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Monte Neto JTD, Kirsztajn GM. The role of podocyte injury in the pathogenesis of Fabry disease nephropathy. J Bras Nefrol 2024; 46:e20240035. [PMID: 39058283 DOI: 10.1590/2175-8239-jbn-2024-0035en] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Renal involvement is one of the most severe morbidities of Fabry disease (FD), a multisystemic lysosomal storage disease with an X-linked inheritance pattern. It results from pathogenic variants in the GLA gene (Xq22.2), which encodes the production of alpha-galactosidase A (α-Gal), responsible for glycosphingolipid metabolism. Insufficient activity of this lysosomal enzyme generates deposits of unprocessed intermediate substrates, especially globotriaosylceramide (Gb3) and derivatives, triggering cellular injury and subsequently, multiple organ dysfunction, including chronic nephropathy. Kidney injury in FD is classically attributed to Gb3 deposits in renal cells, with podocytes being the main target of the pathological process, in which structural and functional alterations are established early and severely. This configures a typical hereditary metabolic podocytopathy, whose clinical manifestations are proteinuria and progressive renal failure. Although late clinical outcomes and morphological changes are well established in this nephropathy, the molecular mechanisms that trigger and accelerate podocyte injury have not yet been fully elucidated. Podocytes are highly specialized and differentiated cells that cover the outer surface of glomerular capillaries, playing a crucial role in preserving the structure and function of the glomerular filtration barrier. They are frequent targets of injury in many nephropathies. Furthermore, dysfunction and depletion of glomerular podocytes are essential events implicated in the pathogenesis of chronic kidney disease progression. We will review the biology of podocytes and their crucial role in regulating the glomerular filtration barrier, analyzing the main pathogenic pathways involved in podocyte injury, especially related to FD nephropathy.
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2
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Rbaibi Y, Long KR, Shipman KE, Ren Q, Baty CJ, Kashlan OB, Weisz OA. Megalin, cubilin, and Dab2 drive endocytic flux in kidney proximal tubule cells. Mol Biol Cell 2023; 34:ar74. [PMID: 37126375 PMCID: PMC10295476 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e22-11-0510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The kidney proximal tubule (PT) elaborates a uniquely high-capacity apical endocytic pathway to retrieve albumin and other proteins that escape the glomerular filtration barrier. Megalin and cubilin/amnionless (CUBAM) receptors engage Dab2 in these cells to mediate clathrin-dependent uptake of filtered ligands. Knockout of megalin or Dab2 profoundly inhibits apical endocytosis and is believed to atrophy the endocytic pathway. We generated CRISPR/Cas9 knockout (KO) clones lacking cubilin, megalin, or Dab2 expression in highly differentiated PT cells and determined the impact on albumin internalization and endocytic pathway function. KO of each component had different effects on the concentration dependence of albumin uptake as well its distribution within PT cells. Reduced uptake of a fluid phase marker was also observed, with megalin KO cells having the most dramatic decline. Surprisingly, protein levels and distribution of key endocytic proteins were preserved in KO PT cell lines and in megalin KO mice, despite the reduced endocytic activity. Our data highlight specific functions of megalin, cubilin, and Dab2 in apical endocytosis and demonstrate that these proteins drive endocytic flux without compromising the physical integrity of the apical endocytic pathway. Our studies suggest a novel model to explain how these components coordinate endocytic uptake in PT cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youssef Rbaibi
- Renal Electrolyte Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - Kimberly R. Long
- Renal Electrolyte Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - Katherine E. Shipman
- Renal Electrolyte Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - Qidong Ren
- School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China, 100084
| | - Catherine J. Baty
- Renal Electrolyte Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - Ossama B. Kashlan
- Renal Electrolyte Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - Ora A. Weisz
- Renal Electrolyte Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
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3
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Hallows WC, Skvorak K, Agard N, Kruse N, Zhang X, Zhu Y, Botham RC, Chng C, Shukla C, Lao J, Miller M, Sero A, Viduya J, Ismaili MHA, McCluskie K, Schiffmann R, Silverman AP, Shen JS, Huisman GW. Optimizing human α-galactosidase for treatment of Fabry disease. Sci Rep 2023; 13:4748. [PMID: 36959353 PMCID: PMC10036536 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-31777-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Fabry disease is caused by a deficiency of α-galactosidase A (GLA) leading to the lysosomal accumulation of globotriaosylceramide (Gb3) and other glycosphingolipids. Fabry patients experience significant damage to the heart, kidney, and blood vessels that can be fatal. Here we apply directed evolution to generate more stable GLA variants as potential next generation treatments for Fabry disease. GLAv05 and GLAv09 were identified after screening more than 12,000 GLA variants through 8 rounds of directed evolution. Both GLAv05 and GLAv09 exhibit increased stability at both lysosomal and blood pH, stability to serum, and elevated enzyme activity in treated Fabry fibroblasts (19-fold) and GLA-/- podocytes (10-fold). GLAv05 and GLAv09 show improved pharmacokinetics in mouse and non-human primates. In a Fabry mouse model, the optimized variants showed prolonged half-lives in serum and relevant tissues, and a decrease of accumulated Gb3 in heart and kidney. To explore the possibility of diminishing the immunogenic potential of rhGLA, amino acid residues in sequences predicted to bind MHC II were targeted in late rounds of GLAv09 directed evolution. An MHC II-associated peptide proteomics assay confirmed a reduction in displayed peptides for GLAv09. Collectively, our findings highlight the promise of using directed evolution to generate enzyme variants for more effective treatment of lysosomal storage diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kristen Skvorak
