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Woodhams L, Sim TF, Chalmers L, Yeap B, Green D, Schlaich M, Schultz C, Hillis G. Diabetic kidney disease in type 2 diabetes: a review of pathogenic mechanisms, patient-related factors and therapeutic options. PeerJ 2021; 9:e11070. [PMID: 33976959 PMCID: PMC8061574 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.11070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The global prevalence of diabetic kidney disease is rapidly accelerating due to an increasing number of people living with type 2 diabetes. It has become a significant global problem, increasing human and financial pressures on already overburdened healthcare systems. Interest in diabetic kidney disease has increased over the last decade and progress has been made in determining the pathogenic mechanisms and patient-related factors involved in the development and pathogenesis of this disease. A greater understanding of these factors will catalyse the development of novel treatments and influence current practice. This review summarises the latest evidence for the factors involved in the development and progression of diabetic kidney disease, which will inform better management strategies targeting such factors to improve therapeutic outcomes in patients living with diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Woodhams
- Curtin Medical School, Curtin University of Technology, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Tin Fei Sim
- Curtin Medical School, Curtin University of Technology, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Leanne Chalmers
- Curtin Medical School, Curtin University of Technology, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Bu Yeap
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,Medical School, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Daniel Green
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Sciences), The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Markus Schlaich
- Medical School, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,Department of Cardiology and Nephrology, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,Neurovascular Hypertension and Kidney Disease Laboratory, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Dobney Hypertension Centre, School of Medicine, Royal Perth Hospital Unit/Medical Research Foundation, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Carl Schultz
- Medical School, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,Department of Cardiology, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Graham Hillis
- Medical School, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,Department of Cardiology, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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2
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Mazidi M, Rezaie P, Kengne AP, Stathopoulou MG, Azimi-Nezhad M, Siest S. VEGF, the underlying factor for metabolic syndrome; fact or fiction? Diabetes Metab Syndr 2017; 11 Suppl 1:S61-S64. [PMID: 28040466 DOI: 10.1016/j.dsx.2016.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is currently diagnosed by the co-presence of at least three of the five following abnormalities: abdominal obesity, dysglycaemia, elevated serum triglycerides, low high-density cholesterol (HDL) and finally elevated blood pressure. Metabolic syndrome increases the risk of developing cardiovascular disease and diabetes. This review is on the associations between MetS and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). VEGF induces migration and proliferation of endothelial cells (ECs), increases vascular permeability and has a role in tumor growth, adipose tissue expansion, age-related macular degeneration and diabetic retinopathy. Circulating levels of VEGFs are elevated in obese individuals and it has also been suggested that VEGF is secreted from adipose tissues, especially from intra-abdominal adipose tissue. There is abundant evidence to support that poor glycemic control in diabetic patients is associated with increased plasma VEGF, which in turn may cause hypertension and several vascular complications in diabetic patients. Circulating VEGF levels are increased in children and young adults with type 1 diabetes mellitus and middle-aged diabetic patients with proliferative retinopathy. It has been revealed that plasma VEGF increases in patients with hyperlipidemia and may trigger the development of atherosclerosis. It can be concluded that there is a positive association between VEGF and components of MetS. Because of the importance of this relationship, more investigations are needed in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Mazidi
- Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, International College, University of Chinese Academy of Science (IC-UCAS), West Beichen Road, Chaoyang, China; Key State Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang, Beijing, China
| | - Peyman Rezaie
- Biochemistry of Nutrition Research Center, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Science, Mashhad, Iran
| | - A P Kengne
- Non-Communicable Disease Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council and University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Maria G Stathopoulou
- UMR INSERM U 1122, IGE-PCV "Interactions Gène-Environnement en Physiopathologie CardioVasculaire ", Université de Lorraine, Nancy, France
| | - Mohsen Azimi-Nezhad
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences (MUMS), Mashhad, Iran; Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences, Neyshabur, Iran.
