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Orysiak J, Młynarczyk M, Irzmańska E. The effect of exposure to cold on dexterity and temperature of the skin and hands. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND ERGONOMICS 2024; 30:64-71. [PMID: 38191297 DOI: 10.1080/10803548.2023.2293387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
Objectives. This study aimed to determine the impact of low temperature (-1 °C, +5 °C) on manual dexterity and hand skin temperature after 1 h of exposure when using two types of protective gloves. Methods. Ten male participants wore double gloves or single gloves, when spending 1 h in a climatic chamber at -1, +5 or +20 °C. Before and after the cold exposure, measurements of mean weighted body skin temperature, hand skin temperature, the Purdue Pegboard Test and hand grip strength were performed. Results. There were statistically significant differences in the values of mean weighted body skin temperature and left and right hand skin temperature between the study variants. Conclusion. No effect of cold exposure (-1 °C, +5 °C) on manual dexterity was observed, but there was an effect of -1 °C temperature change on weighted mean skin temperature and hand skin temperature during 1 h of exposure. The decrease in both right and left hand skin temperature after cold exposure was the largest for -1 °C while using single gloves, and differed significantly from the other variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Orysiak
- Central Institute for Labour Protection - National Research Institute (CIOP-PIB), Poland
| | - Magdalena Młynarczyk
- Central Institute for Labour Protection - National Research Institute (CIOP-PIB), Poland
| | - Emilia Irzmańska
- Central Institute for Labour Protection - National Research Institute (CIOP-PIB), Poland
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Kaltsatou A, Anifanti M, Flouris AD, Xiromerisiou G, Kouidi E. Validity of the CALERA Research Sensor to Assess Body Core Temperature during Maximum Exercise in Patients with Heart Failure. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:807. [PMID: 38339524 PMCID: PMC10857250 DOI: 10.3390/s24030807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
(1) Background: It is important to monitor the body core temperature (Tc) of individuals with chronic heart failure (CHF) during rest or exercise, as they are susceptible to complications. Gastrointestinal capsules are a robust indicator of the Tc at rest and during exercise. A practical and non-invasive sensor called CALERA Research was recently introduced, promising accuracy, sensitivity, continuous real-time analysis, repeatability, and reproducibility. This study aimed to assess the validity of the CALERA Research sensor when monitoring patients with CHF during periods of rest, throughout brief cardiopulmonary exercise testing, and during their subsequent recovery. (2) Methods: Twelve male CHF patients volunteered to participate in a 70-min protocol in a laboratory at 28 °C and 39% relative humidity. After remaining calm for 20 min, they underwent a symptom-limited stress test combined with ergospirometry on a treadmill, followed by 40 min of seated recovery. The Tc was continuously monitored by both Tc devices. (3) Results: The Tc values from the CALERA Research sensor and the gastrointestinal sensor showed no associations at rest (r = 0.056, p = 0.154) and during exercise (r = -0.015, p = 0.829) and a weak association during recovery (r = 0.292, p < 0.001). The Cohen's effect size of the differences between the two Tc assessment methods for rest, exercise, and recovery was 1.04 (large), 0.18 (none), and 0.45 (small), respectively. The 95% limit of agreement for the CALERA Research sensor was -0.057 ± 1.03 °C. (4) Conclusions: The CALERA sensor is a practical and, potentially, promising device, but it does not provide an accurate Tc estimation in CHF patients at rest, during brief exercise testing, and during recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Kaltsatou
- FAME Laboratory, Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Thessaly, 42100 Trikala, Greece; (A.K.); (A.D.F.)
| | - Maria Anifanti
- Sportsmedicine Laboratory, Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 57000 Thermi, Greece;
| | - Andreas D. Flouris
- FAME Laboratory, Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Thessaly, 42100 Trikala, Greece; (A.K.); (A.D.F.)
