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Oeung B, Pham K, Olfert IM, De La Zerda DJ, Gaio E, Powell FL, Heinrich EC. The normal distribution of the hypoxic ventilatory response and methodological impacts: a meta-analysis and computational investigation. J Physiol 2023; 601:4423-4440. [PMID: 37589511 PMCID: PMC10543592 DOI: 10.1113/jp284767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The hypoxic ventilatory response (HVR) is the increase in breathing in response to reduced arterial oxygen pressure. Over several decades, studies have revealed substantial population-level differences in the magnitude of the HVR as well as significant inter-individual variation. In particular, low HVRs occur frequently in Andean high-altitude native populations. However, our group conducted hundreds of HVR measures over several years and commonly observed low responses in sea-level populations as well. As a result, we aimed to determine the normal HVR distribution, whether low responses were common, and to what extent variation in study protocols influence these findings. We conducted a comprehensive search of the literature and examined the distributions of HVR values across 78 studies that utilized step-down/steady-state or progressive hypoxia methods in untreated, healthy human subjects. Several studies included multiple datasets across different populations or experimental conditions. In the final analysis, 72 datasets reported mean HVR values and 60 datasets provided raw HVR datasets. Of the 60 datasets reporting raw HVR values, 35 (58.3%) were at least moderately positively skewed (skew > 0.5), and 21 (35%) were significantly positively skewed (skew > 1), indicating that lower HVR values are common. The skewness of HVR distributions does not appear to be an artifact of methodology or the unit with which the HVR is reported. Further analysis demonstrated that the use of step-down hypoxia versus progressive hypoxia methods did not have a significant impact on average HVR values, but that isocapnic protocols produced higher HVRs than poikilocapnic protocols. This work provides a reference for expected HVR values and illustrates substantial inter-individual variation in this key reflex. Finally, the prevalence of low HVRs in the general population provides insight into our understanding of blunted HVRs in high-altitude adapted groups. KEY POINTS: The hypoxic ventilatory response (HVR) plays a crucial role in determining an individual's predisposition to hypoxia-related pathologies. There is notable variability in HVR sensitivity across individuals as well as significant population-level differences. We report that the normal distribution of the HVR is positively skewed, with a significant prevalence of low HVR values amongst the general healthy population. We also find no significant impact of the experimental protocol used to induce hypoxia, although HVR is greater with isocapnic versus poikilocapnic methods. These results provide insight into the normal distribution of the HVR, which could be useful in clinical decisions of diseases related to hypoxaemia. Additionally, the low HVR values found within the general population provide insight into the genetic adaptations found in populations residing in high altitudes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Britney Oeung
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, CA
| | - Kathy Pham
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, CA
| | - I. Mark Olfert
- West Virginia University School of Medicine, Department of Physiology & Pharmacology and Division of Exercise Physiology
| | | | - Eduardo Gaio
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Frank L. Powell
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Erica C. Heinrich
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, CA
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2
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Cates VC, Bruce CD, Marullo AL, Isakovich R, Saran G, Leacy JK, O′Halloran KD, Brutsaert TD, Sherpa MT, Day TA. Steady-state chemoreflex drive captures ventilatory acclimatization during incremental ascent to high altitude: Effect of acetazolamide. Physiol Rep 2022; 10:e15521. [PMID: 36461658 PMCID: PMC9718940 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Ventilatory acclimatization (VA) is important to maintain adequate oxygenation with ascent to high altitude (HA). Transient hypoxic ventilatory response tests lack feasibility and fail to capture the integrated steady-state responses to chronic hypoxic exposure in HA fieldwork. We recently characterized a novel index of steady-state respiratory chemoreflex drive (SSCD), accounting for integrated contributions from central and peripheral respiratory chemoreceptors during steady-state breathing at prevailing chemostimuli. Acetazolamide is often utilized during ascent for prevention or treatment of altitude-related illnesses, eliciting metabolic acidosis and stimulating respiratory chemoreceptors. To determine if SSCD reflects VA during ascent to HA, we characterized SSCD in 25 lowlanders during incremental ascent to 4240 m over 7 days. We subsequently compared two separate subgroups: no acetazolamide (NAz; n = 14) and those taking an oral prophylactic dose of acetazolamide (Az; 125 mg BID; n = 11). At 1130/1400 m (day zero) and 4240 m (day seven), steady-state measurements of resting ventilation (V̇I ; L/min), pressure of end-tidal (PET )CO2 (Torr), and peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO2 ; %) were measured. A stimulus index (SI; PET CO2 /SpO2 ) was calculated, and SSCD was calculated by indexing V̇I against SI. We found that (a) both V̇I and SSCD increased with ascent to 4240 m (day seven; V̇I : +39%, p < 0.0001, Hedges' g = 1.52; SSCD: +56.%, p < 0.0001, Hedges' g = 1.65), (b) and these responses were larger in the Az versus NAz subgroup (V̇I : p = 0.02, Hedges' g = 1.04; SSCD: p = 0.02, Hedges' g = 1.05). The SSCD metric may have utility in assessing VA during prolonged stays at altitude, providing a feasible alternative to transient chemoreflex tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie C. Cates
