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Cornish SM, Cordingley DM. Inflammatory pathway communication with skeletal muscle-Does aging play a role? A topical review of the current evidence. Physiol Rep 2024; 12:e16098. [PMID: 38872451 PMCID: PMC11176593 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.16098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle plays an integral role in locomotion, but also as part of the integrative physiological system. Recent progress has identified crosstalk between skeletal muscle and various physiological systems, including the immune system. Both the musculoskeletal and immune systems are impacted by aging. Increased age is associated with decreased muscle mass and function, while the immune system undergoes "inflammaging" and immunosenescence. Exercise is identified as a preventative medicine that can mitigate loss of function for both systems. This review summarizes: (1) the inflammatory pathways active in skeletal muscle; and (2) the inflammatory and skeletal muscle response to unaccustomed exercise in younger and older adults. Compared to younger adults, it appears older individuals have a muted pro-inflammatory response and elevated anti-inflammatory response to exercise. This important difference could contribute to decreased regeneration and recovery following unaccustomed exercise in older adults, as well as in chronic disease. The current research provides specific information on the role inflammation plays in altering skeletal muscle form and function, and adaptation to exercise; however, the pursuit of more knowledge in this area will delineate specific interventions that may enhance skeletal muscle recovery and promote resiliency in this tissue particularly with aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen M Cornish
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Recreation Management, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Applied Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Centre for Aging, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Dean M Cordingley
- Applied Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Pan Am Clinic Foundation, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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2
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Cappelli K, Mecocci S, Porceddu A, Albertini E, Giontella A, Miglio A, Silvestrelli M, Verini Supplizi A, Marconi G, Capomaccio S. Genome-wide epigenetic modifications in sports horses during training as an adaptation phenomenon. Sci Rep 2023; 13:18786. [PMID: 37914824 PMCID: PMC10620398 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-46043-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
With his bicentennial breeding history based on athletic performance, the Thoroughbred horse can be considered the equine sport breed. Although genomic and transcriptomic tools and knowledge are at the state of the art in equine species, the epigenome and its modifications in response to environmental stimuli, such as training, are less studied. One of the major epigenetic modifications is cytosine methylation at 5' of DNA molecules. This crucial biochemical modification directly mediates biological processes and, to some extent, determines the organisms' phenotypic plasticity. Exercise indeed affects the epigenomic state, both in humans and in horses. In this study, we highlight, with a genome-wide analysis of methylation, how the adaptation to training in the Thoroughbred can modify the methylation pattern throughout the genome. Twenty untrained horses, kept under the same environmental conditions and sprint training regimen, were recruited, collecting peripheral blood at the start of the training and after 30 and 90 days. Extracted leukocyte DNA was analyzed with the methylation content sensitive enzyme ddRAD (MCSeEd) technique for the first time applied to animal cells. Approximately one thousand differently methylated genomic regions (DMRs) and nearby genes were called, revealing that methylation changes can be found in a large part of the genome and, therefore, referable to the physiological adaptation to training. Functional analysis via GO enrichment was also performed. We observed significant differences in methylation patterns throughout the training stages: we hypothesize that the methylation profile of some genes can be affected early by training, while others require a more persistent stimulus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katia Cappelli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, 06123, Perugia, Italy
- Sports Horse Research Center (CRCS), University of Perugia, 06123, Perugia, Italy
| | - Samanta Mecocci
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, 06123, Perugia, Italy.
- Sports Horse Research Center (CRCS), University of Perugia, 06123, Perugia, Italy.