- Codexis Inc.,, 200 Penobscot Drive, Redwood City, CA, 94063, USA
| | - Nick Agard
- Codexis Inc.,, 200 Penobscot Drive, Redwood City, CA, 94063, USA
- Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Nikki Kruse
- Codexis Inc.,, 200 Penobscot Drive, Redwood City, CA, 94063, USA
| | - Xiyun Zhang
- Codexis Inc.,, 200 Penobscot Drive, Redwood City, CA, 94063, USA
- Fornia BioSolutions Inc US, Hayward, CA, 94545, USA
| | - Yu Zhu
- Codexis Inc.,, 200 Penobscot Drive, Redwood City, CA, 94063, USA
| | - Rachel C Botham
- Codexis Inc.,, 200 Penobscot Drive, Redwood City, CA, 94063, USA
| | - Chinping Chng
- Codexis Inc.,, 200 Penobscot Drive, Redwood City, CA, 94063, USA
| | - Charu Shukla
- Codexis Inc.,, 200 Penobscot Drive, Redwood City, CA, 94063, USA
| | - Jessica Lao
- Codexis Inc.,, 200 Penobscot Drive, Redwood City, CA, 94063, USA
- Octant, Emeryville, CA, 94608, USA
| | - Mathew Miller
- Codexis Inc.,, 200 Penobscot Drive, Redwood City, CA, 94063, USA
| | - Antoinette Sero
- Codexis Inc.,, 200 Penobscot Drive, Redwood City, CA, 94063, USA
| | - Judy Viduya
- Codexis Inc.,, 200 Penobscot Drive, Redwood City, CA, 94063, USA
| | - Moulay Hicham Alaoui Ismaili
- Codexis Inc.,, 200 Penobscot Drive, Redwood City, CA, 94063, USA
- Glycomine, San Mateo, CA, 94070, USA
| | - Kerryn McCluskie
- Codexis Inc.,, 200 Penobscot Drive, Redwood City, CA, 94063, USA
- Glycomine, San Mateo, CA, 94070, USA
| | - Raphael Schiffmann
- Institute of Metabolic Disease, Baylor Research Institute, Dallas, TX, 75246, USA
- 4D Molecular Therapeutics, Emeryville, CA, 94608, USA
| | - Adam P Silverman
- Codexis Inc.,, 200 Penobscot Drive, Redwood City, CA, 94063, USA
| | - Jin-Song Shen
- Institute of Metabolic Disease, Baylor Research Institute, Dallas, TX, 75246, USA
- 4D Molecular Therapeutics, Emeryville, CA, 94608, USA
| | - Gjalt W Huisman
- Codexis Inc.,, 200 Penobscot Drive, Redwood City, CA, 94063, USA
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Boyd-Shiwarski CR, Shiwarski DJ, Griffiths SE, Beacham RT, Norrell L, Morrison DE, Wang J, Mann J, Tennant W, Anderson EN, Franks J, Calderon M, Connolly KA, Cheema MU, Weaver CJ, Nkashama LJ, Weckerly CC, Querry KE, Pandey UB, Donnelly CJ, Sun D, Rodan AR, Subramanya AR. WNK kinases sense molecular crowding and rescue cell volume via phase separation. Cell 2022; 185:4488-4506.e20. [PMID: 36318922 PMCID: PMC9699283 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2022.09.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
When challenged by hypertonicity, dehydrated cells must recover their volume to survive. This process requires the phosphorylation-dependent regulation of SLC12 cation chloride transporters by WNK kinases, but how these kinases are activated by cell shrinkage remains unknown. Within seconds of cell exposure to hypertonicity, WNK1 concentrates into membraneless condensates, initiating a phosphorylation-dependent signal that drives net ion influx via the SLC12 cotransporters to restore cell volume. WNK1 condensate formation is driven by its intrinsically disordered C terminus, whose evolutionarily conserved signatures are necessary for efficient phase separation and volume recovery. This disorder-encoded phase behavior occurs within physiological constraints and is activated in vivo by molecular crowding rather than changes in cell size. This allows kinase activity despite an inhibitory ionic milieu and permits cell volume recovery through condensate-mediated signal amplification. Thus, WNK kinases are physiological crowding sensors that phase separate to coordinate a cell volume rescue response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cary R Boyd-Shiwarski
- Department of Medicine, Renal-Electrolyte Division, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Pittsburgh Center for Kidney Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Daniel J Shiwarski
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Shawn E Griffiths
- Department of Medicine, Renal-Electrolyte Division, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Rebecca T Beacham
- Department of Medicine, Renal-Electrolyte Division, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Logan Norrell
- Molecular Medicine Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | - Daryl E Morrison
- Molecular Medicine Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Jacob Mann
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - William Tennant
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Eric N Anderson
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Jonathan Franks
- Center for Biological Imaging, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Michael Calderon
- Center for Biological Imaging, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Kelly A Connolly
- Department of Medicine, Renal-Electrolyte Division, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Muhammad Umar Cheema
- Department of Medicine, Renal-Electrolyte Division, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Claire J Weaver
- Department of Medicine, Renal-Electrolyte Division, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Lubika J Nkashama
- Department of Medicine, Renal-Electrolyte Division, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Claire C Weckerly
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Katherine E Querry
- Department of Medicine, Renal-Electrolyte Division, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Udai Bhan Pandey
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Center for Protein Conformational Diseases, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Christopher J Donnelly
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Center for Protein Conformational Diseases, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Dandan Sun
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA 15240, USA
| | - Aylin R Rodan
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA; Molecular Medicine Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA; Medical Service, VA Salt Lake City Health Care System, Salt Lake City, UT 84148, USA
| | - Arohan R Subramanya
- Department of Medicine, Renal-Electrolyte Division, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Center for Protein Conformational Diseases, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Pittsburgh Center for Kidney Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA 15240, USA.