| | - Sophie Siest
- UMR INSERM U 1122, IGE-PCV "Interactions Gène-Environnement en Physiopathologie CardioVasculaire ", Université de Lorraine, Nancy, France
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3
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Phosphodiesterase-5 inhibition preserves renal hemodynamics and function in mice with diabetic kidney disease by modulating miR-22 and BMP7. Sci Rep 2017; 7:44584. [PMID: 28294194 PMCID: PMC5353686 DOI: 10.1038/srep44584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic Nephropathy (DN) is the leading cause of end-stage renal disease. Preclinical and experimental studies show that PDE5 inhibitors (PDE5is) exert protective effects in DN improving perivascular inflammation. Using a mouse model of diabetic kidney injury we investigated the protective proprieties of PDE5is on renal hemodynamics and the molecular mechanisms involved. PDE5i treatment prevented the development of DN-related hypertension (P < 0.001), the increase of urine albumin creatinine ratio (P < 0.01), the fall in glomerular filtration rate (P < 0.001), and improved renal resistive index (P < 0.001) and kidney microcirculation. Moreover PDE5i attenuated the rise of nephropathy biomarkers, soluble urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor, suPAR and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin, NGAL. In treated animals, blood vessel perfusion was improved and vascular leakage reduced, suggesting preserved renal endothelium integrity, as confirmed by higher capillary density, number of CD31+ cells and pericyte coverage. Analysis of the mechanisms involved revealed the induction of bone morphogenetic protein-7 (BMP7) expression, a critical regulator of angiogenesis and kidney homeostasis, through a PDE5i-dependent downregulation of miR-22. In conclusion PDE5i slows the progression of DN in mice, improving hemodynamic parameters and vessel integrity. Regulation of miR-22/BMP7, an unknown mechanism of PDE5is in nephrovascular protection, might represent a novel therapeutic option for treatment of diabetic complications.
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Qiu YY, Tang LQ, Wei W. Berberine exerts renoprotective effects by regulating the AGEs-RAGE signaling pathway in mesangial cells during diabetic nephropathy. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2017; 443:89-105. [PMID: 28087385 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2017.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Revised: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we explored the effect of berberine treatment on the AGEs-RAGE pathway in a rat model of diabetic nephropathy, and we investigated the mechanism by which key factors caused kidney injury and the effects of berberine. In vivo, berberine improved fasting blood glucose, body weight, the majority of biochemical and renal function parameters and histopathological changes in the diabetic kidney. Western blotting and immunohistochemistry revealed significant increases in the levels of AGEs, RAGE, P-PKC-β and TGF-β1 in injured kidneys, and these levels were markedly decreased by treatment with berberine. In vitro, berberine inhibited mesangial cell proliferation. Cells treated with berberine showed reduced levels of AGEs, accompanied by decreased RAGE, p-PKC and TGF-β1 levels soon afterwards. Berberine exhibited renoprotective effects in diabetic nephropathy rats, and the molecular mechanism was associated with changes in the levels and regulation of the AGEs-RAGE-PKC-β-TGF-β1 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Ye Qiu
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, 81#Mei-shan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, People's Republic of China; Department of Pharmacy, Anhui Provincial Hospital, Anhui Medical University, 17# Lu-jiang Road, Hefei 230001, Anhui, People's Republic of China.
| | - Li-Qin Tang
- Department of Pharmacy, Anhui Provincial Hospital, Anhui Medical University, 17# Lu-jiang Road, Hefei 230001, Anhui, People's Republic of China.
| | - Wei Wei
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, 81#Mei-shan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, People's Republic of China.
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Abstract
Store-operated Ca(2+) entry (SOCE) is mediated by the store-operated Ca(2+) channel (SOC) that opens upon depletion of internal Ca(2+) stores following activation of G protein-coupled receptors or receptor tyrosine kinases. Over the past two decades, the physiological and pathological relevance of SOCE has been extensively studied. Recently, accumulating evidence suggests associations of altered SOCE with diabetic complications. This review focuses on the implication of SOCE as it pertains to various complications resulting from diabetes. We summarize recent findings by us and others on the involvement of abnormal SOCE in the development of diabetic complications, such as diabetic nephropathy and diabetic vasculopathy. The underlying mechanisms that mediate the diabetes-associated alterations of SOCE are also discussed. The SOCE pathway may be considered as a potential therapeutic target for diabetes-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarika Chaudhari
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Anatomy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth 76107, TX, USA
| | - Rong Ma
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Anatomy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth 76107, TX, USA
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AL-Onazi AS, AL-Rasheed NM, Attia HA, AL-Rasheed NM, Ahmed RM, AL-Amin MA, Poizat C. Ruboxistaurin attenuates diabetic nephropathy via modulation of TGF-β1/Smad and GRAP pathways. J Pharm Pharmacol 2016; 68:219-32. [DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 11/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objective
To investigate whether ruboxistaurin (a selective PKC-β inhibitor) mediates renoprotective effect via interference with TGF-β1/Smad-GRAP cross-signalling.
Method
Diabetes was induced in rats by a single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (55 mg/kg). Then, the diabetic rats were treated with ruboxistaurin (10 mg/kg, p.o) for 6 weeks. Valsartan (15 mg/kg, p.o) was used as a positive control. After 6 weeks of treatment, diabetic nephropathy biomarkers were assessed. TGF-β1, Smad2, and Smad3 mRNA and protein levels were detected using qPCR and western blot analysis.