| | - Georgia Xiromerisiou
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Larissa, University of Thessaly, 41110 Larissa, Greece;
| | - Evangelia Kouidi
- Sportsmedicine Laboratory, Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 57000 Thermi, Greece;
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Smith LL. The Central Role of Hypothermia and Hyperactivity in Anorexia Nervosa: A Hypothesis. Front Behav Neurosci 2021; 15:700645. [PMID: 34421554 PMCID: PMC8377352 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2021.700645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Typically, the development of anorexia nervosa (AN) is attributed to psycho-social causes. Several researchers have recently challenged this view and suggested that hypothermia and hyperactivity (HyAc) are central to AN. The following hypothesis will attempt to clarify their role in AN. Anorexia nervosa patients (ANs) have significantly lower core temperatures (Tcore) compared to healthy controls (HCs). This reduced temperature represents a reset Tcore that needs to be maintained. However, ANs cannot maintain this Tcore due primarily to a reduced basal metabolic rate (BMR); BMR usually supplies heat to sustain Tcore. Therefore, to generate the requisite heat, ANs revert to the behavioral-thermoregulatory strategy of HyAc. The majority of ANs (~89%) are reportedly HyAc. Surprisingly, engagement in HyAc is not motivated by a conscious awareness of low Tcore, but rather by the innocuous sensation of "cold- hands" frequently reported by ANs. That is, local hand-thermoreceptors signal the brain to initiate HyAc, which boosts perfusion of the hands and alters the sensation of "cold-discomfort" to one of "comfort." This "rewarding" consequence encourages repetition/habit formation. Simultaneously, hyperactivity increases the availability of heat to assist with the preservation of Tcore. Additionally, HyAc induces the synthesis of specific brain neuromodulators that suppress food intake and further promote HyAc; this outcome helps preserve low weight and perpetuates this vicious cycle. Based on this hypothesis and supported by rodent research, external heat availability should reduce the compulsion to be HyAc to thermoregulate. A reduction in HyAc should decrease the production of brain neuromodulators that suppress appetite. If verified, hopefully, this hypothesis will assist with the development of novel treatments to aid in the resolution of this intractable condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucille Lakier Smith
- Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, School of Health Sciences, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States
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Renberg J, Wiggen ØN, Oksa J, Dyb KB, Reinertsen RE, Roeleveld K. The effect of mild whole-body cold stress on isometric force control during hand grip and key pinch tasks. J Therm Biol 2020; 89:102537. [PMID: 32364982 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2020.102537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Prolonged exposure to cold can impair manual performance, which in turn can affect work task performance. We investigated whether mild whole-body cold stress would affect isometric force control during submaximal hand grip and key pinch tasks. Twelve male participants performed isometric hand grip and key pinch tasks at 10% and 30% of maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) for 30 and 10 s respectively, in cold (8 °C) and control (25 °C) conditions. Finger temperature decreased significantly by 18.7 ± 2.1 °C and continuous low-intensity shivering in the upper trunk increased significantly in intensity and duration during cold exposure. Rectal temperature decreased similarly for the 8 °C and 25 °C exposures. Force variability (FCv) was <2% for the hand grip tasks, and <3% for the key pinch tasks. No significant changes in FCv or force accuracy were found between the ambient temperatures. In conclusion, isometric force control during hand grip and key pinch tasks was maintained when participants experienced mild whole-body cold stress compared with when they were thermally comfortable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Renberg
- Department of Health Research, SINTEF, NO-7465, Trondheim, Norway; Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), NO-7491, Trondheim, Norway.
| | | | - Juha Oksa
- Department of Workability and Working Careers, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health (FIHO), FIN, 90220, Oulu, Finland.
| | - Kristine Blomvik Dyb
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), NO-7491, Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Randi Eidsmo Reinertsen
- Department of Health Research, SINTEF, NO-7465, Trondheim, Norway; Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), NO-7491, Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Karin Roeleveld
- Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), NO-7491, Trondheim, Norway.
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Castellani JW, Yurkevicius BR, Jones ML, Driscoll TJ, Cowell CM, Smith L, Xu X, O'Brien C. Effect of localized microclimate heating on peripheral skin temperatures and manual dexterity during cold exposure. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2018; 125:1498-1510. [PMID: 30138077 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00513.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Reduced dexterity is a major problem in cold weather, with a need for a countermeasure that increases hand (Thand) and finger (Tfing) temperatures and improves dexterity. The purpose of this study was to determine whether electric heat (set point, 42°C) applied to the forearm (ARM, 82 W), face (FACE, 9.2 W), or combination of both (COMB, 91.2 W), either at the beginning of cold exposure (COLD; 0.5°C, 120 min; 2 clo insulation, seated, bare-handed) or after Tfing fell to 10.5°C [delayed trials (D)], improves Thand, Tfing, dexterity, and finger key pinch strength (Sfing). Volunteers ( n = 8; 26 ± 9 yr) completed 7 experimental trials in COLD: ARM, ARM-D, FACE, FACE-D, COMB, COMB-D, and no heating (CON). Temperatures were measured before (BASE) and throughout COLD. Tests of dexterity [Purdue Pegboard assembly (PP) and magazine loading (MAGLOAD)] and Sfing were measured at BASE and after 45 and 90 min of COLD. Data presented are at minute 90. Thand was warmer ( P < 0.001) during ARM (18.0 ± 2.6°C) and COMB (18.9 ± 2.0°C) versus CON (15.3 ± 1.5°C) and FACE (15.8 ± 1.5°C) for heating that was initiated at the beginning of COLD. Tfing was higher ( P < 0.04) during COMB (12.7 ± 5.1°C) versus CON (9.7 ± 