1
|
Hong J, Woo J, Jeon J. Torque and power of knee extensor muscles at individualized isokinetic angular velocities. J Int Med Res 2024; 52:3000605241262186. [PMID: 39053453 PMCID: PMC11283666 DOI: 10.1177/03000605241262186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Existing isokinetic contractions are characterized using standardized angular velocities, which can induce differing adaptations. Here, we characterized the variation in the isokinetic parameters of knee extensors according to individualized angular velocity (IAV). METHODS We performed a cross-sectional study of 19 young, healthy men. We measured the maximum angular velocity (MAV) of concentric knee extension using the isotonic mode of an isokinetic dynamometer. Isometric and isokinetic (at angular velocities corresponding to 100%, 70%, 40%, and 10% of each individual's MAV) knee extensor contractions were performed, and the peak torque and mean power were recorded. RESULTS Peak torque significantly decreased with increasing IAV (129.42 ± 25.04, 84.37 ± 20.97, and 56.42 ± 16.18 Nm at 40%, 70%, and 100%, respectively), except for isometric contraction (233.36 ± 47.85) and at 10% of MAV (208 ± 48.55). At the mean power, 10% of MAV (74.52 ± 20.84 W) was significantly lower than the faster IAV (176.32 ± 49.64, 161.53 ± 56.55, and 145.95 ± 50.64 W at 40%, 70%, and 100%, respectively), and 100% was significantly lower than 40%. CONCLUSION The optimized IAV for isokinetic contraction to improve power output while maintaining torque is 10% to 40% of MAV. IAV may reflect both the velocity and force components of power because individuals do not have the same angular velocity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiheon Hong
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Health Sciences, Sunmoon University, Asan-si, Chungcheongnam-do, Republic of Korea
- Digital Healthcare Institute, Sunmoon University, Asan-si, Chungcheongnam-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jonggeun Woo
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Health Sciences, Sunmoon University, Asan-si, Chungcheongnam-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeongwoo Jeon
- Digital Healthcare Institute, Sunmoon University, Asan-si, Chungcheongnam-do, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Bello ML, Gillen ZM, Smith JW. Changes in muscular strength following nine weeks of high- or low-load resistance training. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2024; 64:439-445. [PMID: 38385637 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.24.15569-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Traditional resistance training schemes often utilize higher loads for strength gains and lower loads for muscular endurance or hypertrophy. This study aimed to investigate muscular strength adaptations after nine weeks of high- or low-load resistance training. METHODS Seventeen recreationally-trained male lifters were recruited for this study (age 20.4±2.7 years) and split into high-load (85% 1-RM; N.=8) or low-load (30% 1-RM; N.=9), completing three whole-body training sessions per week for nine weeks. Each session included three working sets of repetitions to failure. At baseline and every three weeks after, knee extension/flexion were tested using an isokinetic dynamometer. Participants completed three 5-s MVIC and isokinetic muscle actions at 60°/s and 120°/s, with the highest torque value used in analysis. Predicted 1-RM testing was at baseline and end of training program. ANCOVAs were conducted to analyze changes in strength, with significance set at P<0.05. RESULTS This study demonstrated similar MVIC and peak torque values for both isokinetic speeds, although there were nonsignificant decreases largely driven by the 30% group. The high-load group showed greater increases in 1-RM following the training program. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests training with lighter loads may be detrimental for long term isokinetic strength, whereas heavier loads could result in maintenance and greater increases in 1-RM despite performing repetitions to failure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marissa L Bello
- Department of Human Studies, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA -
- Department of Kinesiology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, USA -
| | - Zachary M Gillen
- Department of Kinesiology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, USA
| | - JohnEric W Smith
- Department of Kinesiology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wackwitz T, Minahan C, Menaspà P, Crampton M, Bellinger P. Field- and Laboratory-derived Power-Cadence Profiles in World-Class and Elite Track Sprint Cyclists. J Sports Sci 2023; 41:1635-1642. [PMID: 38049956 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2023.2288435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023]
Abstract
Previous investigations comparing Torque-Cadence (T-C) and Power-Cadence (P-C) profiles derived from seated and standing positions and field and laboratory conditions are not congruent with current methodological recommendations. Consequently, the aim of this investigation was to compare seated and standing T-C and P-C profiles generated from field and laboratory testing. Thirteen world-class and elite track sprint cyclists (n = 7 males, maximal power output (Pmax) = 2112 ± 395 W; n = 6 females, Pmax = 1223 ± 102 W) completed two testing sessions in which field- and laboratory-derived T-C and P-C profiles were identified. Standing P-C profiles had significantly (p < 0.05) greater Pmax than seated profiles, however there were no significant differences in optimal cadence (Fopt) between seated and standing positions. Pmax and Fopt were significantly lower in field-derived profiles in both positions compared to laboratory-derived profiles. However, there was no significant difference in the goodness-of-fit (R2) of the P-C profiles between laboratory (0.985 ± 0.02) and field-testing (0.982 ± 0.02) in each position. Valid T-C and P-C profiles can be constructed from field and laboratory protocols; however, the mechanical variables derived from the seated and standing and field and laboratory profiles cannot be used interchangeably. Both field and laboratory-derived profiles provide meaningful information and provide complementary insights into cyclists' capacity to produce power output.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Wackwitz
- Griffith Sports Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
- Sport Perfromance Innovation and Knowledge Excellence, Queensland Academy of Sport, Nathan, Australia
| | - Clare Minahan
- Griffith Sports Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
- Female Performance & Health Initiative, Australian Institute of Sport, Canberra, Australia
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Obara K, Silva P, Silva M, Mendes F, Santiago G, Oliveira I, Cardoso J. Isokinetic Training Program to Improve the Physical Function and Muscular Performance of an Individual with Partial Injury of the Medial Meniscus: A Case Report. Int J Sports Phys Ther 2023; 18:758-768. [PMID: 37636894 PMCID: PMC10449488 DOI: 10.26603/001c.74945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Purpose One of the best alternatives for the treatment of meniscal injuries in relation to surgical procedures, is exercise. This case report aimed to describe the effects of isokinetic training and a neuromuscular/proprioceptive exercise program on muscle performance and physical function in an individual after a rupture of the posterior horn of the medial meniscus. Study Design Case report. Case Description A 40-year-old man injured his right knee during a soccer match, with a partial lesion of the medial meniscus confirmed by magnetic resonance imaging. He completed an isokinetic training program in addition to exercises that targeted proprioception (22 sessions, 11 weeks) to improve physical function and performance, which were assessed before and after treatment and at a six-month follow-up. An individual with similar anthropometric characteristics was chosen to be used as a control for understanding the patient's assessment values. Outcomes Muscular performance of the knee flexors and extensors was evaluated isokinetically using the Biodex System-4 in a concentric mode at angular velocities of 60, 120, and 300 °/s . The main results indicated that after 11 weeks, the peak torque normalized to body mass (PT/BM), at 60 °/s of the knee extensors remained unchanged (2.54 N.m/kg) (below the control value - 3.06 N.m/kg), and at the six-month follow-up, increased by approximately 20% (3.08 N.m/kg). For the hamstrings, at 60 °/s, an increase of 18 % occurred after intervention (1.98 N.m/kg) and by approximately 30 % at the six-month follow-up (2.12 N.m/kg) - values much higher than the control 1.55 N.m/kg). This increase in the PT/BM was also reflected in the Hamstrings:Quadriceps ratio (78 %) after treatment which improved at follow-up (68 %). Discussion The results showed that the isokinetic training and neuromuscular/proprioceptive exercises improved the muscle performance of the knee flexors and extensors, after eleven weeks of intervention, and remained (or continued to improve) at the six-month follow-up. Level of evidence 5, single case report.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karen Obara
- Laboratory of Biomechanics and Clinical Epidemiology, PAIFIT Research Group Universidade Estadual de Londrina
| | - Pedro Silva
- Laboratory of Biomechanics and Clinical Epidemiology, PAIFIT Research Group Universidade Estadual de Londrina
| | - Mariana Silva
- Laboratory of Biomechanics and Clinical Epidemiology, PAIFIT Research Group Universidade Estadual de Londrina
| | - Fagner Mendes
- Laboratory of Biomechanics and Clinical Epidemiology, PAIFIT Research Group Universidade Estadual de Londrina
| | - Gabriel Santiago
- Laboratory of Biomechanics and Clinical Epidemiology, PAIFIT Research Group Universidade Estadual de Londrina
| | - Ihan Oliveira
- Laboratory of Biomechanics and Clinical Epidemiology, PAIFIT Research Group Universidade Estadual de Londrina
| | - Jefferson Cardoso
- Laboratory of Biomechanics and Clinical Epidemiology, PAIFIT Research Group Universidade Estadual de Londrina
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Tøien T, Malmo T, Espedal L, Wang E. Maximal intended velocity enhances strength training-induced neuromuscular stimulation in older adults. Eur J Appl Physiol 2022; 122:2627-2636. [PMID: 36112218 PMCID: PMC9613575 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-022-05045-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe age-related attenuation in neuromuscular function can be mitigated with strength training. Current recommendations for untrained and elderly recommend performing the strength training with a controlled movement velocity (CON). However, applying maximal intended velocity (MIV) in the concentric phase of movement may augment neuromuscular stimulation and potentially enhance training adaptations. Thus, applying rate of electromyography (EMG) rise (RER) recordings, we examined the acute early phase neuromuscular response to these two contraction types in quadriceps femoris during leg extension, along with actual movement velocity, in 12 older (76 ± 6 years) and 12 young men (23 ± 2 years). Results revealed that older adults had a lower one repetition maximum (1RM) than young (33 ± 9 kg vs. 50 ± 9 kg; p = 0.001) and lower actual velocity across relative intensities of ~ 10%, 30%, 50%, 70% and 90% of 1RM for CON and MIV (all p < 0.05). Older adults also had consistently reduced RER compared to young during both conditions (old: 1043–1810 μV; young: 1844–3015 μV; all p < 0.05). However, RER was higher in contractions with MIV compared to CON for both age groups, and across all intensities (98–674%, all p < 0.05). In conclusion, despite decreased maximal strength and attenuated neuromuscular response with advancing age, our results document an augmented neuromuscular activation when repetitions are performed with MIV in the concentric phase of movement.
