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Daugherty A, Sawada H, Sheppard MB, Lu HS. Angiotensinogen as a Therapeutic Target for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2024; 44:1021-1030. [PMID: 38572647 PMCID: PMC11225801 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.124.318374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
AGT (angiotensinogen) is the unique precursor for the generation of all the peptides of the renin-angiotensin system, but it has received relatively scant attention compared to many other renin-angiotensin system components. Focus on AGT has increased recently, particularly with the evolution of drugs to target the synthesis of the protein. AGT is a noninhibitory serpin that has several conserved domains in addition to the angiotensin II sequences at the N terminus. Increased study is needed on the structure-function relationship to resolve many unknowns regarding AGT metabolism. Constitutive whole-body genetic deletion of Agt in mice leads to multiple developmental defects creating a challenge to use these mice for mechanistic studies. This has been overcome by creating Agt-floxed mice to enable the development of cell-specific deficiencies that have provided considerable insight into a range of cardiovascular and associated diseases. This has been augmented by the recent development of pharmacological approaches targeting hepatocytes in humans to promote protracted inhibition of AGT synthesis. Genetic deletion or pharmacological inhibition of Agt has been demonstrated to be beneficial in a spectrum of diseases experimentally, including hypertension, atherosclerosis, aortic and superior mesenteric artery aneurysms, myocardial dysfunction, and hepatic steatosis. This review summarizes the findings of recent studies utilizing AGT manipulation as a therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Daugherty
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
- Saha Aortic Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Hisashi Sawada
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
- Saha Aortic Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Mary B. Sheppard
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
- Saha Aortic Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
- Department of Surgery, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Hong S. Lu
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
- Saha Aortic Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
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Wu H, Zhang X, Lin G, Zhang Q, He Z, Wang Z, Xu W, Yin X, Su L, Zhuang Y, Gong A. Correlation of single nucleotide polymorphisms in the AGT gene with susceptibility to systemic lupus erythematosus in Northeast China. Int J Immunogenet 2024; 51:81-88. [PMID: 38265173 DOI: 10.1111/iji.12655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Revised: 12/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
To investigate the correlation between susceptibility to systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) rs699, rs4762 and rs1926723 in the AGT gene in the population of Northeast China, while also introducing a new method for early detection of SLE. A total of 856 cases of SLE patients and healthy volunteers who attended the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University from January 2020 to December 2022 were recruited. Clinical information and biood samples were collected from particpants in this study. SNaPshot sequencing technology was used to sequence the bases of the rs699, rs4762 and rs1926723 in the AGT gene. The genetic stability of SNPs was analysed by means of Hardy-Weinberg (HWE) genetic equilibrium. The study examined the correlation between genetically stable SNPs and susceptibility to SLE using logistic regression analysis. Rs699 did not adhere to the principles of the HWE genetic equilibrium (p < .01). Conversely, both rs4762 and rs1926723 conformed to the HWE genetic equilibrium (p > .05). However, no significant differences in genotypes and alleles frequencies of the rs4762 were observed between the two groups (p > .05). Furthermore, there was a significant difference in the distribution of AG, GG genotypes frequency and G allele frequency at the rs1926723 between the two groups (p < .001). Individuals with AG and GG genotypes and the G allele had a significantly lower frequency of SLE, indicating a potential genetic protective factor against susceptibility to the SLE. The SNPs rs1926723 may be linked to the susceptibility to SLE, and the AG, GG genotypes and the G allele may be important protective factors for the development of SLE in Northeast China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huitao Wu
- Heilongjiang Academy of Sciences of TCM, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Xuan Zhang
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Guiling Lin
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Heilongjiang Academy of Sciences of TCM, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Ziman He
- Heilongjiang Academy of Sciences of TCM, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Zhe Wang
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Wenlu Xu
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Xiyu Yin
- Heilongjiang Academy of Sciences of TCM, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Linglan Su
- Heilongjiang Academy of Sciences of TCM, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yanping Zhuang
- International Research Center for Aging and Cancer, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Aimin Gong
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, China
