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Hebisz P, Hebisz R, Borkowski J, Zatoń M. Time of VO(2)max plateau and post-exercise oxygen consumption during incremental exercise testing in young mountain bike and road cyclists. Physiol Res 2018; 67:711-719. [PMID: 30044113 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.933744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to compare markers of glycolytic metabolism in response to the Wingate test and the incremental test in road and mountain bike cyclists, who not different performance level and aerobic capacity. All cyclists executed the Wingate test and incremental test on a cycle ergometer. Maximal power and average power were determined during the Wingate test. During the incremental test the load was increased by 50 W every 3 min, until volitional exhaustion and maximal aerobic power (APmax), maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), and time of VO(2)max plateau (Tplateau) were determined. Post-exercise measures of oxygen uptake (VO(2)post), carbon dioxide excretion, (VCO(2)post), and the ratio between VCO(2)/VO(2) (RERpost) were collected for 3 min immediately after incremental test completion. Arterialized capillary blood was drawn to measure lactate (La-) and hydrogen (H+) ion concentrations in 3 min after each test. The data demonstrated significant differences between mountain bike and road cyclists for Tplateau, VO(2)post, VCO(2)post, La- which was higher-, and RERpost which was lower-, in mountain bike cyclists compare with road cyclists. No differences were observed between mountain bike and road cyclists for APmax, VO(2)max, H(+) and parameters measured in the Wingate test. Increased time of VO2max plateau concomitant to larger post-exercise La- and VO(2) values suggests greater anaerobic contribution during incremental testing efforts by mountain bike cyclists compared with road cyclists.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Hebisz
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, University School of Physical Education, Wroclaw, Poland.
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Böning D, Maassen N. Relation between lactic acid and base excess during muscular exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol 2018; 118:863-864. [PMID: 29450628 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-018-3824-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2017] [Accepted: 02/10/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dieter Böning
- Institut für Physiologie, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Norbert Maassen
- Institut für Sportmedizin, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hanover, Germany
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Ferguson BS, Rogatzki MJ, Goodwin ML, Kane DA, Rightmire Z, Gladden LB. Lactate metabolism: historical context, prior misinterpretations, and current understanding. Eur J Appl Physiol 2018; 118:691-728. [PMID: 29322250 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-017-3795-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Lactate (La-) has long been at the center of controversy in research, clinical, and athletic settings. Since its discovery in 1780, La- has often been erroneously viewed as simply a hypoxic waste product with multiple deleterious effects. Not until the 1980s, with the introduction of the cell-to-cell lactate shuttle did a paradigm shift in our understanding of the role of La- in metabolism begin. The evidence for La- as a major player in the coordination of whole-body metabolism has since grown rapidly. La- is a readily combusted fuel that is shuttled throughout the body, and it is a potent signal for angiogenesis irrespective of oxygen tension. Despite this, many fundamental discoveries about La- are still working their way into mainstream research, clinical care, and practice. The purpose of this review is to synthesize current understanding of La- metabolism via an appraisal of its robust experimental history, particularly in exercise physiology. That La- production increases during dysoxia is beyond debate, but this condition is the exception rather than the rule. Fluctuations in blood [La-] in health and disease are not typically due to low oxygen tension, a principle first demonstrated with exercise and now understood to varying degrees across disciplines. From its role in coordinating whole-body metabolism as a fuel to its role as a signaling molecule in tumors, the study of La- metabolism continues to expand and holds potential for multiple clinical applications. This review highlights La-'s central role in metabolism and amplifies our understanding of past research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian S Ferguson
- College of Applied Health Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Matthew J Rogatzki
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC, USA
| | - Matthew L Goodwin
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.,Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Daniel A Kane
- Department of Human Kinetics, St. Francis Xavier University, Antigonish, Canada
| | - Zachary Rightmire
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, 301 Wire Road, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
| | - L Bruce Gladden
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, 301 Wire Road, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA.
