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Martinez-Canton M, Galvan-Alvarez V, Gallego-Selles A, Gelabert-Rebato M, Garcia-Gonzalez E, Gonzalez-Henriquez JJ, Martin-Rincon M, Calbet JAL. Activation of macroautophagy and chaperone-mediated autophagy in human skeletal muscle by high-intensity exercise in normoxia and hypoxia and after recovery with or without post-exercise ischemia. Free Radic Biol Med 2024; 222:607-624. [PMID: 39009244 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2024.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2024] [Revised: 06/25/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024]
Abstract
Autophagy is essential for the adaptive response to exercise and physiological skeletal muscle functionality. However, the mechanisms leading to the activation of macroautophagy and chaperone-mediated autophagy in human skeletal muscle in response to high-intensity exercise remain elusive. Our findings demonstrate that macroautophagy and chaperone-mediated autophagy are stimulated by high-intensity exercise in normoxia (PIO2: 143 mmHg) and severe acute hypoxia (PIO2: 73 mmHg) in healthy humans. High-intensity exercise induces macroautophagy initiation through AMPKα phosphorylation, which phosphorylates and activates ULK1. ULK1 phosphorylates BECN1 at Ser15, eliciting the dissociation of BECN1-BCL2 crucial for phagophore formation. Besides, high-intensity exercise elevates the LC3B-II:LC3B-I ratio, reduces total SQSTM1/p62 levels, and induces p-Ser349 SQSTM1/p62 phosphorylation, suggesting heightened autophagosome degradation. PHAF1/MYTHO, a novel macroautophagy biomarker, is highly upregulated in response to high-intensity exercise. The latter is accompanied by elevated LAMP2A expression, indicating chaperone-mediated autophagy activation regardless of post-exercise HSPA8/HSC70 downregulation. Despite increased glycolytic metabolism, severe acute hypoxia does not exacerbate the autophagy signaling response. Signaling changes revert within 1 min of recovery with free circulation, while the application of immediate post-exercise ischemia impedes recovery. Our study concludes that macroautophagy and chaperone-mediated autophagy pathways are strongly activated by high-intensity exercise, regardless of PO2, and that oxygenation is necessary to revert these signals to pre-exercise values. PHAF1/MYTHO emerges as a pivotal exercise-responsive autophagy marker positively associated with the LC3B-II:LC3B-I ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Martinez-Canton
- Department of Physical Education, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Campus Universitario de Tafira s/n, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35017, Spain; Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Victor Galvan-Alvarez
- Department of Physical Education, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Campus Universitario de Tafira s/n, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35017, Spain; Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Angel Gallego-Selles
- Department of Physical Education, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Campus Universitario de Tafira s/n, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35017, Spain; Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Miriam Gelabert-Rebato
- Department of Physical Education, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Campus Universitario de Tafira s/n, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35017, Spain; Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Eduardo Garcia-Gonzalez
- Department of Physical Education, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Campus Universitario de Tafira s/n, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35017, Spain; Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Juan Jose Gonzalez-Henriquez
- Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain; Department of Mathematics, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Campus Universitario de Tafira s/n, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35017, Spain
| | - Marcos Martin-Rincon
- Department of Physical Education, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Campus Universitario de Tafira s/n, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35017, Spain; Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Jose A L Calbet
- Department of Physical Education, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Campus Universitario de Tafira s/n, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35017, Spain; Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain; Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway.