2.1°C) and FACE (8.9 ± 2.2°C). The change from BASE for PP (no. of pieces) was less ( P < 0.005) in COMB (-4.5 ± 3.3) and ARM (-5.0 ± 6.0) versus CON (-13.0 ± 7.3) and FACE (-10.0 ± 8.3), and for MAGLOAD, it tended ( P = 0.06) to be less in COMB (-8.9 ± 6.2 cartridges) versus CON (-14.8 ± 3.7 cartridges). There was no change in Sfing from BASE (10.5 kg) to minute 90 in ARM or COMB (0.7 ± 1.4 and -0.2 ± 1.7 kg, respectively) but a decrease ( P < 0.01) in CON and FACE (-2.1 ± 2.0 and -1.6 ± 1.9 kg, respectively). There were no differences in Thand, Tfing, dexterity, and Sfing at minute 90 when comparing heating that was initiated at the beginning of COLD versus delayed heating. In conclusion, heating using either COMB or ARM, compared with CON and FACE, improved Thand and Tfing and reduced the decline in dexterity by 20%-50% and Sfing by 90%. Furthermore, delayed heating had no deleterious effect on Thand, Tfing, dexterity, and Sfing compared with heating that started at the beginning of cold exposure. NEW & NOTEWORTHY The present study demonstrated that, during sedentary cold air exposure, localized heating that was applied from the beginning of cold exposure on the forearm increases hand and finger temperatures and finger strength, leading to subsequent improvements in manual dexterity. In addition, localized heating that was delayed until finger temperatures cooled significantly also caused higher peripheral temperatures, leading to better strength and manual dexterity, compared with no heating.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W Castellani
- United States Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine , Natick, Massachusetts
| | - Beau R Yurkevicius
- United States Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine , Natick, Massachusetts
| | - Myra L Jones
- United States Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine , Natick, Massachusetts
| | - Timothy J Driscoll
- United States Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine , Natick, Massachusetts
| | - Courtney M Cowell
- United States Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine , Natick, Massachusetts
| | - Laurel Smith
- United States Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine , Natick, Massachusetts
| | - Xiaojiang Xu
- United States Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine , Natick, Massachusetts
| | - Catherine O'Brien
- United States Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine , Natick, Massachusetts
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Abstract
In the aftermath of the Paris Agreement, there is a crucial need for scientists in both thermal physiology and climate change research to develop the integrated approaches necessary to evaluate the health, economic, technological, social, and cultural impacts of 1.5°C warming. Our aim was to explore the fidelity of remote temperature measurements for quantitatively identifying the continuous redistribution of heat within both the Earth and the human body. Not accounting for the regional distribution of warming and heat storage patterns can undermine the results of thermal physiology and climate change research. These concepts are discussed herein using two parallel examples: the so-called slowdown of the Earth's surface temperature warming in the period 1998-2013; and the controversial results in thermal physiology, arising from relying heavily on core temperature measurements. In total, the concept of heat is of major importance for the integrity of systems, such as the Earth and human body. At present, our understanding about the interplay of key factors modulating the heat distribution on the surface of the Earth and in the human body remains incomplete. Identifying and accounting for the interconnections among these factors will be instrumental in improving the accuracy of both climate models and health guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas D Flouris
- FAME Laboratory, Department of Exercise Science, University of Thessaly, Trikala, Greece; Human and Environmental Physiology Research Unit, School of Human Kinetics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Glen P Kenny
- Human and Environmental Physiology Research Unit, School of Human Kinetics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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Melvin A, George J. A Descriptive Study of Hot Aches: a Previously Unreported Winter Climbing Phenomenon. SPORTS MEDICINE-OPEN 2016; 2:36. [PMID: 27747791 PMCID: PMC5020105 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-016-0062-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hot aches, also known as the screaming barfies in North America, are a recognised phenomenon amongst winter climbers, assumed to be triggered by the reperfusion of cold peripheries which then rapidly progresses to a systemic vasodilatory syndrome. Symptoms experienced in the hands include pain, numbness and throbbing followed by systemic symptoms such as nausea, irritability, dizziness and in extreme cases a transient loss of vision and hearing. Despite being well known amongst the winter climbing community, there are no publications in the scientific literature characterising the hot aches. METHODS A survey was posted online at http://www.ukclimbing.com between the dates of 28th September 2014 to 1st December 2014. Data was collected and analysed offline using Microsoft excel. RESULTS This is a descriptive epidemiological study of UK winter climbers and their experience of hot aches. We found that hot aches are experienced by 96 % of these climbers. They generally last 1-5 min, and 75 % rate them as being 3-4 (out of 5) on a pain scale. The most common local symptoms are pain (87 %), throbbing (70 %) and tingling (52 %). The most common systemic symptoms are nausea (44 %), irritability (32 %) and dizziness (20 %). Twenty percent of climbers experience hot aches in locations other than their hands. CONCLUSIONS The hot aches are a highly predictable and consistent experience for almost all winter climbers. This study has characterised, for the first time, a recognised but previously unreported phenomenon that occurs in extreme winter climbers. The short- and long-term consequences are currently unknown and warrant further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Melvin
- Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Division of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Dundee School of Medicine, Dundee, Scotland
| | - Jacob George
- Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Division of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Dundee School of Medicine, Dundee, Scotland.