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5
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Elsaid HO, Furriol J, Blomqvist M, Diswall M, Leh S, Gharbi N, Anonsen JH, Babickova J, Tøndel C, Svarstad E, Marti HP, Krause M. Reduced α-galactosidase A activity in zebrafish (Danio rerio) mirrors distinct features of Fabry nephropathy phenotype. Mol Genet Metab Rep 2022; 31:100851. [PMID: 35242583 PMCID: PMC8857658 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgmr.2022.100851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2022] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
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6
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Long KR, Rbaibi Y, Bondi CD, Ford BR, Poholek AC, Boyd-Shiwarski CR, Tan RJ, Locker JD, Weisz OA. Cubilin-, megalin-, and Dab2-dependent transcription revealed by CRISPR/Cas9 knockout in kidney proximal tubule cells. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2022; 322:F14-F26. [PMID: 34747197 PMCID: PMC8698540 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00259.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The multiligand receptors megalin (Lrp2) and cubilin (Cubn) and their endocytic adaptor protein Dab2 (Dab2) play essential roles in maintaining the integrity of the apical endocytic pathway of proximal tubule (PT) cells and have complex and poorly understood roles in the development of chronic kidney disease. Here, we used RNA-sequencing and CRISPR/Cas9 knockout (KO) technology in a well-differentiated cell culture model to identify PT-specific transcriptional changes that are directly consequent to the loss of megalin, cubilin, or Dab2 expression. KO of Lrp2 had the greatest transcriptional effect, and nearly all genes whose expression was affected in Cubn KO and Dab2 KO cells were also changed in Lrp2 KO cells. Pathway analysis and more granular inspection of the altered gene profiles suggested changes in pathways with immunomodulatory functions that might trigger the pathological changes observed in KO mice and patients with Donnai-Barrow syndrome. In addition, differences in transcription patterns between Lrp2 and Dab2 KO cells suggested the possibility that altered spatial signaling by aberrantly localized receptors contributes to transcriptional changes upon the disruption of PT endocytic function. A reduction in transcripts encoding sodium-glucose cotransporter isoform 2 was confirmed in Lrp2 KO mouse kidney lysates by quantitative PCR analysis. Our results highlight the role of megalin as a master regulator and coordinator of ion transport, metabolism, and endocytosis in the PT. Compared with the studies in animal models, this approach provides a means to identify PT-specific transcriptional changes that are directly consequent to the loss of these target genes.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Megalin and cubilin receptors together with their adaptor protein Dab2 represent major components of the endocytic machinery responsible for efficient uptake of filtered proteins by the proximal tubule (PT). Dab2 and megalin expression have been implicated as both positive and negative modulators of kidney disease. We used RNA sequencing to knock out CRISPR/Cas9 cubilin, megalin, and Dab2 in highly differentiated PT cells to identify PT-specific changes that are directly consequent to knockout of each component.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/genetics
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/metabolism
- Agenesis of Corpus Callosum/genetics
- Agenesis of Corpus Callosum/metabolism
- Agenesis of Corpus Callosum/pathology
- Animals
- Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins/genetics
- Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins/metabolism
- CRISPR-Associated Protein 9/genetics
- CRISPR-Cas Systems
- Cells, Cultured
- Databases, Genetic
- Gene Knockout Techniques
- Gene Regulatory Networks
- Hearing Loss, Sensorineural/genetics
- Hearing Loss, Sensorineural/metabolism
- Hearing Loss, Sensorineural/pathology
- Hernias, Diaphragmatic, Congenital/genetics
- Hernias, Diaphragmatic, Congenital/metabolism
- Hernias, Diaphragmatic, Congenital/pathology
- Humans
- Kidney Tubules, Proximal/metabolism
- Kidney Tubules, Proximal/pathology
- Low Density Lipoprotein Receptor-Related Protein-2/genetics
- Low Density Lipoprotein Receptor-Related Protein-2/metabolism
- Male
- Mice, Knockout
- Monodelphis
- Myopia/genetics
- Myopia/metabolism
- Myopia/pathology
- Proteinuria/genetics
- Proteinuria/metabolism
- Proteinuria/pathology
- Receptors, Cell Surface/genetics
- Receptors, Cell Surface/metabolism
- Renal Tubular Transport, Inborn Errors/genetics
- Renal Tubular Transport, Inborn Errors/metabolism
- Renal Tubular Transport, Inborn Errors/pathology
- Transcription, Genetic
- Mice
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly R Long
- Renal Electrolyte Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Youssef Rbaibi
- Renal Electrolyte Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Corry D Bondi
- Renal Electrolyte Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - B Rhodes Ford
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Amanda C Poholek
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Cary R Boyd-Shiwarski
- Renal Electrolyte Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Roderick J Tan
- Renal Electrolyte Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Joseph D Locker
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Ora A Weisz
- Renal Electrolyte Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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7
