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Chevalier RL. Why is chronic kidney disease progressive? Evolutionary adaptations and maladaptations. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2023; 325:F595-F617. [PMID: 37675460 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00134.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite significant advances in renal physiology, the global prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) continues to increase. The emergence of multicellular organisms gave rise to increasing complexity of life resulting in trade-offs reflecting ancestral adaptations to changing environments. Three evolutionary traits shape CKD over the lifespan: 1) variation in nephron number at birth, 2) progressive nephron loss with aging, and 3) adaptive kidney growth in response to decreased nephron number. Although providing plasticity in adaptation to changing environments, the cell cycle must function within constraints dictated by available energy. Prioritized allocation of energy available through the placenta can restrict fetal nephrogenesis, a risk factor for CKD. Moreover, nephron loss with aging is a consequence of cell senescence, a pathway accelerated by adaptive nephron hypertrophy that maintains metabolic homeostasis at the expense of increased vulnerability to stressors. Driven by reproductive fitness, natural selection operates in early life but diminishes thereafter, leading to an exponential increase in CKD with aging, a product of antagonistic pleiotropy. A deeper understanding of the evolutionary constraints on the cell cycle may lead to manipulation of the balance between progenitor cell renewal and differentiation, regulation of cell senescence, and modulation of the balance between cell proliferation and hypertrophy. Application of an evolutionary perspective may enhance understanding of adaptation and maladaptation by nephrons in the progression of CKD, leading to new therapeutic advances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert L Chevalier
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States
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2
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Denis L, Bodard S, Hingot V, Chavignon A, Battaglia J, Renault G, Lager F, Aissani A, Hélénon O, Correas JM, Couture O. Sensing ultrasound localization microscopy for the visualization of glomeruli in living rats and humans. EBioMedicine 2023; 91:104578. [PMID: 37086650 PMCID: PMC10149190 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2023.104578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Estimation of glomerular function is necessary to diagnose kidney diseases. However, the study of glomeruli in the clinic is currently done indirectly through urine and blood tests. A recent imaging technique called Ultrasound Localization Microscopy (ULM) has appeared. It is based on the ability to record continuous movements of individual microbubbles in the bloodstream. Although ULM improved the resolution of vascular imaging up to tenfold, the imaging of the smallest vessels had yet to be reported. METHODS We acquired ultrasound sequences from living humans and rats and then applied filters to divide the data set into slow-moving and fast-moving microbubbles. We performed a double tracking to highlight and characterize populations of microbubbles with singular behaviors. We decided to call this technique "sensing ULM" (sULM). We used post-mortem micro-CT for side-by-side confirmation in rats. FINDINGS In this study, we report the observation of microbubbles flowing in the glomeruli in living humans and rats. We present a set of analysis tools to extract quantitative information from individual microbubbles, such as remanence time or normalized distance. INTERPRETATION As glomeruli play a key role in kidney function, it would be possible that their observation yields a deeper understanding of the kidney. It could also be a tool to diagnose kidney diseases in patients. More generally, it will bring imaging capabilities closer to the functional units of organs, which is a key to understand most diseases, such as cancer, diabetes, or kidney failures. FUNDING This study was funded by the European Research Council under the European Union Horizon H2020 program (ERC Consolidator grant agreement No 772786-ResolveStroke).
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Denis
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INSERM Laboratoire d'Imagerie Biomédicale, F-75006, Paris, France.