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and TechnologyMount Royal UniversityCalgaryAlbertaCanada
| | - Christina D. Bruce
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and TechnologyMount Royal UniversityCalgaryAlbertaCanada
| | - Anthony L. Marullo
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and TechnologyMount Royal UniversityCalgaryAlbertaCanada
- Department of Physiology. School of MedicineUniversity Cork CollegeCorkIreland
| | - Rodion Isakovich
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and TechnologyMount Royal UniversityCalgaryAlbertaCanada
| | - Gurkarn Saran
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and TechnologyMount Royal UniversityCalgaryAlbertaCanada
| | - Jack K. Leacy
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and TechnologyMount Royal UniversityCalgaryAlbertaCanada
- Department of Physiology. School of MedicineUniversity Cork CollegeCorkIreland
| | - Ken D. O′Halloran
- Department of Physiology. School of MedicineUniversity Cork CollegeCorkIreland
| | | | | | - Trevor A. Day
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and TechnologyMount Royal UniversityCalgaryAlbertaCanada
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Yang S, Tian C, Yang F, Chen Q, Geng R, Liu C, Wu X, Lam WK. Cardiorespiratory function, resting metabolic rate and heart rate variability in coal miners exposed to hypobaric hypoxia in highland workplace. PeerJ 2022; 10:e13899. [PMID: 36061757 PMCID: PMC9438770 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Owing to intermittent/acute exposure to hypobaric hypoxia, highland miners may often suffer, the physiological characteristics between highland and lowland miners, however, are rarely reported. The objective of this study was to compare the physiological characteristics of coal miners working at disparate altitudes. Methods Twenty-three male coal mining workers acclimating to high altitude for 30 ± 6 days in Tibet (highland group; approx. 4500 m above sea level; 628.39 millibar), and 22 male coal mining workers in Hebei (lowland group; less than 100 m above sea level; 1021.82 millibar) were recruited. Tests were conducted to compare ventilatory parameters, circulation parameters, resting metabolic rate (RMR), and heart rate variability (HRV) indices between the two groups in resting state. Results Ventilation volume per minute (VE) of the highland group was markedly raised compared to that of the lowland group (11.70 ± 1.57 vs. 8.94 ± 1.97 L/min, p = 0.000). In the meanwhile, O2 intake per heart beat (VO2/HR) was strikingly decreased (3.54 ± 0.54 vs. 4.36 ± 0.69 ml/beat, p = 0.000). Resting metabolic rate relevant to body surface area (RMR/BSA) was found no significant difference between the two groups. Evident reduction in standard deviation of NN intervals (SDNN) and remarkable increase in ratio of low- and high- frequency bands (LF/HF) were manifest in highland miners compared to that of lowland ones (110.82 ± 33.34 vs. 141.44 ± 40.38, p = 0.008 and 858.86 ± 699.24 vs. 371.33 ± 171.46, p = 0.003; respectively). Conclusions These results implicate that long-term intermittent exposure to high altitude can lead miners to an intensified respiration, a compromised circulation and a profound sympathetic-parasympathetic imbalance, whereas the RMR in highland miners does not distinctly decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjun Yang
- Department of Physical Education, China University of Mining and Technology-Beijing, Beijing, China
| | - Chunhu Tian
- Department of Physical Education, China University of Mining and Technology-Beijing, Beijing, China
| | - Fan Yang
- Sports Science Research Center, Li Ning Center, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Chen
- The University of International Business and Economics, Beijing, China
| | - Ruiyuan Geng
- Department of Physical Education, China University of Mining and Technology-Beijing, Beijing, China
| | - Chunyan Liu
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xinrong Wu
- School of Emergency Management and Safety Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology-Beijing, Beijing, China
| | - Wing-Kai Lam
- Sports Information and External Affairs Centre, Hong Kong Sports Institute, Sha Tin, Hong Kong, China
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Pulmonary Capacity, Blood Composition and Metabolism among Coal Mine Workers in High- and Low-Altitude Aboveground and Underground Workplaces. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19148295. [PMID: 35886146 PMCID: PMC9318192 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19148295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
