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Teo WP, Tan CX, Goodwill AM, Mohammad S, Ang YX, Latella C. Brain activation associated with low- and high-intensity concentric versus eccentric isokinetic contractions of the biceps brachii: An fNIRS study. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2024; 34:e14499. [PMID: 37732821 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
Studies have shown that neural responses following concentric (CON) and eccentric (ECC) muscle contractions are different, which suggests differences in motor control associated with CON and ECC contractions. This study aims to determine brain activation of the left primary motor cortex (M1) and left and right dorsolateral prefrontal cortices (DLPFCs) during ECC and CON of the right bicep brachii (BB) muscle at low- and high-contraction intensities. Eighteen young adults (13M/5F, 21-35 years) were recruited to participate in one familiarization and two testing sessions in a randomized crossover design. During each testing session, participants performed either ECC or CON contractions of the BB (3 sets × 8 reps) at low- (25% of maximum ECC/CON, 45°/s) and high-intensity (75% of maximum ECC/CON, 45°/s) on an isokinetic dynamometer. Eleven-channel functional near-infrared spectroscopy was used to measure changes in oxyhemoglobin (O2 Hb) from the left M1, and left and right DLPFC during ECC and CON contractions. Maximum torque for ECC was higher than CON (43.3 ± 14.1 vs. 46.2 ± 15.7 N m, p = 0.025); however, no differences in O2 Hb were observed between contraction types at low or high intensities in measured brain regions. High-intensity ECC and CON contractions resulted in greater increases in O2 Hb of M1 and bilateral DLPFC compared to low-intensity ECC and CON contractions (p = 0.014). Our findings suggest no differences in O2 Hb responses between contraction types at high and low intensities. High-contraction intensities resulted in greater brain activation of the M1 and bilateral DLPFC, which may have implications for neurorehabilitation to increase central adaptations from exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Peng Teo
- Physical Education and Sport Science Academic Group, National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Clara Xinru Tan
- Physical Education and Sport Science Academic Group, National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Alicia M Goodwill
- Physical Education and Sport Science Academic Group, National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Saqif Mohammad
- Physical Education and Sport Science Academic Group, National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yi-Xuan Ang
- Physical Education and Sport Science Academic Group, National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Christopher Latella
- Neurophysiology Research Laboratory, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Centre for Human Performance, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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2
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Blazevich AJ, Fletcher JR. More than energy cost: multiple benefits of the long Achilles tendon in human walking and running. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2023; 98:2210-2225. [PMID: 37525526 DOI: 10.1111/brv.13002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
Elastic strain energy that is stored and released from long, distal tendons such as the Achilles during locomotion allows for muscle power amplification as well as for reduction of the locomotor energy cost: as distal tendons perform mechanical work during recoil, plantar flexor muscle fibres can work over smaller length ranges, at slower shortening speeds, and at lower activation levels. Scant evidence exists that long distal tendons evolved in humans (or were retained from our more distant Hominoidea ancestors) primarily to allow high muscle-tendon power outputs, and indeed we remain relatively powerless compared to many other species. Instead, the majority of evidence suggests that such tendons evolved to reduce total locomotor energy cost. However, numerous additional, often unrecognised, advantages of long tendons may speculatively be of greater evolutionary advantage, including the reduced limb inertia afforded by shorter and lighter muscles (reducing proximal muscle force requirement), reduced energy dissipation during the foot-ground collisions, capacity to store and reuse the muscle work done to dampen the vibrations triggered by foot-ground collisions, reduced muscle heat production (and thus core temperature), and attenuation of work-induced muscle damage. Cumulatively, these effects should reduce both neuromotor fatigue and sense of locomotor effort, allowing humans to choose to move at faster speeds for longer. As these benefits are greater at faster locomotor speeds, they are consistent with the hypothesis that running gaits used by our ancestors may have exerted substantial evolutionary pressure on Achilles tendon length. The long Achilles tendon may therefore be a singular adaptation that provided numerous physiological, biomechanical, and psychological benefits and thus influenced behaviour across multiple tasks, both including and additional to locomotion. While energy cost may be a variable of interest in locomotor studies, future research should consider the broader range of factors influencing our movement capacity, including our decision to move over given distances at specific speeds, in order to understand more fully the effects of Achilles tendon function as well as changes in this function in response to physical activity, inactivity, disuse and disease, on movement performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J Blazevich
- Centre for Human Performance, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Jared R Fletcher
- Department of Health and Physical Education, Mount Royal University, 4825 Mount Royal Gate SW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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3
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Lepley LK, Stoneback L, Macpherson PC, Butterfield TA. Eccentric Exercise as a Potent Prescription for Muscle Weakness After Joint Injury. Exerc Sport Sci Rev 2023; 51:109-116. [PMID: 37093645 PMCID: PMC10330137 DOI: 10.1249/jes.0000000000000319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
Lengthening contractions (i.e., eccentric contractions) are capable of uniquely triggering the nervous system and signaling pathways to promote tissue health/growth. This mode of exercise may be particularly potent for patients suffering from muscle weakness after joint injury. Here we provide a novel framework for eccentric exercise as a safe, effective mode of exercise prescription for muscle recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luke Stoneback
- School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Peter C.D. Macpherson
- School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Timothy A. Butterfield
- Department of Athletic Training and Clinical Nutrition, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
- Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
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Younes-Egana O, Mielgo-Ayuso J, M. Stojanović MD, Bird SP, Calleja-González J. Effectiveness of Eccentric Overload Training in Basketball Players: A Systematic Review. J Hum Kinet 2023; 87:243-257. [PMID: 37559764 PMCID: PMC10407313 DOI: 10.5114/jhk/167469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Several studies have confirmed the efficacy of flywheel eccentric overload training in order to improve or increase muscle volume and strength, as well as several performance-related fitness attributes, but to date, there are no studies that have reviewed the effects of these training methods in basketball. Therefore, the present systematic review aimed to collect the updated information about the influence of flywheel training on performance of basketball players. A search in four electronic databases (PubMed, SCOPUS, Web of Science, and Google Scholar) was conducted up to November 20, 2022. Articles were selected as valid for review if: (i) they were an experimental trial published in English; (ii) participants were basketball players without illnesses or injuries, and (iii) a rotational inertial overload method was used as a performance-dependent variable. A total of 93 articles were found. After filtering procedures, only seven studies were considered in this systematic review. In the selected studies, 203 participants were included, 58 females and 145 males. Focusing on basketball related performance variables, all the studies included the countermovement jump (CMJ), while five included sprinting and a change of direction test (COD). The results showed an improvement in performance-related variables associated with basketball (sprint, CMJ, and COD) through the use of inertial methods. Improvements were reported in professional, semi-professional and amateur players as well as both male and female players. However, given the low number of studies, additional investigations on this topic are warranted before a "clear picture" can be drawn concerning the effects of flywheel eccentric overload training in basketball players.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Stephen P. Bird
- School of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Southern Queensland, Ipswich, Australia
| | - Julio Calleja-González
- Faculty of Education and Sport, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Vitoria, Spain
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Maroto-Izquierdo S, Martín-Rivera F, Nosaka K, Beato M, González-Gallego J, de Paz JA. Effects of submaximal and supramaximal accentuated eccentric loading on mass and function. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1176835. [PMID: 37449014 PMCID: PMC10337133 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1176835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Eccentric-overload (EO) resistance training emerges as an alternative to more optimally prescribe intensity relative to the force generation capabilities of the eccentric muscle contraction. Given the difficulties to individually prescribe absolute eccentric loads relative to each person's eccentric ability, setting the load relative to the concentric one-repetition maximum (1-RM) is the most used EO training approach. Therefore, we investigated the effects of submaximal and supramaximal (i.e., eccentric loads above 100% of 1-RM) accentuated eccentric training on changes in lean mass, anabolic hormonal responses and muscle function. Methods: Physically active university students (n = 27) were randomly assigned to two training groups. Participants in the training groups performed dominant leg isotonic training twice a week for 10 weeks (four sets of eight repetitions). Isotonic resistance was generated by an electric-motor device at two different percentages of 1-RM for the eccentric phase; 90% submaximal load, SUB group) and 120% (supramaximal load, SUPRA group). Concentric load was the same for both groups (30% of 1-RM). Changes in total thigh lean mass (TTLM), anabolic hormonal responses (growth hormone, IGF-1, IL-6, and total testosterone), unilateral leg-press 1-RM, maximal voluntary isometric contractions (MVIC), local muscle endurance (XRM), muscle power at 40 (PP40), 60 (PP60) and 80% (PP80) of the 1-RM, and unilateral vertical jump height before and after training were compared between groups. Results: After training, both SUB and SUPRA groups showed similar increases (p < 0.05) in MVIC (19.2% and 19.6%), XRM (53.8% and 23.8%), PP40 (16.2% and 15.7%), TTLM (2.5% and 4.2%), IGF-1 (10.0% and 14.1%) and IL-6 (58.6% and 28.6%). However, increases in 1-RM strength (16.3%) and unilateral vertical jump height (10.0%-13.4%) were observed for SUPRA only. Indeed, SUPRA was shown to be more favorable than SUB training for increasing 1-RM [ES = 0.77 (1.49-0.05)]. Unilateral muscle power at medium and high intensity (10.2% and 10.5%) also increased in SUB but without significant differences between groups. Discussion: Similar functional and structural effects were demonstrated after 10 weeks EO training with submaximal and supramaximal eccentric loads. Although supramaximal loading might be superior for increasing 1-RM, the use of this approach does not appear to be necessary in healthy, active individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fernando Martín-Rivera
- Research Group in Prevention and Health in Exercise and Sport, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Kazunori Nosaka
- Centre for Exercise and Sports Science Research, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
| | - Marco Beato
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Suffolk, Ipswich, United Kingdom
| | | | - José A. de Paz
- Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED), University of León, León, Spain
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Jones EJ, Guo Y, Martinez‐Valdes E, Negro F, Stashuk DW, Atherton PJ, Phillips BE, Piasecki M. Acute adaptation of central and peripheral motor unit features to exercise-induced fatigue differs with concentric and eccentric loading. Exp Physiol 2023; 108:827-837. [PMID: 37018481 PMCID: PMC10988466 DOI: 10.1113/ep091058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the central question of this study? Conflicting evidence exists on motor unit (MU) firing rate in response to exercise-induced fatigue, possibly due to the contraction modality used: Do MU properties adapt similarly following concentric and eccentric loading? What is the main finding and its importance? MU firing rate increased following eccentric loading only despite a decline in absolute force. Force steadiness deteriorated following both loading methods. Central and peripheral MU features are altered in a contraction type-dependant manner, which is an important consideration for training interventions. ABSTRACT Force output of muscle is partly mediated by the adjustment of motor unit (MU) firing rate (FR). Disparities in MU features in response to fatigue may be influenced by contraction type, as concentric (CON) and eccentric (ECC) contractions demand variable amounts of neural input, which alters the response to fatigue. This study aimed to determine the effects of fatigue following CON and ECC loading on MU features of the vastus lateralis (VL). High-density surface (HD-sEMG) and intramuscular (iEMG) electromyography were used to record MU potentials (MUPs) from bilateral VLs of 12 young volunteers (six females) during sustained isometric contractions at 25% and 40% of the maximum voluntary contraction (MVC), before and after completing CON and ECC weighted stepping exercise. Multi-level mixed effects linear regression models were performed with significance assumed as P < 0.05. MVC decreased in both CON and ECC legs post-exercise (P < 0.0001), as did force steadiness at both 25% and 40% MVC (P < 0.004). MU FR increased in ECC at both contraction levels (P < 0.001) but did not change in CON. FR variability increased in both legs at 25% and 40% MVC following fatigue (P < 0.01). From iEMG measures at 25% MVC, MUP shape did not change (P > 0.1) but neuromuscular junction transmission instability increased in both legs (P < 0.04), and markers of fibre membrane excitability increased following CON only (P = 0.018). These data demonstrate that central and peripheral MU features are altered following exercise-induced fatigue and differ according to exercise modality. This is important when considering interventional strategies targeting MU function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor J. Jones
- Centre of Metabolism, Ageing and Physiology (COMAP), MRC‐Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Nottingham Biomedical Research CentreUniversity of NottinghamNottinghamUK
| | - Yuxiao Guo
- Centre of Metabolism, Ageing and Physiology (COMAP), MRC‐Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Nottingham Biomedical Research CentreUniversity of NottinghamNottinghamUK
| | - Eduardo Martinez‐Valdes
- Centre of Precision Rehabilitation for Spinal Pain (CPR Spine), School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Life and Environmental SciencesUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUK
| | - Francesco Negro
- Department of Clinical and Experimental SciencesUniversità degli Studi di BresciaBresciaItaly
| | - Daniel W. Stashuk
- Department of Systems Design EngineeringUniversity of WaterlooWaterlooOntarioCanada
| | - Philip J. Atherton
- Centre of Metabolism, Ageing and Physiology (COMAP), MRC‐Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Nottingham Biomedical Research CentreUniversity of NottinghamNottinghamUK
| | - Bethan E. Phillips
- Centre of Metabolism, Ageing and Physiology (COMAP), MRC‐Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Nottingham Biomedical Research CentreUniversity of NottinghamNottinghamUK
| | - Mathew Piasecki
- Centre of Metabolism, Ageing and Physiology (COMAP), MRC‐Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Nottingham Biomedical Research CentreUniversity of NottinghamNottinghamUK
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7
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Kim M, Lin CI, Henschke J, Quarmby A, Engel T, Cassel M. Effects of exercise treatment on functional outcome parameters in mid-portion achilles tendinopathy: a systematic review. Front Sports Act Living 2023; 5:1144484. [PMID: 37265492 PMCID: PMC10230026 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2023.1144484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Exercise interventions are evident in the treatment of mid-portion Achilles tendinopathy (AT). However, there is still a lack of knowledge concerning the effect of different exercise treatments on improving a specific function (e.g., strength) in this population. Thus, this study aimed to systematically review the effect of exercise treatments on different functional outcomes in mid-portion AT. An electronic database of Pubmed, Web of Science, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials were searched from inception to 21 February 2023. Studies that investigated changes in plantar flexor function with exercise treatments were considered in mid-portion AT. Only randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and clinical controlled trials (CCTs) were included. Functional outcomes were classified by kinetic (e.g., strength), kinematic [e.g., ankle range of motion (ROM)], and sensorimotor (e.g., balance index) parameters. The types of exercise treatments were classified into eccentric, concentric, and combined (eccentric plus concentric) training modes. Quality assessment was appraised using the Physiotherapy Evidence Database scale for RCTs, and the Joanna Briggs Institute scale for CCTs. The search yielded 2,260 records, and a total of ten studies were included. Due to the heterogeneity of the included studies, a qualitative synthesis was performed. Eccentric training led to improvements in power outcomes (e.g., height of countermovement jump), and in strength outcomes (e.g., peak torque). Concentric training regimens showed moderate enhanced power outcomes. Moreover, one high-quality study showed an improvement in the balance index by eccentric training, whereas the application of concentric training did not. Combined training modalities did not lead to improvements in strength and power outcomes. Plantarflexion and dorsiflexion ROM measures did not show relevant changes by the exercise treatments. In conclusion, eccentric training is evident in improving strength outcomes in AT patients. Moreover, it shows moderate evidence improvements in power and the sensorimotor parameter "balance index". Concentric training presents moderate evidence in the power outcomes and can therefore be considered as an alternative to improve this function. Kinematic analysis of plantarflexion and dorsiflexion ROM might not be useful in AT people. This study expands the knowledge what types of exercise regimes should be considered to improve the functional outcomes in AT.