| | - Sylvain Bodard
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INSERM Laboratoire d'Imagerie Biomédicale, F-75006, Paris, France; AP-HP, Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades, Service d'Imagerie Adulte, F-75015, Paris, France; Université de Paris Cité, F-75006, Paris, France
| | - Vincent Hingot
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INSERM Laboratoire d'Imagerie Biomédicale, F-75006, Paris, France
| | - Arthur Chavignon
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INSERM Laboratoire d'Imagerie Biomédicale, F-75006, Paris, France
| | - Jacques Battaglia
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INSERM Laboratoire d'Imagerie Biomédicale, F-75006, Paris, France
| | - Gilles Renault
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, INSERM, CNRS, F-75014, Paris, France
| | - Franck Lager
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, INSERM, CNRS, F-75014, Paris, France
| | - Abderrahmane Aissani
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INSERM Laboratoire d'Imagerie Biomédicale, F-75006, Paris, France
| | - Olivier Hélénon
- AP-HP, Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades, Service d'Imagerie Adulte, F-75015, Paris, France; Université de Paris Cité, F-75006, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Michel Correas
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INSERM Laboratoire d'Imagerie Biomédicale, F-75006, Paris, France; AP-HP, Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades, Service d'Imagerie Adulte, F-75015, Paris, France; Université de Paris Cité, F-75006, Paris, France
| | - Olivier Couture
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INSERM Laboratoire d'Imagerie Biomédicale, F-75006, Paris, France
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3
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Cardiovascular and renal profiles in rat offspring that do not undergo catch-up growth after exposure to maternal protein restriction. J Dev Orig Health Dis 2023; 14:426-436. [PMID: 36647740 DOI: 10.1017/s2040174422000666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Maternal protein restriction is often associated with structural and functional sequelae in offspring, particularly affecting growth and renal-cardiovascular function. However, there is little understanding as to whether hypertension and kidney disease occur because of a primary nephron deficit or whether controlling postnatal growth can result in normal renal-cardiovascular phenotypes. To investigate this, female Sprague-Dawley rats were fed either a low-protein (LP, 8.4% protein) or normal-protein (NP, 19.4% protein) diet prior to mating and until offspring were weaned at postnatal day (PN) 21. Offspring were then fed a non 'growth' (4.6% fat) which ensured that catch-up growth did not occur. Offspring growth was determined by weight and dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. Nephron number was determined at PN21 using the disector-fractionator method. Kidney function was measured at PN180 and PN360 using clearance methods. Blood pressure was measured at PN360 using radio-telemetry. Body weight was similar at PN1, but by PN21 LP offspring were 39% smaller than controls (Pdiet < 0.001). This difference was due to proportional changes in lean muscle, fat, and bone content. LP offspring remained smaller than NP offspring until PN360. In LP offspring, nephron number was 26% less in males and 17% less in females, than NP controls (Pdiet < 0.0004). Kidney function was similar across dietary groups and sexes at PN180 and PN360. Blood pressure was similar in LP and NP offspring at PN360. These findings suggest that remaining on a slow growth trajectory after exposure to a suboptimal intrauterine environment does not lead to the development of kidney dysfunction and hypertension.
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Chiang CH, Li SJ, Zhang TR, Chen CY. Long-term dietary restriction ameliorates ageing-related renal fibrosis in male mice by normalizing mitochondrial functions and autophagy. Biogerontology 2022; 23:731-740. [PMID: 36183304 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-022-09993-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
As the kidneys age, gradual changes in the structures and functions of mitochondria occur. Dietary restriction (DR) can play a protective role in ageing-associated renal decline, however the exact mechanisms involved are still unclear. This study aims to clarify the beneficial effects of long-term DR on renal ageing and to explore the potential mechanisms of mitochondrial homeostasis. Eight-week-old C57BL/6 male mice (n = 30) were randomly divided into three groups, Young-AL (AL, ad libitum), Aged-AL, and Aged-DR (60% intake of AL). Mice were sacrificed at age of 7 months (Young) or 22 months (Aged). Heavier body and kidney weights were associated with ageing, but DR reduced these increases in aged mice. Ageing caused extensive tubulointerstitial fibrosis and glomerulosclerosis in the kidney. Giant mitochondria with looser and irregular crista were observed in Aged-AL kidneys. DR retarded these morphological alterations in aged kidneys. In addition, DR reversed the increase of MDA caused by ageing. Renal ATP level was elevated by DR treatment. Mitochondrial-related proteins were analysed to elucidate this association. Ageing downregulated the renal levels of VDAC, FOXO1, SOD2, LC3I and II, and upregulated the renal levels of MFN2 and PINK1. In contrast, DR elevated the levels of VDAC, FOXO1, and LC3I and reduced the ratio of LC3II to LC3I in aged kidneys. To conclude, impaired mitochondria, increased oxidative stress, and severe fibrosis were noticed in the aged kidneys, and DR improved these changes by increasing functional mitochondria and promoting autophagic clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Hsien Chiang
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, No. 50, Lane 155, Sec 3, Keelung Rd, Taipei, 10672, Taiwan
| | - Sin-Jin Li
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, No. 50, Lane 155, Sec 3, Keelung Rd, Taipei, 10672, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Rui Zhang
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, No. 50, Lane 155, Sec 3, Keelung Rd, Taipei, 10672, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Yi Chen
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, No. 50, Lane 155, Sec 3, Keelung Rd, Taipei, 10672, Taiwan.