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Castellani JW, Tipton MJ. Cold Stress Effects on Exposure Tolerance and Exercise Performance. Compr Physiol 2015; 6:443-69. [PMID: 26756639 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c140081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Cold weather can have deleterious effects on health, tolerance, and performance. This paper will review the physiological responses and external factors that impact cold tolerance and physical performance. Tolerance is defined as the ability to withstand cold stress with minimal changes in physiological strain. Physiological and pathophysiological responses to short-term (cold shock) and long-term cold water and air exposure are presented. Factors (habituation, anthropometry, sex, race, and fitness) that influence cold tolerance are also reviewed. The impact of cold exposure on physical performance, especially aerobic performance, has not been thoroughly studied. The few studies that have been done suggest that aerobic performance is degraded in cold environments. Potential physiological mechanisms (decreases in deep body and muscle temperature, cardiovascular, and metabolism) are discussed. Likewise, strength and power are also degraded during cold exposure, primarily through a decline in muscle temperature. The review also discusses the concept of thermoregulatory fatigue, a reduction in the thermal effector responses of shivering and vasoconstriction, as a result of multistressor factors, including exhaustive exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W Castellani
- Thermal and Mountain Medicine Division, U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Michael J Tipton
- Extreme Environments Laboratory, Department of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, Hampshire, England, United Kingdom
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Flouris AD, Dinas PC, Tsitoglou K, Patramani I, Koutedakis Y, Kenny GP. Non-invasive measurement of tibialis anterior muscle temperature during rest, cycling exercise and post-exercise recovery. Physiol Meas 2015; 36:N103-13. [PMID: 26012697 DOI: 10.1088/0967-3334/36/7/n103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
We introduce a non-invasive and accurate method to assess tibialis anterior muscle temperature (Tm) during rest, cycling exercise, and post-exercise recovery using the insulation disk (INDISK) technique. Twenty-six healthy males (23.6 ± 6.2 years; 24.1 ± 3.1 body mass index) were randomly allocated into the 'model' (n = 16) and the 'validation' (n = 10) groups. Participants underwent 20 min supine rest, 20 min cycling exercise at 60% of age-predicted maximum heart rate, and 20 min supine post-exercise recovery. In the model group, Tm (34.55 ± 1.02 °C) was greater than INDISK temperature (Tid; 32.44 ± 1.23 °C; p < 0.001) and skin surface temperature (Tsk; 29.84 ± 1.47 °C; p < 0.001) throughout the experimental protocol. The strongest prediction model (R(2) = 0.646) incorporated Tid and the difference between the current Tid temperature and that recorded four minutes before. No mean difference (p > 0.05) and a strong correlation (r = 0.804; p < 0.001) were observed between Tm and predicted Tm (predTm) in the model group. Cross-validation analyses in the validation group demonstrated no mean difference (p > 0.05), a strong correlation (r = 0.644; p < 0.001), narrow 95% limits of agreement (-0.06 ± 1.51), and low percent coefficient of variation (2.24%) between Tm (34.39 ± 1.00 °C) and predTm (34.45 ± 0.73 °C). We conclude that the novel technique accurately predicts Tm during rest, cycling exercise, and post-exercise recovery, providing a valid and cost-efficient alternative when direct Tm measurement is not feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas D Flouris
- FAME Laboratory, Department of Exercise Science, University of Thessaly, Trikala, Greece. Institute of Research and Technology Thessaly, Centre for Research and Technology Hellas, Trikala 42100, Greece
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Tyler CJ, Reeve T, Cheung SS. Cold-induced vasodilation during single digit immersion in 0°C and 8°C water in men and women. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0122592. [PMID: 25886576 PMCID: PMC4401544 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0122592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study compared the thermal responses of the finger to 0 and 8°C water immersion, two commonly used temperatures for cold-induced vasodilation (CIVD) research. On two separate and counterbalanced occasions 15 male and 15 female participants immersed their index finger in 20°C water for 5 min followed by either 0 or 8°C water for 30 min. Skin temperature, cardiovascular and perceptual data were recorded. Secondary analyses were performed between sexes and comparing 0.5, 1 and 4°C CIVD amplitude thresholds. With a 0.5°C threshold, CIVD waves were more prevalent in 8°C (2 (1 – 3) than in 0°C (1.5 (0 – 3)), but the amplitude was lower (4.0 ± 2.3 v 9.2 ± 4.0°C). Mean, minimum and maximum finger temperatures were lower in 0°C during the 30 min immersion, and CIVD onset and peak time occurred later in 0°C. Thermal sensation was lower and pain sensation was higher in 0°C. There were no differences between males and females in any of the physiological or CIVD data with the exception of SBP, which was higher in males. Females reported feeling higher thermal sensations in 8°C and lower pain sensations in 0°C and 8°C compared to males. Fewer CIVD responses were observed when using a 4°C (1 (0 – 3)) threshold to quantify a CIVD wave compared to using a 1°C (2 (0 – 3)) or 0.5°C (2 (0 – 3)) amplitude. In conclusion, both 0 and 8 °C can elicit CIVD but 8°C may be more suitable when looking to optimise the number of CIVD waves while minimising participant discomfort. The CIVD response to water immersion does not appear to be influenced by sex. Researchers should consider the amplitude threshold that was used to determine a CIVD wave when interpreting previous data.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tom Reeve
