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Cardiovascular and renal profiles in rat offspring that do not undergo catch-up growth after exposure to maternal protein restriction. J Dev Orig Health Dis 2023; 14:426-436. [PMID: 36647740 DOI: 10.1017/s2040174422000666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Maternal protein restriction is often associated with structural and functional sequelae in offspring, particularly affecting growth and renal-cardiovascular function. However, there is little understanding as to whether hypertension and kidney disease occur because of a primary nephron deficit or whether controlling postnatal growth can result in normal renal-cardiovascular phenotypes. To investigate this, female Sprague-Dawley rats were fed either a low-protein (LP, 8.4% protein) or normal-protein (NP, 19.4% protein) diet prior to mating and until offspring were weaned at postnatal day (PN) 21. Offspring were then fed a non 'growth' (4.6% fat) which ensured that catch-up growth did not occur. Offspring growth was determined by weight and dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. Nephron number was determined at PN21 using the disector-fractionator method. Kidney function was measured at PN180 and PN360 using clearance methods. Blood pressure was measured at PN360 using radio-telemetry. Body weight was similar at PN1, but by PN21 LP offspring were 39% smaller than controls (Pdiet < 0.001). This difference was due to proportional changes in lean muscle, fat, and bone content. LP offspring remained smaller than NP offspring until PN360. In LP offspring, nephron number was 26% less in males and 17% less in females, than NP controls (Pdiet < 0.0004). Kidney function was similar across dietary groups and sexes at PN180 and PN360. Blood pressure was similar in LP and NP offspring at PN360. These findings suggest that remaining on a slow growth trajectory after exposure to a suboptimal intrauterine environment does not lead to the development of kidney dysfunction and hypertension.
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Gazzard SE, van der Wolde J, Haruhara K, Bertram JF, Cullen‐McEwen LA. Nephron deficit and low podocyte density increase risk of albuminuria and glomerulosclerosis in a model of diabetes. Physiol Rep 2023; 11:e15579. [PMID: 36695822 PMCID: PMC9875819 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Podocytes are terminally differentiated epithelial cells in glomeruli. Podocyte injury and loss are features of many diseases leading to chronic kidney disease (CKD). The developmental origins of health and disease hypothesis propose an adverse intrauterine environment can lead to CKD later in life, especially when a second postnatal challenge is experienced. The aim of this study was to examine whether a suboptimal maternal environment would result in reduced podocyte endowment, increasing susceptibility to diabetes-induced renal injury. Female C57BL/6 mice were fed a low protein diet (LPD) to induce growth restriction or a normal protein diet (NPD) from 3 weeks before mating until weaning (postnatal Day 21, P21) when nephron and podocyte endowment were assessed in one male and one female offspring per litter. Littermates were administered streptozotocin or vehicle at 6 weeks of age. Urinary albumin excretion, glomerular size, and podometrics were assessed following 18 weeks of hyperglycemia. LPD offspring were growth restricted and had lower nephron and podocyte number at P21. However, by 24 weeks the podocyte deficit was no longer evident and despite low nephron endowment neither albuminuria nor glomerulosclerosis were observed. Podocyte number was unaffected by 18 weeks of hyperglycemia in NPD and LPD offspring. Diabetes increased glomerular volume reducing podocyte density, with more pronounced effects in LPD offspring. LPD and NPD diabetic offspring developed mild albuminuria with LPD demonstrating an earlier onset. LPD offspring also developed glomerular pathology. These findings indicate that growth-restricted LPD offspring with low nephron number and normalized podocyte endowment were more susceptible to alterations in glomerular volume and podocyte density leading to more rapid onset of albuminuria and renal injury than NPD offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E. Gazzard
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery InstituteMonash UniversityMelbourneAustralia
| | - James van der Wolde
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery InstituteMonash UniversityMelbourneAustralia
| | - Kotaro Haruhara