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Carnicer-Cáceres C, Arranz-Amo JA, Cea-Arestin C, Camprodon-Gomez M, Moreno-Martinez D, Lucas-Del-Pozo S, Moltó-Abad M, Tigri-Santiña A, Agraz-Pamplona I, Rodriguez-Palomares JF, Hernández-Vara J, Armengol-Bellapart M, del-Toro-Riera M, Pintos-Morell G. Biomarkers in Fabry Disease. Implications for Clinical Diagnosis and Follow-up. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10081664. [PMID: 33924567 PMCID: PMC8068937 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10081664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Fabry disease (FD) is a lysosomal storage disorder caused by deficient alpha-galactosidase A activity in the lysosome due to mutations in the GLA gene, resulting in gradual accumulation of globotriaosylceramide and other derivatives in different tissues. Substrate accumulation promotes different pathogenic mechanisms in which several mediators could be implicated, inducing multiorgan lesions, mainly in the kidney, heart and nervous system, resulting in clinical manifestations of the disease. Enzyme replacement therapy was shown to delay disease progression, mainly if initiated early. However, a diagnosis in the early stages represents a clinical challenge, especially in patients with a non-classic phenotype, which prompts the search for biomarkers that help detect and predict the evolution of the disease. We have reviewed the mediators involved in different pathogenic mechanisms that were studied as potential biomarkers and can be easily incorporated into clinical practice. Some accumulation biomarkers seem to be useful to detect non-classic forms of the disease and could even improve diagnosis of female patients. The combination of such biomarkers with some response biomarkers, may be useful for early detection of organ injury. The incorporation of some biomarkers into clinical practice may increase the capacity of detection compared to that currently obtained with the established diagnostic markers and provide more information on the progression and prognosis of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Carnicer-Cáceres
- Laboratory of Inborn Errors of Metabolism, Laboratoris Clínics, Vall d’Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Vall d’Hebron Hospital Universitari, Passeig Vall d’Hebron 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (J.A.A.-A.); (C.C.-A.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Jose Antonio Arranz-Amo
- Laboratory of Inborn Errors of Metabolism, Laboratoris Clínics, Vall d’Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Vall d’Hebron Hospital Universitari, Passeig Vall d’Hebron 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (J.A.A.-A.); (C.C.-A.)
| | - Cristina Cea-Arestin
- Laboratory of Inborn Errors of Metabolism, Laboratoris Clínics, Vall d’Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Vall d’Hebron Hospital Universitari, Passeig Vall d’Hebron 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (J.A.A.-A.); (C.C.-A.)
| | - Maria Camprodon-Gomez
- Department of Internal Medicine, Vall d’Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Vall d’Hebron Hospital Universitari, Passeig Vall d’Hebron 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (M.C.-G.); (D.M.-M.)
- Unit of Hereditary Metabolic Disorders, Vall d’Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Vall d’Hebron Hospital Universitari, Passeig Vall d’Hebron 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (A.T.-S.); (M.d.-T.-R.); (G.P.-M.)
| | - David Moreno-Martinez
- Department of Internal Medicine, Vall d’Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Vall d’Hebron Hospital Universitari, Passeig Vall d’Hebron 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (M.C.-G.); (D.M.-M.)
- Unit of Hereditary Metabolic Disorders, Vall d’Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Vall d’Hebron Hospital Universitari, Passeig Vall d’Hebron 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (A.T.-S.); (M.d.-T.-R.); (G.P.-M.)
- Lysosomal Storage Disorders Unit, Royal Free Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Sara Lucas-Del-Pozo
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Laboratory, Vall d’Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d’Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Vall d’Hebron Hospital Universitari, Passeig Vall d’Hebron 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (S.L.-D.-P.); (J.H.-V.); (M.A.-B.)
- Department of Neurology, Vall d’Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Vall d’Hebron Hospital Universitari, Passeig Vall d’Hebron 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Marc Moltó-Abad
- Functional Validation & Preclinical Research, Drug Delivery & Targeting Group, CIBIM-Nanomedicine, Vall d’Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08035 Barcelona, Spain;
- Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ariadna Tigri-Santiña
- Unit of Hereditary Metabolic Disorders, Vall d’Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Vall d’Hebron Hospital Universitari, Passeig Vall d’Hebron 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (A.T.-S.); (M.d.-T.-R.); (G.P.-M.)
| | - Irene Agraz-Pamplona
- Department of Nephrology, Vall d’Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Vall d’Hebron Hospital Universitari, Passeig Vall d’Hebron 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Jose F Rodriguez-Palomares
- Department of Cardiology, Vall d’Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Vall d’Hebron Hospital Universitari, Passeig Vall d’Hebron 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Jorge Hernández-Vara
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Laboratory, Vall d’Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d’Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Vall d’Hebron Hospital Universitari, Passeig Vall d’Hebron 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (S.L.-D.-P.); (J.H.-V.); (M.A.-B.)
- Department of Neurology, Vall d’Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Vall d’Hebron Hospital Universitari, Passeig Vall d’Hebron 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mar Armengol-Bellapart
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Laboratory, Vall d’Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d’Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Vall d’Hebron Hospital Universitari, Passeig Vall d’Hebron 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (S.L.-D.-P.); (J.H.-V.); (M.A.-B.)
- Department of Neurology, Vall d’Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Vall d’Hebron Hospital Universitari, Passeig Vall d’Hebron 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mireia del-Toro-Riera
- Unit of Hereditary Metabolic Disorders, Vall d’Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Vall d’Hebron Hospital Universitari, Passeig Vall d’Hebron 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (A.T.-S.); (M.d.-T.-R.); (G.P.-M.)