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8
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Glories D, Duclay J. Recurrent inhibition contribution to corticomuscular coherence modulation between contraction types. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2023; 33:597-608. [PMID: 36609914 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Recent findings provided evidence that spinal regulatory mechanisms were involved in corticomuscular coherence (CMC) modulation between contraction types. Although their relative contributions could not be precisely identified, it was suggested that recurrent inhibition (RI) could modulate CMC by regulating the synchronization of spinal motoneuron activity. To confirm this hypothesis, concurrent modulations of RI and CMC for the soleus (SOL) were compared during submaximal isometric, shortening and lengthening plantar flexions. Submaximal contraction intensity was set at 50% of the maximal SOL EMG activity. CMC was computed in the time-frequency domain between the Cz EEG electrode signal and the nonrectified SOL EMG signal. The RI was quantified through the paired Hoffmann (H) reflex technique by comparing the modulations of the test and conditioning H-reflexes (H' and H1 , respectively). Both beta-band CMC and the ratio between H' and H1 amplitudes were significantly lower in SOL during lengthening compared with isometric and shortening contractions. Furthermore, we observed a negative linear correlation between the RI and beta-band CMC. Finally, a higher RI increase during lengthening contractions compared to either isometric or shortening ones was correlated with a larger decrease in CMC. Collectively, these novel findings provide robust evidence that the RI acts as a neural "filter" that contributes to the modulation of corticomuscular interactions between contraction types, possibly by disrupting the oscillatory muscle activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorian Glories
- Toulouse NeuroImaging Center, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Julien Duclay
- Toulouse NeuroImaging Center, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
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9
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Eccentric muscle contractions: from single muscle fibre to whole muscle mechanics. Pflugers Arch 2023; 475:421-435. [PMID: 36790515 PMCID: PMC10011336 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-023-02794-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Eccentric muscle loading encompasses several unique features compared to other types of contractions. These features include increased force, work, and performance at decreased oxygen consumption, reduced metabolic cost, improved energy efficiency, as well as decreased muscle activity. This review summarises explanatory approaches to long-standing questions in terms of muscular contraction dynamics and molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying eccentric muscle loading. Moreover, this article intends to underscore the functional link between sarcomeric components, emphasising the fundamental role of titin in skeletal muscle. The giant filament titin reveals versatile functions ranging from sarcomere organisation and maintenance, providing passive tension and elasticity, and operates as a mechanosensory and signalling platform. Structurally, titin consists of a viscoelastic spring segment that allows activation-dependent coupling to actin. This titin-actin interaction can explain linear force increases in active lengthening experiments in biological systems. A three-filament model of skeletal muscle force production (mediated by titin) is supposed to overcome significant deviations between experimental observations and predictions by the classic sliding-filament and cross-bridge theories. Taken together, this review intends to contribute to a more detailed understanding of overall muscle behaviour and force generation-from a microscopic sarcomere level to a macroscopic multi-joint muscle level-impacting muscle modelling, the understanding of muscle function, and disease.
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10
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Theodosiadou A, Henry M, Duchateau J, Baudry S. Revisiting the use of Hoffmann reflex in motor control research on humans. Eur J Appl Physiol 2023; 123:695-710. [PMID: 36571622 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-022-05119-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Research in movement science aims at unravelling mechanisms and designing methods for restoring and maximizing human functional capacity, and many techniques provide access to neural adjustments (acute changes) or long-term adaptations (chronic changes) underlying changes in movement capabilities. First described by Paul Hoffmann over a century ago, when an electrical stimulus is applied to a peripheral nerve, this causes action potentials in afferent axons, primarily the Ia afferents of the muscle spindles, which recruit homonymous motor neurons, thereby causing an electromyographic response known as the Hoffmann (H) reflex. This technique is a valuable tool in the study of the neuromuscular function in humans and has provided relevant information in the neural control of movement. The large use of the H reflex in motor control research on humans relies in part to its relative simplicity. However, such simplicity masks subtleties that require rigorous experimental protocols and careful data interpretation. After highlighting basic properties and methodological aspects that should be considered for the correct use of the H-reflex technique, this brief narrative review discusses the purpose of the H reflex and emphasizes its use as a tool to assess the effectiveness of Ia afferents in discharging motor neurones. The review also aims to reconsider the link between H-reflex modulation and Ia presynaptic inhibition, the use of the H-reflex technique in motor control studies, and the effects of ageing. These aspects are summarized as recommendations for the use of the H reflex in motor control research on humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Theodosiadou
- Laboratory of Applied Biology, Research Unit in Applied Neurophysiology (LABNeuro), Faculty of Motor Sciences, ULB-Neurosciences Institute (UNI), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 808 Route de Lennik, CP 640, 1070, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Mélanie Henry
- Laboratory of Applied Biology, Research Unit in Applied Neurophysiology (LABNeuro), Faculty of Motor Sciences, ULB-Neurosciences Institute (UNI), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 808 Route de Lennik, CP 640, 1070, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jacques Duchateau
- Laboratory of Applied Biology, Research Unit in Applied Neurophysiology (LABNeuro), Faculty of Motor Sciences, ULB-Neurosciences Institute (UNI), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 808 Route de Lennik, CP 640, 1070, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Stéphane Baudry
- Laboratory of Applied Biology, Research Unit in Applied Neurophysiology (LABNeuro), Faculty of Motor Sciences, ULB-Neurosciences Institute (UNI), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 808 Route de Lennik, CP 640, 1070, Brussels, Belgium.
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11
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Glories D, Soulhol M, Amarantini D, Duclay J. Combined effect of contraction type and intensity on corticomuscular coherence during isokinetic plantar flexions. Eur J Appl Physiol 2023; 123:609-621. [PMID: 36352055 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-022-05087-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
During isometric contractions, corticomuscular coherence (CMC) may be modulated along with the contraction intensity. Furthermore, CMC may also vary between contraction types due to the contribution of spinal inhibitory mechanisms. However, the interaction between the effect of the contraction intensity and of the contraction type on CMC remains hitherto unknown. Therefore, CMC and spinal excitability modulations were compared during submaximal isometric, shortening and lengthening contractions of plantar flexor muscles at 25, 50, and 70% of the maximal soleus (SOL) EMG activity. CMC was computed in the time-frequency domain between the Cz EEG electrode signal and the SOL or medial gastrocnemius (MG) EMG signals. The results indicated that beta-band CMC was decreased in the SOL only between 25 and 50-70% contractions for both isometric and anisometric contractions, but remained similar for all contraction intensities in the MG. Spinal excitability was similar for all contraction intensities in both muscles. Meanwhile a divergence of the EEG and the EMG signals mean frequency was observed only in the SOL and only between 25 and 50-70% contractions, independently from the contraction type. Collectively, these findings confirm an effect of the contraction intensity on beta-band CMC, although it was only measured in the SOL, between low-level and high-level contraction intensities. Furthermore, the current findings provide new evidence that the observed modulations of beta-band CMC with the contraction intensity does not depend on the contraction type or on spinal excitability variations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorian Glories
- Toulouse NeuroImaging Center, Université de Toulouse, Inserm, UPS, 118 Route de Narbonne, 3062, Toulouse Cedex 9, France
| | - Mathias Soulhol
- Toulouse NeuroImaging Center, Université de Toulouse, Inserm, UPS, 118 Route de Narbonne, 3062, Toulouse Cedex 9, France
| | - David Amarantini
- Toulouse NeuroImaging Center, Université de Toulouse, Inserm, UPS, 118 Route de Narbonne, 3062, Toulouse Cedex 9, France
| | - Julien Duclay
- Toulouse NeuroImaging Center, Université de Toulouse, Inserm, UPS, 118 Route de Narbonne, 3062, Toulouse Cedex 9, France.
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12
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Weng Y, Liu H, Ruan T, Yang W, Wei H, Cui Y, Ho IMK, Li Q. Effects of flywheel resistance training on the running economy of young male well-trained distance runners. Front Physiol 2022; 13:1060640. [PMID: 36569754 PMCID: PMC9774037 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.1060640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The study aimed to investigate the effect of flywheel accentuated eccentric loading (AEL) training on the running economy (RE) of young male well-trained distance runners. Twenty-two runners participated and were randomly assigned to the flywheel (FG, n = 12) and the control group (CG, n = 10). Traditional endurance training was performed in both groups three times a week for 6-week, while traditional resistance and flywheel AEL training was added to the CG and FG respectively. Subjects performed the incremental exercise test, squat jump, and countermovement jump (CMJ) before and after training. The results showed that 1) the RE at 65% of peak oxygen consumption (VO2peak), 75% VO2peak, and 85% VO2peak improved significantly after 6 weeks of training (p < 0.01, Effect size (ES) = 0.76; p < 0.01, ES = 1.04; p < 0.01, ES = 1.85) in FG, and the RE of 85% VO2peak in FG was significantly lower than CG (p < 0.05, ES = 0.30); 2) in post-training, both squat jump (p < 0.01, ES = 0.73) and CMJ (p < 0.01, ES = 1.15) performance, eccentric utilization ratio (p < 0.04, ES = 0.44), the rate of force development (RFD) of squat jump (p < 0.05, ES = 0.46), and CMJRFD (p < 0.01, ES = 0.66) were significantly improved in FG. And there are no significant differents in CG group because it was maintain training for our participants. Our findings showed that 1) flywheel AEL training improves the muscles' explosive strength and other neuromuscular functions, and improves the athlete's running economy under 65%, 75%, and 85% VO2peak, which potentially increases endurance performance. 2) Flywheel AEL training can improve the height, RFD, and the eccentric utilization ratio of squat jump and CMJ, and other lower limb elastic potential energy indicators of the young male, well-trained distance runners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Weng
- School of Strength and Conditioning Training, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China,Cuiwei Primary School, Beijing, China
| | - Haochong Liu
- Sports Coaching College, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Tingting Ruan
- Taizhou Science and Technology Vocational College, Taizhou, China
| | - Wenpu Yang
- Sports Coaching College, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Hongwen Wei
- School of Strength and Conditioning Training, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China,*Correspondence: Hongwen Wei,
| | - Yixiong Cui
- AI Sports Engineering Lab, School of Sports Engineering, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Indy Man Kit Ho
- School of Nursing and Health Studies, Hong Kong Metropolitan University, Hong Kong, China,Asian Academy for Sports and Fitness Professionals, Hong Kong, China
| | - Qian Li
- Sports Coaching College, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
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13
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Hirono T, Kunugi S, Yoshimura A, Holobar A, Watanabe K. Acute changes in motor unit discharge property after concentric versus eccentric contraction exercise in knee extensor. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 2022; 67:102704. [PMID: 36137408 DOI: 10.1016/j.jelekin.2022.102704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the motor unit firing property immediately after concentric or eccentric contraction exercise. Eighteen healthy men performed repetitive maximal isokinetic knee extension exercises with only concentric or eccentric contraction until they exerted less than 80% of the baseline strength. Before and after the fatiguing exercise, high-density surface electromyography of the vastus lateralis was recorded during submaximal ramp-up isometric contraction and individual motor units were identified. Only motor units that could be tracked before and after exercise were analyzed. Muscle cross-sectional area of the vastus lateralis was measured using ultrasound, and electrically evoked torque was recorded before and after the exercise. Sixty-five and fifty-three motor units were analyzed before and after the concentric and eccentric contractions, respectively. The results showed that motor units with moderate to high recruitment thresholds significantly decreased recruitment thresholds under both conditions, and the motor unit discharge rates significantly increased after concentric contraction compared to eccentric contraction. A greater muscle cross-sectional area was observed with concentric contraction. The evoked torque was significantly decreased under both conditions, but no difference between the conditions. These results suggest that fatiguing exercise with concentric contraction contributes to greater neural input to muscles and metabolic responses than eccentric contraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Hirono
- Laboratory of Neuromuscular Biomechanics, School of Health and Sport Science, Chukyo University, 101 Tokodachi, Kaizu-cho, Toyota, Aichi 470-0393, Japan; Research Fellow of Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Kojimachi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0083, Japan.