Key findings
Data showed that serum creatinine, kidney/body weight ratio and urinary albumin excretion significantly increased in diabetic rats. These changes were significantly attenuated by treatment with ruboxistaurin. A significant up-regulation of TGF-β1, Smad2 and Smad3 mRNA expression was observed in diabetic rats, which was alleviated by administration of ruboxistaurin. Furthermore, immunoblotting showed a significant improvement in protein levels of TGF-β1 (P < 0.01), Smad2/3 (P < 0.01) and p-Smad3 (P < 0.001) in diabetic rats treated with ruboxistaurin compared to untreated. Importantly, the reduction in GRAP protein expression in diabetic kidney was prevented by treatment with ruboxistaurin.
Conclusion
These data suggest that the renoprotective effect of ruboxistaurin is possibly due to down-regulation of TGF-β1/Smad pathway and normalization of GRAP protein expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asma S AL-Onazi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nouf M AL-Rasheed
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hala A Attia
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Nawal M AL-Rasheed
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Raeesa M Ahmed
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maha A AL-Amin
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Coralie Poizat
- Cardiovascular Research Program, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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7
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New molecular insights in diabetic nephropathy. Int Urol Nephrol 2016; 48:373-87. [PMID: 26759327 DOI: 10.1007/s11255-015-1203-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus represents one of the major causes of functional kidney impairment. The review highlights the most significant steps made over the last decades in understanding the molecular basis of diabetic nephropathy (DN), which may provide reliable biomarkers for early diagnosis and prognosis, along with new molecular targets for personalized medicine. There is an increased interest in developing new therapeutic strategies to slow DN progression for improving patients' quality of life and reducing all-cause morbidity and disease-associated mortality. It is highly important to have a science-based medical attitude when facing diabetic patients with associated comorbidities and risk of rapid evolution toward end-stage renal disease. The data discussed herein were mainly from MEDLINE and PubMed articles published in English from 1990 to 2015 and from up-to-date. The search term was "diabetic nephropathy and oxidative stress".
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8
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Protein kinase C in enhanced vascular tone in diabetes mellitus. Int J Cardiol 2014; 174:230-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2014.04.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2014] [Revised: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Wu SZ, Peng FF, Li JL, Ye F, Lei SQ, Zhang BF. Akt and RhoA activation in response to high glucose require caveolin-1 phosphorylation in mesangial cells. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2014; 306:F1308-17. [PMID: 24694591 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00447.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Glomerular matrix accumulation is a hallmark of diabetic renal disease. Serine/threonine kinase PKC-β1 mediates glucose-induced Akt S473 phosphorylation, RhoA activation, and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 upregulation and finally leads to matrix upregulation in mesangial cells (MCs). It has been reported that glucose-induced PKC-β1 activation is dependent on caveolin-1 and the presence of intact caveolae in MCs; however, whether activated PKC-β1 regulates caveolin-1 expression and phosphorylation are unknown. Here, we showed that, although the caveolin-1 protein level had no significant change, the PKC-β-specific inhibitor LY-333531 blocked caveolin-1 Y14 phosphorylation in high glucose (HG)-treated MCs and in the renal cortex of diabetic rats. The Src-specific inhibitor SU-6656 prevented the HG-induced association between PKC-β1 and caveolin-1 and PKC-β1 membrane translocation, whereas PKC-β1 small interfering RNA failed to block Src activation, indicating that Src kinase is upstream of PKC-β1 activation. Although LY-333531 blocked PKC-β1 membrane translocation, it had no effect on the PKC-β1/caveolin-1 association, suggesting that PKC-β1 activation requires the interaction of caveolin-1 and PKC-β1. PKC-β1-mediated Akt S473 phosphorylation, RhoA activation, and fibronectin upregulation in response to HG were prevented by SU-6656 and nonphosphorylatable mutant caveolin-1 Y14A. In conclusion, Src activation by HG mediates the PKC-β1/caveolin-1 association and PKC-β1 activation, which assists in caveolin-1 Y14 phosphorylation by Src kinase. The downstream effects, including Akt S473 phosphorylation, RhoA activation, and fibronectin upregulation, require caveolin-1 Y14 phosphorylation. Caveolin-1 is thus an important mediator of the profibrogenic process in diabetic renal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Zhen Wu
- Department of Biochemistry, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan, People's Republic of China; and
| | - Fang-Fang Peng
- Department of Biochemistry, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan, People's Republic of China; and
| | - Jia-Lin Li
- Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, People's Republic of China; and
| | - Feng Ye
- Department of Biochemistry, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan, People's Republic of China; and
| | - Shao-Qing Lei
- Department of Biochemistry, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan, People's Republic of China; and
| | - Bai-Fang Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan, People's Republic of China; and Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
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10
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Abstract
Diabetic kidney disease, in present days, is being recognized as the commonest cause of end stage renal disease. Though there is no absolute therapy for diabetic kidney disease, decades of hard work has recognized some modifiable factors that can prevent its progression. This article is an attempt to review some recent advances in the understanding, diagnosis and management of diabetic kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj Agarwal
- Hormone Care and Research Centre, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
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11