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Roehampton, London, United Kingdom
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11
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Flouris AD, Webb P, Kenny GP. Noninvasive assessment of muscle temperature during rest, exercise, and postexercise recovery in different environments. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2015; 118:1310-20. [PMID: 25814638 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00932.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We introduced noninvasive and accurate techniques to estimate muscle temperature (Tm) of vastus lateralis (VL), triceps brachii (TB), and trapezius (TRAP) during rest, exercise, and postexercise recovery using the insulation disk (iDISK) technique. Thirty-six volunteers (24 men, 12 women; 73.0 ± 12.2 kg; 1.75 ± 0.07 m; 24.4 ± 5.5 yr; 49.2 ± 6.8 ml·kg(-1)·min(-1) peak oxygen uptake) underwent periods of rest, cycling exercise at 40% of peak oxygen uptake, and postexercise recovery in three environments: Normal (24°C, 56% relative humidity), Hot-Humid (30°C, 60% relative humidity), and Hot-Dry (40°C, 24% relative humidity). Participants were randomly allocated into the "model" and the "validation" groups. Results in the model group demonstrated that Tm (VL: 36.65 ± 1.27°C; TB: 35.76 ± 1.73°C; TRAP: 36.53 ± 0.96°C) was increased compared with iDISK (VL: 35.67 ± 1.71°C; TB: 34.77 ± 2.27°C; TRAP: 35.98 ± 1.34°C) across all environments (P < 0.001). Stepwise regression analysis generated models that accurately predicted Tm (predTm) of VL (R(2) = 0.73-0.91), TB (R(2) = 0.85-0.93), and TRAP (R(2) = 0.84-0.86) using iDISK and the difference between the current iDISK temperature and that recorded between 1 and 4 min before. Cross-validation analyses in the validation group demonstrated small differences (P < 0.05) of no physiological significance, small effect size of the differences, and strong associations (r = 0.85-0.97; P < 0.001) between Tm and predTm. Moreover, narrow 95% limits of agreement and low percent coefficient of variation were observed between Tm and predTm. It is concluded that the developed noninvasive, practical, and inexpensive techniques provide accurate estimations of VL, TB, and TRAP Tm during rest, cycling exercise, and postexercise recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas D Flouris
- FAME Laboratory, Department of Exercise Science, University of Thessaly, Trikala, Greece
| | | | - Glen P Kenny
- Human Environmental Physiological Research Unit, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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12
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Dinas PC, Nikaki A, Jamurtas AZ, Prassopoulos V, Efthymiadou R, Koutedakis Y, Georgoulias P, Flouris AD. Association between habitual physical activity and brown adipose tissue activity in individuals undergoing PET-CT scan. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2015; 82:147-54. [PMID: 25262810 DOI: 10.1111/cen.12620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2014] [Revised: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 09/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Augmented brown adipose tissue (BAT) mass and activity lead to higher basic metabolic rate which is beneficial against obesity. Our aim was to investigate whether habitual (i.e. usual weekly participation) physical activity is linked with BAT activity and mass in humans, in a group of patients undergoing (18) F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) scanning. DESIGN Cross-sectional study. PATIENTS Forty patients with cancer [26 male; 14 female; age 52·7 ± 17·5; body mass index (BMI) 26·4 ± 4·5]. MEASUREMENTS Patients completed the 'usual week' form of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire and underwent assessment of BAT activity/mass via (18) F-fluorodeoxyglucose PET/CT. RESULTS We detected a significant association between habitual physical activity (METs-minute/week) and BAT activity [normalized by body weight (BW) (τ = 0·28, P = 0·02), body surface area (BSA) (τ = 0·29, P = 0·02) and lean body mass (LBM) (τ = 0·38, P = 0·002)]. We also found a significant negative relationship between BMI and BAT activity [normalized by BW (τ = -0·30, P = 0·006), BSA (τ = -0·31, P = 0·004) and LBM (τ = -0·45, P = 0·001)] as well as a significant negative relationship between age and BAT activity [normalized by LBM (τ = -0·28, P = 0·01)]. The results also indicate significant differences between low/moderate/high levels of habitual physical activity and BAT activity (P < 0·05). Moreover, BAT activity was different across the BMI categories (normal/overweight/obese) in both sexes (P < 0·05). Finally, BAT activity was greater in women than in men (P < 0·05). CONCLUSIONS Increased participation in habitual physical activity is associated with higher BAT activity. Moreover, individuals with normal BMI demonstrate higher BAT activity compared to overweight and obese individuals. Finally, age is inversely linked with BAT activity, while women demonstrate higher BAT activity than men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petros C Dinas