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Shoemaker R, Poglitsch M, Huang H, Vignes K, Srinivasan A, Cockerham C, Schadler A, Bauer JA, O’Brien JM. Activation of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System Is Attenuated in Hypertensive Compared with Normotensive Pregnancy. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12728. [PMID: 37628909 PMCID: PMC10454898 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241612728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypertension during pregnancy increases the risk of adverse maternal and fetal outcomes, but the mechanisms of pregnancy hypertension are not precisely understood. Elevated plasma renin activity and aldosterone concentrations play an important role in the normal physiologic adaptation to pregnancy. These effectors are reduced in patients with pregnancy hypertension, creating an opportunity to define the features of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) that are characteristic of this disorder. In the current study, we used a novel LC-MS/MS-based methodology to develop comprehensive profiles of RAAS peptides and effectors over gestation in a cohort of 74 pregnant women followed prospectively for the development of gestational hypertension and pre-eclampsia (HYP, 27 patients) versus those remaining normotensive (NT, 47 patients). In NT pregnancy, the plasma renin activity surrogate, (PRA-S, calculated from the sum of Angiotensin I + Angiotensin II) and aldosterone concentrations significantly increased from the first to the third trimester, accompanied by a modest increase in the concentrations of angiotensin peptide metabolites. In contrast, in HYP pregnancies, PRA-S and angiotensin peptides were largely unchanged over gestation, and third-trimester aldosterone concentrations were significantly lower compared with those in NT pregnancies. The results indicated that the predominant features of pregnancies that develop HYP are stalled or waning activation of the RAAS in the second half of pregnancy (accompanied by unchanging levels of angiotensin peptides) and the attenuated secretion of aldosterone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Shoemaker
- Department of Dietetics and Human Nutrition, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
| | | | - Hong Huang
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Katherine Vignes
- Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
| | - Aarthi Srinivasan
- Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
| | - Cynthia Cockerham
- Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
| | - Aric Schadler
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - John A. Bauer
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - John M. O’Brien
- Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
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Woods TC, Satou R, Miyata K, Katsurada A, Dugas CM, Klingenberg NC, Fonseca VA, Navar LG. Canagliflozin Prevents Intrarenal Angiotensinogen Augmentation and Mitigates Kidney Injury and Hypertension in Mouse Model of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Am J Nephrol 2019; 49:331-342. [PMID: 30921791 DOI: 10.1159/000499597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypertension and renal injury are common complications of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Hyperglycemia stimulates renal proximal tubular angiotensinogen (AGT) expression via elevated oxidative stress contributing to the development of high blood pressure and diabetic nephropathy. The sodium glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) in proximal tubules is responsible for the majority of glucose reabsorption by renal tubules. We tested the hypothesis that SGLT2 inhibition with canagliflozin (CANA) prevents intrarenal AGT augmentation and ameliorates kidney injury and hypertension in T2DM. METHODS We induced T2DM in New Zealand obese mice with a high fat diet (DM, 30% fat) with control mice receiving regular fat diet (ND, 4% fat). When DM mice exhibited > 350 mg/dL blood glucose levels, both DM- and ND-fed mice were treated with 10 mg/kg/day CANA or vehicle by oral gavage for 6 weeks. We evaluated intrarenal AGT, blood pressure, and the development of kidney injury. RESULTS Systolic blood pressure in DM mice (133.9 ± 2.0 mm Hg) was normalized by CANA (113.9 ± 4.0 mm Hg). CANA treatment ameliorated hyperglycemia-associated augmentation of renal AGT mRNA (148 ± 21 copies/ng RNA in DM, and 90 ± 16 copies/ng RNA in DM + CANA) and protein levels as well as elevation of urinary 8-isoprostane levels. Tubular fibrosis in DM mice (3.4 ± 0.9-fold, fibrotic score, ratio to ND) was suppressed by CANA (0.9 ± 0.3-fold). Furthermore, CANA attenuated DM associated increased macrophage infiltration and cell proliferation in kidneys of DM mice. CONCLUSIONS CANA prevents intrarenal AGT upregulation and oxidative stress and which may mitigate high blood pressure, renal tubular fibrosis, and renal inflammation in T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Cooper Woods
- Departments of Physiology and of Medicine and Hypertension and Renal Center of Excellence, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA,
| | - Ryousuke Satou
- Departments of Physiology and of Medicine and Hypertension and Renal Center of Excellence, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Kayoko Miyata
- Departments of Physiology and of Medicine and Hypertension and Renal Center of Excellence, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Akemi Katsurada
- Departments of Physiology and of Medicine and Hypertension and Renal Center of Excellence, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Courtney M Dugas
- Departments of Physiology and of Medicine and Hypertension and Renal Center of Excellence, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Natasha C Klingenberg
- Departments of Physiology and of Medicine and Hypertension and Renal Center of Excellence, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Vivian A Fonseca
- Departments of Physiology and of Medicine and Hypertension and Renal Center of Excellence, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - L Gabriel Navar
- Departments of Physiology and of Medicine and Hypertension and Renal Center of Excellence, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