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Unit of Hereditary Metabolic Disorders, Vall d’Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Vall d’Hebron Hospital Universitari, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Guillem Pintos-Morell
- Unit of Hereditary Metabolic Disorders, Vall d’Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Vall d’Hebron Hospital Universitari, Passeig Vall d’Hebron 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (A.T.-S.); (M.d.-T.-R.); (G.P.-M.)
- Functional Validation & Preclinical Research, Drug Delivery & Targeting Group, CIBIM-Nanomedicine, Vall d’Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08035 Barcelona, Spain;
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8
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Poletto E, Baldo G. Creating cell lines for mimicking diseases. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2021; 181:59-87. [PMID: 34127202 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2021.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Cell lines can be good models for the disease they are derived from but can also be used to study general physiological and pathological processes. They can also be used to generate cell models of diseases when primary cultures are not available. Recent genome editing tools have been very promising tools toward creating cell models to mimic diseases in vitro. In this chapter, we highlight techniques used to obtain genome-edited cell lines, including cell line selection, transfection and gene editing tools available, together with methods of phenotype characterization and, lastly, a few examples of how in vitro disease models were created using CRISPR-Cas9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edina Poletto
- Gene Therapy Center, Centro de Pesquisa Experimental, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Post-Graduate Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Department of Genetics, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Baldo
- Gene Therapy Center, Centro de Pesquisa Experimental, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Post-Graduate Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Department of Genetics, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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9
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Genome editing in lysosomal disorders. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2021; 182:289-325. [PMID: 34175045 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2021.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Lysosomal disorders are a group of heterogenous diseases caused by mutations in genes that encode for lysosomal proteins. With exception of some cases, these disorders still lack both knowledge of disease pathogenesis and specific therapies. In this sense, genome editing arises as a technique that allows both the creation of specific cell lines, animal models and gene therapy protocols for these disorders. Here we explain the main applications of genome editing for lysosomal diseases, with examples based on the literature. The ability to rewrite the genome will be of extreme importance to study and potentially treat these rare disorders.
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10
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Kim SY, Park S, Lee SW, Lee JH, Lee ES, Kim M, Kim Y, Kang JS, Chung CH, Moon JS, Lee EY. RIPK3 Contributes to Lyso-Gb3-Induced Podocyte Death. Cells 2021; 10:245. [PMID: 33513913 PMCID: PMC7911493 DOI: 10.3390/cells10020245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Fabry disease is a lysosomal storage disease with an X-linked heritage caused by absent or decreased activity of lysosomal enzymes named alpha-galactosidase A (α-gal A). Among the various manifestations of Fabry disease, Fabry nephropathy significantly affects patients' morbidity and mortality. The cellular mechanisms of kidney damage have not been elusively described. Necroptosis is one of the programmed necrotic cell death pathways and is known to play many important roles in kidney injury. We investigated whether RIPK3, a protein phosphokinase with an important role in necroptosis, played a crucial role in the pathogenesis of Fabry nephropathy both in vitro and in vivo. The cell viability of podocytes decreased after lyso-Gb3 treatment in a dose-dependent manner, with increasing RIPK3 expression. Increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation after lyso-Gb3 treatment, which was alleviated by GSK'872 (a RIPK3 inhibitor), suggested a role of oxidative stress via a RIPK3-dependent pathway. Cytoskeleton rearrangement induced by lyso-Gb3 was normalized by the RIPK3 inhibitor. When mice were injected with lyso-Gb3, increased urine albuminuria, decreased podocyte counts in the glomeruli, and effaced foot processes were observed. Our results showed that lyso-Gb3 initiated albuminuria, a clinical manifestation of Fabry nephropathy, by podocyte loss and subsequent foot process effacement. These findings suggest a novel pathway in Fabry nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- So-Young Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Cheonan Hospital, Cheonan 31151, Korea; (S.-Y.K.); (S.P.); (S.-W.L.); (J.S.K.)
| | - Samel Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Cheonan Hospital, Cheonan 31151, Korea; (S.-Y.K.); (S.P.); (S.-W.L.); (J.S.K.)
- Department of Integrated Biomedical Science, Soonchunhyang Institute of Medi-Bio Science, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan 31151, Korea; (M.K.); (Y.K.)
| | - Seong-Woo Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Cheonan Hospital, Cheonan 31151, Korea; (S.-Y.K.); (S.P.); (S.-W.L.); (J.S.K.)
- BK21 Four Project, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan 31151, Korea
| | - Ji-Hye Lee
- Department of Pathology, Soonchunhyang University Cheonan Hospital, Cheonan 31151, Korea;
| | - Eun Soo Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju 03722, Korea; (E.S.L.); (C.H.C.)
| | - Miri Kim
- Department of Integrated Biomedical Science, Soonchunhyang Institute of Medi-Bio Science, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan 31151, Korea; (M.K.); (Y.K.)
| | - Youngjo Kim
- Department of Integrated Biomedical Science, Soonchunhyang Institute of Medi-Bio Science, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan 31151, Korea; (M.K.); (Y.K.)
| | - Jeong Suk Kang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Cheonan Hospital, Cheonan 31151, Korea; (S.-Y.K.); (S.P.); (S.-W.L.); (J.S.K.)
- Institute of Tissue Regeneration, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan 31151, Korea
| | - Choon Hee Chung
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju 03722, Korea; (E.S.L.); (C.H.C.)
| | - Jong-Seok Moon
- Department of Integrated Biomedical Science, Soonchunhyang Institute of Medi-Bio Science, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan 31151, Korea; (M.K.); (Y.K.)
| | - Eun Young Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Cheonan Hospital, Cheonan 31151, Korea; (S.-Y.K.); (S.P.); (S.-W.L.); (J.S.K.)