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery InstituteMonash UniversityMelbourneAustralia
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal MedicineThe Jikei University School of MedicineTokyoJapan
| | - John F. Bertram
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery InstituteMonash UniversityMelbourneAustralia
- ARC Training Centre for Cell and Tissue Engineering TechnologiesMelbourneAustralia
| | - Luise A. Cullen‐McEwen
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery InstituteMonash UniversityMelbourneAustralia
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Bakhtiary M, Morvaridzadeh M, Agah S, Rahimlou M, Christopher E, Zadro JR, Heshmati J. Effect of Probiotic, Prebiotic, and Synbiotic Supplementation on Cardiometabolic and Oxidative Stress Parameters in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Clin Ther 2021; 43:e71-e96. [PMID: 33526314 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2020.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a major health problem worldwide. Evidence supporting the use of probiotic, prebiotic, and synbiotic supplementation in the management of CKD is mixed, although some studies suggest they may be useful. A systematic review and meta-analysis was performed to evaluate the effectiveness of probiotic, prebiotic, and synbiotic supplementation for improving cardiometabolic and oxidative stress parameters in patients with CKD. METHODS A comprehensive key word search was performed in EMBASE, Medline, Scopus, Cochrane Central, and Web of Science until April 2020. Randomized controlled trials investigating the effectiveness of probiotic, synbiotic, and prebiotic supplementation for the management of adults with CKD were included. Primary outcomes were measures of cardiometabolic parameters such as cholesterol and fasting blood glucose. Secondary outcomes were measures of oxidative stress (eg, malondialdehyde levels) and body mass index. Random effects meta-analyses were used to estimate mean treatment effects. Results are reported as standardized mean differences (SMDs) and 95% CIs. FINDINGS Fourteen articles were included. In patients with CKD, probiotic, prebiotic, and synbiotic supplementation significantly reduced total cholesterol (SMD, -0.25; 95% CI, -0.46 to -0.04; I2 = 00.0%), fasting blood glucose (SMD, -0.41; 95% CI, -0.65 to -0.17; I2 = 00.0%), homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (SMD, -0.63; 95% CI, -0.95 to -0.30; I2 = 43.3%), insulin levels (SMD, -0.49; 95% CI, -0.90 to -0.08; I2 = 65.2%), high-sensitivity C-reactive protein levels (SMD, -0.52; 95% CI, -0.81 to -0.22; I2 = 52.7%), and malondialdehyde levels (SMD, -0.79; 95% CI, -1.22 to -0.37; I2 = 69.8%) compared with control interventions. Supplementation significantly increased the quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (SMD, 0.78; 95% CI, 0.51 to 1.05; I2 = 00.0%), total antioxidant capacity (SMD, 0.42; 95% CI, 0.18 to 0.66; I2 = 00.0%), and glutathione levels (SMD, 0.52; 95% CI, 0.19 to 0.86; I2 = 37.0%). IMPLICATIONS Probiotic, prebiotic, and synbiotic supplementation seems to be a promising intervention for improving cardiometabolic and oxidative stress parameters in patients with CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahsa Bakhtiary
- Pediatric Nephrology Research Center, Research Institute for Children's Health, Mofid Children's Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mojgan Morvaridzadeh
- Department of Nutritional Science, School of Nutritional Science and Food Technology, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Shahram Agah
- Colorectal Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehran Rahimlou
- Department of Nutrition and Public Health, School of Public Health, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd Iran
| | - Edward Christopher
- College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Joshua R Zadro
- Sydney School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Javad Heshmati
- Department of Nutritional Science, School of Nutritional Science and Food Technology, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