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Yoshimoto T, Furuki T, Kobori H, Miyakawa M, Imachi H, Murao K, Nishiyama A. Effects of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors on urinary excretion of intact and total angiotensinogen in patients with type 2 diabetes. J Investig Med 2017; 65:1057-1061. [PMID: 28596160 PMCID: PMC5812257 DOI: 10.1136/jim-2017-000445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
We conducted a descriptive case study to examine the effects of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors on urinary angiotensinogen excretion, which represents the function of the intrarenal renin–angiotensin system, in patients with type 2 diabetes. An SGLT2 inhibitor (canagliflozin 100 mg/day, ipragliflozin 25 mg/day, dapagliflozin 5 mg/day, luseogliflozin 2.5 mg/day or tofogliflozin 20 mg/day) was administered for 1 month (n=9). ELISA kits were used to measure both urinary intact and total angiotensinogen levels. Treatment with SGLT2 inhibitors significantly decreased hemoglobin A1c, body weight, systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure (8.5±1.3 to 7.5%±1.0%, 82.5±20.2 to 80.6±20.9 kg, 143±8 to 128±14 mm Hg, 78±10 to 67±9 mm Hg, p<0.05, respectively), while urinary albumin/creatinine ratio was not significantly changed (58.6±58.9 to 29.2±60.7 mg/g, p=0.16). Both total urinary angiotensinogen/creatinine ratio and intact urinary angiotensinogen/creatinine ratio tended to decrease after administration of SGLT2 inhibitors. However, these changes were not significant (p=0.19 and p=0.08, respectively). These data suggest that treatment with SGLT2 inhibitors does not activate the intrarenal renin–angiotensin system in patients with type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuo Yoshimoto
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki - cho, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Takayuki Furuki
- Department of Medicine, Hadanoeki - Minamiguchi Clinic, Hadano, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kobori
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki - cho, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Masaaki Miyakawa
- Department of Medicine, Miyakawa Clinic, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Hitomi Imachi
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki - cho, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Koji Murao
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki - cho, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Akira Nishiyama
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki - cho, Kagawa, Japan
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Bourgeois CT, Satou R, Prieto MC. HDAC9 is an epigenetic repressor of kidney angiotensinogen establishing a sex difference. Biol Sex Differ 2017; 8:18. [PMID: 28572913 PMCID: PMC5450130 DOI: 10.1186/s13293-017-0140-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Sexual difference has been shown in the pathogenesis of chronic kidney disease induced by hypertension. Females are protected from hypertension and related end-organ damage. Augmentation of renal proximal tubular angiotensinogen (AGT) expression can promote intrarenal angiotensin formation and the development of associated hypertension and kidney injury. Female rodents exhibit lower intrarenal AGT levels than males under normal conditions, suggesting that the suppressed intrarenal AGT production by programmed mechanisms in females may provide protection from these diseases. This study was performed to examine whether epigenetic mechanisms serve as repressors of AGT. Methods Male and female Sprague Dawley rats were used to investigate sex differences of systemic, hepatic, and intrarenal AGT levels. All histone deacetylase (HDAC) mRNA levels in the kidneys were determined using a PCR array. HDAC9 protein expression in the kidneys and cultured renal proximal tubular cells (PTC) was analyzed by Western blot analysis and immunohistochemistry. The effects of HDAC9 on AGT expression were evaluated by using an inhibitor and siRNA. ChIP assay was performed to investigate the interaction between the AGT promoter and HDAC9. Results Plasma and liver AGT levels did not show differences between male and female Sprague-Dawley rats. In contrast, females exhibited lower AGT levels than males in the renal cortex and urine. In the absence of supplemented sex hormones, primary cultured renal cortical cells isolated from female rats sustained lower AGT levels than those from males, suggesting that the kidneys have a unique mechanism of AGT regulation controlled by epigenetic factors rather than sex hormones. HDAC9 mRNA and protein levels were higher in the renal cortex of female rats versus male rats (7.09 ± 0.88, ratio to male) while other HDACs did not exhibit a sex difference. HDAC9 expression was localized in PTC which are the primary source of intrarenal AGT. Importantly, HDAC9 knockdown augmented AGT mRNA (1.92 ± 0.35-fold) and protein (2.25 ± 0.50-fold) levels, similar to an HDAC9 inhibitor. Furthermore, an interaction between HDAC9 and a distal 5’ flanking region of AGT via a histone complex containing H3 and H4 was demonstrated. Conclusions These results indicate that HDAC9 is a novel suppressing factor involved in AGT regulation in PTC, leading to low levels of intrarenal AGT in females. These findings will help to delineate mechanisms underlying sex differences in the development of hypertension and renin-angiotensin system (RAS) associated kidney injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille T Bourgeois
- Department of Physiology, Tulane Hypertension and Renal Center of Excellence, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, SL39, New Orleans, LA 70112-2699 USA
| | - Ryousuke Satou
- Department of Physiology, Tulane Hypertension and Renal Center of Excellence, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, SL39, New Orleans, LA 70112-2699 USA
| | - Minolfa C Prieto
- Department of Physiology, Tulane Hypertension and Renal Center of Excellence, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, SL39, New Orleans, LA 70112-2699 USA
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