- FAME Laboratory, Department of Exercise Science, University of Thessaly, Trikala, Greece
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Cheung SS. Responses of the hands and feet to cold exposure. Temperature (Austin) 2015; 2:105-20. [PMID: 27227009 PMCID: PMC4843861 DOI: 10.1080/23328940.2015.1008890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Revised: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
An initial response to whole-body or local exposure of the extremities to cold is a strong vasoconstriction, leading to a rapid decrease in hand and foot temperature. This impairs tactile sensitivity, manual dexterity, and muscle contractile characteristics while increasing pain and sympathetic drive, decreasing gross motor function, occupational performance, and survival. A paradoxical and cyclical vasodilatation often occurs in the fingers, toes, and face, and this has been termed the hunting response or cold-induced vasodilatation (CIVD). Despite being described almost a century ago, the mechanisms of CIVD are still disputed; research in this area has remained largely descriptive in nature. Recent research into CIVD has brought increased standardization of methodology along with new knowledge about the impact of mediating factors such as hypoxia and physical fitness. Increasing mechanistic analysis of CIVD has also emerged along with improved modeling and prediction of CIVD responses. The present review will survey work conducted during this century on CIVD, its potential mechanisms and modeling, and also the broader context of manual function in cold conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen S Cheung
- Environmental Ergonomics Laboratory; Department of Kinesiology ; Brock University; St. Catharines , Canada
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14
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Flouris AD, Piantoni C. Links between thermoregulation and aging in endotherms and ectotherms. Temperature (Austin) 2014; 2:73-85. [PMID: 27226994 PMCID: PMC4843886 DOI: 10.4161/23328940.2014.989793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Revised: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
While the link between thermoregulation and aging is generally accepted, much further research, reflection, and debate is required to elucidate the physiological and molecular pathways that generate the observed thermal-induced changes in lifespan. Our aim in this review is to present, discuss, and scrutinize the thermoregulatory mechanisms that are implicated in the aging process in endotherms and ectotherms. Our analysis demonstrates that low body temperature benefits lifespan in both endothermic and ectothermic organisms. Research in endotherms has delved deeper into the physiological and molecular mechanisms linking body temperature and longevity. While research in ectotherms has been steadily increasing during the past decades, further mechanistic work is required in order to fully elucidate the underlying phenomena. What is abundantly clear is that both endotherms and ectotherms have a specific temperature zone at which they function optimally. This zone is defended through both physiological and behavioral means and plays a major role on organismal senescence. That low body temperature may be beneficial for lifespan is contrary to conventional medical theory where reduced body temperature is usually considered as a sign of underlying pathology. Regardless, this phenomenon has been targeted by scientists with the expectation that advancements may compress morbidity, as well as lower disease and mortality risk. The available evidence suggests that lowered body temperature may prolong life span, yet finding the key to temperature regulation remains the problem. While we are still far from a complete understanding of the mechanisms linking body temperature and longevity, we are getting closer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas D Flouris
- FAME Laboratory; Department of Exercise Science; University of Thessaly ; Trikala, Greece
| | - Carla Piantoni
- University of Sao Paulo; Department of Physiology ; Sao Paulo, Brazil
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Muller MD, Seo Y, Kim CH, Ryan EJ, Pollock BS, Burns KJ, Glickman EL. Cold habituation does not improve manual dexterity during rest and exercise in 5 °C. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOMETEOROLOGY 2014; 58:383-394. [PMID: 23389249 DOI: 10.1007/s00484-013-0633-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2012] [Revised: 01/04/2013] [Accepted: 01/08/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