Collapse
|
6
|
Wirth K, Keiner M, Fuhrmann S, Nimmerichter A, Haff GG. Strength Training in Swimming. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19095369. [PMID: 35564764 PMCID: PMC9100337 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19095369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This narrative review deals with the topic of strength training in swimming, which has been a controversial issue for decades. It is not only about the importance for the performance at start, turn and swim speed, but also about the question of how to design a strength training program. Different approaches are discussed in the literature, with two aspects in the foreground. On the one hand is the discussion about the optimal intensity in strength training and, on the other hand, is the question of how specific strength training should be designed. In addition to a summary of the current state of research regarding the importance of strength training for swimming, the article shows which physiological adaptations should be achieved in order to be able to increase performance in the long term. Furthermore, an attempt is made to explain why some training contents seem to be rather unsuitable when it comes to increasing strength as a basis for higher performance in the start, turn and clean swimming. Practical training consequences are then derived from this. Regardless of the athlete's performance development, preventive aspects should also be considered in the discussion. The article provides a critical overview of the abovementioned key issues. The most important points when designing a strength training program for swimming are a sufficiently high-load intensity to increase maximum strength, which in turn is the basis for power, year-round strength training, parallel to swim training and working on the transfer of acquired strength skills in swim training, and not through supposedly specific strength training exercises on land or in the water.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Wirth
- Faculty of Training and Sports Sciences, University of Applied Sciences Wiener Neustadt, 2700 Wiener Neustadt, Austria;
- Correspondence:
| | - Michael Keiner
- Department of Sport Science, University of Health and Sports, 85737 Ismaning, Germany;
| | - Stefan Fuhrmann
- Olympic Training and Testing Centre Hamburg/Schleswig-Holstein, 22049 Hamburg, Germany;
| | - Alfred Nimmerichter
- Faculty of Training and Sports Sciences, University of Applied Sciences Wiener Neustadt, 2700 Wiener Neustadt, Austria;
| | - G. Gregory Haff
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA 6027, Australia;
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Hickmott LM, Chilibeck PD, Shaw KA, Butcher SJ. The Effect of Load and Volume Autoregulation on Muscular Strength and Hypertrophy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2022; 8:9. [PMID: 35038063 PMCID: PMC8762534 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-021-00404-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Background Autoregulation has emerged as a potentially beneficial resistance training paradigm to individualize and optimize programming; however, compared to standardized prescription, the effects of autoregulated load and volume prescription on muscular strength and hypertrophy adaptations are unclear. Our objective was to compare the effect of autoregulated load prescription (repetitions in reserve-based rating of perceived exertion and velocity-based training) to standardized load prescription (percentage-based training) on chronic one-repetition maximum (1RM) strength and cross-sectional area (CSA) hypertrophy adaptations in resistance-trained individuals. We also aimed to investigate the effect of volume autoregulation with velocity loss thresholds ≤ 25% compared to > 25% on 1RM strength and CSA hypertrophy. Methods This review was performed in accordance with the PRISMA guidelines. A systematic search of MEDLINE, Embase, Scopus, and SPORTDiscus was conducted. Mean differences (MD), 95% confidence intervals (CI), and standardized mean differences (SMD) were calculated. Sub-analyses were performed as applicable. Results Fifteen studies were included in the meta-analysis: six studies on load autoregulation and nine studies on volume autoregulation. No significant differences between autoregulated and standardized load prescription were demonstrated for 1RM strength (MD = 2.07, 95% CI – 0.32 to 4.46 kg, p = 0.09, SMD = 0.21). Velocity loss thresholds ≤ 25% demonstrated significantly greater 1RM strength (MD = 2.32, 95% CI 0.33 to 4.31 kg, p = 0.02, SMD = 0.23) and significantly lower CSA hypertrophy (MD = 0.61, 95% CI 0.05 to 1.16 cm2, p = 0.03, SMD = 0.28) than velocity loss thresholds > 25%. No significant differences between velocity loss thresholds > 25% and 20–25% were demonstrated for hypertrophy (MD = 0.36, 95% CI – 0.29 to 1.00 cm2, p = 0.28, SMD = 0.13); however, velocity loss thresholds > 25% demonstrated significantly greater hypertrophy compared to thresholds ≤ 20% (MD = 0.64, 95% CI 0.07 to 1.20 cm2, p = 0.03, SMD = 0.34). Conclusions Collectively, autoregulated and standardized load prescription produced similar improvements in strength. When sets and relative intensity were equated, velocity loss thresholds ≤ 25% were superior for promoting strength possibly by minimizing acute neuromuscular fatigue while maximizing chronic neuromuscular adaptations, whereas velocity loss thresholds > 20–25% were superior for promoting hypertrophy by accumulating greater relative volume. Protocol Registration The original protocol was prospectively registered (CRD42021240506) with the PROSPERO (International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews). Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40798-021-00404-9.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Landyn M Hickmott
- College of Medicine, Health Sciences Program, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada.
| | | | - Keely A Shaw
- College of Kinesiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Scotty J Butcher
- School of Rehabilitation Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Ruffino D, Malliaras P, Marchegiani S, Campana V. Inertial flywheel vs heavy slow resistance training among athletes with patellar tendinopathy: A randomised trial. Phys Ther Sport 2021; 52:30-37. [PMID: 34384941 DOI: 10.1016/j.ptsp.2021.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To compare the efficacy of inertial flywheel and heavy slow resistance training in reducing pain and improving function in patellar tendinopathy. DESIGN Randomised clinical trial. METHODS Fourty two participants (1 woman, 41 men) with longstanding (>3 months) patellar tendinopathy were randomised into inertial flywheel resistance (N = 21) or heavy slow resistance (N = 21) group. Both programmes consisted of three supervised inertial flywheel or heavy slow resistance exercise sessions per week in a fitness center during 12 weeks. Primary outcome was pain and function, assessed by the Spanish Victorian Institute of Sport Assessment for Patella (VISA-P) score at 6 and 12 weeks. Secondary outcomes were activity limitation using Patient Specific Functional Scale (PSFS), health status (EuroQol-5D), patient impression of change on pain and function, adherence, adverse events, pain provocation test for the patellar tendon (numerical rating score of pain between 0 and 10), physical test, patellar tendon thickness and doppler signal on ultrasound. Secondary outcomes were taken at 0 and 12 weeks. RESULTS Both groups showed significant improvements in VISA-P scores from 0 to 12 weeks but there was not statistically significant between-group difference (P = 0.506). No adverse events or side effects occurred in any of the groups during the intervention period. CONCLUSIONS Inertial flywheel resistance three times a week during 12 weeks resulted in similar pain and function benefit at 12 weeks compared with the heavy slow resistance training among people with patellar tendinopathy. Flywheel training is another exercise option for managing people with patellar tendinopathy. CLINICALTRIALS. GOV REGISTRY NCT03917849.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diego Ruffino
- Escuela de Kinesiología y Fisioterapia, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Enrique Barros, Ciudad Universitaria, 5000, Córdoba, Argentina.
| | - Peter Malliaras
- Physiotherapy Department, School of Primary and Allied Health Care, Faculty of Medicine Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Frankston, Victoria, 3199, Australia.