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Awad AS, Gao T, Gvritishvili A, You H, Liu Y, Cooper TK, Reeves WB, Tombran-Tink J. Protective role of small pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) peptide in diabetic renal injury. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2013; 305:F891-900. [PMID: 23884140 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00149.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) is a multifunctional protein with antiangiogenic, antioxidative, and anti-inflammatory properties. PEDF is involved in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy, but its direct role in the kidneys remains unclear. We hypothesize that a PEDF fragment (P78-PEDF) confers kidney protection in diabetic nephropathy (DN). The localization of the full-length PEDF protein were determined in DBA mice following multiple low doses of streptozotocin. Using immunohistochemistry, PEDF was localized in the kidney vasculature, interstitial space, glomeruli, tubules, and renal medulla. Kidney PEDF protein and mRNA expression were significantly reduced in diabetic mice. Continuous infusion of P78-PEDF for 6 wk resulted in protection from diabetic neuropathy as indicated by reduced albuminuria and blood urea nitrogen, increased nephrin expression, decreased kidney macrophage recruitment and inflammatory cytokines, and reduced histological changes compared with vehicle-treated diabetic mice. In vitro, P78-PEDF blocked the increase in podocyte permeability to albumin and disruption of the actin cytoskeleton induced by puromycin aminonucleoside treatment. These findings highlight the importance of P78-PEDF peptide as a potential therapeutic modality in early phase diabetic renal injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaa S Awad
- Associate Professor of Medicine, and Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Penn State Univ., Hershey Medical Center, College of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, H040, 500 Univ. Drive, P.O. Box 850, BMR Bldg., C5830, Hershey, PA 17033.
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12
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Abstract
The long-term complications of diabetes are characterized by pathologic changes in both the microvasculature and conduit vessels. Although the fenestrated glomerular endothelium classically has been viewed as providing little in the way of an impediment to macromolecular flow, increasing evidence illustrates that this is not the case. Rather, hyperglycemia-mediated endothelial injury may predispose to albuminuria in diabetes both through direct effects and through bidirectional communication with neighboring podocytes. Although neo-angiogenesis of the glomerular capillaries may be a feature of early diabetes, particularly in the experimental setting, loss of capillaries in the glomerulus and in the interstitium are key events that each correlate closely with declining glomerular filtration rate in patients with diabetic nephropathy. The hypoxic milieu that follows the microvascular rarefaction provides a potent stimulus for fibrogenesis, leading to the glomerulosclerosis and tubulointerstitial fibrosis that characterize advanced diabetic kidney disease. Given the pivotal role the endothelium plays in both the development and the progression of diabetic nephropathy we need effective strategies that prevent its loss or accelerate its regeneration. Such advances likely will lead not only to improved tissue oxygenation and reduced fibrosis, but also to improved long-term renal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Advani
- Keenan Research Centre of the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, and Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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13
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Fragiadaki M, Hill N, Hewitt R, Bou-Gharios G, Cook T, Tam FW, Domin J, Mason RM. Hyperglycemia causes renal cell damage via CCN2-induced activation of the TrkA receptor: implications for diabetic nephropathy. Diabetes 2012; 61:2280-8. [PMID: 22586581 PMCID: PMC3425410 DOI: 10.2337/db11-1138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
CCN2, a secreted profibrotic protein, is highly expressed in diabetic nephropathy (DN) and implicated in its pathogenesis; however, the actions of CCN2 in DN remain elusive. We previously demonstrated that CCN2 triggers signaling via tropomyosin receptor kinase A (TrkA). Trace expression of TrkA is found in normal kidneys, but its expression is elevated in several nephropathies; yet its role in DN is unexplored. In this study we show de novo expression of TrkA in human and murine DN. We go on to study the molecular mechanisms leading to TrkA activation and show that it involves hypoxia, as demonstrated by ischemia-reperfusion injury and in vitro experiments mimicking hypoxia, implicating hypoxia as a common pathway leading to disease. We also expose renal cells to hyperglycemia, which led to TrkA phosphorylation in mesangial cells, tubular epithelial cells, and podocytes but not in glomerular endothelial cells and renal fibroblasts. In addition, we report that hyperglycemia caused an induction of phosphorylated extracellular signal-related kinase 1/2 and Snail1 that was abrogated by silencing of TrkA or CCN2 using small interfering RNA. In conclusion, we provide novel evidence that TrkA is activated in diabetic kidneys and suggest that anti-TrkA therapy may prove beneficial in DN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Fragiadaki
- Renal Section, Hammersmith Campus, Division of Inflammation and Immunology, Imperial College London, London, U.K
- Corresponding authors: Roger M. Mason, , and Maria Fragiadaki, or
| | - Nicola Hill
- Renal Section, Hammersmith Campus, Division of Inflammation and Immunology, Imperial College London, London, U.K
| | - Reiko Hewitt
- Renal Section, Hammersmith Campus, Division of Inflammation and Immunology, Imperial College London, London, U.K
| | - George Bou-Gharios
- Renal Section, Hammersmith Campus, Division of Inflammation and Immunology, Imperial College London, London, U.K
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Imperial College London, London, U.K
| | - Terence Cook
- Renal Section, Hammersmith Campus, Division of Inflammation and Immunology, Imperial College London, London, U.K
- Histopathology, Imperial College London, London, U.K
| | - Frederick W. Tam
- Renal Section, Hammersmith Campus, Division of Inflammation and Immunology, Imperial College London, London, U.K
| | - Jan Domin
- Renal Section, Hammersmith Campus, Division of Inflammation and Immunology, Imperial College London, London, U.K
- Division of Sciences, University of Bedfordshire, Luton, U.K