| | - Andrea Porceddu
- Department of Agraria, University of Sassari, 06123, Sassari, Italy
| | - Emidio Albertini
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, 06121, Perugia, Italy
| | - Andrea Giontella
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, 06123, Perugia, Italy
- Sports Horse Research Center (CRCS), University of Perugia, 06123, Perugia, Italy
| | - Arianna Miglio
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, 06123, Perugia, Italy
- Sports Horse Research Center (CRCS), University of Perugia, 06123, Perugia, Italy
| | - Maurizio Silvestrelli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, 06123, Perugia, Italy
- Sports Horse Research Center (CRCS), University of Perugia, 06123, Perugia, Italy
| | - Andrea Verini Supplizi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, 06123, Perugia, Italy
- Sports Horse Research Center (CRCS), University of Perugia, 06123, Perugia, Italy
| | - Gianpiero Marconi
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, 06121, Perugia, Italy
| | - Stefano Capomaccio
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, 06123, Perugia, Italy
- Sports Horse Research Center (CRCS), University of Perugia, 06123, Perugia, Italy
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3
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Dovrolis N, Filidou E, Tarapatzi G, Kokkotis G, Spathakis M, Kandilogiannakis L, Drygiannakis I, Valatas V, Arvanitidis K, Karakasiliotis I, Vradelis S, Manolopoulos VG, Paspaliaris V, Bamias G, Kolios G. Co-expression of fibrotic genes in inflammatory bowel disease; A localized event? Front Immunol 2022; 13:1058237. [PMID: 36632136 PMCID: PMC9826764 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1058237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Extracellular matrix turnover, a ubiquitous dynamic biological process, can be diverted to fibrosis. The latter can affect the intestine as a serious complication of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases (IBD) and is resistant to current pharmacological interventions. It embosses the need for out-of-the-box approaches to identify and target molecular mechanisms of fibrosis. Methods and results In this study, a novel mRNA sequencing dataset of 22 pairs of intestinal biopsies from the terminal ileum (TI) and the sigmoid of 7 patients with Crohn's disease, 6 with ulcerative colitis and 9 control individuals (CI) served as a validation cohort of a core fibrotic transcriptomic signature (FIBSig), This signature, which was identified in publicly available data (839 samples from patients and healthy individuals) of 5 fibrotic disorders affecting different organs (GI tract, lung, skin, liver, kidney), encompasses 241 genes and the functional pathways which derive from their interactome. These genes were used in further bioinformatics co-expression analyses to elucidate the site-specific molecular background of intestinal fibrosis highlighting their involvement, particularly in the terminal ileum. We also confirmed different transcriptomic profiles of the sigmoid and terminal ileum in our validation cohort. Combining the results of these analyses we highlight 21 core hub genes within a larger single co-expression module, highly enriched in the terminal ileum of CD patients. Further pathway analysis revealed known and novel inflammation-regulated, fibrogenic pathways operating in the TI, such as IL-13 signaling and pyroptosis, respectively. Discussion These findings provide a rationale for the increased incidence of fibrosis at the terminal ileum of CD patients and highlight operating pathways in intestinal fibrosis for future evaluation with mechanistic and translational studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolas Dovrolis
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece,Laboratory of Biology, Department of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece,Individualised Medicine & Pharmacological Research Solutions Center (IMPReS), Alexandroupolis, Greece,*Correspondence: George Kolios, ; Nikolas Dovrolis,
| | - Eirini Filidou
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece,Individualised Medicine & Pharmacological Research Solutions Center (IMPReS), Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Gesthimani Tarapatzi
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece,Individualised Medicine & Pharmacological Research Solutions Center (IMPReS), Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Georgios Kokkotis
- Gastrointestinal (GI) Unit, 3 Department of Internal Medicine, Sotiria Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Michail Spathakis
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece,Individualised Medicine & Pharmacological Research Solutions Center (IMPReS), Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Leonidas Kandilogiannakis
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece,Individualised Medicine & Pharmacological Research Solutions Center (IMPReS), Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Ioannis Drygiannakis
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology Research Laboratory, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Vassilis Valatas
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece,Gastroenterology and Hepatology Research Laboratory, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Arvanitidis
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece,Individualised Medicine & Pharmacological Research Solutions Center (IMPReS), Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Ioannis Karakasiliotis
- Laboratory of Biology, Department of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Stergios Vradelis
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Alexandroupolis, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Vangelis G. Manolopoulos
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece,Individualised Medicine & Pharmacological Research Solutions Center (IMPReS), Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | | | - Giorgos Bamias