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Qian Q. Reply to Robergs et al. Physiology (Bethesda) 2018; 33:13. [PMID: 29212887 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00034.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Stickland MK, Lindinger MI, Olfert IM, Heigenhauser GJF, Hopkins SR. Pulmonary gas exchange and acid-base balance during exercise. Compr Physiol 2013; 3:693-739. [PMID: 23720327 PMCID: PMC8315793 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c110048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
As the first step in the oxygen-transport chain, the lung has a critical task: optimizing the exchange of respiratory gases to maintain delivery of oxygen and the elimination of carbon dioxide. In healthy subjects, gas exchange, as evaluated by the alveolar-to-arterial PO2 difference (A-aDO2), worsens with incremental exercise, and typically reaches an A-aDO2 of approximately 25 mmHg at peak exercise. While there is great individual variability, A-aDO2 is generally largest at peak exercise in subjects with the highest peak oxygen consumption. Inert gas data has shown that the increase in A-aDO2 is explained by decreased ventilation-perfusion matching, and the development of a diffusion limitation for oxygen. Gas exchange data does not indicate the presence of right-to-left intrapulmonary shunt developing with exercise, despite recent data suggesting that large-diameter arteriovenous shunt vessels may be recruited with exercise. At the same time, multisystem mechanisms regulate systemic acid-base balance in integrative processes that involve gas exchange between tissues and the environment and simultaneous net changes in the concentrations of strong and weak ions within, and transfer between, extracellular and intracellular fluids. The physicochemical approach to acid-base balance is used to understand the contributions from independent acid-base variables to measured acid-base disturbances within contracting skeletal muscle, erythrocytes and noncontracting tissues. In muscle, the magnitude of the disturbance is proportional to the concentrations of dissociated weak acids, the rate at which acid equivalents (strong acid) accumulate and the rate at which strong base cations are added to or removed from muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael K. Stickland
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Michael I. Lindinger
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - I. Mark Olfert
- Robert C. Byrd Health Sciences Center, Center for Cardiovascular and Respiratory Sciences, Division of Exercise Physiology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | | | - Susan R. Hopkins
- Departments of Medicine and Radiology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California
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Flanagan SD, Dunn-Lewis C, Comstock BA, Maresh CM, Volek JS, Denegar CR, Kraemer WJ. Cortical Activity during a Highly-Trained Resistance Exercise Movement Emphasizing Force, Power or Volume. Brain Sci 2012; 2:649-66. [PMID: 24961265 PMCID: PMC4061814 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci2040649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2012] [Revised: 10/10/2012] [Accepted: 11/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cortical activity is thought to reflect the biomechanical properties of movement (e.g., force or velocity of movement), but fatigue and movement familiarity are important factors that require additional consideration in electrophysiological research. The purpose of this within-group quantitative electroencephalogram (EEG) investigation was to examine changes in cortical activity amplitude and location during four resistance exercise movement protocols emphasizing rate (PWR), magnitude (FOR), or volume (VOL) of force production, while accounting for movement familiarity and fatigue. EEG signals were recorded during each complete repetition and were then grouped by functional region, processed to eliminate artifacts, and averaged to compare overall differences in the magnitude and location of cortical activity between protocols over the course of six sets. Biomechanical, biochemical, and exertional data were collected to contextualize electrophysiological data. The most fatiguing protocols were accompanied by the greatest increases in cortical activity. Furthermore, despite non-incremental loading and lower force levels, VOL displayed the largest increases in cortical activity over time and greatest motor and sensory activity overall. Our findings suggest that cortical activity is strongly related to aspects of fatigue during a high intensity resistance exercise movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawn D Flanagan
- Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA.
| | - Courtenay Dunn-Lewis
- Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA.
| | - Brett A Comstock
- Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA.
| | - Carl M Maresh
- Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA.
| | - Jeff S Volek
- Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA.
| | - Craig R Denegar
- Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA.
| | - William J Kraemer
- Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA.
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Vinnakota KC, Kushmerick MJ. Point: Muscle lactate and H+ production do have a 1:1 association in skeletal muscle. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2011; 110:1487-9; discussion 1497. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01506.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kalyan C. Vinnakota
- Biotechnology and Bioengineering Center
- Department of Physiology Medical College of Wisconsin Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Martin J. Kushmerick
- Departments of Radiology and
- Bioengineering and
- Physiology and Biophysics University of Washington Seattle, Washington
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Beard DA. Comments on Point:Counterpoint: Muscle lactate and H⁺ production do/do not have a 1:1 association in skeletal muscle. Calculations of Robergs support the view of Vinnakota and Kushmerick. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2011; 110:1493. [PMID: 21372102 PMCID: PMC5395467 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00242.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Jauchem JR. Repeated or long-duration TASER® electronic control device exposures: acidemia and lack of respiration. Forensic Sci Med Pathol 2009; 6:46-53. [PMID: 19936976 DOI: 10.1007/s12024-009-9126-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/23/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- James R Jauchem
- Human Effectiveness Directorate, Directed Energy Bioeffects Division, 711th Human Performance Wing, U.S. Air Force Research Laboratory, 711HPW/RHDR, 8262 Hawks Road, Brooks City-Base, TX 78235-5147, USA.
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Wells R, Dunphy B. Potential impact of metabolic acidosis on the fixed-acid Bohr effect in snapper (Pagrus auratus) following angling stress. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2009; 154:56-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2009.04.625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2009] [Revised: 04/29/2009] [Accepted: 04/30/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Moll W, Gros G. Combined glycolytic production of lactate(-) and ATP(4-) derived protons (= dissociated lactic acid) is the only cause of metabolic acidosis of exercise--a note on the OH(-) absorbing function of lactate (1-) production. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2008; 105:366-7. [PMID: 18680794 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.zdg-8016-pcpcomm.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Böning D, Maassen N. Last word on point:counterpoint: lactic acid is/is not the only physicochemical contributor to the acidosis of exercise. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2008; 105:368. [PMID: 18641216 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.90583.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Rebuttal from Drs. Lindinger and Heigenhauser. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2008. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00162.2008c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Lindinger MI, Heigenhauser GJF. Last Word on Point:Counterpoint: Lactate is/is not the only physicochemical contributor to the acidosis of exercise. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2008; 105:369. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.90585.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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