| | - Roger M. Mason
- Renal Section, Hammersmith Campus, Division of Inflammation and Immunology, Imperial College London, London, U.K
- Corresponding authors: Roger M. Mason, , and Maria Fragiadaki, or
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14
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Bassi R, Trevisani A, Tezza S, Ben Nasr M, Gatti F, Vergani A, Farina A, Fiorina P. Regenerative therapies for diabetic microangiopathy. EXPERIMENTAL DIABETES RESEARCH 2012; 2012:916560. [PMID: 22536216 PMCID: PMC3321284 DOI: 10.1155/2012/916560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2011] [Accepted: 01/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Hyperglycaemia occurring in diabetes is responsible for accelerated arterial remodeling and atherosclerosis, affecting the macro- and the microcirculatory system. Vessel injury is mainly related to deregulation of glucose homeostasis and insulin/insulin-precursors production, generation of advanced glycation end-products, reduction in nitric oxide synthesis, and oxidative and reductive stress. It occurs both at extracellular level with increased calcium and matrix proteins deposition and at intracellular level, with abnormalities of intracellular pathways and increased cell death. Peripheral arterial disease, coronary heart disease, and ischemic stroke are the main causes of morbidity/mortality in diabetic patients representing a major clinical and economic issue. Pharmacological therapies, administration of growth factors, and stem cellular strategies are the most effective approaches and will be discussed in depth in this comprehensive review covering the regenerative therapies of diabetic microangiopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Bassi
- Nephrology Division, Transplantation Research Center (TRC), Children's Hospital, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- DiSTeBA, Università del Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | | | - Sara Tezza
- Nephrology Division, Transplantation Research Center (TRC), Children's Hospital, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Moufida Ben Nasr
- Department of Biophysical and Medical Science, Higher Institute of Medical Technology, 1006 Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Francesca Gatti
- Nephrology Division, Transplantation Research Center (TRC), Children's Hospital, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- DiSTeBA, Università del Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Andrea Vergani
- Nephrology Division, Transplantation Research Center (TRC), Children's Hospital, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Medicine, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Antonio Farina
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Paolo Fiorina
- Nephrology Division, Transplantation Research Center (TRC), Children's Hospital, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Medicine, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
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15
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Dash A, Maiti R, Bandakkanavar TKA, Pandey BL. Novel Drug Treatment for Diabetic Nephropathy. Int J Organ Transplant Med 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/s1561-5413(11)60003-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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16
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Turgut F, Bolton WK. Potential new therapeutic agents for diabetic kidney disease. Am J Kidney Dis 2010; 55:928-40. [PMID: 20138415 DOI: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2009.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2009] [Accepted: 11/12/2009] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy is the leading cause of end-stage renal disease, and both the incidence and prevalence of diabetic nephropathy continue to increase. Currently, various treatment regimens and combinations of therapies provide only partial renoprotection. It is obvious that new approaches are desperately needed to retard the progression of diabetic nephropathy. Recently, a number of new agents have been described that have the potential to delay the progression of diabetic kidney disease and minimize the growing burden of end-stage renal disease. These include inhibitors and breakers of advanced glycation end products, receptor antagonists for advanced glycation end products, protein kinase C inhibitors, NADPH (reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate) oxidase inhibitors, glycosaminoglycans, endothelin receptor antagonists, antifibrotic agents, and growth factor inhibitors. This review addresses these promising new therapeutic agents for delaying the progression of diabetic kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faruk Turgut
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
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Leach L, Taylor A, Sciota F. Vascular dysfunction in the diabetic placenta: causes and consequences. J Anat 2010; 215:69-76. [PMID: 19563553 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7580.2009.01098.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The development and functioning of the human fetoplacental vascular system are vulnerable to the maternal diabetic milieu. These vessels are in direct continuum with the fetal vascular system and are therefore also vulnerable to fetal endocrine derangements. Increased angiogenesis, altered junctional maturity and molecular occupancy, together with increased leakiness, constitute a well-described phenotype of vessels in the Type 1 diabetic human placenta and can be related to increased levels of placental vascular endothelial growth factor. The causes of these observed changes, whether maternal hyperglycaemia or fetal hyperinsulinaemia, still remain to be shown in the human placenta. Mechanistic studies using different vascular systems have shown high glucose and insulin to have profound vascular effects, with elevations in vascular endothelial growth factor, nitric oxide and protein kinase C being behind alterations in junctional adhesion molecules such as occludin and vascular endothelial-cadherin and vascular leakage of albumin. The role of advanced glycation products and oxidative stress in this vascular pathology is also discussed. The altered molecular mechanisms underlying the vascular changes in the diabetic human placenta may reflect similar consequences of high glucose and hyperinsulinaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lopa Leach
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Centre for Integrated Systems Biology and Medicine, Institute of Clinical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, UK.