| | | | - Vilma Campana
- Cátedra Física Biomédica, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Santa Rosa 1085, 5000, Cordoba, Argentina.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Algorithmic extraction of smartphone accelerometer-derived mechano-biological descriptors of resistance exercise is robust to changes in intensity and velocity. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0254164. [PMID: 34283863 PMCID: PMC8291694 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0254164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background It was shown that single repetition, contraction-phase specific and total time-under-tension (TUT) can be extracted reliably and validly from smartphone accelerometer-derived data of resistance exercise machines using user-determined resistance exercise velocities at 60% one repetition maximum (1-RM). However, it remained unclear how robust the extraction of these mechano-biological descriptors is over a wide range of movement velocities (slow- versus fast-movement velocity) and intensities (30% 1-RM versus 80% 1-RM) that reflect the interindividual variability during resistance exercise. Objective In this work, we examined whether the manipulation of velocity or intensity would disrupt an algorithmic extraction of single repetitions, contraction-phase specific and total TUT. Methods Twenty-seven participants performed four sets of three repetitions of their 30% and 80% 1-RM with velocities of 1 s, 2 s, 6 s and 8 s per repetition, respectively. An algorithm extracted the number of repetitions, single repetition, contraction-phase specific and total TUT. All exercises were video-recorded. The video recordings served as the gold standard to which algorithmically-derived TUT was compared. The agreement between the methods was examined using Limits of Agreement (LoA). The Pearson correlation coefficients were used to calculate the association, and the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC 2.1) examined the interrater reliability. Results The calculated error rate for the algorithmic detection of the number of single repetitions derived from two smartphones accelerometers was 1.9%. The comparison between algorithmically-derived, contraction-phase specific TUT against video, revealed a high degree of correlation (r > 0.94) for both exercise machines. The agreement between the two methods was high on both exercise machines, intensities and velocities and was as follows: LoA ranged from -0.21 to 0.22 seconds for single repetition TUT (2.57% of mean TUT), from -0.24 to 0.22 seconds for concentric contraction TUT (6.25% of mean TUT), from -0.22 to 0.24 seconds for eccentric contraction TUT (5.52% of mean TUT) and from -1.97 to 1.00 seconds for total TUT (5.13% of mean TUT). Interrater reliability for single repetition, contraction-phase specific TUT was high (ICC > 0.99). Conclusion Neither intensity nor velocity disrupts the proposed algorithmic data extraction approach. Therefore, smartphone accelerometers can be used to extract scientific mechano-biological descriptors of dynamic resistance exercise with intensities ranging from 30% to 80% of the 1-RM with velocities ranging from 1 s to 8 s per repetition, respectively, thus making this simple method a reliable tool for resistance exercise mechano-biological descriptors extraction.
Collapse
|
10
|
Jukic I, Van Hooren B, Ramos AG, Helms ER, McGuigan MR, Tufano JJ. The Effects of Set Structure Manipulation on Chronic Adaptations to Resistance Training: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Sports Med 2021; 51:1061-1086. [PMID: 33417154 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-020-01423-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The acute effects of resistance training (RT) set structure alteration are well established; however, less is known about their effects on chronic training adaptations. OBJECTIVE The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to synthesise the available evidence on the effectiveness of traditional (TS), cluster (CS) and rest redistribution (RR) set structures in promoting chronic RT adaptations, and provide an overview of the factors which might differentially influence the magnitude of specific training adaptations between set structure types. METHODS This review was performed using the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines encompassing the literature search of five databases. Studies in English that compared muscular strength, endurance, and/or hypertrophy adaptations, as well as vertical jump performance, velocity and power at submaximal loads and shifts in the slopes of force-velocity profiles between TS and CS or RR set structures (i.e., alternative set structures) were included. Risk of bias assessment was performed using a modified Cochrane Collaboration's tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials. Random-effects meta-analyses and meta-regressions were performed where possible. RESULTS 17 studies met the inclusion criteria, none had more than one risk of bias item assessed as high risk. Pooled results revealed that none of the set structures were more effective at inducing strength (standardised mean difference (SMD) = - 0.06) or hypertrophy (SMD = - 0.03). TS were more effective at improving muscular endurance compared to alternative set structures (SMD = - 0.38), whereas alternative set structures tended to be more effective for vertical jump performance gains (SMD = 0.13), but this effect was not statistically significant (p = 0.190). Greater velocity and power outputs at submaximal loads (SMD = 0.18) were observed when using alternative set structures compared to TS. In addition, alternative set structures promoted greater shifts of the slope of force-velocity profiles towards more velocity dominant profiles compared to TS (SMD = 0.28). Sub-group analyses controlling for each alternative set structure independently showed mixed results likely caused by the relatively small number of studies available for some outcomes. CONCLUSION Modifying TS to an alternative set structure (CS or RR) has a negligible impact on strength and hypertrophy. Using CS and RR can lead to greater vertical jump performance, velocity and power at submaximal loads and shifts to more velocity dominant force-velocity profiles compared to training using TS. However, TS may provide more favourable effects on muscle endurance when compared to CS and RR. These findings demonstrate that altering TS to alternative set structures may influence the magnitude of specific muscular adaptations indicating set structure manipulation is an important consideration for RT program design. PROTOCOL REGISTRATION The original protocol was prospectively registered (CRD42019138954) with the PROSPERO (International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Jukic
- Sport Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Bas Van Hooren
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Amador García Ramos
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.,Department of Sports Sciences and Physical Conditioning, Faculty of Education, Universidad Católica de La Santísima Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Eric R Helms
- Sport Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Michael R McGuigan
- Sport Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - James J Tufano
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Wackwitz TA, Minahan CL, King T, Du Plessis C, Andrews MH, Bellinger PM. Quantification of maximal power output in well-trained cyclists. J Sports Sci 2020; 39:84-90. [PMID: 32787678 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2020.1805251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to compare mechanical variables derived from torque-cadence and power-cadence profiles established from different cycle ergometer modes (isoinertial and isokinetic) and modelling procedures (second- and third-order polynomials), whilst employing a novel method to validate the theoretical maximal power output (Pmax). Nineteen well-trained cyclists (n = 12 males) completed two experimental sessions comprising six, 6-s maximal isoinertial or isokinetic cycling sprints. Maximal pedal strokes were extracted to construct power-cadence relationships using second- and third-order polynomials. A 6-s sprint at the optimal cadence (Fopt) or optimal resistance (Topt) was performed to assess construct validity of Pmax. No differences were found in the mechanical parameters when derived from isokinetic (Pmax = 1311 ± 415, Fopt = 118 ± 12) or isoinertial modes (Pmax = 1320 ± 421, Fopt = 116 ± 19). However, R2 improved (P < 0.02) when derived from isoinertial sprints. Third-order polynomial modelling improved goodness of fit values (Standard Error, adjusted R2), but derived similar mechanical parameters. Finally, peak power output during the optimised sprint did not significantly differ from the theoretical Pmax in both cycling modes, thus providing construct validity. The most accurate P-C profile can be derived from isoinertial cycling sprints, modelled using third-order polynomial equations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A Wackwitz
- Griffith Sports Physiology and Performance, School of Allied Health Sciences, Griffith University , Gold Coast, Australia.,Performance Science Unit, Queensland Academy of Sport , Nathan, Australia
| | - Clare L Minahan
- Griffith Sports Physiology and Performance, School of Allied Health Sciences, Griffith University , Gold Coast, Australia
| | - Trish King
- Performance Science Unit, Queensland Academy of Sport , Nathan, Australia
| | | | - Mark H Andrews
- Performance Science Unit, Queensland Academy of Sport , Nathan, Australia
| | - Phillip M Bellinger
- Griffith Sports Physiology and Performance, School of Allied Health Sciences, Griffith University , Gold Coast, Australia.,Performance Science Unit, Queensland Academy of Sport , Nathan, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Loturco I, Pereira LA, Reis VP, Bishop C, Zanetti V, Alcaraz PE, Freitas TT, Mcguigan MR. Power training in elite young soccer players: Effects of using loads above or below the optimum power zone. J Sports Sci 2019; 38:1416-1422. [PMID: 31389308 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2019.1651614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to examine the effects of two jump squat (JS) training programs involving different loading ranges in under-20 soccer players during a preseason period. Twenty-three elite young soccer players performed sprint speed (at 5-, 10-, and 20-m), change-of-direction (COD) speed, JS peak-power (PP), and countermovement jump (CMJ) tests pre and post four weeks of training. Athletes were pair-matched in two groups according to their optimum power loads (OPL) as follows: lower than OPL (LOPL; athletes who trained at a load 20% lower than the OPL) and higher than OPL (HOPL; athletes who trained at a load 20% higher than the OPL). Magnitude-based inferences were used to compare pre- and post-training measures. Meaningful increases in the PP JS were observed for both groups. Likely and possible improvements were observed in the 5- and 10-m sprint velocity in the LOPL group. Meanwhile, possible and likely improvements were observed in the CMJ, 5- and 10-m sprint velocity, and COD speed in the HOPL group. Overall, both training schemes induced positive changes in athletic performance. Soccer coaches and sport scientists can implement the JS OPL-based training schemes presented here, either separately or combined, to improve the physical performance of youth soccer players.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irineu Loturco
- NAR - Nucleus of High Performance in Sport , São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Human Movement Science, Federal University of São Paulo , São Paulo, Brazil.,University of South Wales , Pontypridd, Wales, UK
| | - Lucas A Pereira
- NAR - Nucleus of High Performance in Sport , São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Valter P Reis
- NAR - Nucleus of High Performance in Sport , São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Chris Bishop
- Faculty of Science and Technology, London Sports Institute, Middlesex University , London, UK
| | | | - Pedro E Alcaraz
- Research Center for High Performance Sport, Catholic University of Murcia , Murcia, Spain.,Faculty of Sport Sciences, Catholic University of Murcia , Murcia, Spain
| | - Tomás T Freitas
- Research Center for High Performance Sport, Catholic University of Murcia , Murcia, Spain
| | - Michael R Mcguigan
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), Auckland University of Technology , Auckland, New Zealand.,School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University , Perth, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Cross-education: effects of age on rapid and maximal voluntary contractile characteristics in males. Eur J Appl Physiol 2019; 119:1313-1322. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-019-04123-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
14
|
Crowley E, Harrison AJ, Lyons M. The Impact of Resistance Training on Swimming Performance: A Systematic Review. Sports Med 2018; 47:2285-2307. [PMID: 28497283 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-017-0730-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The majority of propulsive forces in swimming are produced from the upper body, with strong correlations between upper body strength and sprint performance. There are significant gaps in the literature relating to the impact of resistance training on swimming performance, specifically the transfer to swimming performance. OBJECTIVE The aims of this systematic literature review are to (1) explore the transfer of resistance-training modalities to swimming performance, and (2) examine the effects of resistance training on technical aspects of swimming. METHODS Four online databases were searched with the following inclusion criteria: (1) journal articles with outcome measures related to swimming performance, and (2) competitive swimmers participating in a structured resistance-training programme. Exclusion criteria were (1) participants with a mean age <16 years; (2) untrained, novice, masters and paraplegic swimmers; (3) triathletes and waterpolo players; (4) swimmers with injuries or illness; and (5) studies of starts and turns specifically. Data were extracted using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, and the Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) scale was applied. RESULTS For optimal transfer, specific, low-volume, high-velocity/force resistance-training programmes are optimal. Stroke length is best achieved through resistance training with low repetitions at a high velocity/force. Resisted swims are the most appropriate training modality for improving stroke rate. CONCLUSION Future research is needed with respect to the effects of long-term resistance-training interventions on both technical parameters of swimming and overall swimming performance. The results of such work will be highly informative for the scientific community, coaches and athletes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emmet Crowley
- Biomechanics Research Unit, Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland.