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Yuasa K, Kondo T, Nagai H, Mino M, Takeshita A, Okada T. Maternal protein restriction that does not have an influence on the birthweight of the offspring induces morphological changes in kidneys reminiscent of phenotypes exhibited by intrauterine growth retardation rats. Congenit Anom (Kyoto) 2016; 56:79-85. [PMID: 26537761 DOI: 10.1111/cga.12143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Severe restriction of maternal protein intake to 6-8% protein diet results in intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR), low birthweight and high risk of metabolic syndrome in the adult life of the offspring. However, little information is available on the effects of maternal protein restriction on offspring under the conditions that does not have an influence on their birthweight of the offspring,. In the present study, pregnant rats were kept on a diet consisting of either 9% (low-protein, Lp rats) or 18% (normal-protein, Np rats) protein by weight/volume/etc. After birth, both Lp and Np rats were kept on a diet containing 18% protein. Neonatal body weight was significantly lower in Lp rats compared to Np rats from 4 days to 5 weeks after birth. While glomerular number per unit volume (1 mm(3) ) of the kidney (Nv) was comparable between Lp and Np rats 4 weeks after birth, the Nv was significantly decreased in Lp rats at 20 weeks after birth. Four and 20 weeks after birth, glomerular sclerosis index, interstitial fibrosis score, and ratio of ED1-positive cell ratio were all significantly higher in Lp compared to Np rats. Transforming growth factor-β1-positive cells were observed in the distal tubules in the kidney of 4- and 20-week-old Lp rats kidneys, but not in those of age-matched Np rats. Altogether, these findings revealed that maternal protein restriction that does not have an influence on the birthweight of the offspring, induces similar changes as those seen in the kidneys of IUGR neonates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ko Yuasa
- Department of Integrated Structural Biosciences, Division of Veterinary Science, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Biosciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Izumi-Sano, Osaka, 598-8531, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Kondo
- Department of Integrated Structural Biosciences, Division of Veterinary Science, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Biosciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Izumi-Sano, Osaka, 598-8531, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Nagai
- Department of Integrated Structural Biosciences, Division of Veterinary Science, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Biosciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Izumi-Sano, Osaka, 598-8531, Japan
| | - Masaki Mino
- Department of Integrated Structural Biosciences, Division of Veterinary Science, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Biosciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Izumi-Sano, Osaka, 598-8531, Japan
| | - Ai Takeshita
- Department of Integrated Structural Biosciences, Division of Veterinary Science, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Biosciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Izumi-Sano, Osaka, 598-8531, Japan
| | - Toshiya Okada
- Department of Integrated Structural Biosciences, Division of Veterinary Science, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Biosciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Izumi-Sano, Osaka, 598-8531, Japan
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High protein intake in neonatal period induces glomerular hypertrophy and sclerosis in adulthood in rats born with IUGR. Pediatr Res 2016; 79:22-6. [PMID: 26372514 DOI: 10.1038/pr.2015.176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) and postnatal nutrition are risk factors for cardiovascular and renal diseases in both humans and animals. The long-term renal effects of protein intake early in life remain unknown. The objective was to evaluate the effects of a neonatal feeding with high protein (HP) milk on renal functions and structure in IUGR male rats. METHODS Maternal gestational low protein diet was used to produce IUGR. At day 5, IUGR pups were gastrostomized in the "pup-in-the cup" model and received either normal protein (NP) milk or HP (+50% protein content) milk until day 21. After weaning, the animals were fed the same standard diet. Renal functions and structure were assessed at postnatal day 18 (D18) and in adult offspring. RESULTS During the preweaning period, the postnatal weight gain between the two groups was unaffected. On D18, kidneys from HP offspring were heavier with significant glomerular hypertrophy (+40%, P < 0.05). HP diet was associated with significant proteinuria and glomerulosclerosis (+49%, P < 0.05). Glomerular number was unaltered. CONCLUSION Neonatal HP feeding following IUGR affects renal functions and structure at adulthood. These alterations may result from a single nephron glomerular hyperfiltration.