- BK21 Four Project, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan 31151, Korea
- Institute of Tissue Regeneration, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan 31151, Korea
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11
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Weissmann C, Albanese AA, Contreras NE, Gobetto MN, Castellanos LCS, Uchitel OD. Ion channels and pain in Fabry disease. Mol Pain 2021; 17:17448069211033172. [PMID: 34284652 PMCID: PMC8299890 DOI: 10.1177/17448069211033172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Fabry disease (FD) is a progressive, X-linked inherited disorder of glycosphingolipid metabolism due to deficient or absent lysosomal α-galactosidase A (α-Gal A) activity which results in progressive accumulation of globotriaosylceramide (Gb3) and related metabolites. One prominent feature of Fabry disease is neuropathic pain. Accumulation of Gb3 has been documented in dorsal root ganglia (DRG) as well as other neurons, and has lately been associated with the mechanism of pain though the pathophysiology is still unclear. Small fiber (SF) neuropathy in FD differs from other entities in several aspects related to the perception of pain, alteration of fibers as well as drug therapies used in the practice with patients, with therapies far from satisfying. In order to develop better treatments, more information on the underlying mechanisms of pain is needed. Research in neuropathy has gained momentum from the development of preclinical models where different aspects of pain can be modelled and further analyzed. This review aims at describing the different in vitro and FD animal models that have been used so far, as well as some of the insights gained from their use. We focus especially in recent findings associated with ion channel alterations -that apart from the vascular alterations-, could provide targets for improved therapies in pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina Weissmann
- Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias (IFIBYNE-UBA-CONICET) and Departamento de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Buenos Aires C1428EHA, Argentina
| | - Adriana A Albanese
- Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias (IFIBYNE-UBA-CONICET) and Departamento de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Buenos Aires C1428EHA, Argentina
| | - Natalia E Contreras
- Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias (IFIBYNE-UBA-CONICET) and Departamento de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Buenos Aires C1428EHA, Argentina
| | - María N Gobetto
- Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias (IFIBYNE-UBA-CONICET) and Departamento de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Buenos Aires C1428EHA, Argentina
| | - Libia C Salinas Castellanos
- Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias (IFIBYNE-UBA-CONICET) and Departamento de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Buenos Aires C1428EHA, Argentina
| | - Osvaldo D Uchitel
- Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias (IFIBYNE-UBA-CONICET) and Departamento de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Buenos Aires C1428EHA, Argentina
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12
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Leal AF, Espejo-Mojica AJ, Sánchez OF, Ramírez CM, Reyes LH, Cruz JC, Alméciga-Díaz CJ. Lysosomal storage diseases: current therapies and future alternatives. J Mol Med (Berl) 2020; 98:931-946. [PMID: 32529345 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-020-01935-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Lysosomal storage disorders (LSDs) are a group of monogenic diseases characterized by progressive accumulation of undegraded substrates into the lysosome, due to mutations in genes that encode for proteins involved in normal lysosomal function. In recent years, several approaches have been explored to find effective and successful therapies, including enzyme replacement therapy, substrate reduction therapy, pharmacological chaperones, hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, and gene therapy. In the case of gene therapy, genome editing technologies have opened new horizons to accelerate the development of novel treatment alternatives for LSD patients. In this review, we discuss the current therapies for this group of disorders and present a detailed description of major genome editing technologies, as well as the most recent advances in the treatment of LSDs. We will further highlight the challenges and current bioethical debates of genome editing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Felipe Leal
- Institute for the Study of Inborn Errors of Metabolism, Faculty of Science, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Cra. 7 No. 43-82 Building 54, Room 305A, Bogotá D.C, 110231, Colombia
| | - Angela Johana Espejo-Mojica
- Institute for the Study of Inborn Errors of Metabolism, Faculty of Science, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Cra. 7 No. 43-82 Building 54, Room 305A, Bogotá D.C, 110231, Colombia
| | - Oscar F Sánchez
- Neurobiochemistry and Systems Physiology, Biochemistry and Nutrition Department, Faculty of Science, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá D.C., Colombia
| | - Carlos Manuel Ramírez
- Department of Chemical and Food Engineering, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá D.C., Colombia
| | - Luis Humberto Reyes
- Department of Chemical and Food Engineering, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá D.C., Colombia
| | - Juan C Cruz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá D.C., Colombia
| | - Carlos Javier Alméciga-Díaz
- Institute for the Study of Inborn Errors of Metabolism, Faculty of Science, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Cra. 7 No. 43-82 Building 54, Room 305A, Bogotá D.C, 110231, Colombia.