| | - Shun Kunugi
- Laboratory of Neuromuscular Biomechanics, School of Health and Sport Science, Chukyo University, 101 Tokodachi, Kaizu-cho, Toyota, Aichi 470-0393, Japan; Center for General Education, Aichi Institute of Technology, 1247 Yachigusa, Yakusa-cho, Toyota-shi, Aichi 470-0392, Japan
| | - Akane Yoshimura
- Laboratory of Neuromuscular Biomechanics, School of Health and Sport Science, Chukyo University, 101 Tokodachi, Kaizu-cho, Toyota, Aichi 470-0393, Japan; Faculty of Education and Integrated Arts and Sciences, Waseda University, 1-6-1, Nishiwaseda, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-8050, Japan
| | - Aleš Holobar
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Maribor, Koroška cesta 46, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Kohei Watanabe
- Laboratory of Neuromuscular Biomechanics, School of Health and Sport Science, Chukyo University, 101 Tokodachi, Kaizu-cho, Toyota, Aichi 470-0393, Japan
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14
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Billot M, Duclay J, Rigoard P, David R, Martin A. Antagonist muscle torque at the ankle interfere with maximal voluntary contraction under isometric and anisometric conditions. Sci Rep 2022; 12:20238. [PMID: 36424457 PMCID: PMC9691747 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-24752-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
While resultant maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) is commonly used to assess muscular performance, the simultaneous activation of antagonist muscles may dramatically underestimate the strength of the agonist muscles. Although quantification of antagonist torque has been performed in isometric conditions, it has yet to be determined in anisometric conditions. The aim of the study was to compare the mechanical impact of antagonist torque between eccentric, isometric and concentric contractions in PF and DF MVCs. The MVCs in dorsiflexion (DF) and plantar-flexion (PF) were measured in isometric, concentric and eccentric conditions (10° s-1) in nine healthy men (26.1 ± 2.7 years; 1.78 ± 0.05 m; 73.4 ± 6.5 kg) through two sessions. Electromyographic (EMG) activities from the soleus, gastrocnemius medialis and lateralis, and tibialis anterior muscles were simultaneously recorded. The EMG biofeedback method was used to quantify antagonist torque. Resultant torque significantly underestimated agonist torque in DF MVC (30-65%) and to a lesser extent in PF MVC (3%). Triceps surae antagonist torque was significantly modified with muscle contraction type, showing higher antagonist torque in isometric (29 Nm) than in eccentric (23 Nm, p < 0.001) and concentric (14 Nm, p < 0.001) conditions and resulting in modification of the DF MVC torque-velocity shape. Estimation of the antagonist torque in isometric or anisometric conditions provides new relevant insights to improve neuromuscular performance assessment and to better design strength training and rehabilitation programs related to the torque applied by agonist and antagonist muscles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Billot
- grid.411162.10000 0000 9336 4276PRISMATICS Lab (Predictive Research in Spine/Neuromodulation Management and Thoracic Innovation/Cardiac Surgery), Poitiers University Hospital, 2 Rue de La Milétrie, Poitiers, France
| | - Julien Duclay
- grid.15781.3a0000 0001 0723 035XToulouse NeuroImaging Center, Université de Toulouse, Inserm, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Philippe Rigoard
- grid.411162.10000 0000 9336 4276PRISMATICS Lab (Predictive Research in Spine/Neuromodulation Management and Thoracic Innovation/Cardiac Surgery), Poitiers University Hospital, 2 Rue de La Milétrie, Poitiers, France ,grid.411162.10000 0000 9336 4276Department of Spine Surgery and Neuromodulation, Poitiers University Hospital, 86021 Poitiers, France ,grid.11166.310000 0001 2160 6368ISAE-ENSMA, Pprime Institute UPR 3346, CNRS, University of Poitiers, 86360 Chasseneuil-du-Poitou, France
| | - Romain David
- grid.411162.10000 0000 9336 4276PRISMATICS Lab (Predictive Research in Spine/Neuromodulation Management and Thoracic Innovation/Cardiac Surgery), Poitiers University Hospital, 2 Rue de La Milétrie, Poitiers, France
| | - Alain Martin
- grid.5613.10000 0001 2298 9313Laboratoire INSERM U1093 Cognition, Action et Plasticité Sensorimotrice, Université de Bourgogne - UFR STAPS, Dijon, France
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15
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Coratella G, Beato M, Bertinato L, Milanese C, Venturelli M, Schena F. Including the Eccentric Phase in Resistance Training to Counteract the Effects of Detraining in Women: A Randomized Controlled Trial. J Strength Cond Res 2022; 36:3023-3031. [PMID: 34537804 PMCID: PMC10842669 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Coratella, G, Beato, M, Bertinato, L, Milanese, C, Venturelli, M, and Schena, F. Including the eccentric phase in resistance training to counteract the effects of detraining in women: a randomized controlled trial. J Strength Cond Res 36(11): 3023-3031, 2022-The current study compared the effects of concentric-based (CONC), eccentric-based (ECC), and traditional concentric-eccentric (TRAD) resistance training on muscle strength, mass, and architecture and the postdetraining retention of the training-induced effects in women. Sixty women were randomly assigned to unilateral volume-equated CONC, ECC, or TRAD knee extension training or control ( N = 15 per group). Before training, after an 8-week intervention period, and after an 8-week detraining period, isokinetic concentric, eccentric, and isometric torque were measured. In addition, thigh lean mass was assessed by dual X-ray absorptiometry and vastus lateralis thickness, pennation angle, and fascicle length by ultrasound. After training, concentric and isometric torque increased ( p < 0.05) similarly in all groups, whereas eccentric torque increased more in ECC than that in CONC (+13.1%, effect size (ES): 0.71 [0.04-1.38]) and TRAD (+12.6%, ES: 0.60 [0.12-1.08]). Thigh lean mass increased in ECC (+6.1%, ES: 0.47 [0.27-0.67]) and TRAD (+3.1%, ES: 0.33 [0.01-0.65]). Vastus lateralis thickness and pennation angle increased ( p < 0.05) similarly in all groups, whereas fascicle elongation was visible in ECC (+9.7%, ES: 0.92 [0.14-1.65]) and TRAD (+7.1%, ES: 0.64 [0.03-1.25]). After detraining, all groups retained ( p < 0.05) similar concentric torque. ECC and TRAD preserved eccentric torque ( p < 0.05), but ECC more than TRAD (+17.9%, ES: 0.61 [0.21-1.21]). All groups preserved isometric torque ( p < 0.05), but ECC more than CONC (+14.2%, ES: 0.71 [0.04-1.38]) and TRAD (+13.8%, ES: 0.65 [0.10-1.20]). Thigh lean mass and vastus lateralis fascicle length were retained only in ECC ( p < 0.05), pennation angle was preserved in all groups ( p < 0.05), and thickness was retained in CONC and ECC ( p < 0.05). Including the eccentric phase in resistance training is essential to preserve adaptations after detraining.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Coratella
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Beato
- School of Health and Sports Sciences, University of Suffolk, Ipswich, United Kingdom;
| | - Luciano Bertinato
- Department of Neurological, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy; and
| | - Chiara Milanese
- Department of Neurological, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy; and
| | - Massimo Venturelli
- Department of Neurological, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy; and
| | - Federico Schena
- Department of Neurological, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy; and
- CeRISM Research Center, University of Verona, Rovereto, Italy
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16
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Sonkodi B. Should We Void Lactate in the Pathophysiology of Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness? Not So Fast! Let’s See a Neurocentric View! Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12090857. [PMID: 36144262 PMCID: PMC9505902 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12090857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The pathophysiology of delayed onset muscle soreness is not entirely known. It seems to be a simple, exercise-induced delayed pain condition, but has remained a mystery for over 120 years. The buildup of lactic acid used to be blamed for muscle fatigue and delayed onset muscle soreness; however, studies in the 1980s largely refuted the role of lactate in delayed onset muscle soreness. Regardless, this belief is widely held even today, not only in the general public, but within the medical and scientific community as well. Current opinion is highlighting lactate’s role in delayed onset muscle soreness, if neural dimension and neuro-energetics are not overlooked. By doing so, lactate seems to have an essential role in the initiation of the primary damage phase of delayed onset muscle soreness within the intrafusal space. Unaccustomed or strenuous eccentric contractions are suggested to facilitate lactate nourishment of proprioceptive sensory neurons in the muscle spindle under hyperexcitation. However, excessive acidosis and lactate could eventually contribute to impaired proprioception and increased nociception under pathological condition. Furthermore, lactate could also contribute to the secondary damage phase of delayed onset muscle soreness in the extrafusal space, primarily by potentiating the role of bradykinin. After all, neural interpretation may help us to dispel a 40-year-old controversy about lactate’s role in the pathophysiology of delayed onset muscle soreness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balázs Sonkodi
- Department of Health Sciences and Sport Medicine, Hungarian University of Sports Science, 1123 Budapest, Hungary
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17
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Eccentric and concentric contraction of multifidus lumborum and longissimus muscles during flexion–relaxation test using discrete wavelet transform. SPORT SCIENCES FOR HEALTH 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11332-022-00984-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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18
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Schaefer LV, Bittmann FN. Case Study: Intra- and Interpersonal Coherence of Muscle and Brain Activity of Two Coupled Persons during Pushing and Holding Isometric Muscle Action. Brain Sci 2022; 12:703. [PMID: 35741589 PMCID: PMC9221481 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12060703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Inter-brain synchronization is primarily investigated during social interactions but had not been examined during coupled muscle action between two persons until now. It was previously shown that mechanical muscle oscillations can develop coherent behavior between two isometrically interacting persons. This case study investigated if inter-brain synchronization appears thereby, and if differences of inter- and intrapersonal muscle and brain coherence exist regarding two different types of isometric muscle action. Electroencephalography (EEG) and mechanomyography/mechanotendography (MMG/MTG) of right elbow extensors were recorded during six fatiguing trials of two coupled isometrically interacting participants (70% MVIC). One partner performed holding and one pushing isometric muscle action (HIMA/PIMA; tasks changed). The wavelet coherence of all signals (EEG, MMG/MTG, force, ACC) were analyzed intra- and interpersonally. The five longest coherence patches in 8−15 Hz and their weighted frequency were compared between real vs. random pairs and between HIMA vs. PIMA. Real vs. random pairs showed significantly higher coherence for intra-muscle, intra-brain, and inter-muscle-brain activity (p < 0.001 to 0.019). Inter-brain coherence was significantly higher for real vs. random pairs for EEG of right and central areas and for sub-regions of EEG left (p = 0.002 to 0.025). Interpersonal muscle-brain synchronization was significantly higher than intrapersonal one, whereby it was significantly higher for HIMA vs. PIMA. These preliminary findings indicate that inter-brain synchronization can arise during muscular interaction. It is hypothesized both partners merge into one oscillating neuromuscular system. The results reinforce the hypothesis that HIMA is characterized by more complex control strategies than PIMA. The pilot study suggests investigating the topic further to verify these results on a larger sample size. Findings could contribute to the basic understanding of motor control and is relevant for functional diagnostics such as the manual muscle test which is applied in several disciplines, e.g., neurology, physiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura V. Schaefer
- Devision of Regulative Physiology and Prevention, Department of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476 Potsdam, Germany;
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19
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Widodo AF, Tien CW, Chen CW, Lai SC. Isotonic and Isometric Exercise Interventions Improve the Hamstring Muscles’ Strength and Flexibility: A Narrative Review. Healthcare (Basel) 2022; 10:healthcare10050811. [PMID: 35627948 PMCID: PMC9140507 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare10050811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Hamstring weakness has been associated with an increased risk of hamstring strain, a common sports injury that occurs when athletes perform actions such as quick sprints. The hamstring complex comprises three distinct muscles: the long and short heads of the bicep femoris, the semimembranosus, and the semitendinosus. Methods: The researchers collected the data from different electronic databases: PubMed, Google Scholar, and the Web of Science. Results: Many studies have been conducted on the numerous benefits of hamstring strength, in terms of athletic performance and injury prevention. Isotonic and isometric exercises are commonly used to improve hamstring strength, with each exercise type having a unique effect on the hamstring muscles. Isotonic exercise improves the muscles’ strength, increasing their ability to resist any force, while isometric training increases strength and the muscles’ ability to produce power by changing the muscle length. Conclusions: These exercises, when performed at low intensity, but with high repetition, can be used by the healthy general population to prepare for training and daily exercise. This can improve hamstring muscle strength and flexibility, leading to enhanced performance and reduced injury risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akhmad Fajri Widodo
- International Sport Science Master’s Program, College of Human Development and Health, National Taipei University of Nursing and Health Sciences, Taipei 112303, Taiwan;
| | - Cheng-Wen Tien
- Physical Education Office, General Education Centre, National Taipei University of Nursing and Health Sciences, Taipei 112303, Taiwan;
| | - Chien-Wei Chen
- International Sport Science Master’s Program, College of Human Development and Health, National Taipei University of Nursing and Health Sciences, Taipei 112303, Taiwan;
- Department of Exercise and Health Science, College of Human Development and Health, National Taipei University of Nursing and Health Sciences, Taipei 112303, Taiwan;
- Correspondence:
| | - Shih-Chiung Lai
- Department of Exercise and Health Science, College of Human Development and Health, National Taipei University of Nursing and Health Sciences, Taipei 112303, Taiwan;
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20