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Ushio Y, Kataoka H, Iwadoh K, Ohara M, Suzuki T, Hirata M, Manabe S, Kawachi K, Akihisa T, Makabe S, Sato M, Iwasa N, Yoshida R, Hoshino J, Mochizuki T, Tsuchiya K, Nitta K. Machine learning for morbid glomerular hypertrophy. Sci Rep 2022; 12:19155. [PMID: 36351996 PMCID: PMC9646707 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-23882-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
A practical research method integrating data-driven machine learning with conventional model-driven statistics is sought after in medicine. Although glomerular hypertrophy (or a large renal corpuscle) on renal biopsy has pathophysiological implications, it is often misdiagnosed as adaptive/compensatory hypertrophy. Using a generative machine learning method, we aimed to explore the factors associated with a maximal glomerular diameter of ≥ 242.3 μm. Using the frequency-of-usage variable ranking in generative models, we defined the machine learning scores with symbolic regression via genetic programming (SR via GP). We compared important variables selected by SR with those selected by a point-biserial correlation coefficient using multivariable logistic and linear regressions to validate discriminatory ability, goodness-of-fit, and collinearity. Body mass index, complement component C3, serum total protein, arteriolosclerosis, C-reactive protein, and the Oxford E1 score were ranked among the top 10 variables with high machine learning scores using SR via GP, while the estimated glomerular filtration rate was ranked 46 among the 60 variables. In multivariable analyses, the R2 value was higher (0.61 vs. 0.45), and the corrected Akaike Information Criterion value was lower (402.7 vs. 417.2) with variables selected with SR than those selected with point-biserial r. There were two variables with variance inflation factors higher than 5 in those using point-biserial r and none in SR. Data-driven machine learning models may be useful in identifying significant and insignificant correlated factors. Our method may be generalized to other medical research due to the procedural simplicity of using top-ranked variables selected by machine learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Ushio
- grid.410818.40000 0001 0720 6587Department of Nephrology, Tokyo Women’s Medical University, 8-1 Kawada-Cho, Shinjuku-Ku, Tokyo, 162-8666 Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kataoka
- grid.410818.40000 0001 0720 6587Department of Nephrology, Tokyo Women’s Medical University, 8-1 Kawada-Cho, Shinjuku-Ku, Tokyo, 162-8666 Japan ,grid.410818.40000 0001 0720 6587Clinical Research Division for Polycystic Kidney Disease, Department of Nephrology, Tokyo Women’s Medical University, Tokyo, 162-8666 Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Iwadoh
- grid.410818.40000 0001 0720 6587Department of Nephrology, Tokyo Women’s Medical University, 8-1 Kawada-Cho, Shinjuku-Ku, Tokyo, 162-8666 Japan ,grid.410818.40000 0001 0720 6587Department of Blood Purification, Tokyo Women’s Medical University, Tokyo, 162-8666 Japan
| | - Mamiko Ohara
- grid.414927.d0000 0004 0378 2140Department of Nephrology, Kameda Medical Center, Chiba, 296-8602 Japan
| | - Tomo Suzuki
- grid.414927.d0000 0004 0378 2140Department of Nephrology, Kameda Medical Center, Chiba, 296-8602 Japan
| | - Maiko Hirata
- grid.410775.00000 0004 1762 2623Japanese Red Cross Saitama Hospital, Saitama, 330-8553 Japan
| | - Shun Manabe
- grid.410818.40000 0001 0720 6587Department of Nephrology, Tokyo Women’s Medical University, 8-1 Kawada-Cho, Shinjuku-Ku, Tokyo, 162-8666 Japan
| | - Keiko Kawachi
- grid.410818.40000 0001 0720 6587Department of Nephrology, Tokyo Women’s Medical University, 8-1 Kawada-Cho, Shinjuku-Ku, Tokyo, 162-8666 Japan
| | - Taro Akihisa
- grid.410818.40000 0001 0720 6587Department of Nephrology, Tokyo Women’s Medical University, 8-1 Kawada-Cho, Shinjuku-Ku, Tokyo, 162-8666 Japan
| | - Shiho Makabe
- grid.410818.40000 0001 0720 6587Department of Nephrology, Tokyo Women’s Medical University, 8-1 Kawada-Cho, Shinjuku-Ku, Tokyo, 162-8666 Japan