- Gastrointestinal (GI) Unit, 3 Department of Internal Medicine, Sotiria Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - George Kolios
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece,Individualised Medicine & Pharmacological Research Solutions Center (IMPReS), Alexandroupolis, Greece,*Correspondence: George Kolios, ; Nikolas Dovrolis,
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4
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Long Q, Wang R, Feng M, Zhao X, Liu Y, Ma X, Yu L, Li S, Guo Z, Zhu Y, Teng Z, Zeng Y. Construction and Analysis of a Diagnostic Model Based on Differential Expression Genes in Patients With Major Depressive Disorder. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:762683. [PMID: 34955918 PMCID: PMC8695921 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.762683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a common and severe psychiatric disorder with a heavy burden on the individual and society. However, the prevalence varies significantly owing to the lack of auxiliary diagnostic biomarkers. To identify the shared differential expression genes (DEGs) with potential diagnostic value in both the hippocampus and whole blood, a systematic and integrated bioinformatics analysis was carried out. Methods: Two datasets from the Gene Expression Omnibus database (GSE53987 and GSE98793) were downloaded and analyzed separately. A weighted gene co-expression network analysis was performed to construct the co-expression gene network of DEGs from GSE53987, and the most disease-related module was extracted. The shared DEGs from the module and GSE98793 were identified using a Venn diagram. Functional pathway prediction was used to identify the most disease-related DEGs. Finally, several DEGs were chosen, and their potential diagnostic value was determined by receiver operating characteristic curve analysis. Results: After weighted gene co-expression network analysis, the most MDD-related module (MEgrey) was identified, and 623 DEGs were extracted from this module. The intersection between MEgrey and GSE98793 was calculated, and 163 common DEGs were identified. The co-expression network of 163 DEGs from these was then reconstructed. All hub genes were identified based on the connective degree of the reconstructed co-expression network. Based on the results of functional pathway enrichment, 17 candidate hub genes were identified. Finally, logistic regression and receiver operating characteristic curves showed that three candidate hub genes (CEP350, SMAD5, and HSPG2) had relatively high auxiliary value in the diagnosis of MDD. Conclusion: Our results showed that the combination of CEP350, SMAD5, and HSPG2 has a relatively high diagnostic value for MDD. Pathway enrichment analysis also showed that these genes may play an important role in the pathogenesis of MDD. These results suggest a potentially important role for this gene combination in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Long
- Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Yuxi, China
| | - Rui Wang
- Institute for Health Sciences, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Maoyang Feng
- First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Xinling Zhao
- Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Yuxi, China
| | - Yilin Liu
- Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Yuxi, China
| | - Xiao Ma
- Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Yuxi, China
| | - Lei Yu
- Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Yuxi, China
| | - Shujun Li
- Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Yuxi, China
| | - Zeyi Guo
- Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Yuxi, China
| | - Yun Zhu
- Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Yuxi, China
| | - Zhaowei Teng
- First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, China
| | - Yong Zeng
- Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Yuxi, China
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VanderVeen BN, Murphy EA, Carson JA. The Impact of Immune Cells on the Skeletal Muscle Microenvironment During Cancer Cachexia. Front Physiol 2020; 11:1037. [PMID: 32982782 PMCID: PMC7489038 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.01037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Progressive weight loss combined with skeletal muscle atrophy, termed cachexia, is a common comorbidity associated with cancer that results in adverse consequences for the patient related to decreased chemotherapy responsiveness and increased mortality. Cachexia's complexity has provided a barrier for developing successful therapies to prevent or treat the condition, since a large number of systemic disruptions that can regulate muscle mass are often present. Furthermore, considerable effort has focused on investigating how tumor derived factors and inflammatory mediators directly signal skeletal muscle to disrupt protein turnover regulation. Currently, there is developing appreciation for understanding how cancer alters skeletal muscle's complex microenvironment and the tightly regulated interactions between multiple cell types. Skeletal muscle microenvironment interactions have established functions in muscle response to regeneration from injury, growth, aging, overload-induced hypertrophy, and exercise. This review explores the growing body of evidence for immune cell modulation of the skeletal muscle microenvironment during cancer-induced muscle wasting. Emphasis is placed on the regulatory network that integrates physiological responses between immune cells with other muscle cell types including satellite cells, fibroblast cells, and endothelial cells to regulate myofiber size and plasticity. The overall goal of this review is to provide an understanding of how different cell types that constitute the muscle microenvironment and their signaling mediators contribute to cancer and chemotherapy-induced muscle wasting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon N. VanderVeen
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
- AcePre, LLC, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - E. Angela Murphy