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Murano Y, Nishizaki N, Endo A, Ikeda N, Someya T, Nakagawa M, Hara T, Sakuraya K, Hara S, Hirano D, Suzuki M, Shoji H, Fujinaga S, Ohtomo Y, Shimizu T. Evaluation of kidney dysfunction and angiotensinogen as an early novel biomarker of intrauterine growth restricted offspring rats. Pediatr Res 2015; 78:678-82. [PMID: 26270574 DOI: 10.1038/pr.2015.153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Few studies have addressed the growing concerns of chronic kidney diseases in children with intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR). Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate long-term kidney dysfunction and determine if urinary angiotensinogen (AGT) was suitable as a novel early biomarker for kidney dysfunction in IUGR offspring. METHODS Pregnant rats underwent bilateral uterine artery ligation, and as a control group, sham surgeries were performed. RESULTS The birth weight was reduced, the urinary AGT to creatinine ratio was significantly higher at week 20, and urinary protein levels were significantly higher at week 32 in IUGR rats than in control rats. On the other hand, the histological findings at week 32 revealed long-term kidney dysfunction, more severe glomerulosclerosis, and greater glomerular diameters in IUGR rats. Moreover, AGT mRNA expression and immunohistological staining were significantly increased in IUGR rats; this suggests that the intrarenal renin-angiotensin system (RAS) contributes to renal dysfunction of IUGR offspring. CONCLUSION Urinary AGT elevation prior to urinary protein levels suggests that AGT is an early biomarker. At week 32, kidney dysfunction was severe in IUGR rats and intrarenal RAS appeared to be one of the causes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yayoi Murano
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoto Nishizaki
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Amane Endo
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naho Ikeda
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomonosuke Someya
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mayu Nakagawa
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Taichi Hara
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koji Sakuraya
- Division of Nephrology, Saitama Children's Medical Center, Saitama, Japan
| | - Satoshi Hara
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Daishi Hirano
- Department of Pediatrics, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mitsuyoshi Suzuki
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiromichi Shoji
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shuichiro Fujinaga
- Department of Pediatrics, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Ohtomo
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Shimizu
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Understanding the role of maternal diet on kidney development; an opportunity to improve cardiovascular and renal health for future generations. Nutrients 2015; 7:1881-905. [PMID: 25774605 PMCID: PMC4377888 DOI: 10.3390/nu7031881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Revised: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The leading causes of mortality and morbidity worldwide are cardiovascular disease (high blood pressure, high cholesterol and renal disease), cancer and diabetes. It is increasingly obvious that the development of these diseases encompasses complex interactions between adult lifestyle and genetic predisposition. Maternal malnutrition can influence the fetal and early life environment and pose a risk factor for the future development of adult diseases, most likely due to impaired organogenesis in the developing offspring. This then predisposes these offspring to cardiovascular disease and renal dysfunction in adulthood. Studies in experimental animals have further illustrated the significant impact maternal diet has on offspring health. Many studies report changes in kidney structure (a reduction in the number of nephrons in the kidney) in offspring of protein-deprived dams. Although the early studies suggested that increased blood pressure was also present in offspring of protein-restricted dams, this is not a universal finding and requires clarification. Importantly, to date, the literature offers little to no understanding of when in development these changes in kidney development occur, nor are the cellular and molecular mechanisms that drive these changes well characterised. Moreover, the mechanisms linking maternal nutrition and a suboptimal renal phenotype in offspring are yet to be discerned—one potential mechanism involves epigenetics. This review will focus on recent information on potential mechanisms by which maternal nutrition (focusing on malnutrition due to protein restriction, micronutrient restriction and excessive fat intake) influences kidney development and thereby function in later life.
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Zohdi V, Lim K, Pearson JT, Black MJ. Developmental programming of cardiovascular disease following intrauterine growth restriction: findings utilising a rat model of maternal protein restriction. Nutrients 2014; 7:119-52. [PMID: 25551250 PMCID: PMC4303830 DOI: 10.3390/nu7010119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Over recent years, studies have demonstrated links between risk of cardiovascular disease in adulthood and adverse events that occurred very early in life during fetal development. The concept that there are embryonic and fetal adaptive responses to a sub-optimal intrauterine environment often brought about by poor maternal diet that result in permanent adverse consequences to life-long health is consistent with the definition of "programming". The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of the current knowledge of the effects of intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) on long-term cardiac structure and function, with particular emphasis on the effects of maternal protein restriction. Much of our recent knowledge has been derived from animal models. We review the current literature of one of the most commonly used models of IUGR (maternal protein restriction in rats), in relation to birth weight and postnatal growth, blood pressure and cardiac structure and function. In doing so, we highlight the complexity of developmental programming, with regards to timing, degree of severity of the insult, genotype and the subsequent postnatal phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladislava Zohdi
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia.
| | - Kyungjoon Lim
- Neuropharmacology Laboratory, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, P.O. Box 6492 St Kilda Rd Central, Melbourne 8008, Australia.
| | - James T Pearson
- Department of Physiology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia.
| | - M Jane Black
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia.