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2
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Martinez-Canton M, Gallego-Selles A, Galvan-Alvarez V, Garcia-Gonzalez E, Garcia-Perez G, Santana A, Martin-Rincon M, Calbet JAL. CaMKII protein expression and phosphorylation in human skeletal muscle by immunoblotting: Isoform specificity. Free Radic Biol Med 2024; 224:182-189. [PMID: 39187050 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2024.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2024] [Revised: 08/17/2024] [Accepted: 08/23/2024] [Indexed: 08/28/2024]
Abstract
Calcium (Ca2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) is activated during exercise by reactive oxygen species (ROS) and Ca2+ transients initiating muscle contraction. CaMKII modulates antioxidant, inflammatory, metabolic and autophagy signalling pathways. CaMKII is coded by four homologous genes (α, β, γ, and δ). In rat skeletal muscle, δD, δA, γD, γB and βM have been described while different characterisations of human skeletal muscle CaMKII isoforms have been documented. Precisely discerning between the various isoforms is pivotal for understanding their distinctive functions and regulatory mechanisms in response to exercise and other stimuli. This study aimed to optimize the detection of the different CaMKII isoforms by western blotting using eight different CaMKII commercial antibodies in human skeletal muscle. Exercise-induced posttranslational modifications, i.e. phosphorylation and oxidations, allowed the identification of specific bands by multitargeting them with different antibodies after stripping and reprobing. The methodology proposed has confirmed the molecular weight of βM CaMKII and allows distinguishing between γ/δ and δD CaMKII isoforms. The corresponding molecular weight for the CaMKII isoforms resolved were: δD, at 54.2 ± 2.1 kDa; γ/δ, at 59.0 ± 1.2 kDa and 61.6 ± 1.3 kDa; and βM isoform, at 76.0 ± 1.8 kDa. Some tested antibodies showed high specificity for the δD, the most responsive isoform to ROS and intracellular Ca2+ transients in human skeletal muscle, while others, despite the commercial claims, failed to show such specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Martinez-Canton
- Department of Physical Education, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Campus Universitario de Tafira S/n, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35017, Spain; Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Paseo Blas Cabrera Felipe "Físico" s/n, 35017, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Angel Gallego-Selles
- Department of Physical Education, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Campus Universitario de Tafira S/n, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35017, Spain; Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Paseo Blas Cabrera Felipe "Físico" s/n, 35017, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Victor Galvan-Alvarez
- Department of Physical Education, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Campus Universitario de Tafira S/n, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35017, Spain; Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Paseo Blas Cabrera Felipe "Físico" s/n, 35017, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Eduardo Garcia-Gonzalez
- Department of Physical Education, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Campus Universitario de Tafira S/n, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35017, Spain; Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Paseo Blas Cabrera Felipe "Físico" s/n, 35017, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Giovanni Garcia-Perez
- Department of Physical Education, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Campus Universitario de Tafira S/n, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35017, Spain; Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Paseo Blas Cabrera Felipe "Físico" s/n, 35017, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Alfredo Santana
- Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Paseo Blas Cabrera Felipe "Físico" s/n, 35017, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain; Complejo Hospitalario Universitario Insular-Materno Infantil de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Clinical Genetics Unit, 35016, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Marcos Martin-Rincon
- Department of Physical Education, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Campus Universitario de Tafira S/n, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35017, Spain; Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Paseo Blas Cabrera Felipe "Físico" s/n, 35017, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain.
| | - Jose A L Calbet
- Department of Physical Education, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Campus Universitario de Tafira S/n, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35017, Spain; Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Paseo Blas Cabrera Felipe "Físico" s/n, 35017, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain; School of Kinesiology, Faculty of Education, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Physical Performance, The Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Postboks, 4014 Ulleval Stadion, 0806, Oslo, Norway.