| | - Andrew J Harrison
- Biomechanics Research Unit, Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Mark Lyons
- Biomechanics Research Unit, Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Ralston GW, Kilgore L, Wyatt FB, Buchan D, Baker JS. Weekly Training Frequency Effects on Strength Gain: A Meta-Analysis. SPORTS MEDICINE-OPEN 2018; 4:36. [PMID: 30076500 PMCID: PMC6081873 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-018-0149-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Background The current recommendations for resistance training (RT) frequency range from 2 to 5 days per week (days week− 1) depending on the subjects’ training status. However, the relationship between RT frequency and muscular strength remains controversial with reported variances existing across different population groups. We conducted a meta-analysis that (1) quantified the effects of low (LF; 1 day week− 1), medium (MF; 2 days week− 1), or high (HF; ≥ 3 days week− 1) RT frequency on muscular strength per exercise; (2) examined the effects of different RT frequency on one repetition maximum (1RM) strength gain profiles (multi-joint exercises and single joint exercises); (3) examined the effects of different RT frequency on 1RM strength gain when RT volume is equated; and (4) examined the effects of different RT frequency on 1RM strength gains on upper and lower body. Methods Computerised searches were performed using the terms ‘strength training frequency’, ‘resistance training frequency’, ‘training frequency’, and ‘weekly training frequency’. After review, 12 studies were deemed suitable according to pre-set eligibility criteria. Primary data were pooled using a random-effects model. Outcomes analysed for main effects were pre- to post strength change with volume-equated studies that combined multi-joint and isolation exercise; isolation-only exercise and untrained subjects only. Heterogeneity between studies was assessed using I2 and Cochran’s Q statistics with funnel plots used to assess publication bias and sensitivity analyses calculated for subgroups. Results Pre- versus post-training strength analysis comprised of 74 treatment groups from 12 studies. For combined multi-joint and isolation exercises, there was a trend towards higher RT frequency compared with lower frequency [mean effect size (ES) 0.09 (95% CI − 0.06–0.24)] however not significant (p = 0.25). Volume-equated pre- to post-intervention strength gain was similar when LF was compared to HF [mean ES 0.03 (95% CI − 0.20–0.27); p = 0.78]. Upper body pre- to post-intervention strength gain was greater when HF was compared with LF [mean ES 0.48 (95% CI 0.20–0.76)] with significant differences between frequencies (p < 0.01). Upper body pre- to post-intervention strength gain was similar when MF was compared with LF (ES 0.12; 95% CI − 0.22–0.47); p = 0.48]. There was no significant difference in lower body mean ES between HF and LF [mean ES 0.21(95% CI − 0.55–0.13); p = 0.22]. There was a trend towards a difference in mean ES between MF and HF [mean ES 0.41(95% CI − 0.26–1.09); however, the effect was not significant (p = 0.23). Conclusions The existing data does not provide a strong correlation between increased weekly training frequency (HF) and maximal strength gain in upper and lower body resistance exercises for a mixed population group. When RT is volume-equated for combined multi-joint and isolation exercises, there is no significant effect of RT frequency on muscular strength gain. More investigations are required to explore the effects of varying weekly training frequencies adequately.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Grant W Ralston
- Institute for Clinical Exercise and Health Science, Applied Physiology Research Laboratory, School of Science and Sport, University of the West of Scotland, Hamilton, Lanarkshire, ML3 0JB, Scotland, UK.
| | | | - Frank B Wyatt
- Department of Athletic Training and Exercise Physiology, Midwestern State University, Wichita Falls, TX, USA
| | - Duncan Buchan
- Institute for Clinical Exercise and Health Science, Applied Physiology Research Laboratory, School of Science and Sport, University of the West of Scotland, Hamilton, Lanarkshire, ML3 0JB, Scotland, UK
| | - Julien S Baker
- Institute for Clinical Exercise and Health Science, Applied Physiology Research Laboratory, School of Science and Sport, University of the West of Scotland, Hamilton, Lanarkshire, ML3 0JB, Scotland, UK
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Ruas CV, Brown LE, Lima CD, Costa PB, Pinto RS. Effect of Three Different Muscle Action Training Protocols on Knee Strength Ratios and Performance. J Strength Cond Res 2018; 32:2154-2165. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
17
|
Sakamoto A, Kuroda A, Sinclair PJ, Naito H, Sakuma K. The effectiveness of bench press training with or without throws on strength and shot put distance of competitive university athletes. Eur J Appl Physiol 2018; 118:1821-1830. [PMID: 29931495 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-018-3917-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Maximum force exertion against various resistance levels (heavy-light) is commonly implemented to improve both strength- and speed-oriented components of power. Medium-light resistances allow rapid accelerations, yet incur significant decelerations in the later concentric phase to bring the bar to a halt, which may limit the concentric effort and, therefore, the effectiveness of training. Accordingly, ballistic actions have been recommended. This study evaluated the effectiveness of power bench press training, with the bar thrown on a Smith machine (BPthrow) or without throwing (BPnon-throw), for developing strength and shot put distance. METHODS Nine university shot-putters performed BPthrow and BPnon-throw at 50, 40 and 30% 1RM, as well as seated and standing shot put trials. Peak angular velocities at the elbow were measured in these tasks using a wireless electro-goniometer. Participants underwent 24 sessions of training (12 weeks) with either BPthrow (n = 5) or BPnon-throw (n = 4) at the three intensities (20 s × 2 sets at 50, 40 and 30% 1RM). RESULTS The peak elbow velocity during BPthrow was 1.7 times greater than BPnon-throw for all intensities. The velocity of BPthrow at 30% 1RM (854.7°/s), however, was still slower than seated (1121.3°/s) and standing (1539.1°/s) shot puts. BPthrow training significantly improved 1RM (+ 10.0%) and the distances of seated (+ 11.7%) and standing (+ 3.8%) shot puts, while no performance changes occurred after BPnon-throw training. CONCLUSION When undergoing power bench press against medium-light resistances, maximum ballistic actions are important strategies for improving 1RM and shot put performance of university shot-putters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akihiro Sakamoto
- Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Juntendo University, 1-1 Hiraga-gakuendai, Inzai, Chiba, 270-1695, Japan.
| | - Akihiro Kuroda
- Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Juntendo University, 1-1 Hiraga-gakuendai, Inzai, Chiba, 270-1695, Japan
| | - Peter James Sinclair
- Discipline of Exercise and Sport Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Sydney, 75 East Street, Lidcombe, NSW, 2141, Australia.
| | - Hisashi Naito
- Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Juntendo University, 1-1 Hiraga-gakuendai, Inzai, Chiba, 270-1695, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Sakuma
- Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Juntendo University, 1-1 Hiraga-gakuendai, Inzai, Chiba, 270-1695, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Voukelatos D, Kirkland M, Pain MTG. Training induced changes in quadriceps activation during maximal eccentric contractions. J Biomech 2018; 73:66-72. [PMID: 29576313 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2018.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Revised: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Despite full voluntary effort, neuromuscular activation of the quadriceps group of muscles appears inhibited during eccentric contractions. A nerve stimulation protocol during dynamic contractions of the quadriceps was developed that employed triplets of supramaximal pulses to assess suppressed eccentric activation. Subsequently the effects of a short training intervention, performed on a dynamometer, on eccentric strength output and neural inhibition were examined. Torque-angular velocity (T-ω) and experimental voluntary neural drive-angular velocity (%VA-ω; %VA, obtained via the interpolated twitch technique) datasets, were obtained from pre- and post-training testing sessions. Non-linear regression fits of a seven parameter torque function and of a 3rd degree polynomial were performed on the pre- and post-training T-ω and %VA-ω datasets respectively. T-test showed a significant (p < 0.05) increase in the overall torque output post-training for the group, with three out of the six subjects demonstrating a significant (p < 0.05) increase in the torque output across the range of angular velocities as shown by the extra-sum-of-squares F-test. A significant increase (p < 0.05) in the %VA post-training was also observed as well as a reduction in the plateauing of the torque output during fast eccentric contractions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Voukelatos
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough LE11 3TU, UK.
| | - Mathew Kirkland
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough LE11 3TU, UK; St Peter's College, Johannesburg, South Africa.