When exposed to a cold environment, a barehanded person experiences pain, cold sensation, and reduced manual dexterity. Both acute (e.g. exercise) and chronic (e.g. cold acclimatization or habituation) processes might lessen these negative effects. The purpose of this experiment was to determine the effect of cold habituation on physiology, perception, and manual dexterity during rest, exercise, and recovery in 5 °C. Six cold weather athletes (CWA) and eight non habituated men (NON) volunteered to participate in a repeated measures cross-over design. The protocol was conducted in 5 °C and was 90 min of resting cold exposure, 30 min of cycle ergometry exercise (50 % VO2 peak), and 60 min of seated recovery. Core and finger skin temperature, metabolic rate, Purdue Pegboard dexterity performance, hand pain, thermal sensation, and mood were quantified. Exercise-induced finger rewarming (EIFRW) was calculated for each hand. During 90 min of resting exposure to 5 °C, the CWA had a smaller reduction in finger temperature, a lower metabolic rate, less hand pain, and less negative mood. Despite this cold habituation, dexterity performance was not different between groups. In response to cycle ergometry, EIFRW was greater in CWA (~12 versus 7 °C) and occurred at lower core temperatures (37.02 versus 37.31 °C) relative to NON but dexterity was not greater during post-exercise recovery. The current data indicate that cold habituated men (i.e., CWA) do not perform better on the Purdue Pegboard during acute cold exposure. Furthermore, despite augmented EIFRW in CWA, dexterity during post-exercise recovery was similar between groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Muller
- Exercise and Environmental Physiology Laboratory, Kent State University, Gym Annex 167, Kent, OH, 44242, USA,
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16
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Abstract
Humans residing or working in cold environments exhibit a stronger cold-induced vasodilation (CIVD) reaction in the peripheral microvasculature than those living in warm regions of the world, leading to a general assumption that thermal responses to local cold exposure can be systematically improved by natural acclimatization or specific acclimation. However, it remains unclear whether this improved tolerance is actually due to systematic acclimatization, or alternately due to the genetic pre-disposition or self-selection for such occupations. Longitudinal studies of repeated extremity exposure to cold demonstrate only ambiguous adaptive responses. In field studies, general cold acclimation may lead to increased sympathetic activity that results in reduced finger blood flow. Laboratory studies offer more control over confounding parameters, but in most studies, no consistent changes in peripheral blood flow occur even after repeated exposure for several weeks. Most studies are performed on a limited amount of subjects only, and the variability of the CIVD response demands more subjects to obtain significant results. This review systematically surveys the trainability of CIVD, concluding that repeated local cold exposure does not alter circulatory dynamics in the peripheries, and that humans remain at risk of cold injuries even after extended stays in cold environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen S Cheung
- Environmental Ergonomics Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada.
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17
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CARRILLO ANDRESE, CHEUNG STEPHENS, FLOURIS ANDREASD. A Novel Model to Predict Cutaneous Finger Blood Flow via Finger and Rectal Temperatures. Microcirculation 2011; 18:670-6. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1549-8719.2011.00136.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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18
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Muller MD, Ryan EJ, Kim CH, Muller SM, Glickman EL. Test-retest reliability of Purdue Pegboard performance in thermoneutral and cold ambient conditions. ERGONOMICS 2011; 54:1081-1087. [PMID: 22026951 DOI: 10.1080/00140139.2011.620178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
In the cold, Purdue Pegboard (PP) performance declines. The purpose of this study was to determine if this cold-induced impairment is consistent across days (i.e. test-retest reliability) in 5°C. In thermoneutral air (25°C), 14 men were familiarised to the dominant hand (PPa) and bimanual (PPb) PP tasks. They then experienced two 90-min cold exposures (Day 1, Day 2) while wearing ∼1 clo. Bare hands were maintained throughout. Performance on both tasks showed high reliability from day to day (intraclass correlations >0.700) in both thermoneutral and cold conditions. However for both tasks, room temperature performance did not predict performance in the cold (intraclass correlations <0.450). When screening applicants for manual labour in the cold, one must consider that room temperature dexterity does not correlate with dexterity in the cold. It is recommended that a 60-min period of cold exposure be employed to assess manual dexterity in these workers. STATEMENT OF RELEVANCE: This study shows that PP performance in room temperature does not predict performance in the cold but performance in the cold is consistent from day to day. When screening applicants for manual labour in the cold, it is recommended that dexterity tests be conducted in the same ambient conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Muller
- Exercise and Environmental Physiology Laboratory, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA.