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Martinez-Canton M, Galvan-Alvarez V, Martin-Rincon M, Calbet JAL, Gallego-Selles A. Unlocking peak performance: The role of Nrf2 in enhancing exercise outcomes and training adaptation in humans. Free Radic Biol Med 2024; 224:168-181. [PMID: 39151836 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2024.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2024] [Revised: 07/30/2024] [Accepted: 08/10/2024] [Indexed: 08/19/2024]
Abstract
Since the discovery of the nuclear factor erythroid-derived 2-like 2 (Nrf2) transcription factor thirty years ago, it has been shown that it regulates more than 250 genes involved in a multitude of biological processes, including redox balance, mitochondrial biogenesis, metabolism, detoxification, cytoprotection, inflammation, immunity, autophagy, cell differentiation, and xenobiotic metabolism. In skeletal muscle, Nrf2 signalling is primarily activated in response to perturbation of redox balance by reactive oxygen species or electrophiles. Initial investigations into human skeletal muscle Nrf2 responses to exercise, dating back roughly a decade, have consistently indicated that exercise-induced ROS production stimulates Nrf2 signalling. Notably, recent studies employing Nrf2 knockout mice have revealed impaired skeletal muscle contractile function characterised by reduced force output and increased fatigue susceptibility compared to wild-type counterparts. These deficiencies partially stem from diminished basal mitochondrial respiratory capacity and an impaired capacity to upregulate specific mitochondrial proteins in response to training, findings corroborated by inducible muscle-specific Nrf2 knockout models. In humans, baseline Nrf2 expression in skeletal muscle correlates with maximal oxygen uptake and high-intensity exercise performance. This manuscript delves into the mechanisms underpinning Nrf2 signalling in response to acute exercise in human skeletal muscle, highlighting the involvement of ROS, antioxidants and Keap1/Nrf2 signalling in exercise performance. Furthermore, it explores Nrf2's role in mediating adaptations to chronic exercise and its impact on overall exercise performance. Additionally, the influence of diet and certain supplements on basal Nrf2 expression and its role in modulating acute and chronic exercise responses are briefly addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Martinez-Canton
- Department of Physical Education, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Campus Universitario de Tafira s/n, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35017, Spain; Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Paseo Blas Cabrera Felipe "Físico" s/n, 35017, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Victor Galvan-Alvarez
- Department of Physical Education, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Campus Universitario de Tafira s/n, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35017, Spain; Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Paseo Blas Cabrera Felipe "Físico" s/n, 35017, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Marcos Martin-Rincon
- Department of Physical Education, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Campus Universitario de Tafira s/n, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35017, Spain; Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Paseo Blas Cabrera Felipe "Físico" s/n, 35017, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Jose A L Calbet
- Department of Physical Education, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Campus Universitario de Tafira s/n, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35017, Spain; Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Paseo Blas Cabrera Felipe "Físico" s/n, 35017, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain; Department of Physical Performance, The Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Postboks, 4014 Ulleval Stadion, 0806, Oslo, Norway; School of Kinesiology, Faculty of Education, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
| | - Angel Gallego-Selles
- Department of Physical Education, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Campus Universitario de Tafira s/n, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35017, Spain; Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Paseo Blas Cabrera Felipe "Físico" s/n, 35017, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain.
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4
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Donnelly C, Komlódi T, Cecatto C, Cardoso LHD, Compagnion AC, Matera A, Tavernari D, Campiche O, Paolicelli RC, Zanou N, Kayser B, Gnaiger E, Place N. Functional hypoxia reduces mitochondrial calcium uptake. Redox Biol 2024; 71:103037. [PMID: 38401291 PMCID: PMC10906399 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2024.103037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial respiration extends beyond ATP generation, with the organelle participating in many cellular and physiological processes. Parallel changes in components of the mitochondrial electron transfer system with respiration render it an appropriate hub for coordinating cellular adaption to changes in oxygen levels. How changes in respiration under functional hypoxia (i.e., when intracellular O2 levels limit mitochondrial respiration) are relayed by the electron transfer system to impact mitochondrial adaption and remodeling after hypoxic exposure remains poorly defined. This is largely due to challenges integrating findings under controlled and defined O2 levels in studies connecting functions of isolated mitochondria to humans during physical exercise. Here we present experiments under conditions of hypoxia in isolated mitochondria, myotubes and exercising humans. Performing steady-state respirometry with isolated mitochondria we found that oxygen limitation of respiration reduced electron flow and oxidative phosphorylation, lowered the mitochondrial membrane potential difference, and decreased mitochondrial calcium influx. Similarly, in myotubes under functional hypoxia mitochondrial calcium uptake decreased in response to sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium release for contraction. In both myotubes and human skeletal muscle this blunted mitochondrial adaptive responses and remodeling upon contractions. Our results suggest that by regulating calcium uptake the mitochondrial electron transfer system is a hub for coordinating cellular adaption under functional hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Donnelly
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland; Oroboros Instruments, Innsbruck, Austria.