| | - Masayo Sato
- grid.410818.40000 0001 0720 6587Department of Nephrology, Tokyo Women’s Medical University, 8-1 Kawada-Cho, Shinjuku-Ku, Tokyo, 162-8666 Japan
| | - Naomi Iwasa
- grid.410818.40000 0001 0720 6587Department of Nephrology, Tokyo Women’s Medical University, 8-1 Kawada-Cho, Shinjuku-Ku, Tokyo, 162-8666 Japan ,grid.410818.40000 0001 0720 6587Clinical Research Division for Polycystic Kidney Disease, Department of Nephrology, Tokyo Women’s Medical University, Tokyo, 162-8666 Japan
| | - Rie Yoshida
- grid.410818.40000 0001 0720 6587Department of Nephrology, Tokyo Women’s Medical University, 8-1 Kawada-Cho, Shinjuku-Ku, Tokyo, 162-8666 Japan ,grid.410818.40000 0001 0720 6587Clinical Research Division for Polycystic Kidney Disease, Department of Nephrology, Tokyo Women’s Medical University, Tokyo, 162-8666 Japan
| | - Junichi Hoshino
- grid.410818.40000 0001 0720 6587Department of Nephrology, Tokyo Women’s Medical University, 8-1 Kawada-Cho, Shinjuku-Ku, Tokyo, 162-8666 Japan
| | - Toshio Mochizuki
- grid.410818.40000 0001 0720 6587Department of Nephrology, Tokyo Women’s Medical University, 8-1 Kawada-Cho, Shinjuku-Ku, Tokyo, 162-8666 Japan ,grid.410818.40000 0001 0720 6587Clinical Research Division for Polycystic Kidney Disease, Department of Nephrology, Tokyo Women’s Medical University, Tokyo, 162-8666 Japan
| | - Ken Tsuchiya
- grid.410818.40000 0001 0720 6587Department of Blood Purification, Tokyo Women’s Medical University, Tokyo, 162-8666 Japan
| | - Kosaku Nitta
- grid.410818.40000 0001 0720 6587Department of Nephrology, Tokyo Women’s Medical University, 8-1 Kawada-Cho, Shinjuku-Ku, Tokyo, 162-8666 Japan
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Chevalier RL. Bioenergetic Evolution Explains Prevalence of Low Nephron Number at Birth: Risk Factor for CKD. KIDNEY360 2020; 1:863-879. [PMID: 35372951 PMCID: PMC8815749 DOI: 10.34067/kid.0002012020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
There is greater than tenfold variation in nephron number of the human kidney at birth. Although low nephron number is a recognized risk factor for CKD, its determinants are poorly understood. Evolutionary medicine represents a new discipline that seeks evolutionary explanations for disease, broadening perspectives on research and public health initiatives. Evolution of the kidney, an organ rich in mitochondria, has been driven by natural selection for reproductive fitness constrained by energy availability. Over the past 2 million years, rapid growth of an energy-demanding brain in Homo sapiens enabled hominid adaptation to environmental extremes through selection for mutations in mitochondrial and nuclear DNA epigenetically regulated by allocation of energy to developing organs. Maternal undernutrition or hypoxia results in intrauterine growth restriction or preterm birth, resulting in low birth weight and low nephron number. Regulated through placental transfer, environmental oxygen and nutrients signal nephron progenitor cells to reprogram metabolism from glycolysis to oxidative phosphorylation. These processes are modulated by counterbalancing anabolic and catabolic metabolic pathways that evolved from prokaryote homologs and by hypoxia-driven and autophagy pathways that evolved in eukaryotes. Regulation of nephron differentiation by histone modifications and DNA methyltransferases provide epigenetic control of nephron number in response to energy available to the fetus. Developmental plasticity of nephrogenesis represents an evolved life history strategy that prioritizes energy to early brain growth with adequate kidney function through reproductive years, the trade-off being increasing prevalence of CKD delayed until later adulthood. The research implications of this evolutionary analysis are to identify regulatory pathways of energy allocation directing nephrogenesis while accounting for the different life history strategies of animal models such as the mouse. The clinical implications are to optimize nutrition and minimize hypoxic/toxic stressors in childbearing women and children in early postnatal development.