| | - Matthew T G Pain
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough LE11 3TU, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
De Brandt J, Spruit MA, Hansen D, Franssen FM, Derave W, Sillen MJ, Burtin C. Changes in lower limb muscle function and muscle mass following exercise-based interventions in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: A review of the English-language literature. Chron Respir Dis 2017; 15:182-219. [PMID: 28580854 PMCID: PMC5958462 DOI: 10.1177/1479972317709642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients often experience lower limb muscle dysfunction and wasting. Exercise-based training has potential to improve muscle function and mass, but literature on this topic is extensive and heterogeneous including numerous interventions and outcome measures. This review uses a detailed systematic approach to investigate the effect of this wide range of exercise-based interventions on muscle function and mass. PUBMED and PEDro databases were searched. In all, 70 studies (n = 2504 COPD patients) that implemented an exercise-based intervention and reported muscle strength, endurance, or mass in clinically stable COPD patients were critically appraised. Aerobic and/or resistance training, high-intensity interval training, electrical or magnetic muscle stimulation, whole-body vibration, and water-based training were investigated. Muscle strength increased in 78%, muscle endurance in 92%, and muscle mass in 88% of the cases where that specific outcome was measured. Despite large heterogeneity in exercise-based interventions and outcome measures used, most exercise-based trials showed improvements in muscle strength, endurance, and mass in COPD patients. Which intervention(s) is (are) best for which subgroup of patients remains currently unknown. Furthermore, this literature review identifies gaps in the current knowledge and generates recommendations for future research to enhance our knowledge on exercise-based interventions in COPD patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jana De Brandt
- 1 REVAL - Rehabilitation Research Center, BIOMED - Biomedical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Martijn A Spruit
- 1 REVAL - Rehabilitation Research Center, BIOMED - Biomedical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium.,2 Department of Research and Education, CIRO, Center of Expertise for Chronic Organ Failure, Horn, the Netherlands.,3 Department of Respiratory Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Dominique Hansen
- 1 REVAL - Rehabilitation Research Center, BIOMED - Biomedical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Frits Me Franssen
- 2 Department of Research and Education, CIRO, Center of Expertise for Chronic Organ Failure, Horn, the Netherlands
| | - Wim Derave
- 4 Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Maurice Jh Sillen
- 2 Department of Research and Education, CIRO, Center of Expertise for Chronic Organ Failure, Horn, the Netherlands
| | - Chris Burtin
- 1 REVAL - Rehabilitation Research Center, BIOMED - Biomedical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Nicholson G, Ispoglou T, Bissas A. The impact of repetition mechanics on the adaptations resulting from strength-, hypertrophy- and cluster-type resistance training. Eur J Appl Physiol 2016; 116:1875-88. [PMID: 27473446 PMCID: PMC5020128 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-016-3439-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Purpose The purpose of this study was to examine the acute and chronic training responses to strength-, hypertrophy- and cluster-type resistance training. Methods Thirty-four trained males were assigned to a strength [STR: 4 × 6 repetitions, 85 % of one repetition maximum, (1RM), 900 s total rest], hypertrophy (HYP: 5 × 10 repetitions, 70 % 1RM, 360 s total rest), cluster 1 (CL-1: 4 × 6/1 repetitions, 85 % 1RM, 1400 s total rest), and cluster 2 (CL-2: 4 × 6/1 repetitions, 90 % 1RM, 1400 s total rest) regimens which were performed twice weekly for a 6-week period. Measurements were taken before, during and following the four workouts to investigate the acute training stimulus, whilst similar measurements were employed to examine the training effects before and after the intervention. Results The improvements in 1RM strength were significantly greater for the STR (12.09 ± 2.75 %; p < 0.05, d = 1.106) and CL-2 (13.20 ± 2.18 %; p < 0.001, d = 0.816) regimens than the HYP regimen (8.13 ± 2.54 %, d = 0.453). In terms of the acute responses, the STR and CL-2 workouts resulted in greater time under tension (TUT) and impulse generation in individual repetitions than the HYP workout (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the STR (+3.65 ± 2.54 mmol/L−1) and HYP (+6.02 ± 2.97 mmol/L−1) workouts resulted in significantly greater elevations in blood lactate concentration (p < 0.001) than the CL-1 and CL-2 workouts. Conclusion CL regimens produced similar strength improvements to STR regimens even when volume load was elevated (CL-2). The effectiveness of the STR and CL-2 regimens underlines the importance of high loads and impulse generation for strength development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Nicholson
- Carnegie School of Sport, Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Fairfax Room 107, Headingley Campus, Leeds, LS6 3QT, UK.
| | - T Ispoglou
- Carnegie School of Sport, Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Fairfax Room 107, Headingley Campus, Leeds, LS6 3QT, UK
| | - A Bissas
- Carnegie School of Sport, Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Fairfax Room 107, Headingley Campus, Leeds, LS6 3QT, UK
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
|
22
|
Jessop DM, Pain MTG. Maximum Velocities in Flexion and Extension Actions for Sport. J Hum Kinet 2016; 50:37-44. [PMID: 28149339 PMCID: PMC5260637 DOI: 10.1515/hukin-2015-0139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Speed of movement is fundamental to the outcome of many human actions. A variety of techniques can be implemented in order to maximise movement speed depending on the goal of the movement, constraints, and the time available. Knowing maximum movement velocities is therefore useful for developing movement strategies but also as input into muscle models. The aim of this study was to determine maximum flexion and extension velocities about the major joints in upper and lower limbs. Seven university to international level male competitors performed flexion/extension at each of the major joints in the upper and lower limbs under three conditions: isolated; isolated with a countermovement; involvement of proximal segments. 500 Hz planar high speed video was used to calculate velocities. The highest angular velocities in the upper and lower limb were 50.0 rad·s-1 and 28.4 rad·s-1, at the wrist and knee, respectively. As was true for most joints, these were achieved with the involvement of proximal segments, however, ANOVA analysis showed few significant differences (p<0.05) between conditions. Different segment masses, structures and locations produced differing results, in the upper and lower limbs, highlighting the requirement of segment specific strategies for maximal movements.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David M Jessop
- 1School of Sport, Exercise and Social Science, Southampton Solent University, East Park Terrace, Southampton, UK
| | - Matthew T G Pain
- 2School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Ashby Road, Loughborough, UK
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Chen CL, Hong WH, Cheng HYK, Liaw MY, Chung CY, Chen CY. Muscle strength enhancement following home-based virtual cycling training in ambulatory children with cerebral palsy. RESEARCH IN DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2012; 33:1087-1094. [PMID: 22502833 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2012.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2012] [Accepted: 01/30/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
This study is the first well-designed randomized controlled trial to assess the effects of a novel home-based virtual cycling training (hVCT) program for improving muscle strength in children with spastic cerebral palsy (CP). Twenty-eight ambulatory children with spastic CP aged 6-12 years were randomly assigned to an hVCT group (n=13) or a control group (n=15). Outcome measures, including gross motor function of the Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency (BOTMP) and muscle strength (isokinetic torque of knee extensor and flexor muscle), were administered before and immediately after the 12-week intervention. Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) at post-treatment showed that, compared to the control group, the hVCT group had significantly higher isokinetic torque in the knee extensor and flexor muscles at 60°/s and 120°/s angular velocities (p<0.05). At post-treatment, the hVCT group also showed greater isokinetic strength improvement in the knee flexor than in the knee extensor at 60°/s (knee flexor: 41%; knee extensor: 19%) and at 120°/s (knee flexor: 36%; knee extensor: 30%). However, the BOTMP scores at post-treatment did not differ between the two groups. Although the proposed 12-week hVCT protocol does not improve gross motor function, it enhances knee muscle strength in children with CP. The protocol obtains larger gains in the knee flexor than in the knee extensor at different angular velocities. The study findings will help clinicians to provide more effective and efficient strategies for muscle strength training in children with CP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Ling Chen
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, 5 Fu-Hsing St., Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan 333, Taiwan.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Abstract
BACKGROUND Postural responses are impaired after stroke, with reduced or delayed muscle activity in the paretic leg muscles. OBJECTIVE The efficacy of exercises emphasizing speed of movement in modifying postural responses to perturbations that were not practiced was investigated. DESIGN This was a dual cohort design. METHODS A convenience sample of 32 individuals with hemiparesis poststroke (mean number of weeks poststroke=11.3, SD=4.1) who were recruited upon discharge from an inpatient rehabilitation hospital and a control group of age- and sex-matched individuals who were healthy (n=32) performed a single session of exercise emphasizing speed of movement. To assess postural responses to internal perturbation, unilateral arm raise and load drop tasks were performed before exercises (pre-exercise), immediately after exercises (post-exercise), and 15 minutes after exercises (retention). The time to burst peak and area of the biceps femoris muscle (BF) electromyographic (EMG) activity in the arm raise task was measured with the arm acceleration and velocity of the center of pressure (COP) excursion. For the load drop task, the anticipatory EMG deactivation area of the BF was calculated. In both tasks, the vertical ground reaction forces were recorded for each leg separately. RESULTS Before exercise, EMG and force platform measures were smaller in the stroke group than in the control group. After exercise, the paretic BF time to burst peak decreased, the paretic BF EMG area increased, and the COP velocity increased in the arm raise task, as did the paretic BF anticipatory EMG deactivation area in the load drop task. The stroke group was weight bearing more symmetrically after exercises. Most changes were retained 15 minutes after the exercises. LIMITATIONS The retention period was short, and there was no control group of individuals with stroke. CONCLUSIONS The results of this efficacy study demonstrated that fast movement exercises improved postural responses to perturbations that were not practiced.