| | | | | | | | | | - Alessandro Matera
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Daniele Tavernari
- Department of Computational Biology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland; Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland; Swiss Cancer Centre Léman, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Campiche
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Nadège Zanou
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Bengt Kayser
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Nicolas Place
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Rogers DR, Lawlor DJ, Moeller JL. Vitamin C Supplementation and Athletic Performance: A Review. Curr Sports Med Rep 2023; 22:255-259. [PMID: 37417662 DOI: 10.1249/jsr.0000000000001083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Many athletes utilize high-dose vitamin C supplementation to optimize athletic performance. A review of research over the past 10 years on the use of vitamin C and athletic performance show mixed results. Fourteen randomized control trials were reviewed. In most studies, vitamin C was used with at least one additional supplement, usually vitamin E. Three studies showed positive outcomes associated with decreased markers of muscle damage after intense exercise with some form of vitamin C supplementation. The remaining 11 articles showed either neutral or negative effects of high dose vitamin C supplementation on muscle damage, physical performance, perceived muscle soreness, and/or adaptations to training. Based on a lack of consistent data and potential for blunted physiologic adaptations to training, long-term high-dosage supplementation with vitamin C is not recommended. Athletes should obtain antioxidants through a nutrient-rich diet instead of through supplement use.
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Li J, Wang Z, Li C, Song Y, Wang Y, Bo H, Zhang Y. Impact of Exercise and Aging on Mitochondrial Homeostasis in Skeletal Muscle: Roles of ROS and Epigenetics. Cells 2022; 11:cells11132086. [PMID: 35805170 PMCID: PMC9266156 DOI: 10.3390/cells11132086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging causes degenerative changes such as epigenetic changes and mitochondrial dysfunction in skeletal muscle. Exercise can upregulate muscle mitochondrial homeostasis and enhance antioxidant capacity and represents an effective treatment to prevent muscle aging. Epigenetic changes such as DNA methylation, histone posttranslational modifications, and microRNA expression are involved in the regulation of exercise-induced adaptive changes in muscle mitochondria. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play an important role in signaling molecules in exercise-induced muscle mitochondrial health benefits, and strong evidence emphasizes that exercise-induced ROS can regulate gene expression via epigenetic mechanisms. The majority of mitochondrial proteins are imported into mitochondria from the cytosol, so mitochondrial homeostasis is regulated by nuclear epigenetic mechanisms. Exercise can reverse aging-induced changes in myokine expression by modulating epigenetic mechanisms. In this review, we provide an overview of the role of exercise-generated ROS in the regulation of mitochondrial homeostasis mediated by epigenetic mechanisms. In addition, the potential epigenetic mechanisms involved in exercise-induced myokine expression are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialin Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Exercise Physiology and Sports Medicine, Institute of Exercise and Health, Tianjin University of Sport, Tianjin 301617, China; (J.L.); (Z.W.); (C.L.); (Y.S.); (Y.W.)
| | - Zhe Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Exercise Physiology and Sports Medicine, Institute of Exercise and Health, Tianjin University of Sport, Tianjin 301617, China; (J.L.); (Z.W.); (C.L.); (Y.S.); (Y.W.)
| | - Can Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Exercise Physiology and Sports Medicine, Institute of Exercise and Health, Tianjin University of Sport, Tianjin 301617, China; (J.L.); (Z.W.); (C.L.); (Y.S.); (Y.W.)
| | - Yu Song
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Exercise Physiology and Sports Medicine, Institute of Exercise and Health, Tianjin University of Sport, Tianjin 301617, China; (J.L.); (Z.W.); (C.L.); (Y.S.); (Y.W.)
| | - Yan Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Exercise Physiology and Sports Medicine, Institute of Exercise and Health, Tianjin University of Sport, Tianjin 301617, China; (J.L.); (Z.W.); (C.L.); (Y.S.); (Y.W.)
| | - Hai Bo
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Exercise Physiology and Sports Medicine, Institute of Exercise and Health, Tianjin University of Sport, Tianjin 301617, China; (J.L.); (Z.W.); (C.L.); (Y.S.); (Y.W.)
- Department of Military Training Medicines, Logistics University of Chinese People’s Armed Police Force, Tianjin 300162, China
- Correspondence: (H.B.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Yong Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Exercise Physiology and Sports Medicine, Institute of Exercise and Health, Tianjin University of Sport, Tianjin 301617, China; (J.L.); (Z.W.); (C.L.); (Y.S.); (Y.W.)