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Ruggiero L, Harrison SWD, Rice CL, McNeil CJ. Neuromuscular fatigability at high altitude: Lowlanders with acute and chronic exposure, and native highlanders. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2022; 234:e13788. [PMID: 35007386 PMCID: PMC9286620 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Ascent to high altitude is accompanied by a reduction in partial pressure of inspired oxygen, which leads to interconnected adjustments within the neuromuscular system. This review describes the unique challenge that such an environment poses to neuromuscular fatigability (peripheral, central and supraspinal) for individuals who normally reside near to sea level (SL) (<1000 m; ie, lowlanders) and for native highlanders, who represent the manifestation of high altitude-related heritable adaptations across millennia. Firstly, the effect of acute exposure to high altitude-related hypoxia on neuromuscular fatigability will be examined. Under these conditions, both supraspinal and peripheral fatigability are increased compared with SL. The specific mechanisms contributing to impaired performance are dependent on the exercise paradigm and amount of muscle mass involved. Next, the effect of chronic exposure to high altitude (ie, acclimatization of ~7-28 days) will be considered. With acclimatization, supraspinal fatigability is restored to SL values, regardless of the amount of muscle mass involved, whereas peripheral fatigability remains greater than SL except when exercise involves a small amount of muscle mass (eg, knee extensors). Indeed, when whole-body exercise is involved, peripheral fatigability is not different to acute high-altitude exposure, due to competing positive (haematological and muscle metabolic) and negative (respiratory-mediated) effects of acclimatization on neuromuscular performance. In the final section, we consider evolutionary adaptations of native highlanders (primarily Himalayans of Tibet and Nepal) that may account for their superior performance at altitude and lesser degree of neuromuscular fatigability compared with acclimatized lowlanders, for both single-joint and whole-body exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Ruggiero
- Laboratory of Physiomechanics of Locomotion Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation University of Milan Milan Italy
| | - Scott W. D. Harrison
- School of Kinesiology Faculty of Health Sciences The University of Western Ontario London Ontario Canada
| | - Charles L. Rice
- School of Kinesiology Faculty of Health Sciences The University of Western Ontario London Ontario Canada
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry The University of Western Ontario London Ontario Canada
| | - Chris J. McNeil
- Centre for Heart, Lung & Vascular Health School of Health and Exercise Sciences University of British Columbia Kelowna British Columbia Canada
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21
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Sato S, Yoshida R, Murakoshi F, Sasaki Y, Yahata K, Nosaka K, Nakamura M. Effect of daily 3-s maximum voluntary isometric, concentric or eccentric contraction on elbow flexor strength. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2022; 32:833-843. [PMID: 35104387 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The present study compared a 3-second isometric maximal voluntary contraction (MVC), concentric MVC and eccentric MVC of the elbow flexors performed daily for 5 days a week for 4 weeks for changes in muscle strength and thickness. Young sedentary individuals were assigned to one of three training groups (n=13 per group) that performed either 3-second isometric, concentric or eccentric MVC once a day for 20 days, or to a control group (n=10) that had measurements without training. The participants in the isometric group performed isometric MVC at 55° (0.96rad) elbow flexion, and those in the concentric or eccentric group performed concentric MVC or eccentric MVC between 10° (0.17rad) and 100° (1.75rad) elbow flexion at 30°/s (0.52rad/s) on an isokinetic dynamometer. MVC isometric torque at 20° (0.35rad), 55° (0.96rad), and 90° (1.57 rad) elbow flexion, MVC concentric and eccentric torque at 30°/s (0.52rad/s) and 180°/s (3.14rad/s), and muscle thickness of biceps brachii and brachialis were measured before and several days after the 20th exercise session. The control group did not show any changes. The eccentric group showed increases (p<0.01) in isometric (three angle average: 10.2±6.4%), concentric (two velocity average: 12.8±9.6%) and eccentric MVC torque (12.2±7.8%). An increase (p<0.05) was limited for isometric MVC torque (6.3±6.0%) in the concentric group, and for eccentric MVC torque (7.2±4.4%) in the isometric group. No significant changes in muscle thickness were evident for all groups. Performing one 3-second MVC a day increased muscle strength, but eccentric MVC produced more potent effects than isometric or concentric MVC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeru Sato
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata City, Niigata, 950-3198, Japan.,Department of Rehabilitation, Matsumura General Hospital, 1-1 Kotaroumachi, Taira, Iwaki City, Fukushima, 970-8026, Japan
| | - Riku Yoshida
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata City, Niigata, 950-3198, Japan
| | - Fu Murakoshi
- Department of Physical Therapy, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata City, 950-3198, Japan
| | - Yuto Sasaki
- Department of Physical Therapy, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata City, 950-3198, Japan
| | - Kaoru Yahata
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata City, Niigata, 950-3198, Japan
| | - Kazunori Nosaka
- Centre for Exercise and Sports Science Research, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, WA, 6027, Australia
| | - Masatoshi Nakamura
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata City, Niigata, 950-3198, Japan
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22
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Stotz A, Maghames E, Mason J, Groll A, Zech A. Maximum isometric torque at individually-adjusted joint angles exceeds eccentric and concentric torque in lower extremity joint actions. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2022; 14:13. [PMID: 35063013 PMCID: PMC8783437 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-022-00401-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Background Previous research indicates the high relevance of optimal joint angles for individual isometric strength assessment. The objective was to compare lower limb peak isometric muscle strength abilities at the strongest joint angles with those of dynamic contractions in healthy young adults. Methods Eighteen young male adults performed maximum concentric, isometric, and eccentric contractions of the ankle, knee, and hip flexors and extensors, and hip adductors and abductors in a randomized sequence on an isokinetic dynamometer (ISOMED 2000). Angular velocity was set at 60°/s. The peak of concentric contraction torque curves was used to define optimal joint angles best suited to generate maximum torque during isometric contractions. Maximum voluntary contraction torque of all contraction conditions was adjusted for limb weight and analyzed via a generalized linear mixed gamma regression model (GLMM). Results The gamma GLMM revealed strongly significant effects for all three categorical covariates (contraction types, muscle group, and test order) (\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$p < 2 \times 10^{ - 16}$$\end{document}p<2×10-16). Eccentric contraction increases the muscle torque (\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\hat{\beta }_{k} = 0.147$$\end{document}β^k=0.147) compared to concentric contraction, and isometric contraction even more (\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\hat{\beta }_{k} = 0.258$$\end{document}β^k=0.258). A moderate individual-specific variation was found (random effects standard deviation \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\sigma_{b} = 0.093$$\end{document}σb=0.093). Conclusion The results support the importance of optimal joint angles for isometric maximum strength assessment. When such conditions are given, isometric contractions can produce higher muscle torques than eccentric contractions in the lower body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Stotz
- Department of Human Movement Science and Exercise Physiology, Institute of Sport Science, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Seidelstraße 20, 07749, Jena, Germany.
| | - Ebrahem Maghames
- Department of Human Movement Science and Exercise Physiology, Institute of Sport Science, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Seidelstraße 20, 07749, Jena, Germany
| | - Joel Mason
- Department of Human Movement Science and Exercise Physiology, Institute of Sport Science, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Seidelstraße 20, 07749, Jena, Germany
| | - Andreas Groll
- Department of Statistics, TU Dortmund University, Vogelpothsweg 87, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Astrid Zech
- Department of Human Movement Science and Exercise Physiology, Institute of Sport Science, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Seidelstraße 20, 07749, Jena, Germany
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Roren A, Mazarguil A, Vaquero-Ramos D, Deloose JB, Vidal PP, Nguyen C, Rannou F, Wang D, Oudre L, Lefèvre-Colau MM. Assessing Smoothness of Arm Movements With Jerk: A Comparison of Laterality, Contraction Mode and Plane of Elevation. A Pilot Study. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 9:782740. [PMID: 35127666 PMCID: PMC8814310 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.782740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Measuring the quality of movement is a need and a challenge for clinicians. Jerk, defined as the quantity of acceleration variation, is a kinematic parameter used to assess the smoothness of movement. We aimed to assess and compare jerk metrics in asymptomatic participants for 3 important movement characteristics that are considered by clinicians during shoulder examination: dominant and non-dominant side, concentric and eccentric contraction mode, and arm elevation plane. In this pilot study, we measured jerk metrics by using Xsens® inertial measurement units strapped to the wrists for 11 different active arm movements (ascending and lowering phases): 3 bilateral maximal arm elevations in sagittal, scapular and frontal plane; 2 unilateral functional movements (hair combing and low back washing); and 2 unilateral maximal arm elevations in sagittal and scapular plane, performed with both arms alternately, right arm first. Each arm movement was repeated 3 times successively and the whole procedure was performed 3 times on different days. The recorded time series was segmented with semi-supervised algorithms. Comparisons involved the Wilcoxon signed rank test (p < 0.05) with Bonferroni correction. We included 30 right-handed asymptomatic individuals [17 men, mean (SD) age 31.9 (11.4) years]. Right jerk was significantly less than left jerk for bilateral arm elevations in all planes (all p < 0.05) and for functional movement (p < 0.05). Jerk was significantly reduced during the concentric (ascending) phase than eccentric (lowering) phase for bilateral and unilateral right and left arm elevations in all planes (all p < 0.05). Jerk during bilateral arm elevation was significantly reduced in the sagittal and scapular planes versus the frontal plane (both p < 0.01) and in the sagittal versus scapular plane (p < 0.05). Jerk during unilateral left arm elevation was significantly reduced in the sagittal versus scapular plane (p < 0.05). Jerk metrics did not differ between sagittal and scapular unilateral right arm elevation. Using inertial measurement units, jerk metrics can well describe differences between the dominant and non-dominant arm, concentric and eccentric modes and planes in arm elevation. Jerk metrics were reduced during arm movements performed with the dominant right arm during the concentric phase and in the sagittal plane. Using IMUs, jerk metrics are a promising method to assess the quality of basic shoulder movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Roren
- AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier AP-HP. Centre-Université de Paris, Hôpital Cochin, Service de Rééducation et de Réadaptation de l’Appareil Locomoteur et des Pathologies du Rachis, Paris, France
- Faculté de Santé, UFR Médecine Paris Descartes, Université de Paris, Paris, France
- INSERM UMR-S 1153, Centre de Recherche Épidémiologie et Statistique Paris Sorbonne Cité, ECaMO Team, Paris, France
- Institut Fédératif de Recherche sur le Handicap, Paris, France
- *Correspondence: Alexandra Roren, ; Antoine Mazarguil,
| | - Antoine Mazarguil
- Centre Giovanni Alfonso Borelli, ENS Paris-Saclay, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Gif-Sur-Yvette, France
- *Correspondence: Alexandra Roren, ; Antoine Mazarguil,
| | - Diego Vaquero-Ramos
- AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier AP-HP. Centre-Université de Paris, Hôpital Cochin, Service de Rééducation et de Réadaptation de l’Appareil Locomoteur et des Pathologies du Rachis, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Baptiste Deloose
- AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier AP-HP. Centre-Université de Paris, Hôpital Cochin, Service de Rééducation et de Réadaptation de l’Appareil Locomoteur et des Pathologies du Rachis, Paris, France
| | - Pierre-Paul Vidal
- Centre Giovanni Alfonso Borelli, ENS Paris-Saclay, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Gif-Sur-Yvette, France
- Machine Learning and I-health International Cooperation Base of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Neurosciences, Universitá Cattolica del SacroCuore, Milan, Italy
| | - Christelle Nguyen
- AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier AP-HP. Centre-Université de Paris, Hôpital Cochin, Service de Rééducation et de Réadaptation de l’Appareil Locomoteur et des Pathologies du Rachis, Paris, France
- Faculté de Santé, UFR Médecine Paris Descartes, Université de Paris, Paris, France
- INSERM UMR-S 1124, Toxicité Environnementale, Cibles Thérapeutiques, Signalisation Cellulaire et Biomarqueurs (T3S), Faculté des Sciences Fondamentales et Biomédicales, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - François Rannou
- AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier AP-HP. Centre-Université de Paris, Hôpital Cochin, Service de Rééducation et de Réadaptation de l’Appareil Locomoteur et des Pathologies du Rachis, Paris, France
- Faculté de Santé, UFR Médecine Paris Descartes, Université de Paris, Paris, France
- Institut Fédératif de Recherche sur le Handicap, Paris, France
- INSERM UMR-S 1124, Toxicité Environnementale, Cibles Thérapeutiques, Signalisation Cellulaire et Biomarqueurs (T3S), Faculté des Sciences Fondamentales et Biomédicales, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Danping Wang
- Machine Learning and I-health International Cooperation Base of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, China
- Plateforme Sensorimotricité, BioMedTech Facilities INSERM US36-CNRS UMS2009-Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Laurent Oudre
- Centre Giovanni Alfonso Borelli, ENS Paris-Saclay, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Gif-Sur-Yvette, France
| | - Marie-Martine Lefèvre-Colau
- AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier AP-HP. Centre-Université de Paris, Hôpital Cochin, Service de Rééducation et de Réadaptation de l’Appareil Locomoteur et des Pathologies du Rachis, Paris, France
- Faculté de Santé, UFR Médecine Paris Descartes, Université de Paris, Paris, France
- INSERM UMR-S 1153, Centre de Recherche Épidémiologie et Statistique Paris Sorbonne Cité, ECaMO Team, Paris, France
- Institut Fédératif de Recherche sur le Handicap, Paris, France
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24
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Ema R. Unique neuromuscular activation of the rectus femoris during concentric and eccentric cycling. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 2022; 63:102638. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelekin.2022.102638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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25