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13
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Advances in Sphingolipidoses: CRISPR-Cas9 Editing as an Option for Modelling and Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20235897. [PMID: 31771289 PMCID: PMC6928934 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20235897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Sphingolipidoses are inherited genetic diseases characterized by the accumulation of glycosphingolipids. Sphingolipidoses (SP), which usually involve the loss of sphingolipid hydrolase function, are of lysosomal origin, and represent an important group of rare diseases among lysosomal storage disorders. Initial treatments consisted of enzyme replacement therapy, but, in recent decades, various therapeutic approaches have been developed. However, these commonly used treatments for SP fail to be fully effective and do not penetrate the blood-brain barrier. New approaches, such as genome editing, have great potential for both the treatment and study of sphingolipidoses. Here, we review the most recent advances in the treatment and modelling of SP through the application of CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing. CRISPR-Cas9 is currently the most widely used method for genome editing. This technique is versatile; it can be used for altering the regulation of genes involved in sphingolipid degradation and synthesis pathways, interrogating gene function, generating knock out models, or knocking in mutations. CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing is being used as an approach to disease treatment, but more frequently it is utilized to create models of disease. New CRISPR-Cas9-based tools of gene editing with diminished off-targeting effects are evolving and seem to be more promising for the correction of individual mutations. Emerging Prime results and CRISPR-Cas9 difficulties are also discussed.
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Gliozzi ML, Espiritu EB, Shipman KE, Rbaibi Y, Long KR, Roy N, Duncan AW, Lazzara MJ, Hukriede NA, Baty CJ, Weisz OA. Effects of Proximal Tubule Shortening on Protein Excretion in a Lowe Syndrome Model. J Am Soc Nephrol 2019; 31:67-83. [PMID: 31676724 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2019020125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lowe syndrome (LS) is an X-linked recessive disorder caused by mutations in OCRL, which encodes the enzyme OCRL. Symptoms of LS include proximal tubule (PT) dysfunction typically characterized by low molecular weight proteinuria, renal tubular acidosis (RTA), aminoaciduria, and hypercalciuria. How mutant OCRL causes these symptoms isn't clear. METHODS We examined the effect of deleting OCRL on endocytic traffic and cell division in newly created human PT CRISPR/Cas9 OCRL knockout cells, multiple PT cell lines treated with OCRL-targeting siRNA, and in orcl-mutant zebrafish. RESULTS OCRL-depleted human cells proliferated more slowly and about 10% of them were multinucleated compared with fewer than 2% of matched control cells. Heterologous expression of wild-type, but not phosphatase-deficient, OCRL prevented the accumulation of multinucleated cells after acute knockdown of OCRL but could not rescue the phenotype in stably edited knockout cell lines. Mathematic modeling confirmed that reduced PT length can account for the urinary excretion profile in LS. Both ocrl mutant zebrafish and zebrafish injected with ocrl morpholino showed truncated expression of megalin along the pronephric kidney, consistent with a shortened S1 segment. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest a unifying model to explain how loss of OCRL results in tubular proteinuria as well as the other commonly observed renal manifestations of LS. We hypothesize that defective cell division during kidney development and/or repair compromises PT length and impairs kidney function in LS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Nairita Roy
- Department of Pathology, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, and Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Andrew W Duncan
- Department of Pathology, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, and Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Matthew J Lazzara
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia; and
| | - Neil A Hukriede
- Department of Developmental Biology, and.,Center for Critical Care Nephrology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Ora A Weisz
- Renal-Electrolyte Division, Department of Medicine,
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15
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Lau RW, Wang B, Ricardo SD. Gene editing of stem cells for kidney disease modelling and therapeutic intervention. Nephrology (Carlton) 2019; 23:981-990. [PMID: 29851168 DOI: 10.1111/nep.13410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Recent developments in targeted gene editing have paved the way for the wide adoption of clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-associated protein-9 nucleases (Cas9) as an RNA-guided molecular tool to modify the genome of eukaryotic cells of animals. Theoretically, the translation of CRISPR-Cas9 can be applied to the treatment of inherited or acquired kidney disease, kidney transplantation and genetic corrections of somatic cells from kidneys with inherited mutations, such as polycystic kidney disease. Human pluripotent stem cells have been used to generate an unlimited source of kidney progenitor cells or, when spontaneously differentiated into three-dimensional kidney organoids, to model kidney organogenesis or the pathogenesis of disease. Gene editing now allows for the tagging and selection of specific kidney cell types or disease-specific gene knock in/out, which enables more precise understanding of kidney organogenesis and genetic diseases. This review discusses the mechanisms of action, in addition to the advantages and disadvantages, of the three major gene editing technologies, namely, CRISPR-Cas9, zinc finger nucleases and transcription activator-like effector nucleases. The implications of using gene editing to better understand kidney disease is reviewed in detail. In addition, the ethical issues of gene editing, which could be easily neglected in the modern, fast-paced research environment, are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricky Wk Lau
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Bo Wang
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sharon D Ricardo
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Hagmann H, Brinkkoetter PT. Experimental Models to Study Podocyte Biology: Stock-Taking the Toolbox of Glomerular Research. Front Pediatr 2018; 6:193. [PMID: 30057894 PMCID: PMC6053518 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2018.00193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Diseases affecting the glomeruli of the kidney, the renal filtration units, are a leading cause of chronic kidney disease and end-stage renal failure. Despite recent advances in the understanding of glomerular biology, treatment of these disorders has remained extraordinarily challenging in many cases. The use of experimental models has proven invaluable to study renal, and in particular, glomerular biology and disease. Over the past 15 years, studies identified different and very distinct pathogenic mechanisms that result in damage, loss of glomerular visceral epithelial cells (podocytes) and progressive renal disease. However, animal studies and, in particular, mouse studies are often protracted and cumbersome due to the long reproductive cycle and high keeping costs. Transgenic and heterologous expression models have been speeded-up by novel gene editing techniques, yet they still take months. In addition, given the complex cellular biology of the filtration barrier, certain questions may not be directly addressed using mouse models due to the limited accessibility of podocytes for analysis and imaging. In this review, we will describe alternative models to study podocyte biology experimentally. We specifically discuss current podocyte cell culture models, their role in experimental strategies to analyze pathophysiologic mechanisms as well as limitations with regard to transferability of results. We introduce current models in Caenorhabditis elegans, Drosophila melanogaster, and Danio rerio that allow for analysis of protein interactions, and principle signaling pathways in functional biological structures, and enable high-throughput transgenic expression or compound screens in multicellular organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paul T. Brinkkoetter