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Wiggen ØN, Heen S, Færevik H, Reinertsen RE. Effect of cold conditions on manual performance while wearing petroleum industry protective clothing. INDUSTRIAL HEALTH 2011; 49:443-451. [PMID: 21697624 DOI: 10.2486/indhealth.ms1236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate manual performance and thermal responses during low work intensity in persons wearing standard protective clothing in the petroleum industry when they were exposed to a range of temperatures (5, -5, -15 and -25℃) that are relevant to environmental conditions for petroleum industry personnel in northern regions. Twelve men participated in the study. Protective clothing was adjusted for the given cold exposure according to current practices. The subjects performed manual tests five times under each environmental condition. The manual performance test battery consisted of four different tests: tactile sensation (Semmes-Weinstein monofilaments), finger dexterity (Purdue Pegboard), hand dexterity (Complete Minnesota dexterity test) and grip strength (grip dynamometer). We found that exposure to -5℃ or colder lowered skin and body temperatures and reduced manual performance during low work intensity. In conclusion the current protective clothing at a given cold exposure is not adequate to maintain manual performance and thermal balance for petroleum workers in the high north.
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Affiliation(s)
- Øystein Nordrum Wiggen
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Technology.
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20
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Thermal face protection delays finger cooling and improves thermal comfort during cold air exposure. Eur J Appl Physiol 2011; 111:3097-105. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-011-1931-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2011] [Accepted: 03/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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21
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Muller MD, Muller SM, Ryan EJ, Bellar DM, Kim CH, Glickman EL. Pain and thermal sensation in the cold: the effect of interval versus continuous exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol 2010; 111:979-87. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-010-1726-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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22
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Flouris AD. Functional architecture of behavioural thermoregulation. Eur J Appl Physiol 2010; 111:1-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-010-1602-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/30/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Muller MD, Ryan EJ, Bellar DM, Kim CH, Blankfield RP, Muller SM, Glickman EL. The influence of interval versus continuous exercise on thermoregulation, torso hemodynamics, and finger dexterity in the cold. Eur J Appl Physiol 2010; 109:857-67. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-010-1416-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Jay O, Reardon FD, Webb P, Ducharme MB, Ramsay T, Nettlefold L, Kenny GP. Estimating changes in mean body temperature for humans during exercise using core and skin temperatures is inaccurate even with a correction factor. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2007; 103:443-51. [PMID: 17495122 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00117.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Changes in mean body temperature (DeltaT(b)) estimated by the traditional two-compartment model of "core" and "shell" temperatures and an adjusted two-compartment model incorporating a correction factor were compared with values derived by whole body calorimetry. Sixty participants (31 men, 29 women) cycled at 40% of peak O(2) consumption for 60 or 90 min in the Snellen calorimeter at 24 or 30 degrees C. The core compartment was represented by esophageal, rectal (T(re)), and aural canal temperature, and the shell compartment was represented by a 12-point mean skin temperature (T(sk)). Using T(re) and conventional core-to-shell weightings (X) of 0.66, 0.79, and 0.90, mean DeltaT(b) estimation error (with 95% confidence interval limits in parentheses) for the traditional model was -95.2% (-83.0, -107.3) to -76.6% (-72.8, -80.5) after 10 min and -47.2% (-40.9, -53.5) to -22.6% (-14.5, -30.7) after 90 min. Using T(re), X = 0.80, and a correction factor (X(0)) of 0.40, mean DeltaT(b) estimation error for the adjusted model was +9.5% (+16.9, +2.1) to -0.3% (+11.9, -12.5) after 10 min and +15.0% (+27.2, +2.8) to -13.7% (-4.2, -23.3) after 90 min. Quadratic analyses of calorimetry DeltaT(b) data was subsequently used to derive best-fitting values of X for both models and X(0) for the adjusted model for each measure of core temperature. The most accurate model at any time point or condition only accounted for 20% of the variation observed in DeltaT(b) for the traditional model and 56% for the adjusted model. In conclusion, throughout exercise the estimation of DeltaT(b) using any measure of core temperature together with mean skin temperature irrespective of weighting is inaccurate even with a correction factor customized for the specific conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ollie Jay
- Laboratory of Human Bioenergetics and Environmental Physiology, School of Human Kinetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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25
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Jay O, Kenny GP. The Determination of Changes in Body Heat Content during Exercise Using Calorimetry and Thermometry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1618/jhes.10.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ollie Jay
- Laboratory of Human Bioenergetics and Environmental Physiology, School of Human Kinetics,
| | - Glen P. Kenny
- Laboratory of Human Bioenergetics and Environmental Physiology, School of Human Kinetics,
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