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The time course of recovery of indirect markers of exercise-induced muscle damage induced by multi- and single-joint exercises. SPORT SCIENCES FOR HEALTH 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11332-021-00761-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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26
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Canepa P, Papaxanthis C, Bisio A, Biggio M, Paizis C, Faelli E, Avanzino L, Bove M. Motor Cortical Excitability Changes in Preparation to Concentric and Eccentric Movements. Neuroscience 2021; 475:73-82. [PMID: 34425159 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2021.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Specific neural mechanisms operate at corticospinal levels during eccentric and concentric contractions. Here, we investigated the difference in corticospinal excitability (CSE) when preparing these two types of contraction. In this study we enrolled 16 healthy participants. They were asked to perform an instructed-delay reaction time (RT) task involving a concentric or an eccentric contraction of the right first dorsal interosseus muscle, as a response to a proprioceptive cue (Go signal) presented 1 s after a warning signal. We tested CSE at different time points ranging from 300 ms before up to 40 ms after a Go signal. CSE increased 300-150 ms before the Go signal for both contractions. Interestingly, significant changes in CSE in the time interval around the Go signal (from -150 ms to +40 ms) were only revealed in eccentric contraction. We observed a significant decrease in excitability immediately before the Go cue (Pre_50) and a significant increase 40 ms after it (Post_40) with respect to the MEPs recorded at Pre_150. Finally, CSE in eccentric contraction was lower before the Go cue (Pre_50) and greater after it (Post_40) compared to the concentric contraction. A similar result was also found in NoMov paradigm, used to disentangle the effects induced by movement preparation from those induced by the movement preparation linked to the proprioceptive cue. We could conclude that different neural mechanisms observed during concentric and eccentric contractions are mirrored with a different time-specific modulation of CSE in the preparatory phase to the movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrizio Canepa
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Human Physiology, and Centro Polifunzionale di Scienze Motorie, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy; Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics and Maternal Child Health, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy; INSERM UMR1093-CAPS, UFR des Sciences du Sport, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Charalambos Papaxanthis
- INSERM UMR1093-CAPS, UFR des Sciences du Sport, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Ambra Bisio
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Human Physiology, and Centro Polifunzionale di Scienze Motorie, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Monica Biggio
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Human Physiology, and Centro Polifunzionale di Scienze Motorie, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Christos Paizis
- INSERM UMR1093-CAPS, UFR des Sciences du Sport, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France; Centre for Performance Expertise, CAPS, U1093 INSERM, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Dijon, France
| | - Emanuela Faelli
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Human Physiology, and Centro Polifunzionale di Scienze Motorie, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Laura Avanzino
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Human Physiology, and Centro Polifunzionale di Scienze Motorie, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy; Ospedale Policlinico San Martino-IRCCS, Genoa, Italy
| | - Marco Bove
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Human Physiology, and Centro Polifunzionale di Scienze Motorie, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy; Ospedale Policlinico San Martino-IRCCS, Genoa, Italy.
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27
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Cherouveim ED, Margaritelis NV, Koulouvaris P, Tsolakis C, Malliou VJ, Chatzinikolaou PN, Franchi MV, Porcelli S, Kyparos A, Vrabas IS, Geladas ND, Nikolaidis MG, Paschalis V. Skeletal muscle and cerebral oxygenation levels during and after submaximal concentric and eccentric isokinetic exercise. J Sports Sci 2021; 40:195-202. [PMID: 34602006 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2021.1983248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The aim was to investigate the potential differences in muscle (vastus lateralis) and cerebral (prefrontal cortex) oxygenation levels as well as in the number of repetitions and total work output between isokinetic eccentric and concentric exercise at a moderate relative intensity until exhaustion. Ten recreationally active young men underwent two isokinetic exercise sessions either concentric or eccentric, one on each randomly selected leg. The protocols were performed at 60°/s and an intensity corresponding to 60% of the maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) of each contraction type. Concentric torque was significantly lower compared to eccentric torque in both peak values and at values corresponding to 60% of MVC [230 ± 18 Nm vs. 276 ± 19 Nm (P = .014) and 137 ± 12 Nm vs. 168 ± 11 Nm, respectively (P = .010)]. The participants performed 40% more contractions during eccentric compared to concentric exercise [122 ± 15 vs. 78 ± 7, respectively]. No differences were found in the levels of oxyhaemoglobin, deoxyhemoglobin, total haemoglobin and tissue saturation index when eccentric and eccentric exercise regimes were compared (all P > .05). Our results demonstrate that eccentric exercise of moderate intensity leads to greater resistance to fatigue and more work output compared to concentric exercise, despite the comparable muscle and cerebral oxygenation levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgenia D Cherouveim
- School of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.,Sports Excellence, 1st Orthopedics Department, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Nikos V Margaritelis
- Dialysis Unit, 424 General Military Hospital of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.,Department of Physical Education and Sport Science at Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Panagiotis Koulouvaris
- Sports Excellence, 1 Orthopedics Department, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Charis Tsolakis
- School of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.,Sports Excellence, 1 Orthopedics Department, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Vasiliki J Malliou
- School of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Panagiotis N Chatzinikolaou
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science at Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Martino V Franchi
- Institute of Physiology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Simone Porcelli
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Antonios Kyparos
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science at Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Ioannis S Vrabas
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science at Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Nikos D Geladas
- School of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Michalis G Nikolaidis
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science at Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Vassilis Paschalis
- School of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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28
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Sato S, Yoshida R, Kiyono R, Yahata K, Yasaka K, Nosaka K, Nakamura M. Cross-education and detraining effects of eccentric vs. concentric resistance training of the elbow flexors. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2021; 13:105. [PMID: 34488881 PMCID: PMC8419922 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-021-00298-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Background Unilateral resistance training increases the strength of the contralateral non-trained homologous muscles known as the cross-education effect. We tested the hypothesis that unilateral eccentric resistance training (ET) would induce greater and longer-lasting cross-education effect when compared with concentric resistance training (CT). Methods Young (20–23 y) participants were allocated to ET (5 males, 4 females) or CT (5 males, 4 females) group that performed unilateral progressive ET or CT of the elbow flexors, twice a week for 5 weeks (10 sessions) followed by a 5-week detraining, and control group (7 males, 6 females) that did not perform any training. Maximum voluntary isometric contraction torque of the elbow flexors (MVIC), one-repetition maximum of concentric dumbbell curl (1-RM), and biceps brachii and brachialis muscle thickness (MT) were measured from the trained and non-trained arms before, several days after the last training session, and 5 weeks later. A ratio between the trained and non-trained arms for the change in MVIC or 1-RM from pre- to post-training (cross-body transfer ratio) was compared between ET and CT groups. Results The control group did not show significant changes in any variables. Both ET and CT increased (P < 0.05) MVIC (22.5 ± 12.3 % vs. 26.0 ± 11.9 %) and 1-RM (28.8 ± 6.6 % vs. 35.4 ± 12.9 %) of the trained arm without a significant difference between groups. MVIC was maintained after detraining for ET but returned to the baseline for CT, and 1-RM was maintained after detraining for both ET and CT. For the non-trained arm, MVIC (22.7 ± 17.9 % vs. 12.2 ± 10.2 %) and 1-RM (19.9 ± 14.6 % vs. 24.0 ± 10.6 %) increased similarly (P > 0.05) after ET and CT, and MVIC returned to the baseline after detraining, but 1-RM was maintained for both groups. An increase (P < 0.05) in MT was found only after ET for the trained arm (7.1 ± 6.1 %). The cross-body transfer ratio for MVIC was greater (P < 0.05) for ET (90.9 ± 46.7 %) than CT (49.0 ± 30.0 %). Conclusions These results did not support the hypothesis and showed similar changes in the most of the variables between ET and CT for the trained and non-trained arms, and strong cross-education effects on MVIC and 1-RM, but less detraining effect after ET than CT on MVIC of the trained arm. Trial registration University Hospital Medical Information Network Clinical Trials Registry (UMIN000044477; Jun 09, 2021).
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeru Sato
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, 1398 Shimami-cho, Kita-ku, Niigata, 950-3198, Niigata, Japan
| | - Riku Yoshida
- Department of Physical Therapy, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Kiyono
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, 1398 Shimami-cho, Kita-ku, Niigata, 950-3198, Niigata, Japan
| | - Kaoru Yahata
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, 1398 Shimami-cho, Kita-ku, Niigata, 950-3198, Niigata, Japan
| | - Koki Yasaka
- Department of Physical Therapy, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan
| | - Kazunori Nosaka
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
| | - Masatoshi Nakamura
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, 1398 Shimami-cho, Kita-ku, Niigata, 950-3198, Niigata, Japan. .,Department of Physical Therapy, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan.
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Schaefer LV, Dech S, Aehle M, Bittmann FN. Disgusting odours affect the characteristics of the Adaptive Force in contrast to neutral and pleasant odours. Sci Rep 2021; 11:16410. [PMID: 34385522 PMCID: PMC8361115 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-95759-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The olfactomotor system is especially investigated by examining the sniffing in reaction to olfactory stimuli. The motor output of respiratory-independent muscles was seldomly considered regarding possible influences of smells. The Adaptive Force (AF) characterizes the capability of the neuromuscular system to adapt to external forces in a holding manner and was suggested to be more vulnerable to possible interfering stimuli due to the underlying complex control processes. The aim of this pilot study was to measure the effects of olfactory inputs on the AF of the hip and elbow flexors, respectively. The AF of 10 subjects was examined manually by experienced testers while smelling at sniffing sticks with neutral, pleasant or disgusting odours. The reaction force and the limb position were recorded by a handheld device. The results show, inter alia, a significantly lower maximal isometric AF and a significantly higher AF at the onset of oscillations by perceiving disgusting odours compared to pleasant or neutral odours (p < 0.001). The adaptive holding capacity seems to reflect the functionality of the neuromuscular control, which can be impaired by disgusting olfactory inputs. An undisturbed functioning neuromuscular system appears to be characterized by a proper length tension control and by an earlier onset of mutual oscillations during an external force increase. This highlights the strong connection of olfaction and motor control also regarding respiratory-independent muscles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura V Schaefer
- Division Regulative Physiology and Prevention, Department Sports and Health Sciences, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476, Potsdam, Germany.
| | - Silas Dech
- Division Regulative Physiology and Prevention, Department Sports and Health Sciences, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Markus Aehle
- Division Regulative Physiology and Prevention, Department Sports and Health Sciences, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Frank N Bittmann
- Division Regulative Physiology and Prevention, Department Sports and Health Sciences, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
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30
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Maximum Strength Benchmarks for Difficult Static Elements on Rings in Male Elite Gymnastics. Sports (Basel) 2021; 9:sports9060078. [PMID: 34071632 PMCID: PMC8226549 DOI: 10.3390/sports9060078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
On rings, in men’s artistic gymnastics, the general strength requirements for important static elements remain elusive. Therefore, the aim was to describe the relationship between a new conditioning strength test and a maximum strength test of static elements on rings in order to determine the minimal strength level (benchmarks) required to maintain these elements with one’s own body weight. Nineteen elite gymnasts performed a concentric (1RM isoinertial) and eccentric (isokinetic: 0.1 m/s) conditioning strength test for swallow/support scale (supine position) and inverted cross (seated position) on a computer-controlled device and a maximum strength test maintaining these elements for 5 s on rings with counterweight or additional weight. High correlation coefficients were found between the conditioning maximum strength for swallow/support scale (r: 0.65 to 0.92; p < 0.05) and inverted cross (r: 0.62 to 0.69; p > 0.05) and the maximum strength of the elements on rings. Strength benchmarks varied between 56.66% (inverted cross concentric) and 94.10% (swallow eccentric) of body weight. Differences in biomechanical characteristics and technical requirements of strength elements on rings may (inter alia) explain the differences between correlations. Benchmarks of conditioning strength may help coaches and athletes systematize the training of strength elements on rings.