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
- AcePre, LLC, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - James A. Carson
- Integrative Muscle Biology Laboratory, Division of Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Health Professions, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
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6
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Bartlett DB, Slentz CA, Willis LH, Hoselton A, Huebner JL, Kraus VB, Moss J, Muehlbauer MJ, Spielmann G, Muoio DM, Koves TR, Wu H, Huffman KM, Lord JM, Kraus WE. Rejuvenation of Neutrophil Functions in Association With Reduced Diabetes Risk Following Ten Weeks of Low-Volume High Intensity Interval Walking in Older Adults With Prediabetes - A Pilot Study. Front Immunol 2020; 11:729. [PMID: 32431698 PMCID: PMC7214668 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophil dysfunction is a common feature of aging, and is associated with the pathogenesis of many age-related diseases, including type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Although exercise training improves metabolic health, decreases risk of T2DM, and is associated with improving neutrophil functions, involvement in regular physical activity declines with age. The aim of this study was to determine if neutrophil functions could be improved in association with changes in fitness and metabolic parameters in older adults at risk for T2DM using 10-weeks of low volume high-intensity interval exercise training (HIIT). Ten older (71 ± 5 years) sedentary adults with prediabetes (HbA1c: 6.1 ± 0.3%) completed 10 weeks of a supervised HIIT program. Three 30 min sessions/week consisted of ten 60 s intervals of low intensity [50-60% heart rate reserve (HRR)] separated with similar durations of high intensity intervals (80-90% HRR). Before and after training, glucose and insulin sensitivity, neutrophil chemotaxis, bacterial phagocytosis, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and mitochondrial functions were assessed. Exercise-mediated changes in cardiorespiratory fitness (VO2peak) and neutrophil functions were compared to six young (23 ± 1 years) healthy adults. Following training, significant reductions in fasting glucose and insulin were accompanied by improved glucose control and insulin sensitivity (all p < 0.05). Before exercise training, VO2peak in the old participants was significantly less than that of the young controls (p < 0.001), but increased by 16 ± 11% following training (p = 0.002) resulting in a 6% improvement of the deficit. Neutrophil chemotaxis, phagocytosis and stimulated ROS production were significantly less than that of the young controls, while basal ROS were higher before training (all p < 0.05). Following training, chemotaxis, phagocytosis and stimulated ROS increased while basal ROS decreased, similar to levels observed in the young controls (all p < 0.05) and reducing the deficit of the young controls between 2 and 154%. In five of the adults with prediabetes, neutrophil mitochondrial functions were significantly poorer than the six young controls before training. Following training, mitochondrial functions improved toward those observed in young controls (all p < 0.05), reducing the deficit of the young controls between 14.3 and 451%. Ten weeks of HIIT in older adults at risk for T2DM reduced disease risk accompanied by improved primary and bioenergetic neutrophil functions. Our results are consistent with a reduced risk of infections mediated by relationships in exercise induced systemic and cellular metabolic features. Clinical Trial Registration: www.ClinicalTrials.gov, identifier NCT02441205, registered on May 12th, 2015.
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Affiliation(s)
- David B. Bartlett
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
- Division of Medical Oncology, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
- MRC-ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Cris A. Slentz
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Leslie H. Willis
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Andrew Hoselton
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Janet L. Huebner
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Virginia B. Kraus
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Jennifer Moss
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Michael J. Muehlbauer
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Guillaume Spielmann
- Department of Kinesiology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
| | - Deborah M. Muoio
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Timothy R. Koves
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Helena Wu
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Kim M. Huffman
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Janet M. Lord
- MRC-ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- NIHR Birmingham BRC in Inflammation, University Hospitals Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - William E. Kraus
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
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Molina-López J, Ricalde MAQ, Hernández BV, Planells A, Otero R, Planells E. Effect of 8-week of dietary micronutrient supplementation on gene expression in elite handball athletes. