockers of TRPV4 or SK channels inhibited currents activated by GSK and increased detrusor contractions. TRPV4 and SK channel blockers also increased contractions of intact bladders during filling. Similar enhancement of contractions occurred in bladders of Trpv4 -/- mice during filling. An SK channel activator (SKA-31) decreased contractions during filling, and rescued the overactivity of Trpv4 -/- bladders. Our findings demonstrate how Ca2+ influx through TRPV4 channels can activate SK channels in PDGFRα+ cells and prevent bladder overactivity during filling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haeyeong Lee
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, NV, 89557, USA.
| | - Byoung H Koh
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, NV, 89557, USA
| | - Lauren E Peri
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, NV, 89557, USA
| | - Robert D Corrigan
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, NV, 89557, USA
| | - Hyun-Tai Lee
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, NV, 89557, USA
| | - Nikita E George
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, NV, 89557, USA
| | - Bhupal P Bhetwal
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, NV, 89557, USA
| | - Yeming Xie
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, NV, 89557, USA
| | - Brian A Perrino
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, NV, 89557, USA
| | - Toby C Chai
- Department of Urology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06519, USA
| | - Kenton M Sanders
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, NV, 89557, USA
| | - Sang Don Koh
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, NV, 89557, USA
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11
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Drumm BT, Baker SA. Teaching a changing paradigm in physiology: a historical perspective on gut interstitial cells. ADVANCES IN PHYSIOLOGY EDUCATION 2017; 41:100-109. [PMID: 28188197 DOI: 10.1152/advan.00154.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Revised: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 12/27/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The study and teaching of gastrointestinal (GI) physiology necessitates an understanding of the cellular basis of contractile and electrical coupling behaviors in the muscle layers that comprise the gut wall. Our knowledge of the cellular origin of GI motility has drastically changed over the last 100 yr. While the pacing and coordination of GI contraction was once thought to be solely attributable to smooth muscle cells, it is now widely accepted that the motility patterns observed in the GI tract exist as a result of a multicellular system, consisting of not only smooth muscle cells but also enteric neurons and distinct populations of specialized interstitial cells that all work in concert to ensure proper GI functions. In this historical perspective, we focus on the emerging role of interstitial cells in GI motility and examine the key discoveries and experiments that led to a major shift in a paradigm of GI physiology regarding the role of interstitial cells in modulating GI contractile patterns. A review of these now classic experiments and papers will enable students and educators to fully appreciate the complex, multicellular nature of GI muscles as well as impart lessons on how shifting paradigms in physiology are fueled by new technologies that lead to new emerging discoveries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard T Drumm
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada
| | - Salah A Baker
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada
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12
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Satake Y, Satoh K, Nogi M, Omura J, Godo S, Miyata S, Saito H, Tanaka S, Ikumi Y, Yamashita S, Kaiho Y, Tsutsui M, Arai Y, Shimokawa H. Crucial roles of nitric oxide synthases in β-adrenoceptor-mediated bladder relaxation in mice. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2017; 312:F33-F42. [DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00137.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Revised: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The specific roles of nitric oxide (NO) synthases (NOSs) in bladder smooth muscle remain to be elucidated. We examined the roles of NOSs in β-adrenoceptor (AR)-mediated bladder relaxation. Male mice (C57BL6) deficient of neuronal NOS [nNOS-knockout (KO)], endothelial NOS (eNOS-KO), neuronal/endothelial NOS (n/eNOS-KO), neuronal/endothelial/inducible NOS (n/e/iNOS-KO), and their controls [wild-type (WT)] were used. Immunohistochemical analysis was performed in the bladder. Then the responses to relaxing agents and the effects of several inhibitors on the relaxing responses were examined in bladder strips precontracted with carbachol. Immunofluorescence staining showed expressions of nNOS and eNOS in the urothelium and smooth muscle of the bladder. Isoproterenol-induced relaxations were significantly reduced in nNOS-KO mice and were further reduced in n/eNOS-KO and n/e/iNOS-KO