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31
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Schaefer LV, Bittmann FN. Paired personal interaction reveals objective differences between pushing and holding isometric muscle action. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0238331. [PMID: 33956801 PMCID: PMC8101915 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0238331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In sports and movement sciences isometric muscle function is usually measured by pushing against a stable resistance. However, subjectively one can hold or push isometrically. Several investigations suggest a distinction of those forms. The aim of this study was to investigate whether these two forms of isometric muscle action can be distinguished by objective parameters in an interpersonal setting. 20 subjects were grouped in 10 same sex pairs, in which one partner should perform the pushing isometric muscle action (PIMA) and the other partner executed the holding isometric muscle action (HIMA). The partners had contact at the distal forearms via an interface, which included a strain gauge and an acceleration sensor. The mechanical oscillations of the triceps brachii (MMGtri) muscle, its tendon (MTGtri) and the abdominal muscle (MMGobl) were recorded by a piezoelectric-sensor-based measurement system. Each partner performed three 15s (80% MVIC) and two fatiguing trials (90% MVIC) during PIMA and HIMA, respectively. Parameters to compare PIMA and HIMA were the mean frequency, the normalized mean amplitude, the amplitude variation, the power in the frequency range of 8 to 15 Hz, a special power-frequency ratio and the number of task failures during HIMA or PIMA (partner who quit the task). A "HIMA failure" occurred in 85% of trials (p < 0.001). No significant differences between PIMA and HIMA were found for the mean frequency and normalized amplitude. The MMGobl showed significantly higher values of amplitude variation (15s: p = 0.013; fatiguing: p = 0.007) and of power-frequency-ratio (15s: p = 0.040; fatiguing: p = 0.002) during HIMA and a higher power in the range of 8 to 15 Hz during PIMA (15s: p = 0.001; fatiguing: p = 0.011). MMGtri and MTGtri showed no significant differences. Based on the findings it is suggested that a holding and a pushing isometric muscle action can be distinguished objectively, whereby a more complex neural control is assumed for HIMA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura V. Schaefer
- Division Regulative Physiology and Prevention, Department Sports and Health Sciences, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Frank N. Bittmann
- Division Regulative Physiology and Prevention, Department Sports and Health Sciences, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
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32
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Walsh JA, Stapley PJ, Shemmell J, McAndrew DJ. Reliability of a Protocol to Elicit Peak Measures Generated by the Lower Limb for Semi-recumbent Eccentric Cycling. Front Sports Act Living 2021; 3:653699. [PMID: 34027403 PMCID: PMC8132294 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2021.653699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Semi-recumbent eccentric (ECC) cycling is increasingly used in studies of exercise with healthy and clinical populations. However, workloads are generally prescribed using measures obtained during regular concentric cycling. Therefore, the purpose of the study was to quantify the reliability of measures derived from a protocol that elicited peak ECC torque produced by the lower limb in a semi-recumbent position. Experiments were carried out on a dynamometer in a seated, semi-recumbent position identical to that of a custom-built ECC cycle, a modified Monark recumbent cycle. Thirty healthy participants completed two testing sessions. Each session comprised three series of six repetitions of a peak ECC torque protocol (PETP) on an isokinetic dynamometer. Absolute and relative reliability of peak torque, power, angle of peak torque, and work (recorded for each repetition) was determined using coefficient of variation (CV) and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), respectively. Ratings of perceived exertion (RPE), muscle soreness, and perceived effort (PE) were recorded pre-PETP, immediately post-PETP, and 1-min post each PETP. The protocol showed absolute reliability values <15% for mean peak (CV = 10.6-12.1) torque, power (CV = 10.4-12.3), angle of peak torque (CV = 1.2-1.4), and work (CV = 9.7-12.1). Moderate to high between-test relative reliability is reported for mean and highest torque (ICC = 0.84-0.95; ICC = 0.88-0.98), power (ICC = 0.84-0.94; ICC = 0.89-0.98), and work (ICC = 0.84-0.93; ICC = 0.88-0.98), respectively. Within-session peak torque, peak power, and peak work showed high relative reliability for mean (ICC = 0.92-0.95) and highest (ICC = 0.92-0.97) values. Overall, the PETP test provides a reliable way of determining peak ECC torque specific to semi-recumbent ECC cycling that may be used to prescribe workloads for this form of exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel A Walsh
- Neural Control of Movement Laboratory, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Paul J Stapley
- Neural Control of Movement Laboratory, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Jonathan Shemmell
- Neuromotor Adaptation Laboratory, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Darryl J McAndrew
- Neural Control of Movement Laboratory, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
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de Souza BC, Carteri RB, Lopes AL, Teixeira BC. Teeth clenching can modify the muscle contraction strength of the lower or upper limbs: systematic review. SPORT SCIENCES FOR HEALTH 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11332-021-00741-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Crommert ME, Bjerkefors A, Tarassova O, Ekblom MM. Abdominal Muscle Activation During Common Modifications of the Trunk Curl-up Exercise. J Strength Cond Res 2021; 35:428-435. [PMID: 29319600 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Crommert, ME, Bjerkefors, A, Tarassova, O, and Ekblom, MM. Abdominal muscle activation during common modifications of the trunk curl-up exercise. J Strength Cond Res 35(2): 428-435, 2021-The purpose of this study was to investigate effects of common modifications of trunk curl-up exercise on the involvement of the abdominal muscles, particularly the deepest muscle layer, transversus abdominis (TrA). Ten healthy females performed 5 different variations of the trunk curl-up at a standardized speed, varying the exercise by assuming 3 different arm positions and applying left and right twist. Indwelling fine-wire electromyography (EMG) electrodes were used to record from TrA, obliquus internus (OI), obliquus externus (OE), and rectus abdominis (RA) unilaterally on the right side. Increasing the load by changing the arm position during a straight trunk curl-up increased the EMG of all abdominal muscles. Obliquus internus and TrA showed higher activation during right twist compared with left twist, whereas OE displayed the opposite pattern. Rectus abdominis did not show any change in activation level between twisting directions. The apparent load dependency on the activation level of all muscles, and the twisting direction dependency of all muscles except RA, are in keeping with the fiber orientation of the muscles. Notably, also TrA, with a less obvious mechanical role with regards to fiber orientation, increased activation with load during the straight trunk curl-up. However, the highest activation level of TrA during the trunk curl-up was only 40% of a maximum contraction; thus, it might not be the most suitable strength training exercise for this muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Eriksson Crommert
- University Health Care Research Center, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Anna Bjerkefors
- Biomechanics and Motor Control Laboratory, The Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden; and.,Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Olga Tarassova
- Biomechanics and Motor Control Laboratory, The Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden; and
| | - Maria M Ekblom
- Biomechanics and Motor Control Laboratory, The Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden; and.,Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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35
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Torra M, Pujol E, Maiques A, Quintana S, Garreta R, Chaler J. Detection of effort maximality in adults performing isokinetic wrist flexion and extension. ISOKINET EXERC SCI 2021. [DOI: 10.3233/ies-200274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND: The difference between isokinetic eccentric to concentric strength ratios at high and low velocities (DEC) is a powerful tool for identifying submaximal effort in other muscle groups but its efficiency in terms of the wrist extensors (WE) and flexors (WF) isokinetic effort has hitherto not been studied. OBJECTIVE: The objective of the present study is to examine the usefulness of the DEC for identifying suboptimal wrist extensor and flexor isokinetic efforts. METHODS: Twenty healthy male volunteers aged 20–40 years (28.5 ± 3.2) were recruited. Participants were instructed to exert maximal and feigned efforts, using a range of motion of 20∘ in concentric (C) and eccentric (E) WE and WF modes at two velocities: 10 and 40∘/s. E/C ratios (E/CR) where then calculated and finally DEC by subtracting low velocity E/CR from high velocity ones. RESULTS: Feigned maximal effort DEC values were significantly higher than their maximal effort counterparts, both for WF and WE. For both actions, a DEC cutoff level to detect submaximal effort could be defined. The sensitivity of the DEC was 71.43% and 62.5% for WE ad WF respectively. The specificity was 100% in both cases. CONCLUSION: The DEC may be a valuable parameter for detecting feigned maximal WF and WE isokinetic effort in healthy adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercè Torra
- PM&R Department, Hospital Universitari Mútua de Terrassa, Terrassa, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Eduard Pujol
- PM&R Department and Biomechanics Laboratory, Hospital Egarsat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Maiques
- PM&R Department and Biomechanics Laboratory, Hospital Egarsat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Salvador Quintana
- Department of Medicine, Hospital Universitari Mútua de Terrassa, Terrassa, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Roser Garreta
- PM&R Department, Hospital Universitari Mútua de Terrassa, Terrassa, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Joaquim Chaler
- PM&R Department and Biomechanics Laboratory, Hospital Egarsat, Barcelona, Spain
- EUSES-Physiotherapy Barcelona, Campus Bellvitge, Universitat de Girona-Universitat de Barcelona, L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Catalonia, Spain
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Sonkodi B. Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness (DOMS): The Repeated Bout Effect and Chemotherapy-Induced Axonopathy May Help Explain the Dying-Back Mechanism in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Other Neurodegenerative Diseases. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11010108. [PMID: 33467407 PMCID: PMC7830646 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11010108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) is hypothesized to be caused by glutamate excitotoxicity-induced acute compression axonopathy of the sensory afferents in the muscle spindle. Degeneration of the same sensory afferents is implicated in the disease onset and progression of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). A series of “silent” acute compression proprioceptive axonopathies with underlying genetic/environmental factors, damaging eccentric contractions and the non-resolving neuroinflammatory process of aging could lead to ALS disease progression. Since the sensory terminals in the muscle spindle could not regenerate from the micro-damage in ALS, unlike in DOMS, the induced protective microcircuits and their long-term functional plasticity (the equivalent of the repeated bout effect in DOMS) will be dysfunctional. The acute stress invoking osteocalcin, bradykinin, COX1, COX2, GDNF, PGE2, NGF, glutamate and N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors are suggested to be the critical signalers of this theory. The repeated bout effect of DOMS and the dysfunctional microcircuits in ALS are suggested to involve several dimensions of memory and learning, like pain memory, inflammation, working and episodic memory. The spatial encoding of these memory dimensions is compromised in ALS due to blunt position sense from the degenerating proprioceptive axon terminals of the affected muscle spindles. Dysfunctional microcircuits progressively and irreversibly interfere with postural control, with motor command and locomotor circuits, deplete the neuroenergetic system, and ultimately interfere with life-sustaining central pattern generators in ALS. The activated NMDA receptor is suggested to serve the “gate control” function in DOMS and ALS in line with the gate control theory of pain. Circumvention of muscle spindle-loading could be a choice of exercise therapy in muscle spindle-affected neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balázs Sonkodi
- Department of Health Sciences and Sport Medicine, University of Physical Education, Alkotas u. 44, H-1123 Budapest, Hungary
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Spudić D, Smajla D, Šarabon N. Intra-session reliability of electromyographic measurements in flywheel squats. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0243090. [PMID: 33270677 PMCID: PMC7714213 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0243090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the popularity of flywheel (FW) devices in sports research is increasing, to date, no study has been designed to test the reliability of electromyographic (EMG) variables during FW squats as a basic lower-body FW resistance exercise. At the primary level, our study was conducted to determine the minimum number of the consecutive flywheel (FW) squat repetitions that need to be averaged in a single set to obtain excellent reliability of peak, mean and three position-specific EMG variables. At the secondary level, comprehensive analysis for peak and mean EMG variables was done. Intra-set reliability was investigated using the minimum number of repetitions determined from the primary level of the study. Twenty-six participants performed five sets of seven squats with three FW loads (0.05, 0.125, 0.225 kg∙m2). EMG signals were collected from eight leg muscles. By averaging twelve consecutive repetitions, we obtained ICC2.k > 0.95 for mean and peak EMGRMS regardless of the muscle, load or phase of the squat (concentric vs. eccentric). Due to the heterogeneity of the results at the primary level, position-specific variables were excluded from the inter-set reliability analysis at the secondary level. Trustworthy mean and peak EMG variables from the primary level showed good to excellent inter-set reliability. We suggest averaging twelve consecutive squat repetitions to achieve good to excellent intra-session reliability of EMG variables. By following the proposed protocol, activation of leg muscles can be confidently studied in intra-session repeated-measures study designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darjan Spudić
- Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Darjan Smajla
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Primorska, Izola, Slovenia