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Zohdi V, Pearson JT, Kett MM, Lombardo P, Schneider M, Black MJ. When early life growth restriction in rats is followed by attenuated postnatal growth: effects on cardiac function in adulthood. Eur J Nutr 2014; 54:743-50. [PMID: 25115176 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-014-0752-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2014] [Accepted: 07/30/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Epidemiological and experimental studies demonstrate that intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) followed by accelerated postnatal growth leads to increased risk of developing cardiac disease in adulthood. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of early life growth restriction on cardiac structure and function in young adult rats. METHODS IUGR was induced in Wistar Kyoto dams through administration of a low protein diet (LPD; 8.7% casein) during pregnancy and lactation; controls received a normal protein diet (NPD; 20% casein). Cardiac function and structure were assessed in female NPD (n = 7) and LPD (n = 7) offspring at 18 weeks of age by echocardiography and pressure-volume techniques, and systolic blood pressure by tail-cuff sphygmomanometry. RESULTS LPD offspring remained significantly smaller throughout life compared to controls. There were no differences in the levels of systolic blood pressure, left ventricular cardiac dimensions, heart rate, ejection fraction and fractional shortening of the cardiac muscle between the investigated groups. Aortic peak systolic velocity was significantly reduced in the LPD group (P = 0.02). CONCLUSION Our findings support the idea that the programming of adult cardiovascular disease can be prevented or delayed in IUGR offspring when postnatal growth trajectory resembles that of in utero.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladislava Zohdi
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Wellington Rd, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia,
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Beierwaltes WH, Harrison-Bernard LM, Sullivan JC, Mattson DL. Assessment of renal function; clearance, the renal microcirculation, renal blood flow, and metabolic balance. Compr Physiol 2013; 3:165-200. [PMID: 23720284 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c120008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Historically, tools to assess renal function have been developed to investigate the physiology of the kidney in an experimental setting, and certain of these techniques have utility in evaluating renal function in the clinical setting. The following work will survey a spectrum of these tools, their applications and limitations in four general sections. The first is clearance, including evaluation of exogenous and endogenous markers for determining glomerular filtration rate, the adaptation of estimated glomerular filtration rate in the clinical arena, and additional clearance techniques to assess various other parameters of renal function. The second section deals with in vivo and in vitro approaches to the study of the renal microvasculature. This section surveys a number of experimental techniques including corticotomy, the hydronephrotic kidney, vascular casting, intravital charge coupled device videomicroscopy, multiphoton fluorescent microscopy, synchrotron-based angiography, laser speckle contrast imaging, isolated renal microvessels, and the perfused juxtamedullary nephron microvasculature. The third section addresses in vivo and in vitro approaches to the study of renal blood flow. These include ultrasonic flowmetry, laser-Doppler flowmetry, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), phase contrast MRI, cine phase contrast MRI, dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI, blood oxygen level dependent MRI, arterial spin labeling MRI, x-ray computed tomography, and positron emission tomography. The final section addresses the methodologies of metabolic balance studies. These are described for humans, large experimental animals as well as for rodents. Overall, the various in vitro and in vivo topics and applications to evaluate renal function should provide a guide for the investigator or physician to understand and to implement the techniques in the laboratory or clinic setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- William H Beierwaltes
- Hypertension and Vascular Research Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Hospital, and Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA.
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Developmental origins of chronic renal disease: an integrative hypothesis. Int J Nephrol 2013; 2013:346067. [PMID: 24073334 PMCID: PMC3773449 DOI: 10.1155/2013/346067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2013] [Revised: 06/17/2013] [Accepted: 07/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases are one of the leading causes of mortality. Hypertension (HT) is one of the principal risk factors associated with death. Chronic kidney disease (CKD), which is probably underestimated, increases the risk and the severity of adverse cardiovascular events. It is now recognized that low birth weight is a risk factor for these diseases, and this relationship is amplified by a rapid catch-up growth or overfeeding during infancy or childhood. The pathophysiological and molecular mechanisms involved in the “early programming” of CKD are multiple and partially understood. It has been proposed that the developmental programming of arterial hypertension and chronic kidney disease is related to a reduced nephron endowment. However, this mechanism is still discussed. This review discusses the complex relationship between birth weight and nephron endowment and how early growth and nutrition influence long term HT and CKD. We hypothesize that fetal environment reduces moderately the nephron number which appears insufficient by itself to induce long term diseases. Reduced nephron number constitutes a “factor of vulnerability” when additional factors, in particular a rapid postnatal growth or overfeeding, promote the early onset of diseases through a complex combination of various pathophysiological pathways.