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0232237. [PMID: 32357196 PMCID: PMC7194438 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0232237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose A study was made of the changes in gene expression in elite handball athletes, comparing gene modulation before, after and in the absence of an 8-week nutritional intervention with multivitamin/mineral supplements. Methods Thirteen elite handball athletes (aged 22.9 ± 2.7 years) and 13 sedentary controls (aged 20.9 ± 2.8 years) were included. Three timepoints were established: T0 (baseline conditions); T8 (after 8 weeks of supplementation with a multivitamin/mineral complex); and T16 (after 8 weeks in the absence of supplementation). The expressions of a total 112 of genes were evaluated by RT-qPCR analysis with the QuantStudioTM 12K Flex Real-Time PCR System. Results The analysis revealed different gene regulation profiles of genes implicated in cell communication, cell energy metabolism, inflammation and the immune system, oxidative stress and muscle function in athletes compared to sedentary controls under resting conditions (upregulated genes: effect size = large, ƞ2 = 1.011 to 1.398, p < 0.05; downregulated genes: effect size = large, ƞ2 = 0.846 and 1.070, p < 0.05, respectively). The nutritional intervention encouraged gene upregulation in elite athletes (p < 0.05). In a follow-up investigation, the IRAK1, CD81, ITGB1, ACADS PDHA2 and GPX1 genes were downregulated in athletes, with a moderate main effect for time-by-group interaction (ηP2 = 0.099 to 0.133; p < 0.05). Additionally, nutritional genes such as MTHFR and THTPA revealed a moderate effect over all the timepoints and group interaction in the study (ηP2 = 0.070 to 0.092; p < 0.05). Conclusions Elite handball athletes showed a different expression profile in reference to key genes implicated in several sports performance-related functions compared to the sedentary controls, in addition to modulation of gene expression after multivitamin/mineral supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Molina-López
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, Biomedical Research Center, Health Sciences Technological Park, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- * E-mail:
| | - María Antonieta Quispe Ricalde
- University Institute of Tropical Diseases and Public Health of the Canary Islands, University of La Laguna, La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Basilio Valladares Hernández
- University Institute of Tropical Diseases and Public Health of the Canary Islands, University of La Laguna, La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Antonio Planells
- Unit of Social Studies of the Defense, General Technical Secretary, Ministry of Defence, Madrid, Spain
| | - Roberto Otero
- Department of Statistics. Faculty of Social and Legal Sciences, University of Carlos III, Getafe, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena Planells
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, Biomedical Research Center, Health Sciences Technological Park, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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Harjula SKE, Saralahti AK, Ojanen MJT, Rantapero T, Uusi-Mäkelä MIE, Nykter M, Lohi O, Parikka M, Rämet M. Characterization of immune response against Mycobacterium marinum infection in the main hematopoietic organ of adult zebrafish (Danio rerio). DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 103:103523. [PMID: 31626817 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2019.103523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Revised: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Tuberculosis remains a major global health challenge. To gain information about genes important for defense against tuberculosis, we used a well-established tuberculosis model; Mycobacterium marinum infection in adult zebrafish. To characterize the immunological response to mycobacterial infection at 14 days post infection, we performed a whole-genome level transcriptome analysis using cells from kidney, the main hematopoietic organ of adult zebrafish. Among the upregulated genes, those associated with immune signaling and regulation formed the largest category, whereas the largest group of downregulated genes had a metabolic role. We also performed a forward genetic screen in adult zebrafish and identified a fish line with severely impaired survival during chronic mycobacterial infection. Based on transcriptome analysis, these fish have decreased expression of several immunological genes. Taken together, these results give new information about the genes involved in the defense against mycobacterial infection in zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanna-Kaisa E Harjula
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, BioMediTech, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, FI-33014, Tampere University, Finland.
| | - Anni K Saralahti
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, BioMediTech, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, FI-33014, Tampere University, Finland.
| | - Markus J T Ojanen
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, BioMediTech, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, FI-33014, Tampere University, Finland; Laboratory of Immunoregulation, BioMediTech, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, FI-33014, Tampere University, Finland.
| | - Tommi Rantapero
- Laboratory of Computational Biology, BioMediTech, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, FI-33014, Tampere University, Finland.
| | - Meri I E Uusi-Mäkelä
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, BioMediTech, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, FI-33014, Tampere University, Finland.
| | - Matti Nykter
- Laboratory of Computational Biology, BioMediTech, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, FI-33014, Tampere University, Finland.
| | - Olli Lohi
- Tampere Center for Child Health Research, Tampere University and Tays Cancer Center, Tampere University Hospital, FI-33014, Tampere University, Finland.
| | - Mataleena Parikka
- Laboratory of Infection Biology, BioMediTech, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, FI-33014, Tampere University, Finland; Oral and Maxillofacial Unit, Tampere University Hospital, P.O. Box 2000, FI-33521, Tampere, Finland.
| | - Mika Rämet
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, BioMediTech, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, FI-33014, Tampere University, Finland; Department of Pediatrics, Tampere University Hospital, P.O. Box 2000, FI-33521, Tampere, Finland; PEDEGO Research Unit, Medical Research Center Oulu, P.O. Box 8000, FI-90014, University of Oulu, Finland; Department of Children and Adolescents, Oulu University Hospital, P.O. Box 10, FI-90029, OYS, Finland.