- InnoRenew CoE, Izola, Slovenia
| | - Nejc Šarabon
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Primorska, Izola, Slovenia
- InnoRenew CoE, Izola, Slovenia
- S2P, Science to Practice, Ltd., Laboratory for Motor Control and Motor Behaviour, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- University of Primorska, Andrej Marušič Institute, Koper, Slovenia
- * E-mail:
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Barreto RV, de Lima LCR, Denadai BS. Moving forward with backward pedaling: a review on eccentric cycling. Eur J Appl Physiol 2020; 121:381-407. [PMID: 33180156 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-020-04548-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE There is a profound gap in the understanding of the eccentric cycling intensity continuum, which prevents accurate exercise prescription based on desired physiological responses. This may underestimate the applicability of eccentric cycling for different training purposes. Thus, we aimed to summarize recent research findings and screen for possible new approaches in the prescription and investigation of eccentric cycling. METHOD A search for the most relevant and state-of-the-art literature on eccentric cycling was conducted on the PubMed database. Literature from reference lists was also included when relevant. RESULTS Transversal studies present comparisons between physiological responses to eccentric and concentric cycling, performed at the same absolute power output or metabolic load. Longitudinal studies evaluate responses to eccentric cycling training by comparing them with concentric cycling and resistance training outcomes. Only one study investigated maximal eccentric cycling capacity and there are no investigations on physiological thresholds and/or exercise intensity domains during eccentric cycling. No study investigated different protocols of eccentric cycling training and the chronic effects of different load configurations. CONCLUSION Describing physiological responses to eccentric cycling based on its maximal exercise capacity may be a better way to understand it. The available evidence indicates that clinical populations may benefit from improvements in aerobic power/capacity, exercise tolerance, strength and muscle mass, while healthy and trained individuals may require different eccentric cycling training approaches to benefit from similar improvements. There is limited evidence regarding the mechanisms of acute physiological and chronic adaptive responses to eccentric cycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renan Vieira Barreto
- Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Physical Education, São Paulo State University, Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Benedito Sérgio Denadai
- Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Physical Education, São Paulo State University, Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Miller W, Jeon S, Ye X. An examination of acute cross-over effects following unilateral low intensity concentric and eccentric exercise. SPORTS MEDICINE AND HEALTH SCIENCE 2020; 2:141-152. [PMID: 35782286 PMCID: PMC9219316 DOI: 10.1016/j.smhs.2020.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We compared the effects of low intensity concentric (CON) and eccentric (ECC) exercise on the force and neural responses of the dominant (exercised) elbow flexors (EFs), and studied if these conditions could induce cross-over effects to the contralateral (non-exercised) EFs. Fifteen subjects (8 males) completed all conditions (CON and ECC: 6 sets of low intensity exercise to failure; control: rest) in separate visits with a randomized order. Maximal isometric force and electromyography (EMG) of the dominant and contralateral EFs were assessed at pre, immediate-, 24-, and 48-h-post. Two-factor (condition and time) linear mixed-model analyses were performed to examine the force and EMG responses. Immediately post CON, contralateral EFs force was significantly (p = 0.026) higher (12.41%) than control, but no cross-over effects regarding the neural responses were observed. Immediately post ECC, dominant EFs force was significantly lower in ECC, compared to CON (p = 0.003) and control (p < 0.001). This force remained depressed at 24- and 48-h post ECC, when compared to CON (p < 0.001) and control (p < 0.001). Our data suggests that submaximal unilateral exercises are not likely to impair contralateral muscle strength performance. Instead, concentric exercises may acutely improve muscle strength for the contralateral limb. However, this effect is not explained by changes in muscle excitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Miller
- The University of Mississippi, Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, Neuromuscular Laboratory, University, MS, USA
| | - Sunggun Jeon
- Oklahoma State University, School of Kinesiology, Applied Health and Recreation, Stillwater, OK, USA
| | - Xin Ye
- The University of Mississippi, Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, Neuromuscular Laboratory, University, MS, USA
- University of Hartford, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, West Hartford, CT, USA
- Corresponding author. University of Hartford, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, West Hartford, CT, 06117, USA.
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40
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Norum M, Risvang LC, Bjørnsen T, Dimitriou L, Rønning PO, Bjørgen M, Raastad T. Caffeine increases strength and power performance in resistance-trained females during early follicular phase. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2020; 30:2116-2129. [PMID: 32681596 DOI: 10.1111/sms.13776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The effects of 4 mg·kg-1 caffeine ingestion on strength and power were investigated for the first time, in resistance-trained females during the early follicular phase utilizing a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover design. Fifteen females (29.8 ± 4.0 years, 63.8 ± 5.5 kg [mean ± SD]) ingested caffeine or placebo 60 minutes before completing a test battery separated by 72 hours. One-repetition maximum (1RM), repetitions to failure (RTF) at 60% of 1RM, was assessed in the squat and bench press. Maximal voluntary contraction torque (MVC) and rate of force development (RFD) were measured during isometric knee extensions, while utilizing interpolated twitch technique to measure voluntary muscle activation. Maximal power and jump height were assessed during countermovement jumps (CMJ). Caffeine metabolites were measured in plasma. Adverse effects were registered after each trial. Caffeine significantly improved squat (4.5 ± 1.9%, effect size [ES]: 0.25) and bench press 1RM (3.3 ± 1.4%, ES: 0.20), and squat (15.9 ± 17.9%, ES: 0.31) and bench press RTF (9.8 ± 13.6%, ES: 0.31), compared to placebo. MVC torque (4.6 ± 7.3%, ES: 0.26), CMJ height (7.6 ± 4.0%, ES: 0.50), and power (3.8 ± 2.2%, ES: 0.24) were also significantly increased with caffeine. There were no differences in RFD or muscle activation. Plasma [caffeine] was significantly increased throughout the protocol, and mild side effects of caffeine were experienced by only 3 participants. This study demonstrated that 4 mg·kg-1 caffeine ingestion enhanced maximal strength, power, and muscular endurance in resistance-trained and caffeine-habituated females during the early follicular phase, with few adverse effects. Female strength and power athletes may consider using this dose pre-competition and -training as an effective ergogenic aid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Norum
- School of Science and Technology, London Sport Institute, Middlesex University, London, UK
| | - Linn Christin Risvang
- School of Science and Technology, London Sport Institute, Middlesex University, London, UK.,Department of Mechanical, Electronics and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Technology, Art and Design, Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway
| | - Thomas Bjørnsen
- Department of Sport Science and Physical Education, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway.,Norwegian Olympic and Paralympic Committee and Confederation of Sports, Oslo, Norway
| | - Lygeri Dimitriou
- School of Science and Technology, London Sport Institute, Middlesex University, London, UK.,Department of Natural Sciences, School of Science and Technology, Middlesex University, London, UK
| | - Per Ola Rønning
- Department of Mechanical, Electronics and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Technology, Art and Design, Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway
| | - Morten Bjørgen
- Department of Life Sciences and Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway
| | - Truls Raastad
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
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41
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Forman DA, Forman GN, Avila-Mireles EJ, Mugnosso M, Zenzeri J, Murphy B, Holmes MW. Characterizing forearm muscle activity in young adults during dynamic wrist flexion–extension movement using a wrist robot. J Biomech 2020; 108:109908. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2020.109908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Kenville R, Maudrich T, Vidaurre C, Maudrich D, Villringer A, Nikulin VV, Ragert P. Corticomuscular interactions during different movement periods in a multi-joint compound movement. Sci Rep 2020; 10:5021. [PMID: 32193492 PMCID: PMC7081206 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-61909-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
While much is known about motor control during simple movements, corticomuscular communication profiles during compound movement control remain largely unexplored. Here, we aimed at examining frequency band related interactions between brain and muscles during different movement periods of a bipedal squat (BpS) task utilizing regression corticomuscular coherence (rCMC), as well as partial directed coherence (PDC) analyses. Participants performed 40 squats, divided into three successive movement periods (Eccentric (ECC), Isometric (ISO) and Concentric (CON)) in a standardized manner. EEG was recorded from 32 channels specifically-tailored to cover bilateral sensorimotor areas while bilateral EMG was recorded from four main muscles of BpS. We found both significant CMC and PDC (in beta and gamma bands) during BpS execution, where CMC was significantly elevated during ECC and CON when compared to ISO. Further, the dominant direction of information flow (DIF) was most prominent in EEG-EMG direction for CON and EMG-EEG direction for ECC. Collectively, we provide novel evidence that motor control during BpS is potentially achieved through central motor commands driven by a combination of directed inputs spanning across multiple frequency bands. These results serve as an important step toward a better understanding of brain-muscle relationships during multi joint compound movements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rouven Kenville
- Institute for General Kinesiology and Exercise Science, Faculty of Sports Science, University of Leipzig, D-04109, Leipzig, Germany. .,Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Department of Neurology, D-04103, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Tom Maudrich
- Institute for General Kinesiology and Exercise Science, Faculty of Sports Science, University of Leipzig, D-04109, Leipzig, Germany.,Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Department of Neurology, D-04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Carmen Vidaurre
- Dpt. of Statistics, Informatics and Mathematics, Public University of Navarre, Pamplona, 31006, Spain.,Machine Learning Group, Faculty of EE and Computer Science, TU Berlin, Berlin, 10587, Germany
| | - Dennis Maudrich
- Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Department of Neurology, D-04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Arno Villringer
- Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Department of Neurology, D-04103, Leipzig, Germany.,MindBrainBody Institute at Berlin School of Mind and Brain, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, 10099, Germany.,Clinic for Cognitive Neurology, University Hospital Leipzig, D-04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Vadim V Nikulin
- Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Department of Neurology, D-04103, Leipzig, Germany.,Centre for Cognition and Decision Making, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, 101000, Russian Federation.,Neurophysics Group, Department of Neurology, Charité-University Medicine Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, 10117, Germany
| | - Patrick Ragert
- Institute for General Kinesiology and Exercise Science, Faculty of Sports Science, University of Leipzig, D-04109, Leipzig, Germany.,Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Department of Neurology, D-04103, Leipzig, Germany
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Khajooei M, Lin CI, Mayer F, Mueller S. Muscle activity and strength in maximum isokinetic legpress testing with unstable footplates in active individuals. ISOKINET EXERC SCI 2019. [DOI: 10.3233/ies-182206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mina Khajooei
- University Outpatient Clinic Potsdam, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Chiao-I Lin
- University Outpatient Clinic Potsdam, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Frank Mayer
- University Outpatient Clinic Potsdam, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Steffen Mueller
- Department of Computer/Therapy Science, Trier University of Applied Sciences, Trier, Germany
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Schaefer LV, Bittmann FN. Muscular Pre-activation Can Boost the Maximal Explosive Eccentric Adaptive Force. Front Physiol 2019; 10:910. [PMID: 31396096 PMCID: PMC6663982 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The improvement of power is an objective in training of athletes. In order to detect effective methods of exercise, basic research is required regarding the mechanisms of muscular activity. The purpose of this study is to investigate whether or not a muscular pre-activation prior to an external impulse-like force impact has an effect on the maximal explosive eccentric Adaptive Force (xpAFeccmax). This power capability combines different probable power enhancing mechanisms. To measure the xpAFeccmax an innovative pneumatic device was used. During measuring, the subject tries to hold an isometric position as long as possible. In the moment in which the subjects' maximal isometric holding strength is exceeded, it merges into eccentric muscle action. This process is very close to motions in sports, where an adaptation of the neuromuscular system is required, e.g., force impacts caused by uneven surfaces during skiing. For investigating the effect of pre-activation on the xpAFeccmax of the quadriceps femoris muscle, n = 20 subjects had to pass three different pre-activation levels in a randomized order (level 1: 0.4 bar, level 2: 0.8 bar, level 3: 1.2 bar). After adjusting the standardized pre-pressure by pushing against the interface, an impulse-like load impacted on the distal tibia of the subject. During this, the xpAFeccmax was detected. The maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) was also measured. The torque values of the xpAFeccmax were compared with regard to the pre-activation levels. The results show a significant positive relation between the pre-activation of the quadriceps femoris muscle and the xpAFeccmax (male: p = 0.000, η2= 0.683; female: p = 0.000, η2= 0.907). The average percentage increase of torque amounted +28.15 ± 25.4% between MVIC and xpAFeccmax with pre-pressure level 1, +12.09 ± 7.9% for the xpAFeccmax comparing pre-pressure levels 1 vs. 2 and +2.98 ± 4.2% comparing levels 2 and 3. A higher but not maximal muscular activation prior to a fast impacting eccentric load seems to produce an immediate increase of force outcome. Different possible physiological explanatory approaches and the use as a potential training method are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura V Schaefer