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Black MJ. Filtering the good from the bad: A focus on kidney development and disease to celebrate John Bertram's long‐standing career in anatomy and renal research. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.24484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mary Jane Black
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Biomedicine Discovery InstituteMonash University Clayton Victoria Australia
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8
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McArdle Z, Schreuder MF, Moritz KM, Denton KM, Singh RR. Physiology and Pathophysiology of Compensatory Adaptations of a Solitary Functioning Kidney. Front Physiol 2020; 11:725. [PMID: 32670095 PMCID: PMC7332829 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Children born with a solitary functioning kidney (SFK) have an increased risk of hypertension and kidney disease from early in adulthood. In response to a reduction in kidney mass, the remaining kidney undergoes compensatory kidney growth. This is associated with both an increase in size of the kidney tubules and the glomeruli and an increase in single nephron glomerular filtration rate (SNGFR). The compensatory hypertrophy and increase in filtration at the level of the individual nephron results in normalization of total glomerular filtration rate (GFR). However, over time these same compensatory mechanisms may contribute to kidney injury and hypertension. Indeed, approximately 50% of children born with a SFK develop hypertension by the age of 18 and 20–40% require dialysis by the age of 30. The mechanisms that result in kidney injury are only partly understood, and early biomarkers that distinguish those at an elevated risk of kidney injury are needed. This review will outline the compensatory adaptations to a SFK, and outline how these adaptations may contribute to kidney injury and hypertension later in life. These will be based largely on the mechanisms we have identified from our studies in an ovine model of SFK, that implicate the renal nitric oxide system, the renin angiotensin system and the renal nerves to kidney disease and hypertension associated with SFK. This discussion will also evaluate current, and speculate on next generation, prognostic factors that may predict those children at a higher risk of future kidney disease and hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoe McArdle
- Cardiovascular Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Physiology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Michiel F Schreuder
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Amalia Children's Hospital, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Karen M Moritz
- Child Health Research Centre and School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Kate M Denton
- Cardiovascular Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Physiology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Reetu R Singh
- Cardiovascular Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Physiology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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9
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Chacon-Caldera J, Maunder A, Rao M, Norquay G, Rodgers OI, Clemence M, Puddu C, Schad LR, Wild JM. Dissolved hyperpolarized xenon-129 MRI in human kidneys. Magn Reson Med 2019; 83:262-270. [PMID: 31400040 PMCID: PMC6852523 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.27923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Revised: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Purpose To assess the feasibility of using dissolved hyperpolarized xenon‐129 (129Xe) MRI to study renal physiology in humans at 3 T. Methods Using a flexible transceiver RF coil, dynamic and spatially resolved 129Xe spectroscopy was performed in the abdomen after inhalation of hyperpolarized 129Xe gas with 3 healthy male volunteers. A transmit‐only receive‐only RF coil array was purpose‐built to focus RF excitation and enhance sensitivity for dynamic imaging of 129Xe uptake in the kidneys using spoiled gradient echo and balanced steady‐state sequences. Results Using spatially resolved spectroscopy, different magnitudes of signal from 129Xe dissolved in red blood cells and tissue/plasma could be identified in the kidneys and the aorta. The spectra from both kidneys showed peaks with similar amplitudes and chemical shift values. Imaging with the purpose‐built coil array was shown to provide more than a 3‐fold higher SNR in the kidneys when compared with surrounding tissues, while further physiological information from the dissolved 129Xe in the lungs and in transit to the kidneys was provided with the transceiver coil. The signal of dissolved hyperpolarized 129Xe could be imaged with both tested sequences for about 40 seconds after inhalation. Conclusion The uptake of 129Xe dissolved in the human kidneys was measured with spectroscopic and imaging experiments, demonstrating the potential of hyperpolarized 129Xe MR as a novel, noninvasive technique to image human kidney tissue perfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Chacon-Caldera