- Department II of Internal Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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17
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Schroeter CB, Koehler S, Kann M, Schermer B, Benzing T, Brinkkoetter PT, Rinschen MM. Protein half-life determines expression of proteostatic networks in podocyte differentiation. FASEB J 2018; 32:4696-4713. [PMID: 29694247 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201701307r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Podocytes are highly specialized, epithelial, postmitotic cells, which maintain the renal filtration barrier. When adapting to considerable metabolic and mechanical stress, podocytes need to accurately maintain their proteome. Immortalized podocyte cell lines are a widely used model for studying podocyte biology in health and disease in vitro. In this study, we performed a comprehensive proteomic analysis of the cultured human podocyte proteome in both proliferative and differentiated conditions at a depth of >7000 proteins. Similar to mouse podocytes, human podocyte differentiation involved a shift in proteostasis: undifferentiated podocytes have high expression of proteasomal proteins, whereas differentiated podocytes have high expression of lysosomal proteins. Additional analyses with pulsed stable-isotope labeling by amino acids in cell culture and protein degradation assays determined protein dynamics and half-lives. These studies unraveled a globally increased stability of proteins in differentiated podocytes. Mitochondrial, cytoskeletal, and membrane proteins were stabilized, particularly in differentiated podocytes. Importantly, protein half-lives strongly contributed to protein abundance in each state. These data suggest that regulation of protein turnover of particular cellular functions determines podocyte differentiation, a paradigm involving mitophagy and, potentially, of importance in conditions of increased podocyte stress and damage.-Schroeter, C. B., Koehler, S., Kann, M., Schermer, B., Benzing, T., Brinkkoetter, P. T., Rinschen, M. M. Protein half-life determines expression of proteostatic networks in podocyte differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina B Schroeter
- Department II of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Sybille Koehler
- Department II of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Martin Kann
- Department II of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Bernhard Schermer
- Department II of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Systems Biology of Ageing Cologne (SybaCol), Cologne, Germany
| | - Thomas Benzing
- Department II of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Systems Biology of Ageing Cologne (SybaCol), Cologne, Germany
| | - Paul T Brinkkoetter
- Department II of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Markus M Rinschen
- Department II of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Systems Biology of Ageing Cologne (SybaCol), Cologne, Germany
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18
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Song HY, Chiang HC, Tseng WL, Wu P, Chien CS, Leu HB, Yang YP, Wang ML, Jong YJ, Chen CH, Yu WC, Chiou SH. Using CRISPR/Cas9-Mediated GLA Gene Knockout as an In Vitro Drug Screening Model for Fabry Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17122089. [PMID: 27983599 PMCID: PMC5187889 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17122089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Revised: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The CRISPR/Cas9 Genome-editing system has revealed promising potential for generating gene mutation, deletion, and correction in human cells. Application of this powerful tool in Fabry disease (FD), however, still needs to be explored. Enzyme replacement therapy (ERT), a regular administration of recombinant human α Gal A (rhα-GLA), is a currently available and effective treatment to clear the accumulated Gb3 in FD patients. However, the short half-life of rhα-GLA in human body limits its application. Moreover, lack of an appropriate in vitro disease model restricted the high-throughput screening of drugs for improving ERT efficacy. Therefore, it is worth establishing a large-expanded in vitro FD model for screening potential candidates, which can enhance and prolong ERT potency. Using CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene knockout of GLA in HEK-293T cells, we generated GLA-null cells to investigate rhα-GLA cellular pharmacokinetics. The half-life of administrated rhα-GLA was around 24 h in GLA-null cells; co-administration of proteasome inhibitor MG132 and rhα-GLA significantly restored the GLA enzyme activity by two-fold compared with rhα-GLA alone. Furthermore, co-treatment of rhα-GLA/MG132 in patient-derived fibroblasts increased Gb3 clearance by 30%, compared with rhα-GLA treatment alone. Collectively, the CRISPR/Cas9-mediated GLA-knockout HEK-293T cells provide an in vitro FD model for evaluating the intracellular pharmacokinetics of the rhα-GLA as well as for screening candidates to prolong rhα-GLA potency. Using this model, we demonstrated that MG132 prolongs rhα-GLA half-life and enhanced Gb3 clearance, shedding light on the direction of enhancing ERT efficacy in FD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Yung Song
- Institute of Pharmacology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan.
| | - Huai-Chih Chiang
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan.
| | - Wei-Lien Tseng
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan.
| | - Ping Wu
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan.
| | - Chian-Shiu Chien
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan.
| | - Hsin-Bang Leu
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan.
- School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan.
- Division of Cardiology & Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan.
| | - Yi-Ping Yang
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan.
| | - Mong-Lien Wang
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan.
| | - Yuh-Jyh Jong
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan.
| | - Chung-Hsuan Chen
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11574, Taiwan.
| | - Wen-Chung Yu
- School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan.
- Division of Cardiology & Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan.
| | - Shih-Hwa Chiou
- Institute of Pharmacology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan.
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan.
- School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan.
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan.
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