- Regulatory Physiology and Prevention, Department of Sports and Health Sciences, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Frank N Bittmann
- Regulatory Physiology and Prevention, Department of Sports and Health Sciences, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
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Suchomel TJ, Wagle JP, Douglas J, Taber CB, Harden M, Haff GG, Stone MH. Implementing Eccentric Resistance Training-Part 1: A Brief Review of Existing Methods. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2019; 4:jfmk4020038. [PMID: 33467353 PMCID: PMC7739257 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk4020038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this review was to provide a physiological rationale for the use of eccentric resistance training and to provide an overview of the most commonly prescribed eccentric training methods. Based on the existing literature, there is a strong physiological rationale for the incorporation of eccentric training into a training program for an individual seeking to maximize muscle size, strength, and power. Specific adaptations may include an increase in muscle cross-sectional area, force output, and fiber shortening velocities, all of which have the potential to benefit power production characteristics. Tempo eccentric training, flywheel inertial training, accentuated eccentric loading, and plyometric training are commonly implemented in applied contexts. These methods tend to involve different force absorption characteristics and thus, overload the muscle or musculotendinous unit in different ways during lengthening actions. For this reason, they may produce different magnitudes of improvement in hypertrophy, strength, and power. The constraints to which they are implemented can have a marked effect on the characteristics of force absorption and therefore, could affect the nature of the adaptive response. However, the versatility of the constraints when prescribing these methods mean that they can be effectively implemented to induce these adaptations within a variety of populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J. Suchomel
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Carroll University, Waukesha, WI 53186, USA
- Directorate of Sport, Exercise, and Physiotherapy, University of Salford, Salford, Greater Manchester M6 6PU, UK
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-262-524-7441
| | | | - Jamie Douglas
- High Performance Sport New Zealand, Mairangi Bay, Auckland 0632, New Zealand
| | - Christopher B. Taber
- Department of Physical Therapy and Human Movement Science, Sacred Heart University, Fairfield, CT 06825, USA
| | - Mellissa Harden
- Directorate of Sport, Exercise, and Physiotherapy, University of Salford, Salford, Greater Manchester M6 6PU, UK
- Department of Sport, Exercise, and Rehabilitation, Northumbria University, Newcastle-Upon-Tyne M66PU, UK
| | - G. Gregory Haff
- Directorate of Sport, Exercise, and Physiotherapy, University of Salford, Salford, Greater Manchester M6 6PU, UK
- Centre for Exercise and Sports Science Research, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup WA 6027, Australia
| | - Michael H. Stone
- Center of Excellence for Sport Science and Coach Education, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
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Hody S, Croisier JL, Bury T, Rogister B, Leprince P. Eccentric Muscle Contractions: Risks and Benefits. Front Physiol 2019; 10:536. [PMID: 31130877 PMCID: PMC6510035 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Eccentric contractions, characterized by the lengthening of the muscle-tendon complex, present several unique features compared with other types of contractions, which may lead to unique adaptations. Due to its specific physiological and mechanical properties, there is an increasing interest in employing eccentric muscle work for rehabilitation and clinical purposes. However, unaccustomed eccentric exercise is known to cause muscle damage and delayed pain, commonly defined as “Delayed-Onset Muscular Soreness” (DOMS). To date, the most useful preventive strategy to avoid these adverse effects consists of repeating sessions involving submaximal eccentric contractions whose intensity is progressively increased over the training. Despite an increased number of investigations focusing on the eccentric contraction, a significant gap still remains in our understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the initial damage response and subsequent adaptations to eccentric exercise. Yet, unraveling the molecular basis of exercise-related muscle damage and soreness might help uncover the mechanistic basis of pathological conditions as myalgia or neuromuscular diseases. In addition, a better insight into the mechanisms governing eccentric training adaptations should provide invaluable information for designing therapeutic interventions and identifying potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Hody
- Department of Motricity Sciences, University of Liège, Liege, Belgium
| | | | - Thierry Bury
- Department of Motricity Sciences, University of Liège, Liege, Belgium
| | - Bernard Rogister
- GIGA-Neurosciences, University of Liège, Liege, Belgium.,Department of Neurology, The University Hospital Center, University of Liège, Liege, Belgium.,GIGA - Laboratory of Nervous System Disorders and Therapy, University of Liège, Liege, Belgium
| | - Pierre Leprince
- GIGA-Neurosciences, University of Liège, Liege, Belgium.,GIGA - Laboratory of Nervous System Disorders and Therapy, University of Liège, Liege, Belgium
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Kan B, Speelman C, Nosaka K. Cognitive demand of eccentric versus concentric cycling and its effects on post-exercise attention and vigilance. Eur J Appl Physiol 2019; 119:1599-1610. [PMID: 31025096 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-019-04149-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study tested the hypotheses that eccentric cycling (ECC) would be more cognitively demanding than concentric cycling (CONC), and attention and vigilance would improve more after ECC than CONC. METHODS Thirty young adults performed CONC and two bouts of ECC (ECC1 and ECC2) for 20 min at a similar workload (227.5 ± 51.5 W) with 1-week apart. Cognitive load during exercise was assessed by the average error from the target torque over 1200 (60 rpm × 20 min) revolutions, choice reaction time (CRT), the NASA-task load index (NASA-TLX), and prefrontal cortex oxygenation and deoxygenation (HHb) by near-infrared spectroscopy. Attention and vigilance were assessed by a sustained attention to response task (SART) before, immediately, and at every 15 min for 60 min after exercise or sitting (control). RESULTS Heart rate was lower during ECC1 (115.5 ± 20.3 bpm) and ECC2 (116.7 ± 21.0 bpm) than CONC (156.9 ± 19.4 bpm). The torque error was greater for ECC1 (26.1 ± 9.0%) and ECC2 (19.4 ± 9.0%) than CONC (10.8 ± 3.7%). CRT (CONC: 602.8 ± 69.0, ECC1: 711.1 ± 113.0, ECC2: 693.6 ± 122.6 ms) and mental demand in NASA-TLX (46.8 ± 25.8, 80.0 ± 15.3, 60.3 ± 17.6) were greater for ECC1 and ECC2 than CONC. Decreases in HHb were greater for ECC1 (- 0.41 ± 0.37 µM) and ECC2 (- 0.40 ± 0.40 µM) than CONC (0.10 ± 0.40 µM) and control (- 0.21 ± 0.28 µM). Attention and vigilance decreased 2-8% after 20-min sitting, but improved 2-10% immediately after ECC2, and did not decline from the baseline for 30 min after ECC1 or 60 min after CONC and ECC2. CONCLUSION Cognitive load was greater during ECC than CONC, but post-exercise attention and vigilance changes were not largely different between ECC and CONC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Kan
- Centre for Exercise and Sports Science, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, WA, 6027, Australia.
| | - Craig Speelman
- School of Arts and Humanities, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia
| | - Kazunori Nosaka
- Centre for Exercise and Sports Science, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, WA, 6027, Australia
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Fatigue-Mediated Loss of Complexity is Contraction-Type Dependent in Vastus Lateralis Electromyographic Signals. Sports (Basel) 2019; 7:sports7040078. [PMID: 30986944 PMCID: PMC6524352 DOI: 10.3390/sports7040078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Revised: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of fatigue status and contraction type on complexity of the surface electromyographic (sEMG) signal. Twelve females (mean age ± SD = 21.1 ± 1.4 years) performed three fatigue-inducing protocols that involved maximal concentric, eccentric, or isometric knee-extensor contractions over three non-consecutive sessions. Pre- and post-fatigue assessments were also completed each session and consisted of three maximal efforts for each type of contraction. Complexity of sEMG signals from the vastus lateralis was assessed using Sample Entropy (SampEn) and Detrended Fluctuation Analysis (DFA) as expressed using the scaling exponent α. The results showed that fatigue decreased (p < 0.05) sEMG complexity as indicated by decreased SampEn (non-fatigued: 1.57 ± 0.22 > fatigued: 1.46 ± 0.25) and increased DFA α (non-fatigued: 1.27 ± 0.26 < fatigued: 1.32 ± 0.23). In addition, sEMG complexity was different among contraction types as indicated by SampEn (concentric: 1.58 ± 0.22 > eccentric: 1.47 ± 0.27 and isometric: 1.50 ± 0.21) and DFA α (concentric: 1.27 ± 0.18 < isometric: 1.32 ± 0.18). Thus, these findings suggested sEMG complexity is affected by fatigue status and contraction type, with the degree of fatigue-mediated loss of complexity dependent on the type of contraction used to elicit fatigue.
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Clos P, Laroche D, Stapley PJ, Lepers R. Neuromuscular and Perceptual Responses to Sub-Maximal Eccentric Cycling. Front Physiol 2019; 10:354. [PMID: 30984032 PMCID: PMC6447677 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Eccentric (ECC) cycle-ergometers have recently become commercially-available, offering a novel method for rehabilitation training. Many studies have reported that ECC cycling enables the development of higher levels of muscular force at lower cardiorespiratory and metabolic loads, leading to greater force enhancements after a training period. However, fewer studies have focused on the specific perceptual and neuromuscular changes. As the two latter aspects are of major interest in clinical settings, this review aimed to present an overview of the current literature centered on the neuromuscular and perceptual responses to submaximal ECC cycling in comparison to concentric (CON) cycling. Design Narrative review of the literature. Results At a given mechanical workload, muscle activation is lower in ECC than in CON while the characteristics of the musculo-articular system (i.e., muscle-tendon unit, fascicle, and tendinous tissue length) are quite similar. At a given heart rate or oxygen consumption, ECC cycling training results in greater muscular hypertrophy and strength gains than CON cycling. On the contrary, CON cycling training seems to enhance more markers of muscle aerobic metabolism than ECC cycling performed at the same heart rate intensity. Data concerning perceptual responses, and neuromuscular mechanisms leading to a lower muscle activation (i.e., neural commands from cortex to muscular system) at a given mechanical workload are scarce. Conclusion Even though ECC cycling appears to be a very useful tool for rehabilitation purposes the perceptual and neural commands from cortex to muscular system during exercise need to be further studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Clos
- CAPS UMR1093, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Université de Bourgogne-Franche Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Davy Laroche
- CAPS UMR1093, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Université de Bourgogne-Franche Comté, Dijon, France.,INSERM CIC 1432, Plateforme d'Investigation Technologique, University Hospital of Dijon, Dijon, France
| | - Paul J Stapley
- Neural Control of Movement Group, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, School of Medicine, Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Romuald Lepers
- CAPS UMR1093, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Université de Bourgogne-Franche Comté, Dijon, France
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Piqueras-Sanchiz F, Martín-Rodríguez S, Martínez-Aranda LM, Lopes TR, Raya-González J, García-García Ó, Nakamura FY. Effects of moderate vs. high iso-inertial loads on power, velocity, work and hamstring contractile function after flywheel resistance exercise. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0211700. [PMID: 30730959 PMCID: PMC6366769 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0211700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Flywheel iso-inertial training has been shown to positively affect muscular strength and sports performance (e.g. agility). However, implementing such eccentrically-biased training during a microcycle needs to be carefully planned due to its purported effects on the neuromuscular system that can last for hours/days post-exercise. This study aimed at using tensiomyography to verify the effects of different inertias during the hip extension exercise on the contractile function of biceps femoris and semitendinosus muscles of the dominant leg for up to 72 hours post-exercise. Thirty participants (24.4 ± 3.4 years) were divided into 0.075 or 0.1 kg·m2 inertia groups and a control group. Magnitude-based analysis was used for the comparisons. Several tensiomyography parameters were changed after both intensities of flywheel exercise (in most cases indicating a decrement in muscle stiffness), whereas most between-group differences suggested that in the semitendinosus muscle, the higher inertia (0.1 kg·m2) influenced the muscle stiffness parameters more (e.g. Dm = maximal radial displacement) while in the biceps femoris, the greater effect was caused by the lower inertia (0.075 kg·m2) (e.g. Tc = contraction time). Most changes in contractile properties of the investigated muscles occur within 24 hours post-exercise, but can persist for up to 72 hours. However, higher inertia (0.1 kg·m2) influenced the stiffness of the semitendinosus muscle more, while in the biceps femoris, the greater effect was caused by the lower inertia (0.075 kg·m2). These findings should be considered by practitioners when prescribing flywheel iso-inertial training.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Saúl Martín-Rodríguez
- Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Luis Manuel Martínez-Aranda
- Neuroscience of Human Movement Research Group, Faculty of Sport, Catholic University San Antonio, Murcia (UCAM), Spain
| | - Thiago Ribeiro Lopes
- Olympic Centre of Training and Research, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- São Paulo Association for Medicine Development, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Óscar García-García
- Lab of Performance, Fitness and Wellness, University of Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain
| | - Fábio Yuzo Nakamura
- The College of Healthcare Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia
- Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, University of Chieti, Pescara, Italy
- * E-mail:
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