(1) Background: While previous studies revealed how underground mining might adversely affect the cardiopulmonary functions of workers, this study further investigated the differences between under- and aboveground mining at both high and low altitudes, which has received little attention in the literature. (2) Methods: Seventy-one healthy male coal mine workers were recruited, who had worked at least 5 years at the mining sites located above the ground at high (>3900 m; n = 19) and low (<120 m; n = 16) altitudes as well as under the ground at high (n = 20) and low (n = 16) altitudes. Participants’ heart rates, pulmonary functions, total energy expenditure and metabolism were measured over a 5-consecutive-day session at health clinics. (3) Results: Combining the results for both above- and underground locations, workers at high-altitude mining sites had significantly higher peak heart rate (HR), minimum average HR and training impulse as well as energy expenditure due to all substances and due to fat than those at low-altitude sites. They also had significantly higher uric acid, total cholesterol, creatine kinase and N-osteocalcin in their blood samples than the workers at low-altitude mining sites. At underground worksites, the participants working at high-altitude had a significantly higher average respiratory rate than those at low-altitude regions. (4) Conclusion: In addition to underground mining, attention should be paid to high-altitude mining as working under a hypoxia condition at such altitude likely presents physiological challenges.
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Ogoh S, Washio T, Stacey BS, Tsukamoto H, Iannetelli A, Owens TS, Calverley TA, Fall L, Marley CJ, Saito S, Watanabe H, Hashimoto T, Ando S, Miyamoto T, Bailey DM. Integrated respiratory chemoreflex-mediated regulation of cerebral blood flow in hypoxia: Implications for oxygen delivery and acute mountain sickness. Exp Physiol 2021; 106:1922-1938. [PMID: 34318560 DOI: 10.1113/ep089660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the central question of this study? To what extent do hypoxia-induced changes in the peripheral and central respiratory chemoreflex modulate anterior and posterior cerebral oxygen delivery, with corresponding implications for susceptibility to acute mountain sickness? What is the main finding and its importance? We provide evidence for site-specific regulation of cerebral blood flow in hypoxia that preserves oxygen delivery in the posterior but not the anterior cerebral circulation, with minimal contribution from the central respiratory chemoreflex. External carotid artery vasodilatation might prove to be an alternative haemodynamic risk factor that predisposes to acute mountain sickness. ABSTRACT The aim of the present study was to determine the extent to which hypoxia-induced changes in the peripheral and central respiratory chemoreflex modulate anterior and posterior cerebral blood flow (CBF) and oxygen delivery (CDO2 ), with corresponding implications for the pathophysiology of the neurological syndrome, acute mountain sickness (AMS). Eight healthy men were randomly assigned single blind to 7 h of passive exposure to both normoxia (21% O2 ) and hypoxia (12% O2 ). The peripheral and central respiratory chemoreflex, internal carotid artery, external carotid artery (ECA) and vertebral artery blood flow (duplex ultrasound) and AMS scores (questionnaires) were measured throughout. A reduction in internal carotid artery CDO2 was observed during hypoxia despite a compensatory elevation in perfusion. In contrast, vertebral artery and ECA CDO2 were preserved, and the former was attributable to a more marked increase in perfusion. Hypoxia was associated with progressive activation of the peripheral respiratory chemoreflex (P < 0.001), whereas the central respiratory chemoreflex remained unchanged (P > 0.05). Symptom severity in participants who developed clinical AMS was positively related to ECA blood flow (Lake Louise score, r = 0.546-0.709, P = 0.004-0.043; Environmental Symptoms Questionnaires-Cerebral symptoms score, r = 0.587-0.771, P = 0.001-0.027, n = 4). Collectively, these findings highlight the site-specific regulation of CBF in hypoxia that maintains CDO2 selectively in the posterior but not the anterior cerebral circulation, with minimal contribution from the central respiratory chemoreflex. Furthermore, ECA vasodilatation might represent a hitherto unexplored haemodynamic risk factor implicated in the pathophysiology of AMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigehiko Ogoh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Toyo University, Kawagoe, Saitama, Japan.,Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Faculty of Life Sciences and Education, University of South Wales, Pontypridd, UK
| | - Takuro Washio
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Toyo University, Kawagoe, Saitama, Japan
| | - Benjamin S Stacey
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Faculty of Life Sciences and Education, University of South Wales, Pontypridd, UK
| | - Hayato Tsukamoto
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Faculty of Life Sciences and Education, University of South Wales, Pontypridd, UK.,Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, Japan
| | - Angelo Iannetelli
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Faculty of Life Sciences and Education, University of South Wales, Pontypridd, UK