- Correspondence: (H.B.); (Y.Z.)
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Islam H, Gibala MJ, Little JP. Exercise Snacks: A Novel Strategy to Improve Cardiometabolic Health. Exerc Sport Sci Rev 2022; 50:31-37. [PMID: 34669625 DOI: 10.1249/jes.0000000000000275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We define exercise snacks as isolated ≤1-min bouts of vigorous exercise performed periodically throughout the day. We hypothesize that exercise snacks are a feasible, well-tolerated, and time-efficient approach to improve cardiorespiratory fitness and reduce the negative impact of sedentary behavior on cardiometabolic health. Efficacy has been demonstrated in small proof-of-concept studies. Additional research should investigate this novel physical activity strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hashim Islam
- School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia Okanagan, Kelowna, BC
| | - Martin J Gibala
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Jonathan P Little
- School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia Okanagan, Kelowna, BC
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The Role of Vitamin C in Two Distinct Physiological States: Physical Activity and Sleep. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12123908. [PMID: 33371359 PMCID: PMC7767325 DOI: 10.3390/nu12123908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper is a literature overview of the complex relationship between vitamin C and two opposing physiological states, physical activity and sleep. The evidence suggests a clinically important bidirectional association between these two phenomena mediated by different physiological mechanisms. With this in mind, and knowing that both states share a connection with oxidative stress, we discuss the existing body of evidence to answer the question of whether vitamin C supplementation can be beneficial in the context of sleep health and key aspects of physical activity, such as performance, metabolic changes, and antioxidant function. We analyze the effect of ascorbic acid on the main sleep components, sleep duration and quality, focusing on the most common disorders: insomnia, obstructive sleep apnea, and restless legs syndrome. Deeper understanding of those interactions has implications for both public health and clinical practice.
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Calbet JAL, Martín-Rodríguez S, Martin-Rincon M, Morales-Alamo D. An integrative approach to the regulation of mitochondrial respiration during exercise: Focus on high-intensity exercise. Redox Biol 2020; 35:101478. [PMID: 32156501 PMCID: PMC7284910 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2020.101478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
During exercise, muscle ATP demand increases with intensity, and at the highest power output, ATP consumption may increase more than 100-fold above the resting level. The rate of mitochondrial ATP production during exercise depends on the availability of O2, carbon substrates, reducing equivalents, ADP, Pi, free creatine, and Ca2+. It may also be modulated by acidosis, nitric oxide and reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS). During fatiguing and repeated sprint exercise, RONS production may cause oxidative stress and damage to cellular structures and may reduce mitochondrial efficiency. Human studies indicate that the relatively low mitochondrial respiratory rates observed during sprint exercise are not due to lack of O2, or insufficient provision of Ca2+, reduced equivalents or carbon substrates, being a suboptimal stimulation by ADP the most plausible explanation. Recent in vitro studies with isolated skeletal muscle mitochondria, studied in conditions mimicking different exercise intensities, indicate that ROS production during aerobic exercise amounts to 1-2 orders of magnitude lower than previously thought. In this review, we will focus on the mechanisms regulating mitochondrial respiration, particularly during high-intensity exercise. We will analyze the factors that limit mitochondrial respiration and those that determine mitochondrial efficiency during exercise. Lastly, the differences in mitochondrial respiration between men and women will be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose A L Calbet
- Department of Physical Education, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Campus Universitario de Tafira s/n, 35017, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain; Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Paseo Blas Cabrera Felipe "Físico" (s/n), 35017, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain; Department of Physical Performance, The Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Postboks, 4014 Ulleval Stadion, 0806 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Saúl Martín-Rodríguez
- Department of Physical Education, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Campus Universitario de Tafira s/n, 35017, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain; Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Paseo Blas Cabrera Felipe "Físico" (s/n), 35017, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Marcos Martin-Rincon