Collapse
|
25
|
Clark HM. Specificity of training in the lingual musculature. JOURNAL OF SPEECH, LANGUAGE, AND HEARING RESEARCH : JSLHR 2012; 55:657-667. [PMID: 22215031 DOI: 10.1044/1092-4388(2011/11-0045)] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Training specificity for a number of exercise parameters has been demonstrated for the limb musculature. The current study is a Phase I exploration of training specificity in the lingual musculature. METHOD Twenty-five healthy participants were assigned to 1 of 5 training conditions. Four groups completed 4 weeks of lingual exercise targeting strength, endurance, power, or speed; a control group did not exercise. Performance measures of strength, endurance, power, and speed were obtained before and after training. RESULTS Although statistically significant group effects were not detected, specificity was observed with respect to effect size for the performance variables of strength, endurance, and power. Further evidence of specificity was provided by the finding that training isotonic endurance did not increase performance on an isometric endurance task. Speed training did not improve performance on any of the outcome measures, nor did speed increase following training with any of the exercises. CONCLUSIONS The findings provide initial evidence that training specificity may be observed in the lingual musculature. The reported effect sizes can inform future studies examining the benefit of training muscle functions underlying speech and swallowing.
Collapse
|
26
|
Girold S, Jalab C, Bernard O, Carette P, Kemoun G, Dugué B. Dry-Land Strength Training vs. Electrical Stimulation in Sprint Swimming Performance. J Strength Cond Res 2012; 26:497-505. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0b013e318220e6e4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
27
|
Tsang KKW, DiPasquale AA. Improving the Q:H Strength Ratio in Women Using Plyometric Exercises. J Strength Cond Res 2011; 25:2740-5. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0b013e31820d9e95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
28
|
Cormie P, McGuigan MR, Newton RU. Developing maximal neuromuscular power: part 2 - training considerations for improving maximal power production. Sports Med 2011; 41:125-46. [PMID: 21244105 DOI: 10.2165/11538500-000000000-00000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 367] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
This series of reviews focuses on the most important neuromuscular function in many sport performances: the ability to generate maximal muscular power. Part 1, published in an earlier issue of Sports Medicine, focused on the factors that affect maximal power production while part 2 explores the practical application of these findings by reviewing the scientific literature relevant to the development of training programmes that most effectively enhance maximal power production. The ability to generate maximal power during complex motor skills is of paramount importance to successful athletic performance across many sports. A crucial issue faced by scientists and coaches is the development of effective and efficient training programmes that improve maximal power production in dynamic, multi-joint movements. Such training is referred to as 'power training' for the purposes of this review. Although further research is required in order to gain a deeper understanding of the optimal training techniques for maximizing power in complex, sports-specific movements and the precise mechanisms underlying adaptation, several key conclusions can be drawn from this review. First, a fundamental relationship exists between strength and power, which dictates that an individual cannot possess a high level of power without first being relatively strong. Thus, enhancing and maintaining maximal strength is essential when considering the long-term development of power. Second, consideration of movement pattern, load and velocity specificity is essential when designing power training programmes. Ballistic, plyometric and weightlifting exercises can be used effectively as primary exercises within a power training programme that enhances maximal power. The loads applied to these exercises will depend on the specific requirements of each particular sport and the type of movement being trained. The use of ballistic exercises with loads ranging from 0% to 50% of one-repetition maximum (1RM) and/or weightlifting exercises performed with loads ranging from 50% to 90% of 1RM appears to be the most potent loading stimulus for improving maximal power in complex movements. Furthermore, plyometric exercises should involve stretch rates as well as stretch loads that are similar to those encountered in each specific sport and involve little to no external resistance. These loading conditions allow for superior transfer to performance because they require similar movement velocities to those typically encountered in sport. Third, it is vital to consider the individual athlete's window of adaptation (i.e. the magnitude of potential for improvement) for each neuromuscular factor contributing to maximal power production when developing an effective and efficient power training programme. A training programme that focuses on the least developed factor contributing to maximal power will prompt the greatest neuromuscular adaptations and therefore result in superior performance improvements for that individual. Finally, a key consideration for the long-term development of an athlete's maximal power production capacity is the need for an integration of numerous power training techniques. This integration allows for variation within power meso-/micro-cycles while still maintaining specificity, which is theorized to lead to the greatest long-term improvement in maximal power.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Prue Cormie
- School of Exercise, Biomedical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Palmer TG, Uhl TL. Interday reliability of peak muscular power outputs on an isotonic dynamometer and assessment of active trunk control using the chop and lift tests. J Athl Train 2011; 46:150-9. [PMID: 21391800 PMCID: PMC3070502 DOI: 10.4085/1062-6050-46.2.150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Assessment techniques used to measure functional tasks involving active trunk control are restricted to linear movements that lack the explosive movements and dynamic tasks associated with activities of daily living and sport. Reliable clinical methods used to assess the diagonal and ballistic movements about the trunk are lacking. OBJECTIVE To assess the interday reliability of peak muscular power outputs while participants performed diagonal chop and lift tests and maintained a stable trunk. DESIGN Controlled laboratory study. SETTING University research laboratory. PATIENTS OR OTHER PARTICIPANTS Eighteen healthy individuals (10 men and 8 women; age = 32 ± 11 years, height = 168 ± 12 cm, mass = 80 ± 19 kg) from the general population participated. INTERVENTION(S) Participants performed 2 power tests (chop, lift) using an isotonic dynamometer and 3 endurance tests (Biering-Sørensen, side-plank left, side-plank right) to assess active trunk control. Testing was performed on 3 different days separated by at least 1 week. Reliability was compared between days 1 and 2 and between days 2 and 3. Correlations between the power and endurance tests were evaluated to determine the degree of similarity. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Peak muscular power outputs (watts) derived from a 1-repetition maximum protocol for the chop and lift tests were collected for both the right and left sides. RESULTS Intraclass correlation coefficients for peak muscular power were highly reliable for the chop (range, 0.87-0.98), lift (range, 0.83-0.96), and endurance (range, 0.80-0.98) tests between test sessions. The correlations between the power assessments and the Biering-Sørensen test (r range, -0.008 to 0.017) were low. The side-plank tests were moderately correlated with the chop (r range, 0.528-0.590) and the lift (r range, 0.359-0.467) tests. CONCLUSIONS The diagonal chop and lift power protocol generated reliable data and appears to be a dynamic test that simulates functional tasks, which require dynamic trunk control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas G Palmer
- Department of Rehabilitation Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Cormie P, McGuigan MR, Newton RU. Influence of strength on magnitude and mechanisms of adaptation to power training. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2010; 42:1566-81. [PMID: 20639724 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0b013e3181cf818d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine whether the magnitude of performance improvements and the mechanisms driving adaptation to ballistic power training differ between strong and weak individuals. METHODS Twenty-four men were divided into three groups on the basis of their strength level: stronger (n = 8, one-repetition maximum-to-body mass ratio (1RM/BM) = 1.97 +/- 0.08), weaker (n = 8, 1RM/BM = 1.32 +/- 0.14), or control (n = 8, 1RM/BM = 1.37 +/- 0.13). The stronger and weaker groups trained three times per week for 10 wk. During these sessions, subjects performed maximal-effort jump squats with 0%-30% 1RM. The impact of training on athletic performance was assessed using a 2-d testing battery that involved evaluation of jump and sprint performance as well as measures of the force-velocity relationship, jumping mechanics, muscle architecture, and neural drive. RESULTS Both experimental groups showed significant (P < or = 0.05) improvements in jump (stronger: peak power = 10.0 +/- 5.2 W.kg, jump height = 0.07 +/- 0.04 m; weaker: peak power = 9.1 +/- 2.3 W.kg, jump height = 0.06 +/- 0.04 m) and sprint performance after training (stronger: 40-m time = -2.2% +/- 2.0%; weaker: 40-m time = -3.6% +/- 2.3%). Effect size analyses revealed a tendency toward practically relevant differences existing between stronger and weaker individuals in the magnitude of improvements in jump performance (effect size: stronger: peak power = 1.55, jump height = 1.46; weaker: peak power = 1.03, jump height = 0.95) and especially after 5 wk of training (effect size: stronger: peak power = 1.60, jump height = 1.59; weaker: peak power = 0.95, jump height = 0.61). The mechanisms driving these improvements included significant (P < or = 0.05) changes in the force-velocity relationship, jump mechanics, and neural activation, with no changes to muscle architecture observed. CONCLUSIONS The magnitude of improvements after ballistic power training was not significantly influenced by strength level. However, the training had a tendency toward eliciting a more pronounced effect on jump performance in the stronger group. The neuromuscular and biomechanical mechanisms driving performance improvements were very similar for both strong and weak individuals.