| | - Thomas S Owens
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Faculty of Life Sciences and Education, University of South Wales, Pontypridd, UK
| | - Thomas A Calverley
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Faculty of Life Sciences and Education, University of South Wales, Pontypridd, UK
| | - Lewis Fall
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Faculty of Life Sciences and Education, University of South Wales, Pontypridd, UK
| | - Christopher J Marley
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Faculty of Life Sciences and Education, University of South Wales, Pontypridd, UK
| | - Shotaro Saito
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Toyo University, Kawagoe, Saitama, Japan
| | - Hironori Watanabe
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Toyo University, Kawagoe, Saitama, Japan
| | - Takeshi Hashimoto
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, Japan
| | - Soichi Ando
- Graduate School of Informatics and Engineering, The University of Electro-Communications, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Damian M Bailey
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Faculty of Life Sciences and Education, University of South Wales, Pontypridd, UK
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6
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Gultyaeva VV, Uryumtsev DY, Zinchenko MI, Melnikov VN, Balioz NV, Krivoschekov SG. Cardiorespiratory Coordination in Hypercapnic Test Before and After High-Altitude Expedition. Front Physiol 2021; 12:673570. [PMID: 34108888 PMCID: PMC8181754 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.673570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Coordination of cardiovascular and respiratory systems enables a wide range of human adaptation and depends upon the functional state of an individual organism. Hypoxia is known to elicit changes in oxygen and carbon dioxide sensitivity, while training alters cardiorespiratory coordination (CRC). The delayed effect of high altitude (HA) acclimatization on CRC in mountaineers remains unknown. The objective of this study was to compare CRC in acute hypercapnia in mountaineers before and after a HA expedition. Nine trained male mountaineers were investigated at sea level before (Pre-HA) and after a 20-day sojourn at altitudes of 4,000–7,000 m (Post-HA) in three states (Baseline, Hypercapnic Rebreathing, and Recovery). A principal component (PC) analysis was performed to evaluate the CRC. The number of mountaineers with one PC increased Post-HA (nine out of nine), compared to Pre-HA (five out of nine) [Chi-square (df = 1) = 5.14, P = 0.023]; the percentage of total variance explained by PC1 increased [Pre-HA median 65.6 (Q1 64.9/Q3 74.9), Post-HA 75.6 (73.3/77.9), P = 0.028]. Post-HA, the loadings of the expired fraction of O2, CO2, and ventilation onto PC1 did not change, and the loading of heart rate increased [Pre-HA 0.64 (0.45/0.68) and Post-HA 0.76 (0.65/0.82), P = 0.038]. During the Recovery, the percentage of total variance explained by PC1 was higher than during the Baseline. Post-HA, there was a high correlation between the Exercise addiction scores and the eigenvalues of PC1 (r = 0.9, P = 0.001). Thus, acute hypercapnic exposure reveals the Post-HA increase in cardiorespiratory coordination, which is highly related to the level of exercise addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina V Gultyaeva
- Laboratory of Functional Reserves of Human Organism, Scientific Research Institute of Neurosciences and Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Dmitriy Y Uryumtsev
- Laboratory of Functional Reserves of Human Organism, Scientific Research Institute of Neurosciences and Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Margarita I Zinchenko
- Laboratory of Functional Reserves of Human Organism, Scientific Research Institute of Neurosciences and Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Vladimir N Melnikov
- Laboratory of Functional Reserves of Human Organism, Scientific Research Institute of Neurosciences and Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Natalia V Balioz
- Laboratory of Functional Reserves of Human Organism, Scientific Research Institute of Neurosciences and Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Sergey G Krivoschekov
- Laboratory of Functional Reserves of Human Organism, Scientific Research Institute of Neurosciences and Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russia
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7