mice compared with WT mice. The relaxation in n/e/iNOS-KO mice was almost the same as in n/eNOS-KO mice. Inhibition of Ca2+-activated K+ (KCa) channel with charybdotoxin and apamin abolished isoproterenol-induced bladder relaxation in WT mice. Moreover, direct activation of KCa channel with NS1619 caused comparable extent of relaxations among WT, nNOS-KO, and n/eNOS-KO mice. In contrast, NONOate (a NO donor) or hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) (another possible relaxing factor from eNOS) caused minimal relaxations, and catalase (H2O2 scavenger) had no inhibitory effects on isoproterenol-induced relaxations. These results indicate that both nNOS and eNOS are substantially involved in β-AR-mediated bladder relaxations in a NO- or H2O2-independent manner through activation of KCa channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohei Satake
- Department of Urology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan; and
| | - Kimio Satoh
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan; and
| | - Masamichi Nogi
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan; and
| | - Junichi Omura
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan; and
| | - Shigeo Godo
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan; and
| | - Satoshi Miyata
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan; and
| | - Hiroki Saito
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan; and
| | - Shuhei Tanaka
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan; and
| | - Yosuke Ikumi
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan; and
| | - Shinichi Yamashita
- Department of Urology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Kaiho
- Department of Urology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Masato Tsutsui
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Yoichi Arai
- Department of Urology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Shimokawa
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan; and
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Martin-Cano FE, Caso-Agundez M, Camello-Almaraz C, Santos FJ, Espin MT, Madrid JA, Diez-Perez A, Camello PJ, Pozo MJ. Octodon degus, a new model to study the agonist and plexus-induced response in the urinary bladder. J Physiol Biochem 2016; 73:77-87. [PMID: 27738973 DOI: 10.1007/s13105-016-0527-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Urinary bladder function consists in the storage and controlled voiding of urine. Translational studies require animal models that match human characteristics, such as Octodon degus, a diurnal rodent. This study aims to characterize the contractility of the detrusor muscle and the morphology and code of the vesical plexus from O. degus. Body temperature was measured by an intra-abdominal sensor, the contractility of detrusor strips was evaluated by isometric tension recording, and the vesical plexus was studied by electrical field stimulation (EFS) and immunofluorescence. The animals showed a diurnal chronotype as judged from core temperature. The myogenic contractile response of the detrusor muscle to increasing doses of KCl reached its maximum (31.04 mN/mm2) at 60 mM. In the case of cumulative dose-response of bethanecol, the maximum response (37.42 mN/mm2) was reached at 3.2 × 10-4 M. The response to ATP was clearly smaller (3.8 mN/mm2). The pharmacological dissection of the EFS-induced contraction identified ACh and sensory fibers as the main contributors to this response. The neurons of the vesical plexus were located mainly in the trigone area, grouped in big and small ganglia. Out of them, 48.1 % of the neurons were nitrergic and 62.7 % cholinergic. Our results show functional and morphological similarities between the urinary bladder of O. degus and that of humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Eduardo Martin-Cano
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Nursing and Occupational Therapy, University of Extremadura, 10003, Caceres, Spain
| | - Mercedes Caso-Agundez
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Nursing and Occupational Therapy, University of Extremadura, 10003, Caceres, Spain
| | - Cristina Camello-Almaraz
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Nursing and Occupational Therapy, University of Extremadura, 10003, Caceres, Spain
| | | | - María Teresa Espin
- Digestive Surgery Service, "Infanta Cristina" Hospital, 06006, Badajoz, Spain
| | - Juan Antonio Madrid
- Chronobiology Laboratory, College of Biology, University of Murcia, IMIB-Arrixaca, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Adolfo Diez-Perez
- Musculoskeletal research group, Red Temática de Investigación Cooperativa en Envejecimiento y Fragilidad (RETICEF), ISCIII, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pedro Javier Camello
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Nursing and Occupational Therapy, University of Extremadura, 10003, Caceres, Spain
| | - Maria Jose Pozo
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Nursing and Occupational Therapy, University of Extremadura, 10003, Caceres, Spain.
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