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12
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Low Birth Weight due to Intrauterine Growth Restriction and/or Preterm Birth: Effects on Nephron Number and Long-Term Renal Health. Int J Nephrol 2012; 2012:136942. [PMID: 22970368 PMCID: PMC3434386 DOI: 10.1155/2012/136942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2012] [Revised: 06/23/2012] [Accepted: 07/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological studies have clearly demonstrated a strong association between low birth weight and long-term renal disease. A potential mediator of this long-term risk is a reduction in nephron endowment in the low birth weight infant at the beginning of life. Importantly, nephrons are only formed early in life; during normal gestation, nephrogenesis is complete by about 32–36 weeks, with no new nephrons formed after this time during the lifetime of the individual. Hence, given that a loss of a critical number of nephrons is the hallmark of renal disease, an increased severity and acceleration of renal disease is likely when the number of nephrons is already reduced prior to disease onset. Low birth weight can result from intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) or preterm birth; a high proportion of babies born prematurely also exhibit IUGR. In this paper, we describe how IUGR and preterm birth adversely impact on nephrogenesis and how a subsequent reduced nephron endowment at the beginning of life may lead to long-term risk of renal disease, but not necessarily hypertension.
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Amorim EMP, Damasceno DC, Perobelli JE, Spadotto R, Fernandez CDB, Volpato GT, Kempinas WDG. Short- and long-term reproductive effects of prenatal and lactational growth restriction caused by maternal diabetes in male rats. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2011; 9:154. [PMID: 22142502 PMCID: PMC3248370 DOI: 10.1186/1477-7827-9-154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2011] [Accepted: 12/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A suboptimal intrauterine environment may have a detrimental effect on gonadal development and thereby increases the risk for reproductive disorders and infertility in adult life. Here, we used uncontrolled maternal diabetes as a model to provoke pre- and perinatal growth restriction and evaluate the sexual development of rat male offspring. METHODS Maternal diabetes was induced in the dams through administration of a single i.v. dose of 40 mg/kg streptozotocin, 7 days before mating. Female rats presenting glycemic levels above 200 mg/dL after the induction were selected for the experiment. The male offspring was analyzed at different phases of sexual development, i.e., peripuberty, postpuberty and adulthood. RESULTS Body weight and blood glucose levels of pups, on the third postnatal day, were lower in the offspring of diabetic dams compared to controls. Maternal diabetes also provoked delayed testicular descent and preputial separation. In the offspring of diabetic dams the weight of reproductive organs at 40, 60 and 90 days-old was lower, as well as sperm reserves and sperm transit time through the epididymis. However the plasma testosterone levels were not different among experimental groups. CONCLUSIONS It is difficult to isolate the effects directly from diabetes and those from IUGR. Although the exposure to hyperglycemic environment during prenatal life and lactation delayed the onset of puberty in male rats, the IUGR, in the studied model, did not influenced the structural organization of the male gonads of the offspring at any point during sexual development. However the decrease in sperm reserves in epididymal cauda and the acceleration in sperm transit time in this portion of epididymis may lead to an impairment of sperm quality and fertility potential in these animals. Additional studies are needed in attempt to investigate the fertility of animals with intrauterine growth restriction by maternal diabetes and possible multigenerational effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine MP Amorim
- Center of Biological and Health Sciences (CCBS), State University of West Paraná (UNIOESTE), Cascavel, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Débora C Damasceno
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Botucatu Medical School, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Juliana E Perobelli
- Graduate Program in Cell and Structural Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Raquel Spadotto
- Department of Morphology, Institute of Biosciences, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, 18618-970, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carla DB Fernandez
- Department of Morphology, Institute of Biosciences, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, 18618-970, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gustavo T Volpato
- Department of Morphology, Institute of Biosciences, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, 18618-970, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Wilma DG Kempinas
- Department of Morphology, Institute of Biosciences, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, 18618-970, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
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