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Willis CR, Ames RM, Deane CS, Phillips BE, Boereboom CL, Abdulla H, Bukhari SS, Lund JN, Williams JP, Wilkinson DJ, Smith K, Kadi F, Szewczyk NJ, Atherton PJ, Etheridge T. Network analysis of human muscle adaptation to aging and contraction. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:740-755. [PMID: 31910159 PMCID: PMC6977671 DOI: 10.18632/aging.102653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Resistance exercise (RE) remains a primary approach for minimising aging muscle decline. Understanding muscle adaptation to individual contractile components of RE (eccentric, concentric) might optimise RE-based intervention strategies. Herein, we employed a network-driven pipeline to identify putative molecular drivers of muscle aging and contraction mode responses. RNA-sequencing data was generated from young (21±1 y) and older (70±1 y) human skeletal muscle before and following acute unilateral concentric and contralateral eccentric contractions. Application of weighted gene co-expression network analysis identified 33 distinct gene clusters ('modules') with an expression profile regulated by aging, contraction and/or linked to muscle strength. These included two contraction 'responsive' modules (related to 'cell adhesion' and 'transcription factor' processes) that also correlated with the magnitude of post-exercise muscle strength decline. Module searches for 'hub' genes and enriched transcription factor binding sites established a refined set of candidate module-regulatory molecules (536 hub genes and 60 transcription factors) as possible contributors to muscle aging and/or contraction responses. Thus, network-driven analysis can identify new molecular candidates of functional relevance to muscle aging and contraction mode adaptations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig R.G. Willis
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX1 2LU, UK
| | - Ryan M. Ames
- Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Colleen S. Deane
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX1 2LU, UK
| | - Bethan E. Phillips
- MRC-ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal aging Research and National Institute of Health Research, Biomedical Research Centre, Royal Derby Hospital Centre, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Derby DE22 3DT, UK
| | - Catherine L. Boereboom
- MRC-ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal aging Research and National Institute of Health Research, Biomedical Research Centre, Royal Derby Hospital Centre, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Derby DE22 3DT, UK
| | - Haitham Abdulla
- MRC-ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal aging Research and National Institute of Health Research, Biomedical Research Centre, Royal Derby Hospital Centre, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Derby DE22 3DT, UK
| | - Syed S.I. Bukhari
- MRC-ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal aging Research and National Institute of Health Research, Biomedical Research Centre, Royal Derby Hospital Centre, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Derby DE22 3DT, UK
| | - Jonathan N. Lund
- Department of Surgery, Postgraduate Entry Medical School, Royal Derby Hospital Centre, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Derby DE22 3DT, UK
| | - John P. Williams
- MRC-ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal aging Research and National Institute of Health Research, Biomedical Research Centre, Royal Derby Hospital Centre, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Derby DE22 3DT, UK
- Department of Surgery, Postgraduate Entry Medical School, Royal Derby Hospital Centre, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Derby DE22 3DT, UK
| | - Daniel J. Wilkinson
- MRC-ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal aging Research and National Institute of Health Research, Biomedical Research Centre, Royal Derby Hospital Centre, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Derby DE22 3DT, UK
| | - Kenneth Smith
- MRC-ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal aging Research and National Institute of Health Research, Biomedical Research Centre, Royal Derby Hospital Centre, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Derby DE22 3DT, UK
| | - Fawzi Kadi
- School of Health Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro 70182, Sweden
| | - Nathaniel J. Szewczyk
- MRC-ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal aging Research and National Institute of Health Research, Biomedical Research Centre, Royal Derby Hospital Centre, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Derby DE22 3DT, UK
| | - Philip J. Atherton
- MRC-ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal aging Research and National Institute of Health Research, Biomedical Research Centre, Royal Derby Hospital Centre, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Derby DE22 3DT, UK
| | - Timothy Etheridge
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX1 2LU, UK
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Abstract
Amplified innate leukocytes (neutrophils and monocytes/macrophages) are associated with advanced ischemic and non-ischemic heart failure (HF). Intensified neutrophilic leukocytosis (neutrophilia) and sustained activation of neutrophils is the predominant factor that determines over activated inflammation in acute HF and the outcome of long-term chronic HF. After heart attack, the first wave of innate responsive and short-lived neutrophils is essential for the initiation of inflammation, resolution of inflammation, and cardiac repair, however uncontrolled and long-term activation of neutrophils leads to collateral damage of myocardium. In the presented review, we highlighted the interactive and integrative role of neutrophil phenotypes in cellular and molecular events of ischemic HF. In addition, we discussed the current, nonimmune, immune, and novel paradigms of neutrophils in HF associated with differential factors with a specific interest in non-resolving inflammation and resolution physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasundhara Kain
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Ganesh V Halade
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL, USA.