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Danis RP, Sheetz MJ. Ruboxistaurin: PKC-beta inhibition for complications of diabetes. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2010; 10:2913-25. [PMID: 19929710 DOI: 10.1517/14656560903401620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is the most common cause of blindness among working-age adults, with a prevalence of 7 - 8% of adults in the USA, and is one of the most common causes of renal failure requiring kidney transplant and the most common cause of non-traumatic lower limb amputation in developed nations [1] . The role of the intracellular signaling enzyme protein kinase C (PKC) in the development of diabetic complications has become a field of intense research interest. An inhibitor of the PKC-beta isoform ruboxistaurin (RBX) has in vitro and in vivo benefits in ameliorating disturbances of cell regulation and blood flow related to hyperglycemia. The benefit of RBX for peripheral neuropathy has not been successfully demonstrated in Phase III trials. Although there was a beneficial effect of RBX on nephropathy in a pilot study, there has been no further clinical development for this indication. The major cause of visual disability - diabetic macular edema - seems to respond to RBX treatment with both anatomic and functional benefits. The manufacturer, Eli Lilly Co., has received an approvable letter from the FDA for the prevention of vision loss in patients with diabetic retinopathy with RBX, pending results of additional clinical trials for this indication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald P Danis
- University of Wisconsin-Madison FPRC, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, 406 Science Drive, Madison, WI 53705, USA.
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Wu D, Peng F, Zhang B, Ingram AJ, Kelly DJ, Gilbert RE, Gao B, Kumar S, Krepinsky JC. EGFR-PLCgamma1 signaling mediates high glucose-induced PKCbeta1-Akt activation and collagen I upregulation in mesangial cells. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2009; 297:F822-34. [PMID: 19605547 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00054.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Glomerular matrix accumulation is a hallmark of diabetic nephropathy. We have recently shown that epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) transactivation mediates high glucose (HG)-induced collagen I upregulation through PI3K-PKCbeta1-Akt signaling in mesangial cells (MC). Phospholipase Cgamma1 (PLCgamma1) interacts with activated growth factor receptors and activates classic PKC isoforms. We thus studied its role in HG-induced collagen I upregulation in MC. Primary rat MC were treated with HG (30 mM) or mannitol as osmotic control. Protein kinase activation was assessed by Western blotting and collagen I upregulation by Northern blotting. Diabetes was induced in rats by streptozotocin. HG treatment for 1 h led to PLCgamma1 membrane translocation and Y783 phosphorylation, both indicative of its activation. Mannitol was without effect. PLCgamma1 Y783 phosphorylation was also seen in cortex and glomeruli of diabetic rats. HG induced a physical association between EGFR and PLCgamma1 as identified by coimmunoprecipitation. PLCgamma1 activation required EGFR kinase activity since it was prevented by the EGFR inhibitor AG1478 or overexpression of kinase-inactive EGFR (K721A). Phosphoinositide-3-OH kinase inhibition also prevented PLCgamma1 activation. HG-induced Akt S473 phosphorylation, effected by PKCbeta1, was inhibited by the PLCgamma inhibitor U73122. PLCgamma1 inhibition or downregulation by small interference RNA also prevented HG-induced collagen I upregulation. Our results indicate that EGFR-PLCgamma1 signaling mediates HG-induced PKCbeta1-Akt activation and subsequent collagen I upregulation in MC. Inhibition of EGFR or PLCgamma1 may provide attractive therapeutic targets for the treatment of diabetic nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Wu
- Division of Nephrology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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Fields AP, Calcagno SR, Krishna M, Rak S, Leitges M, Murray NR. Protein kinase Cbeta is an effective target for chemoprevention of colon cancer. Cancer Res 2009; 69:1643-50. [PMID: 19221092 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-08-3187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Colon cancer develops over a period of 10 to 15 years, providing a window of opportunity for chemoprevention and early intervention. However, few molecular targets for effective colon cancer chemoprevention have been characterized and validated. Protein kinase CbetaII (PKCbetaII) plays a requisite role in the initiation of colon carcinogenesis in a preclinical mouse model by promoting proliferation and increased beta-catenin accumulation. In this study, we test the hypothesis that PKCbetaII is an effective target for colon cancer chemoprevention using enzastaurin (LY317615), a PKCbeta-selective inhibitor, in a mouse model of colon carcinogenesis. We find that enzastaurin potently reduces azoxymethane-induced colon tumor initiation and progression by inhibiting PKCbetaII-mediated tumor cell proliferation and beta-catenin accumulation. Biochemically, enzastaurin reduces expression of the PKCbetaII- and beta-catenin/T-cell factor-regulated genes PKCbetaII, cyclooxygenase II, and vascular endothelial growth factor, three genes implicated in colon carcinogenesis. Our results show that enzastaurin is an effective chemopreventive agent in a mouse model of sporadic colon cancer that significantly reduces both tumor initiation and progression by inhibiting expression of proproliferative genes. Thus, PKCbetaII is an important target for colon cancer chemoprevention and the PKCbeta-selective inhibitor enzastaurin may represent an effective chemopreventive agent in patients at high risk for colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan P Fields