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Arif S, Khan MJ, Naseer N, Hong KS, Sajid H, Ayaz Y. Vector Phase Analysis Approach for Sleep Stage Classification: A Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy-Based Passive Brain-Computer Interface. Front Hum Neurosci 2021; 15:658444. [PMID: 33994983 PMCID: PMC8121150 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2021.658444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A passive brain-computer interface (BCI) based upon functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) brain signals is used for earlier detection of human drowsiness during driving tasks. This BCI modality acquired hemodynamic signals of 13 healthy subjects from the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DPFC) of the brain. Drowsiness activity is recorded using a continuous-wave fNIRS system and eight channels over the right DPFC. During the experiment, sleep-deprived subjects drove a vehicle in a driving simulator while their cerebral oxygen regulation (CORE) state was continuously measured. Vector phase analysis (VPA) was used as a classifier to detect drowsiness state along with sleep stage-based threshold criteria. Extensive training and testing with various feature sets and classifiers are done to justify the adaptation of threshold criteria for any subject without requiring recalibration. Three statistical features (mean oxyhemoglobin, signal peak, and the sum of peaks) along with six VPA features (trajectory slopes of VPA indices) were used. The average accuracies for the five classifiers are 90.9% for discriminant analysis, 92.5% for support vector machines, 92.3% for nearest neighbors, 92.4% for both decision trees, and ensembles over all subjects' data. Trajectory slopes of CORE vector magnitude and angle: m(|R|) and m(∠R) are the best-performing features, along with ensemble classifier with the highest accuracy of 95.3% and minimum computation time of 40 ms. The statistical significance of the results is validated with a p-value of less than 0.05. The proposed passive BCI scheme demonstrates a promising technique for online drowsiness detection using VPA along with sleep stage classification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saad Arif
- School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Jawad Khan
- School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan.,National Center of Artificial Intelligence (NCAI), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Noman Naseer
- Department of Mechatronics Engineering, Air University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Keum-Shik Hong
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Hasan Sajid
- School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan.,National Center of Artificial Intelligence (NCAI), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Yasar Ayaz
- School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan.,National Center of Artificial Intelligence (NCAI), Islamabad, Pakistan
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8
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Leacy JK, Linares AM, Zouboules SM, Rampuri ZH, Bird JD, Herrington BA, Mann LM, Soriano JE, Thrall SF, Kalker A, Brutsaert TD, O'Halloran KD, Sherpa MT, Day TA. Cardiorespiratory hysteresis during incremental high‐altitude ascent–descent quantifies the magnitude of ventilatory acclimatization. Exp Physiol 2020; 106:139-150. [DOI: 10.1113/ep088488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jack K. Leacy
- Department of Biology Faculty of Science and Technology Mount Royal University Calgary Alberta Canada
- Department of Physiology School of Medicine College of Medicine & Health University College Cork Cork Ireland
| | - Andrea M. Linares
- Department of Biology Faculty of Science and Technology Mount Royal University Calgary Alberta Canada
| | - Shaelynn M. Zouboules
- Department of Biology Faculty of Science and Technology Mount Royal University Calgary Alberta Canada
| | - Zahrah H. Rampuri
- Department of Biology Faculty of Science and Technology Mount Royal University Calgary Alberta Canada
| | - Jordan D. Bird
- Department of Biology Faculty of Science and Technology Mount Royal University Calgary Alberta Canada
| | - Brittney A. Herrington
- Department of Biology Faculty of Science and Technology Mount Royal University Calgary Alberta Canada
| | - Leah M. Mann
- Department of Biology Faculty of Science and Technology Mount Royal University Calgary Alberta Canada
| | - Jan E. Soriano
- Department of Biology Faculty of Science and Technology Mount Royal University Calgary Alberta Canada
| | - Scott F. Thrall
- Department of Biology Faculty of Science and Technology Mount Royal University Calgary Alberta Canada
| | - Anne Kalker
- Department of Biology Faculty of Science and Technology Mount Royal University Calgary Alberta Canada
- Radboud University Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | | | - Ken D. O'Halloran
- Department of Physiology School of Medicine College of Medicine & Health University College Cork Cork Ireland
| | | | - Trevor A. Day
- Department of Biology Faculty of Science and Technology Mount Royal University Calgary Alberta Canada
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9
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Roach RC, Wagner PD, Ainslie PN, Hackett PH. Translation in Progress: Hypoxia 2017. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2017; 123:922-925. [PMID: 29025903 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00846.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Robert C Roach
- University of Colorado Altitude Research Center, Department of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado;
| | - Peter D Wagner
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Philip N Ainslie
- Centre for Heart, Lung and Vascular Health, School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia, Okanagan Campus, Canada; and
| | - Peter H Hackett
- University of Colorado Altitude Research Center, Department of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado.,Institute for Altitude Medicine, Telluride, Colorado
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