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11
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Hibler E, Huang L, Andrade J, Spring B. Impact of a diet and activity health promotion intervention on regional patterns of DNA methylation. Clin Epigenetics 2019; 11:133. [PMID: 31506096 PMCID: PMC6737702 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-019-0707-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies demonstrate the impact of diet and physical activity on epigenetic biomarkers, specifically DNA methylation. However, no intervention studies have examined the combined impact of dietary and activity changes on the blood epigenome. The objective of this study was to examine the impact of the Make Better Choices 2 (MBC2) healthy diet and activity intervention on patterns of epigenome-wide DNA methylation. The MBC2 study was a 9-month randomized controlled trial among adults aged 18-65 with non-optimal levels of health behaviors. The study compared three 12-week interventions to (1) simultaneously increase exercise and fruit/vegetable intake, while decreasing sedentary leisure screen time; (2) sequentially increase fruit/vegetable intake and decrease leisure screen time first, then increase exercise; (3) increase sleep and decrease stress (control). We collected blood samples at baseline, 3 and 9 months, and measured DNA methylation using the Illumina EPIC (850 k) BeadChip. We examined region-based differential methylation patterns using linear regression models with the false discovery rate of 0.05. We also conducted pathway analysis using gene ontology (GO), KEGG, and IPA canonical pathway databases. RESULTS We found no differences between the MBC2 population (n = 340) and the subsample with DNA methylation measured (n = 68) on baseline characteristics or the impact of the intervention on behavior change. We identified no differentially methylated regions at baseline between the control versus intervention groups. At 3 versus 9 months, we identified 154 and 298 differentially methylated regions, respectively, between controls compared to pooled samples from sequential and simultaneous groups. In the GO database, we identified two gene ontology terms related to hemophilic cell adhesion and cell-cell adhesion. In IPA analysis, we found pathways related to carcinogenesis including PI3K/AKT, Wnt/β-catenin, sonic hedgehog, and p53 signaling. We observed an overlap between 3 and 9 months, including the GDP-L-fucose biosynthesis I, methylmalonyl metabolism, and estrogen-mediated cell cycle regulation pathways. CONCLUSIONS The results demonstrate that the MBC2 diet and physical activity intervention impacts patterns of DNA methylation in gene regions related to cell cycle regulation and carcinogenesis. Future studies will examine DNA methylation as a biomarker to identify populations that may particularly benefit from incorporating health behavior change into plans for precision prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Hibler
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 680 North Lakeshore Drive, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.
| | - Lei Huang
- Center for Research Informatics, Biological Sciences Division, University of Chicago, 900 E. 57th. Street, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Jorge Andrade
- Center for Research Informatics, Biological Sciences Division, University of Chicago, 900 E. 57th. Street, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Chicago, 900 E. 57th. Street, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Bonnie Spring
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 680 North Lakeshore Drive, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
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12
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Hunter DJ, James L, Hussey B, Wadley AJ, Lindley MR, Mastana SS. Impact of aerobic exercise and fatty acid supplementation on global and gene-specific DNA methylation. Epigenetics 2019; 14:294-309. [PMID: 30764736 DOI: 10.1080/15592294.2019.1582276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Lifestyle interventions, including exercise and dietary supplementation, can modify DNA methylation and exert health benefits; however, the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. Here we investigated the impact of acute aerobic exercise and the supplementation of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA) and extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) on global and gene-specific (PPARGC1A, IL6 and TNF) DNA methylation, and DNMT mRNA expression in leukocytes of disease-free individuals. Eight trained male cyclists completed an exercise test before and after a four-week supplementation of n-3 PUFA and EVOO in a double-blind, randomised, repeated measures design. Exercise triggered global hypomethylation (Pre 79.2%; Post 78.7%; p = 0.008), alongside, hypomethylation (Pre 6.9%; Post 6.3%; p < 0.001) and increased mRNA expression of PPARGC1A (p < 0.001). Associations between PPARGC1A methylation and exercise performance were also detected. An interaction between supplement and trial was detected for a single CpG of IL6 indicating increased DNA methylation following n-3 PUFA and decreased methylation following EVOO (p = 0.038). Global and gene-specific DNA methylation associated with markers of inflammation and oxidative stress. The supplementation of EVOO reduced DNMT1 mRNA expression compared to n-3 PUFA supplementation (p = 0.048), whereas, DNMT3a (p = 0.018) and DNMT3b (p = 0.046) mRNA expression were decreased following exercise. In conclusion, we demonstrate that acute exercise and dietary supplementation of n-3 PUFAs and EVOO induce DNA methylation changes in leukocytes, potentially via the modulation of DNMT mRNA expression. Future studies are required to further elucidate the impact of lifestyle interventions on DNA methylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- David John Hunter
- a Translational Chemical Biology Research Group, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences , Loughborough University , Loughborough , UK.,b National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences , Loughborough University , Loughborough , UK
| | - Lynsey James