- Departments of Cancer Biology and Pathology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Jacksonville, Florida 32224, USA
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Wu D, Peng F, Zhang B, Ingram AJ, Kelly DJ, Gilbert RE, Gao B, Krepinsky JC. PKC-beta1 mediates glucose-induced Akt activation and TGF-beta1 upregulation in mesangial cells. J Am Soc Nephrol 2009; 20:554-66. [PMID: 19211711 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2008040445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulation of glomerular matrix is a hallmark of diabetic nephropathy. The serine/threonine kinase Akt mediates glucose-induced upregulation of collagen I in mesangial cells through transactivation of the EGF receptor (EGFR). In addition, in renal tubular cells, glucose-induced secretion of TGF-beta requires phosphoinositide-3-OH kinase, suggesting a possible role for Akt in the modulation of TGF-beta expression, but the mechanisms of Akt activation and its involvement in TGF-beta regulation are unknown. Here, in primary mesangial cells, high glucose induced AktS473 phosphorylation, which correlates with its activation, in a protein kinase C beta (PKC-beta)-dependent manner. Glucose led to PKC-beta1 membrane translocation and association with Akt, and PKC-beta1 immunoprecipitated from glucose-treated cells phosphorylated recombinant Akt on S473. PKC is known to mediate glucose-induced TGF-beta1 upregulation through the transcription factor AP-1; here, inhibitors of phosphoinositide-3-OH kinase, PKC-beta and Akt, and dominant-negative Akt all prevented glucose-induced activation of AP-1 and upregulation of TGF-beta1. Finally, pharmacologic and dominant negative inhibition of EGFR blocked glucose-induced activation of PKC-beta1, phosphorylation of AktS473, activation of AP-1, and upregulation of TGF-beta1. In vivo, the PKC-beta inhibitor ruboxistaurin prevented Akt activation in the renal cortex of diabetic rats. In conclusion, PKC-beta1 is an Akt S473 kinase in glucose-treated mesangial cells, and TGF-beta1 transcriptional upregulation requires EGFR/PKC-beta1/Akt signaling. New therapeutic approaches for diabetic nephropathy may result from targeting components of this pathway, particularly the initial EGFR transactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongcheng Wu
- Division of Nephrology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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Chen HB, Lu JX, Li Q, Bao YQ, Tang JL, Lu HJ, Xiang KS, Jia WP. The protective effect of the RAS inhibitor on diabetic patients with nephropathy in the context of VEGF suppression. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2009; 30:242-50. [PMID: 19169272 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2008.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM The aim of the present study was to explore whether renin angiotensin system (RAS) inhibitor can reduce the production of vascular endothelium growth factor (VEGF). Further, we sought to elucidate the correlation between VEGF level and certain clinical parameters, such as albumin excretion rate (AER), before and after treatment with angiotensin type 1 receptor blocker. METHODS We recruited 166 type 2 diabetic patients at various stages of diabetic nephropathy (DN) and 46 healthy control subjects for a cross-sectional study. We recruited another 42 hypertensive type 2 diabetic patients with microalbuminuria for a longitudinal study involving a 6-month irbesartan treatment protocol. Urinary VEGF (uVEGF) levels were determined using ELISA. RESULTS In the cross-sectional study, hypertensive type 2 diabetic patients who received RAS inhibitor presented lower uVEGF levels than those who did not receive the RAS inhibitor. Statistical analysis indicated that uVEGF level was independently correlated with the AER. In the longitudinal study involving the 6-month irbesartan treatment, we demonstrated that uVEGF levels decreased significantly in patients who achieved a 50% AER reduction (remission group, n=32). In contrast, uVEGF levels remained unchanged in patients who did not exhibit a 50% AER reduction (nonremission group, n=10). Furthermore, the change in uVEGF was significantly correlated with the change in AER (r=0.65, P<0.01) before and after 6 months of irbesartan treatment. This result held true even after we had adjusted for the decrease in average blood pressure. CONCLUSION The protective effect of the RAS inhibitor in DN patients is associated with the suppression of VEGF. Accordingly, it may be possible to use uVEGF as a marker of DN progression. We suggest that uVEGF may be an important target for therapeutic intervention in the context of DN.