- Department of Physical Education, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Campus Universitario de Tafira s/n, 35017, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain; Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Paseo Blas Cabrera Felipe "Físico" (s/n), 35017, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - David Morales-Alamo
- Department of Physical Education, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Campus Universitario de Tafira s/n, 35017, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain; Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Paseo Blas Cabrera Felipe "Físico" (s/n), 35017, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain
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10
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Alack K, Weiss A, Krüger K, Höret M, Schermuly R, Frech T, Eggert M, Mooren FC. Profiling of human lymphocytes reveals a specific network of protein kinases modulated by endurance training status. Sci Rep 2020; 10:888. [PMID: 31964936 PMCID: PMC6972788 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-57676-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
To date, the effects of endurance exercise training on lymphocyte physiology at the kinome level are largely unknown. Therefore, the present study used a highly sensitive peptide-based kinase activity profiling approach to investigate if the basal activity of tyrosine (Tyr) and serine/threonine (Ser/Thr) kinases of human lymphocytes is affected by the aerobic endurance training status. Results revealed that the activity of various tyrosine kinases of the FGFR family and ZAP70 was increased, whereas the activity of multiple Ser/Thr kinases such as IKKα, CaMK4, PKAα, PKCα+δ (among others) was decreased in lymphocytes of endurance trained athletes (ET). Moreover, functional associations between several differentially regulated kinases in ET-derived lymphocytes were demonstrated by phylogenetic mapping and network analysis. Especially, Ser/Thr kinases of the AGC-kinase (protein kinase A, G, and C) family represent exercise-sensitive key components within the lymphocytes kinase network that may mediate the long-term effects of endurance training. Furthermore, KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) and Reactome pathway analysis indicate that Ras as well as intracellular signaling by second messengers were found to be enriched in the ET individuals. Overall, our data suggest that endurance exercise training improves the adaptive immune competence by modulating the activity of multiple protein kinases in human lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Alack
- Department of Exercise Physiology and Sports Therapy, Institute of Sports Sciences, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany.
| | - Astrid Weiss
- Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Karsten Krüger
- Department of Exercise Physiology and Sports Therapy, Institute of Sports Sciences, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Mona Höret
- Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Ralph Schermuly
- Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Torsten Frech
- Department of Exercise Physiology and Sports Therapy, Institute of Sports Sciences, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Martin Eggert
- Center for Extracorporeal Organ Support, Department of Internal Medicine, Universitätsmedizin Rostock, Rostock, Germany
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11
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Enhancement of Exercise Performance by 48 Hours, and 15-Day Supplementation with Mangiferin and Luteolin in Men. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11020344. [PMID: 30736383 PMCID: PMC6412949 DOI: 10.3390/nu11020344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Revised: 01/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The natural polyphenols mangiferin and luteolin have free radical-scavenging properties, induce the antioxidant gene program and down-regulate the expression of superoxide-producing enzymes. However, the effects of these two polyphenols on exercise capacity remains mostly unknown. To determine whether a combination of luteolin (peanut husk extract containing 95% luteolin, PHE) and mangiferin (mango leave extract (MLE), Zynamite®) at low (PHE: 50 mg/day; and 140 mg/day of MLE containing 100 mg of mangiferin; L) and high doses (PHE: 100 mg/day; MLE: 420 mg/day; H) may enhance exercise performance, twelve physically active men performed incremental exercise to exhaustion, followed by sprint and endurance exercise after 48 h (acute effects) and 15 days of supplementation (prolonged effects) with polyphenols or placebo, following a double-blind crossover design. During sprint exercise, mangiferin + luteolin supplementation enhanced exercise performance, facilitated muscle oxygen extraction, and improved brain oxygenation, without increasing the VO₂. Compared to placebo, mangiferin + luteolin increased muscle O₂ extraction during post-exercise ischemia, and improved sprint performance after ischemia-reperfusion likely by increasing glycolytic energy production, as reflected by higher blood lactate concentrations after the sprints. Similar responses were elicited by the two doses tested. In conclusion, acute and prolonged supplementation with mangiferin combined with luteolin enhances performance, muscle O₂ extraction, and brain oxygenation during sprint exercise, at high and low doses.