- a Translational Chemical Biology Research Group, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences , Loughborough University , Loughborough , UK.,b National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences , Loughborough University , Loughborough , UK
| | - Bethan Hussey
- a Translational Chemical Biology Research Group, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences , Loughborough University , Loughborough , UK.,b National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences , Loughborough University , Loughborough , UK
| | - Alex J Wadley
- b National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences , Loughborough University , Loughborough , UK.,c University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Infirmary Square , Leicester , UK
| | - Martin R Lindley
- a Translational Chemical Biology Research Group, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences , Loughborough University , Loughborough , UK.,b National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences , Loughborough University , Loughborough , UK
| | - Sarabjit S Mastana
- a Translational Chemical Biology Research Group, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences , Loughborough University , Loughborough , UK.,b National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences , Loughborough University , Loughborough , UK
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13
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Chen WL, Wang XK, Wu W. Identification of ITGA3 as an Oncogene in Human Tongue Cancer via Integrated Bioinformatics Analysis. Curr Med Sci 2018; 38:714-720. [PMID: 30128883 DOI: 10.1007/s11596-018-1935-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Revised: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Human tongue cancer (TC) is an aggressive malignancy with a very poor prognosis. There is an urgent need to elucidate the underlying molecular mechanisms involved in TC progression. mRNA expression profiles play a vital role in the exploration of cancer-related genes. Therefore, the purpose of our study was to identify the progression associated candidate genes of TC by bioinformatics analysis. Five microarray datasets of TC samples were downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database and the data of 133 TC patients were screened from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSC) database. The integrated analysis of five microarray datasets and the RNA sequencing data of TC samples in TCGA-HNSC was performed to obtain 1023 overlapping differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in TC and adjacent normal tissue (ANT) samples. Next, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis was conducted to enrich the significant pathways of the 1023 DEGs and PI3KAkt signaling pathway (P=0.011) was selected to be the candidate pathway. A total of 23 DEGs with |log2 fold change (FC)| ≥1.0 in phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-serine/threonine kinase (PI3K-Akt) signaling pathway were subjected to survival analysis of 125 eligible TC samples in TCGA database, indicating increased integrin-α3 gene (ITGA3) expression was significantly associated with poorer prognosis. Taken together, our study suggested ITGA3 may facilitate the development of TC via activating PI3K-Akt signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Li Chen
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, School of Stomatology, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China.
| | - Xiao-Kang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, 300060, China
| | - Wei Wu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, School of Stomatology, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China.
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14
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Sun M, Sun T, He Z, Xiong B. Identification of two novel biomarkers of rectal carcinoma progression and prognosis via co-expression network analysis. Oncotarget 2017; 8:69594-69609. [PMID: 29050227 PMCID: PMC5642502 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.18646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
mRNA expression profiles provide important insights on a diversity of biological processes involved in rectal carcinoma (RC). Our aim was to comprehensively map complex interactions between the mRNA expression patterns and the clinical traits of RC. We employed the integrated analysis of five microarray datasets and The Cancer Genome Atlas rectal adenocarcinoma database to identify 2118 consensual differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in RC and adjacent normal tissue samples, and then applied weighted gene co-expression network analysis to parse DEGs and eight clinical traits in 66 eligible RC samples. A total of 16 co-expressed gene modules were identified. The green-yellow and salmon modules were most appropriate to the pathological stage (R = 0.36) and the overall survival (HR =13.534, P = 0.014), respectively. A diagnostic model of the five pathological stage hub genes (SCG3, SYP, CDK5R2, AP3B2, and RUNDC3A) provided a powerful classification accuracy between localized RC and non-localized RC. We also found increased Secretogranin III (SCG3) expression with higher pathological stage and poorer prognosis in the test and validation set. The increased Homer scaffolding protein 2 (HOMER2) expression with the favorable survival prediction efficiency significantly correlated with the markedly reduced overall survival of RC patients and the higher pathological stage during the test and validation set. Our findings indicate that the SCG3 and HOMER2 mRNA levels should be further evaluated as predictors of pathological stage and survival in patients with RC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Sun
- Department of Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological Behaviors & Hubei Cancer Clinical Study Center, Wuhan 430071, P.R. China
| | - Taojiao Sun
- Department of Stomatology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, P.R. China
| | - Zhongshi He
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, P.R. China
| | - Bin Xiong
- Department of Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological Behaviors & Hubei Cancer Clinical Study Center, Wuhan 430071, P.R. China
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