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Abstract
Amid the rapidly rising number of people with diabetes worldwide, the prevalence of diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is expected to increase considerably despite available treatments. Consequently, novel therapeutic agents are urgently needed. Ruboxistaurin mesylate is a bisindolylmaleimide that specifically inhibits the beta isoform of protein kinase C (PKC). In experimental models of DKD, ruboxistaurin normalized glomerular hyperfiltration, decreased urinary albumin excretion, preserved kidney function, and reduced mesangial expansion, glomerulosclerosis, and tubulointerstitial fibrosis. These beneficial effects of ruboxistaurin, both alone and combined with renin-angiotensin system inhibition, have been observed in a variety of experimental models of DKD. A phase 2 study of PKC-beta inhibition in persons with type 2 diabetes and DKD already treated with angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition and/or angiotensin receptor blockade has been conducted. Addition of ruboxistaurin for 1 year reduced urinary albumin, prevented an increase in urinary transforming growth factor-beta, and stabilized estimated glomerular filtration rate. Based on secondary analyses of clinical trials in patients with diabetic retinopathy or neuropathy, ruboxistaurin appears safe and may also prevent onset of DKD. PKC-beta inhibition holds promise as a new strategy to improve kidney disease outcomes in diabetes. Large-scale clinical trials will be required to confirm safety and to validate prospective benefits of ruboxistaurin on relevant clinical endpoints in DKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine R Tuttle
- Providence Medical Research Center at Sacred Heart Medical Center, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Spokane, WA 99204, USA.
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Lavrentyev EN, Malik KU. High glucose-induced Nox1-derived superoxides downregulate PKC-betaII, which subsequently decreases ACE2 expression and ANG(1-7) formation in rat VSMCs. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2008; 296:H106-18. [PMID: 18978194 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00239.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In rat diabetic animal models, ANG(1-7) treatment prevents the development of cardiovascular complications. Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)2 is a major ANG(1-7)-generating enzyme in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), and its expression is decreased by a prolonged exposure to high glucose (HG), which is reflected by lower ANG(1-7) levels. However, the underlying mechanism of its downregulation is unknown and was the subject of this study. Rat aortic VSMCs were maintained in normal glucose (NG) or HG ( approximately 4.1 and approximately 23.1 mmol/l, respectively) for up to 72 h. Several PKC and NADPH oxidase inhibitors and short interfering (si)RNAs were used to determine the mechanism of HG-induced ACE2 downregulation. Cell lysates were subjected to Western blot analysis, real-time quantitative PCR, and ANG(1-7) radioimmunodetection. At 72 h of HG exposure, ACE2 mRNA, protein, and ANG(1-7) levels were decreased (0.17 +/- 0.01-, 0.47 +/- 0.03-, and 0.16 +/- 0.01-fold, respectively), and the expression of NADPH oxidase subunit Nox1 was increased (1.70 +/- 0.2-fold). The HG-induced ACE2 decrease was reversed by antioxidants and Nox1 siRNA as well as by inhibitors of glycotoxin formation. ACE2 expression was PKC-betaII dependent, and PKC-betaII protein levels were reduced in the presence of HG (0.32 +/- 0.03-fold); however, the PKC-betaII inhibitor CG-53353 prevented the HG-induced ACE2 loss and Nox1 induction, suggesting a nonspecific effect of the inhibitor. Our data suggest that glycotoxin-induced Nox1 expression is regulated by conventional PKCs. ACE2 expression is PKC-betaII dependent. Nox1-derived superoxides reduce PKC-betaII expression, which lowers ACE2 mRNA and protein levels and consequently decreases ANG(1-7) formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduard N Lavrentyev
- Dept. of Pharmacology, Univ. of Tennessee Health Science Center, 874 Union Ave., Crowe Bldg. 217, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
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Hayashi K. [Kidney disease: potential of anti-inflammatory approaches for drug therapy]. Nihon Yakurigaku Zasshi 2008; 132:89-95. [PMID: 18689957 DOI: 10.1254/fpj.132.89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
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