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12
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Kasai N, Kojima C, Goto K. Metabolic and Performance Responses to Sprint Exercise under Hypoxia among Female Athletes. Sports Med Int Open 2018; 2:E71-E78. [PMID: 30539121 PMCID: PMC6225966 DOI: 10.1055/a-0628-6100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2018] [Revised: 04/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study determined metabolic and performance responses to repeated sprint exercise under hypoxia among female team-sport athletes. Fifteen female athletes (age, 20.7±0.2 years; height, 159.6±1.7 cm; body weight, 55.3±1.4 kg) performed two exercise trials under either a hypoxic [HYPO; fraction of inspired oxygen (F
i
O
2
), 14.5%] or normoxic (NOR; F
i
O
2
, 20.9%) condition. The exercise consisted of two sets of 8×6-s maximal sprint (pedaling). The average power output was not significantly different between trials for set 1 (
P
=0.89), but tended to be higher in the NOR trial for set 2 (
P
=0.05). The post-exercise blood lactate concentrations were significantly higher in the HYPO trial than that in the NOR trial (
P
<0.05). Exercise significantly increased serum growth hormone (GH) and cortisol concentrations (
P
<0.01 for both hormones), with no difference between the trials. In conclusion, repeated short-duration sprints interspaced with 30-s recovery periods in moderate hypoxia caused further increase in blood lactate compared with the same exercise under normoxic conditions among female team-sport athletes. However, exercise-induced GH and cortisol elevations or power output during exercise were not markedly different regardless of the different levels of inspired oxygen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobukazu Kasai
- Ritsumeikan University, Guraduate School of Sport and Health Science, Kusatsu, Japan
| | - Chihiro Kojima
- Ritsumeikan University, Guraduate School of Sport and Health Science, Kusatsu, Japan
| | - Kazushige Goto
- Ritsumeikan University, Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Kusatsu, Japan
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13
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Gelabert-Rebato M, Wiebe JC, Martin-Rincon M, Gericke N, Perez-Valera M, Curtelin D, Galvan-Alvarez V, Lopez-Rios L, Morales-Alamo D, Calbet JAL. Mangifera indica L. Leaf Extract in Combination With Luteolin or Quercetin Enhances VO 2peak and Peak Power Output, and Preserves Skeletal Muscle Function During Ischemia-Reperfusion in Humans. Front Physiol 2018; 9:740. [PMID: 29937737 PMCID: PMC6002676 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
It remains unknown whether polyphenols such as luteolin (Lut), mangiferin and quercetin (Q) have ergogenic effects during repeated all-out prolonged sprints. Here we tested the effect of Mangifera indica L. leaf extract (MLE) rich in mangiferin (Zynamite®) administered with either quercetin (Q) and tiger nut extract (TNE), or with luteolin (Lut) on sprint performance and recovery from ischemia-reperfusion. Thirty young volunteers were randomly assigned to three treatments 48 h before exercise. Treatment A: placebo (500 mg of maltodextrin/day); B: 140 mg of MLE (60% mangiferin) and 50 mg of Lut/day; and C: 140 mg of MLE, 600 mg of Q and 350 mg of TNE/day. After warm-up, subjects performed two 30 s Wingate tests and a 60 s all-out sprint interspaced by 4 min recovery periods. At the end of the 60 s sprint the circulation of both legs was instantaneously occluded for 20 s. Then, the circulation was re-opened and a 15 s sprint performed, followed by 10 s recovery with open circulation, and another 15 s final sprint. MLE supplements enhanced peak (Wpeak) and mean (Wmean) power output by 5.0-7.0% (P < 0.01). After ischemia, MLE+Q+TNE increased Wpeak by 19.4 and 10.2% compared with the placebo (P < 0.001) and MLE+Lut (P < 0.05), respectively. MLE+Q+TNE increased Wmean post-ischemia by 11.2 and 6.7% compared with the placebo (P < 0.001) and MLE+Lut (P = 0.012). Mean VO2 during the sprints was unchanged, suggesting increased efficiency or recruitment of the anaerobic capacity after MLE ingestion. In women, peak VO2 during the repeated sprints was 5.8% greater after the administration of MLE, coinciding with better brain oxygenation. MLE attenuated the metaboreflex hyperpneic response post-ischemia, may have improved O2 extraction by the Vastus Lateralis (MLE+Q+TNE vs. placebo, P = 0.056), and reduced pain during ischemia (P = 0.068). Blood lactate, acid-base balance, and plasma electrolytes responses were not altered by the supplements. In conclusion, a MLE extract rich in mangiferin combined with either quercetin and tiger nut extract or luteolin exerts a remarkable ergogenic effect, increasing muscle power in fatigued subjects and enhancing peak VO2 and brain oxygenation in women during prolonged sprinting. Importantly, the combination of MLE+Q+TNE improves skeletal muscle contractile function during ischemia/reperfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Gelabert-Rebato
- Department of Physical Education and Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
- Nektium Pharma, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | | | - Marcos Martin-Rincon
- Department of Physical Education and Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | | | - Mario Perez-Valera