Collapse
|
31
|
SURAKKA JUKKA, AUNOLA SIRKKA, ALANEN ERKKI, MÄENTAKA KARI, KARPPI SIRKKALIISA. Effect of Power-Type Strength Training on Lumbar Extension and Flexion Velocity. Res Sports Med 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/15438620490460459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
32
|
Dalleau G, Baron B, Bonazzi B, Leroyer P, Verstraete T, Verkindt C. The influence of variable resistance moment arm on knee extensor performance. J Sports Sci 2010; 28:657-65. [DOI: 10.1080/02640411003631976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
33
|
TROMBOLD JUSTINR, BARNES JILLN, CRITCHLEY LEAH, COYLE EDWARDF. Ellagitannin Consumption Improves Strength Recovery 2-3 d after Eccentric Exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2010; 42:493-8. [DOI: 10.1249/mss.0b013e3181b64edd] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
|
34
|
Pediatric endurance and limb strengthening (PEDALS) for children with cerebral palsy using stationary cycling: a randomized controlled trial. Phys Ther 2010; 90:367-81. [PMID: 20093327 DOI: 10.2522/ptj.20080364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Effective interventions to improve and maintain strength (force-generating capacity) and endurance are needed for children with cerebral palsy (CP). OBJECTIVE This study was performed to examine the effects of a stationary cycling intervention on muscle strength, locomotor endurance, preferred walking speed, and gross motor function in children with spastic diplegic CP. DESIGN This was a phase I randomized controlled trial with single blinding. SETTING The interventions were performed in community-based outpatient physical therapy clinics. Outcome assessments were performed in university laboratories. PARTICIPANTS Sixty-two ambulatory children aged 7 to 18 years with spastic diplegic CP and Gross Motor Function Classification System levels I to III participated in this study. INTERVENTION AND MEASUREMENTS Participants were randomly assigned to cycling or control (no-intervention) groups. Thirty intervention sessions occurred over 12 weeks. Primary outcomes were peak knee extensor and flexor moments, the 600-Yard Walk-Run Test, the Thirty-Second Walk Test, and the Gross Motor Function Measure sections D and E (GMFM-66). RESULTS Significant baseline-postintervention improvements were found for the 600-Yard Walk-Run Test, the GMFM-66, peak knee extensor moments at 120 degrees /s, and peak knee flexor moments at 30 degrees /s for the cycling group. Improved peak knee flexor moments at 120 degrees/s were found for the control group only, although not all participants could complete this speed of testing. Significant differences between the cycling and control groups based on change scores were not found for any outcomes. Limitations Heterogeneity of the patient population and intrasubject variability were limitations of the study. CONCLUSIONS Significant improvements in locomotor endurance, gross motor function, and some measures of strength were found for the cycling group but not the control group, providing preliminary support for this intervention. As statistical differences were not found in baseline-postintervention change scores between the 2 groups; the results did not demonstrate that stationary cycling was more effective than no intervention. The results of this phase I study provide guidance for future research.
Collapse
|
35
|
Neuromuscular adaptations to 8-week strength training: isotonic versus isokinetic mode. Eur J Appl Physiol 2009; 108:59-69. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-009-1164-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/06/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
36
|
Ng GYF, Richardson CA. The effects of training triceps surae using progressive speed loading. Physiother Theory Pract 2009. [DOI: 10.3109/09593989009037783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
|
37
|
McCurdy K, Langford G, Ernest J, Jenkerson D, Doscher M. Comparison of chain- and plate-loaded bench press training on strength, joint pain, and muscle soreness in Division II baseball players. J Strength Cond Res 2009; 23:187-95. [PMID: 19050650 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0b013e31818892b5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of chain- (CBP) and plate-loaded (PBP) bench press training on measures of strength, shoulder pain, and muscle soreness in Division II baseball players. Twenty-eight subjects with previous resistance training experience (4.8 +/- 2.7 years) completed the study while participating in off-season baseball practice. All subjects completed a one-repetition maximum pre- and posttest on the CBP and PBP and reported shoulder pain and muscle soreness on 15 occasions during training. Two treatment groups, CBP and PBP, trained 2 d.wk for 9 weeks during the off-season with a linear periodization strength training program. The CBP group used chains attached to the bar as the entire load, and the PBP group used only traditional plate-loaded resistance. The chains provided a variable resistance, with a reduction in load during the descent as the weight collected on the floor and with the load increasing during ascent as the weight was lifted from the floor. Statistically significant increases were found in strength scores after training for the CBP test (p < 0.001) and the PBP test (p < 0.001). Both groups were able to improve strength on the CBP and PBP, but no significant differences were found in strength gains between the groups on the CBP and PBP tests. Although levels of pain and soreness were not significantly different, a threefold difference was found for perceived levels of shoulder pain (mean totals of 2.15 vs. 6.14), whereas reported soreness was similar (9.38 vs. 10.57) for the CBP and PBP group, respectively. The data indicate that training with chain- and plate-loaded resistance produce similar short-term strength improvement on the chain- and plate-loaded bench press. Baseball players may benefit from CBP training with improved free-weight strength while minimizing shoulder stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin McCurdy
- Department of Health Physical Education and Recreation, Texas State University, San Marcos, Texas, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
|
39
|
A Comparison of Ballistic-Movement and Ballistic-Intent Training on Muscle Strength and Activation. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2007; 2:386-99. [DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2.4.386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Purpose:Studies have both supported and refuted the concept that it is the intent to perform ballistic contractions that determines velocity-specific gains in resistance training. The purpose of this investigation was to determine whether ballistic intent is as effective as ballistic movement in improving muscle activation, force, movement time, and reaction time.Methods:Subjects completed 8 wk of punch training. A dynamic (DYN) group trained with elastic resistance bands, and the isometric (ISO) group trained with an unyielding strap. A control (CTRL) group was also tested. Pretesting and posttesting measures included isometric force; electromyography (EMG) of triceps, biceps, pectoralis major, and latissimus dorsi; movement and reaction time of both arms; and a quick-hands test of coordination.Results:Triceps iEMG increased by 63% in the ISO group (P = .03). Pectoralis major iEMG increased by 65% in the DYN group (P = .007). Movement time decreased 17.6% in the DYN training group (P = .001). Isometric force did not improve in either training group or in the CTRL group.Conclusions:Because of its specificity of movement, dynamic training might be a more appropriate method to improve punching speed for martial artists and boxers. The intent to contract explosively over a short duration does not appear to be beneficial in increasing force production or speed of movement in punching.
Collapse
|
40
|
Oxyzoglou N, Kanioglou A, Rizos S, Mavridis G, Kabitsis C. Muscular strength and jumping performance after handball training versus physical education program for pre-adolescent children. Percept Mot Skills 2007; 104:1282-8. [PMID: 17879662 DOI: 10.2466/pms.104.4.1282-1288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The purpose was to compare a 6-mo. specific handball training program and a typical physical education program on various strength and jumping skills. The participants (M age= 13.7 yr., SD= 1.5) were divided into the Handball Group (n=51) and the Physical Education Group (n=70). The latter performed 3 sessions/ week (60 min.) including ball-handling drills, horizontal and vertical jump shots, fast break, and several defensive skills. The former performed the program provided by the Ministry of Education including track and field and other team sport drills. Analyses of covariance showed that the handball group displayed greater improvement in explosive strength of upper limbs, jumping performance, maximum isometric force of right grip, and 10-m running velocity. Handball training can significantly improve pre-adolescent performance with upper and lower limbs. Inclusion of specific handball drills in the physical education program is recommended.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos Oxyzoglou
- Laboratory of Neuromuscular Control and Therapeutic Exercise, Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki at Serres, Greece.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Wernbom M, Augustsson J, Thomeé R. The influence of frequency, intensity, volume and mode of strength training on whole muscle cross-sectional area in humans. Sports Med 2007; 37:225-64. [PMID: 17326698 DOI: 10.2165/00007256-200737030-00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 331] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Strength training is an important component in sports training and rehabilitation. Quantification of the dose-response relationships between training variables and the outcome is fundamental for the proper prescription of resistance training. The purpose of this comprehensive review was to identify dose-response relationships for the development of muscle hypertrophy by calculating the magnitudes and rates of increases in muscle cross-sectional area induced by varying levels of frequency, intensity and volume, as well as by different modes of strength training. Computer searches in the databases MEDLINE, SportDiscus and CINAHL were performed as well as hand searches of relevant journals, books and reference lists. The analysis was limited to the quadriceps femoris and the elbow flexors, since these were the only muscle groups that allowed for evaluations of dose-response trends. The modes of strength training were classified as dynamic external resistance (including free weights and weight machines), accommodating resistance (e.g. isokinetic and semi-isokinetic devices) and isometric resistance. The subcategories related to the types of muscle actions used. The results demonstrate that given sufficient frequency, intensity and volume of work, all three types of muscle actions can induce significant hypertrophy at an impressive rate and that, at present, there is insufficient evidence for the superiority of any mode and/or type of muscle action over other modes and types of training. Tentative dose-response relationships for each variable are outlined, based on the available evidence, and interactions between variables are discussed. In addition, recommendations for training and suggestions for further research are given.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Wernbom
- mLundberg Laboratory for Human Muscle Function and Movement Analysis, Department of Orthopaedics, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Göteborg University, Göteborg, Sweden.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Pereira MIR, Gomes PSC. Efeito do treinamento contra-resistência isotônico com duas velocidades de movimento sobre os ganhos de força. REV BRAS MED ESPORTE 2007. [DOI: 10.1590/s1517-86922007000200005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Considerando a necessidade de prescrever o treinamento adequadamente, o objetivo deste estudo foi comparar o efeito do treinamento contra-resistência, isotônico, a 0,44 e 1,75 rad·s¹ sobre os ganhos de força muscular. Quatorze voluntários saudáveis foram estratificados em grupos lento (GL: 0,44 rad·s¹; n = 8; 26 ± 7 anos; 66 ± 12 kg) e rápido (GR: 1,75 rad·s¹; n = 6; 28 ± 7 anos; 55 ± 9 kg) exercitando agachamento e supino reto (1 série, 8-10 RM, 3 x/semana, 12 semanas). Seis desses sujeitos fizeram parte de um grupo de comparação (GC: 25 ± 6 anos; 59 ± 13 kg) e não treinaram durante um período de controle de 12 semanas antecedendo o treinamento. O teste t dependente não mostrou diferenças nas variáveis medidas para GC. A ANOVA 2 x 2 com medidas repetidas mostrou ganhos significativos (P < 0,05) em ambos os grupos de treinamento e ambos os exercícios para 1 RM (GL: 27,6 ± 16,8% e 16,8 ± 11,8%; GR: 21,4 ± 12,6% e 16,2 ± 14,1%, agachamento e supino, respectivamente) e 8-10 RM testado a 0,44 rad·s¹ (GL: 36,0 ± 22,4% e 14,7 ± 9,2%; GR: 31,1 ± 19,2% e 18,8 ± 8,7%) e 1,75 rad·s¹ (GL: 27,2 ± 11,1% e 15,2 ± 11,4%; GR: 23,6 ± 19,2% e 20,9 ± 9,8%), sem diferenças significativas entre grupos. Resultados deste estudo não deram suporte à especificidade da velocidade no treinamento com equipamento isotônico.