- Computer Assisted Clinical Medicine, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.,POLARIS, Unit of Academic Radiology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Adam Maunder
- POLARIS, Unit of Academic Radiology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Madhwesha Rao
- POLARIS, Unit of Academic Radiology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Graham Norquay
- POLARIS, Unit of Academic Radiology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Oliver I Rodgers
- POLARIS, Unit of Academic Radiology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | | | - Claudio Puddu
- POLARIS, Unit of Academic Radiology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Lothar R Schad
- Computer Assisted Clinical Medicine, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Jim M Wild
- POLARIS, Unit of Academic Radiology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
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10
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Xie L, Koukos G, Barck K, Foreman O, Lee WP, Brendza R, Eastham-Anderson J, McKenzie BS, Peterson A, Carano RAD. Micro-CT imaging and structural analysis of glomeruli in a model of Adriamycin-induced nephropathy. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2018; 316:F76-F89. [PMID: 30256127 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00331.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Glomeruli number and size are important for determining the pathogenesis of glomerular disease, chronic kidney disease, and hypertension. Moreover, renal injury can occur in specific cortical layers and alter glomerular spatial distribution. In this study, we present a comprehensive structural analysis of glomeruli in a model of Adriamycin (doxorubicin) nephropathy. Glomeruli are imaged (micro-CT at 10 × 10 × 10 μm3) in kidney specimens from C57Bl/6 mouse cohorts: control treated with saline ( n = 9) and Adriamycin treated with 20 mg/kg Adriamycin ( n = 7). Several indices were examined, including glomerular number, glomerular volume, glomerular volume heterogeneity, and spatial density at each glomerulus and in each cortical layer (superficial, midcortical, and juxtamedullary). In the Adriamycin-treated animals, glomerular number decreased significantly in the left kidney [control: 8,298 ± 221, Adriamycin: 6,781 ± 630 (mean ± SE)] and right kidney (control: 7,317 ± 367, Adriamycin: 5,522 ± 508), and glomerular volume heterogeneity increased significantly in the left kidney (control: 0.642 ± 0.015, Adriamycin: 0.786 ± 0.018) and right kidney (control: 0.739 ± 0.016, Adriamycin: 0.937 ± 0.023). Glomerular spatial density was not affected. Glomerular volume heterogeneity increased significantly in the superficial and midcortical layers of the Adriamycin cohort. Adriamycin did not affect glomerular volume or density metrics in the juxtamedullary region, suggesting a compensatory mechanism of juxtamedullary glomeruli to injury in the outer cortical layers. Left/right asymmetry was observed in kidney size and various glomeruli metrics. The methods presented here can be used to evaluate renal disease models with subtle changes in glomerular endowment locally or across the entire kidney, and they provide an imaging tool to investigate diverse interventions and therapeutic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke Xie
- Biomedical Imaging, Genentech, South San Francisco, California
| | - Georgios Koukos
- Molecular Biology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California
| | - Kai Barck
- Biomedical Imaging, Genentech, South San Francisco, California
| | - Oded Foreman
- Pathology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California
| | - Wyne P Lee
- Translation Immunology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California
| | - Robert Brendza
- Neuroscience, Genentech, South San Francisco, California
| | | | - Brent S McKenzie
- Translation Immunology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California
| | - Andrew Peterson
- Molecular Biology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California
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