- Department of Physical Education and Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - David Curtelin
- Department of Physical Education and Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Victor Galvan-Alvarez
- Department of Physical Education and Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Laura Lopez-Rios
- Department of Physical Education and Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - David Morales-Alamo
- Department of Physical Education and Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Jose A. L. Calbet
- Department of Physical Education and Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
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14
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Morales-Alamo D, Guerra B, Santana A, Martin-Rincon M, Gelabert-Rebato M, Dorado C, Calbet JAL. Skeletal Muscle Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Phosphorylation and Lactate Accumulation During Sprint Exercise in Normoxia and Severe Acute Hypoxia: Effects of Antioxidants. Front Physiol 2018; 9:188. [PMID: 29615918 PMCID: PMC5867337 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Compared to normoxia, during sprint exercise in severe acute hypoxia the glycolytic rate is increased leading to greater lactate accumulation, acidification, and oxidative stress. To determine the role played by pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) activation and reactive nitrogen and oxygen species (RNOS) in muscle lactate accumulation, nine volunteers performed a single 30-s sprint (Wingate test) on four occasions: two after the ingestion of placebo and another two following the intake of antioxidants, while breathing either hypoxic gas (PIO2 = 75 mmHg) or room air (PIO2 = 143 mmHg). Vastus lateralis muscle biopsies were obtained before, immediately after, 30 and 120 min post-sprint. Antioxidants reduced the glycolytic rate without altering performance or VO2. Immediately after the sprints, Ser293- and Ser300-PDH-E1α phosphorylations were reduced to similar levels in all conditions (~66 and 91%, respectively). However, 30 min into recovery Ser293-PDH-E1α phosphorylation reached pre-exercise values while Ser300-PDH-E1α was still reduced by 44%. Thirty minutes after the sprint Ser293-PDH-E1α phosphorylation was greater with antioxidants, resulting in 74% higher muscle lactate concentration. Changes in Ser293 and Ser300-PDH-E1α phosphorylation from pre to immediately after the sprints were linearly related after placebo (r = 0.74, P < 0.001; n = 18), but not after antioxidants ingestion (r = 0.35, P = 0.15). In summary, lactate accumulation during sprint exercise in severe acute hypoxia is not caused by a reduced activation of the PDH. The ingestion of antioxidants is associated with increased PDH re-phosphorylation and slower elimination of muscle lactate during the recovery period. Ser293 re-phosphorylates at a faster rate than Ser300-PDH-E1α during the recovery period, suggesting slightly different regulatory mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Morales-Alamo
- Department of Physical Education, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain.,Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Borja Guerra
- Department of Physical Education, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain.,Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Alfredo Santana
- Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain.,Clinical Genetics Unit, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario Insular-Materno Infantil de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Marcos Martin-Rincon
- Department of Physical Education, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain.,Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Miriam Gelabert-Rebato
- Department of Physical Education, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain.,Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Cecilia Dorado
- Department of Physical Education, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain.,Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - José A L Calbet
- Department of Physical Education, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain.,Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
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15
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Roach RC, Wagner PD, Ainslie PN, Hackett PH. Translation in Progress: Hypoxia 2017. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2017; 123:922-925. [PMID: 29025903 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00846.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Robert C Roach
- University of Colorado Altitude Research Center, Department of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado;
| | - Peter D Wagner
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Philip N Ainslie
- Centre for Heart, Lung and Vascular Health, School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia, Okanagan Campus, Canada; and
| | - Peter H Hackett
- University of Colorado Altitude Research Center, Department of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado.,Institute for Altitude Medicine, Telluride, Colorado
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