Collapse
|
43
|
Host HH, Sinacore DR, Bohnert KL, Steger-May K, Brown M, Binder EF. Training-induced strength and functional adaptations after hip fracture. Phys Ther 2007; 87:292-303. [PMID: 17284548 DOI: 10.2522/ptj.20050396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE At 3 months after hip fracture, most people are discharged from physical therapy despite residual muscle weakness and overall decreased functional capabilities. The purposes of this study were: (1) to determine, in frail elderly adults after hip fracture and repair, whether a supervised 6-month exercise program would result in strength gains in the fractured limb equivalent to the level of strength in the nonfractured limb; (2) to determine whether the principle of specificity of training would apply to this population of adults; and (3) to determine the relationship between progressive resistance exercise training (PRT) intensity and changes in measures of strength and physical function. SUBJECTS The study participants were 31 older adults (9 men and 22 women; age [X+/-SD], 79+/-6 years) who had surgical repair of a hip fracture that was completed less than 16 weeks before study enrollment and who completed at least 30 sessions of a supervised exercise intervention. METHODS Participants completed 3 months of light resistance and flexibility exercises followed by 3 months of PRT. Tests of strength and function were completed at baseline, before PRT, and after PRT. RESULTS After PRT, the subjects increased knee extension and leg press 1-repetition maximum by 72%+/-56% and 37%+/-30%, respectively. After 3 and 6 months of training, lower-extremity peak torques all increased. Specificity of training appeared to apply only to the nonfractured limb after PRT. Strong correlations were observed between training intensity and lower-extremity strength gains as well as improvements in measures of physical function. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION Frail elderly adults after hip fracture can benefit by extending their rehabilitation in a supervised exercise setting, working at high intensities in order to optimize gains in strength and physical function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Helen H Host
- Program in Physical Therapy, Washington University School of Medicine, Campus Box 8502, St Louis, MO 63108, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Folland JP, Hawker K, Leach B, Little T, Jones DA. Strength training: Isometric training at a range of joint angles versus dynamic training. J Sports Sci 2007; 23:817-24. [PMID: 16195033 DOI: 10.1080/02640410400021783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Strength training with isometric contractions produces large but highly angle-specific adaptations. To contrast the contractile mode of isometric versus dynamic training, but diminish the strong angle specificity effect, we compared the strength gains produced by isometric training at four joint angles with conventional dynamic training. Thirty-three recreationally active healthy males aged 18 - 30 years completed 9 weeks of strength training of the quadriceps muscle group three times per week. An intra-individual design was adopted: one leg performed purely isometric training at each of four joint angles (isometrically trained leg); the other leg performed conventional dynamic training, lifting and lowering (dynamically trained leg). Both legs trained at similar relative loads for the same duration. The quadriceps strength of each leg was measured isometrically (at four angles) and isokinetically (at three velocities) pre and post training. After 9 weeks of training, the increase in isokinetic strength was similar in both legs (pooled data from three velocities: dynamically trained leg, 10.7%; isometrically trained leg, 10.5%). Isometric strength increases were significantly greater for the isometrically trained leg (pooled data from four angles: dynamically trained leg, 13.1%; isometrically trained leg, 18.0%). This may have been due to the greater absolute torque involved with isometric training or a residual angle specificity effect despite the isometric training being divided over four angles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan P Folland
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Kawakami Y, Hirano Y, Miyashlta M, Fukunaga T. Effect of leg extension training on concentric and eccentric strength of quadriceps femoris muscles. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0838.1993.tb00356.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
|
46
|
Kannus P, Jozsa L, Renström P, Järvinen M, Kvist M, Lehto M, Oja P, Vuort I. The effects of training, immobilization and remobilization on musculoskeletal tissue. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0838.1992.tb00340.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
|
47
|
Kannus R, Jòzsa L, Renström R, Järvtoen M, Kvist M, Lento M, Oja P, Vuorl I. The effects of training, immobilization and remobilization on musculoskeletal tissue. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0838.1992.tb00330.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
|
48
|
Bottaro M, Machado SN, Nogueira W, Scales R, Veloso J. Effect of high versus low-velocity resistance training on muscular fitness and functional performance in older men. Eur J Appl Physiol 2006; 99:257-64. [PMID: 17146693 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-006-0343-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/30/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the effect of a 10-week power training (PT) program versus traditional resistance training (TRT) on functional performance, and muscular power and strength in older men. Twenty inactive volunteers (60-76 years old) were randomly assigned to a PT group (three 8-10 repetition sets performed as fast a possible at 60% of 1-RM) or a TRT group (three 8-10 repetition sets with 2-3 s contractions at 60% of 1-RM). Both groups exercised 2 days/week with the same work output. Outcomes were measured with the Rikli and Jones functional fitness test and a bench and leg press test of maximal power and strength (1-RM). Significant differences between and within groups were analyzed using a two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). At 10 weeks there was a significantly (P < 0.05) greater improvement in measures of functional performance in the PT group. Arm curling improved by 50 versus 3% and a 30 s chair-stand improved by 43 versus 6% in the PT and TRT groups, respectively. There was also a significantly greater improvement in muscular power (P < 0.05) in the PT group. The bench press improved by 37 versus 13%, and the leg press by 31 and 8% in the PT and TRT groups, respectively. There was no significant difference between groups in improved muscular strength. It appears that in older men there may be a significantly greater improvement in functional performance and muscular power with PT versus low velocity resistance training.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martim Bottaro
- College of Physical Education and Exercise Science, Faculdade de Educação Física, University of Brasilia, Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro/FEF, Brasília, DF, Brazil.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
McLean SP, Vint PF, Stember AJ. Submaximal expression of the bilateral deficit. RESEARCH QUARTERLY FOR EXERCISE AND SPORT 2006; 77:340-50. [PMID: 17020078 DOI: 10.1080/02701367.2006.10599368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Thirty-six participants performed bilateral and unilateral isometric elbow flexion trials at what they perceived to be 100, 75, 50, and 25% of maximal effort. Absolute bilateral deficits ranged from--16% at 25% effort to--10% at 100% effort. The deficit included a component independent of consciousness and a component inversely related to intensity attributable to perceptual differences between unilateral and bilateral tasks. Forty-two participants performed bilateral and unilateral isometric elbow flexion trials at 100, 80, 60, 40, and 20% of maximal effort. Perception of effort in submaximal bilateral trials was consistently and significantly higher (5.5-9.6%) than corresponding unilateral trials. These data suggest that the bilateral deficit exists at submaximal levels of effort and is based on perceptual and physiological components.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Scott P McLean
- Department of Kinesiology, Southwestern University, Georgetown, TX 78627-0770, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Kuruganti U, Seaman K. The bilateral leg strength deficit is present in old, young and adolescent females during isokinetic knee extension and flexion. Eur J Appl Physiol 2006; 97:322-6. [PMID: 16770468 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-006-0188-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/16/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The bilateral limb deficit (BLD) describes the difference in maximal or near maximal force generating capacity of muscles when they are contracted alone or in combination with the contralateral muscles. A deficit occurs when the summed unilateral force is greater than the bilateral force. This study examined the presence of the BLD during isokinetic knee extensions and flexions in a group of adolescent females (n=8, mean of 15+/-1 years) and compared with previously reported data by this researcher of adult and older females. Data were collected from subjects during slow (45 deg/s) isokinetic knee extensions and flexions and it was found that a BLD exists during both extension and flexion regardless of age. Furthermore, this study is the first to examine the presence of the deficit in an adolescent population. Myoelectric signal (MES) data showed that there is no difference between bilateral and unilateral isokinetic knee extensions and flexions regardless of age group.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Usha Kuruganti
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of New Brunswick, P.O. Box 4400, Fredericton, NB, Canada, E3B 5A3.
| | | |
Collapse
|