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The Effects of Physical Activity on the Gut Microbiota and the Gut–Brain Axis in Preclinical and Human Models: A Narrative Review. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14163293. [PMID: 36014798 PMCID: PMC9413457 DOI: 10.3390/nu14163293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence supports the importance of the gut microbiota (GM) in regulating multiple functions related to host physical health and, more recently, through the gut–brain axis (GBA), mental health. Similarly, the literature on the impact of physical activity (PA), including exercise, on GM and GBA is growing. Therefore, this narrative review summarizes and critically appraises the existing literature that delves into the benefits or adverse effects produced by PA on physical and mental health status through modifications of the GM, highlighting differences and similarities between preclinical and human studies. The same exercise in animal models, whether performed voluntarily or forced, has different effects on the GM, just as, in humans, intense endurance exercise can have a negative influence. In humans and animals, only aerobic PA seems able to modify the composition of the GM, whereas cardiovascular fitness appears related to specific microbial taxa or metabolites that promote a state of physical health. The PA favors bacterial strains that can promote physical performance and that can induce beneficial changes in the brain. Currently, it seems useful to prioritize aerobic activities at a moderate and not prolonged intensity. There may be greater benefits if PA is undertaken from a young age and the effects on the GM seem to gradually disappear when the activity is stopped. The PA produces modifications in the GM that can mediate and induce mental health benefits.
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Nguyen ST, Fujita N, Oshima T, Nishihira M, Ohno H, Yoneda M, Urakawa S. Effects of long-term childhood exercise and detraining on lipid accumulation in metabolic-related organs. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0270330. [PMID: 35749411 PMCID: PMC9231767 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0270330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The preventive effects of regular exercise on obesity-related health problems are carried over to the non-exercise detraining period, even when physical activity decreases with aging. However, it remains unknown whether regular childhood exercises can be carried over to adulthood. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effects of long-term childhood exercise and detraining on lipid accumulation in organs to prevent obesity in adulthood. Four-week-old male Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty (OLETF) rats were used as obese animals. OLETF rats were allocated into sedentary and exercise groups: exercise from 4- to 12-week-old and detraining from 12- to 20-week-old. At 12-week-old immediately after the exercise period, regular exercise completely inhibited hyperphagia, obesity, enlarged pancreatic islets, lipid accumulation and lobular inflammation in the liver, hypertrophied adipocytes in the white adipose tissue (WAT), and brown adipose tissue (BAT) whitening in OLETF rats. Additionally, exercise attenuated the decrease in the ratio of muscle wet weight to body weight associated with obesity. Decreased food consumption was maintained during the detraining period, which inhibited obesity and diabetes at 20-week-old after the detraining period. Histologically, childhood exercise inhibited the enlargement of pancreatic islets after the detraining period. In addition, inhibition of lipid accumulation was completely maintained in the WAT and BAT after the detraining period. However, the effectiveness was only partially successful in lipid accumulation and inflammation in the liver. The ratio of muscle wet weight to body weight was maintained after detraining. In conclusion, early long-term regular exercise effectively prevents obesity and diabetes in childhood, and its effectiveness can be tracked later in life. The present study suggests the importance of exercise during childhood and adolescence to inhibit hyperphagia-induced lipid accumulation in metabolic-related organs in adulthood despite exercise cessation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Son Tien Nguyen
- Department of Musculoskeletal Functional Research and Regeneration, Graduate School of Biomedicine and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Naoto Fujita
- Department of Musculoskeletal Functional Research and Regeneration, Graduate School of Biomedicine and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Takaya Oshima
- Department of Musculoskeletal Functional Research and Regeneration, Graduate School of Biomedicine and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Misuzu Nishihira
- Department of Musculoskeletal Functional Research and Regeneration, Graduate School of Biomedicine and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Haruya Ohno
- Department of Molecular and Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Masayasu Yoneda
- Department of Preventive Medicine for Diabetes and Lifestyle-Related Diseases, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Susumu Urakawa
- Department of Musculoskeletal Functional Research and Regeneration, Graduate School of Biomedicine and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, Japan
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The role of pre-pubertal training history on hippocampal neurotrophic factors and glucocorticoid receptor protein levels in adult male rats. Neurosci Lett 2021; 752:135834. [PMID: 33771578 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2021.135834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Neurotrophic factors play an integral role in hippocampal plasticity, and interaction with HPA axis components, especially glucocorticoid receptors (GR), can mediate the structural and functional changes. In the present work, we investigated the long-term effects of combined exercise training (CET) and voluntary physical activity in an enriched environment (EE) in the pre-pubertal period on hippocampal neurotrophic factors and GR. For this purpose, a longitudinal study was designed. After three weeks, all rats were kept in the standard cages without any interventions until adulthood. Western blot analysis revealed a significant increase in hippocampal BDNF and VEGF protein levels in both EE and CET groups (P < 0.001), along with an increase in GR protein levels. In addition, EE decreased serum corticosterone levels compared to CET (P < 0.05). Serum insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) levels did not demonstrate remarkable changes between groups. Training interventions during sensitive developmental periods may produce profound and long-lasting effects on the hippocampus, at least in part by interactive effects of neurotrophic factors cascades and GR.
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Mustafy T, Londono I, Moldovan F, Villemure I. Isolated Cyclic Loading During Adolescence Improves Tibial Bone Microstructure and Strength at Adulthood. JBMR Plus 2020; 4:e10349. [PMID: 32258967 PMCID: PMC7117850 DOI: 10.1002/jbm4.10349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone is a unique living tissue, which responds to the mechanical stimuli regularly imposed on it. Adolescence facilitates a favorable condition for the skeleton that enables the exercise to positively influence bone architecture and overall strength. However, it is still dubious for how long the skeletal benefits gained in adolescence is preserved at adulthood. The current study aims to use a rat model to investigate the effects of in vivo low- (LI), medium- (MI), and high- (HI) intensity cyclic loadings applied during puberty on longitudinal bone development, morphometry, and biomechanics during adolescence as well as at adulthood. Forty-two young (4-week-old) male rats were randomized into control, sham, LI, MI, and HI groups. After a 5 day/week for 8 weeks cyclic loading regime applied on the right tibia, loaded rats underwent a subsequent 41-week, normal cage activity period. Right tibias were removed at 52 weeks of age, and a comprehensive assessment was performed using μCT, mechanical testing, and finite element analysis. HI and MI groups exhibited reduced body weight and food intake at the end of the loading period compared with shams, but these effects disappeared afterward. HI cyclic loading increased BMD, bone volume fraction, trabecular thickness, trabecular number, and decreased trabecular spacing after loading. All loading-induced benefits, except BMD, persisted until the end of the normal cage activity period. Moreover, HI loading induced enhanced bone area, periosteal perimeter, and moment of inertia, which remained up to the 52nd week. After the normal cage activity at adulthood, the HI group showed increased ultimate force and stress, stiffness, postyield displacement and energy, and toughness compared with the sham group. Overall, our findings suggest that even though both trabecular and cortical bone drifted through age-related changes during aging, HI cyclic loading performed during adolescence can render lifelong benefits in bone microstructure and biomechanics. © 2020 The Authors. JBMR Plus published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanvir Mustafy
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringÉcole Polytechnique of MontréalMontréalQuébecCanada
- Department of PediatricsSainte‐Justine University Hospital CenterMontréalQuébecCanada
| | - Irène Londono
- Department of PediatricsSainte‐Justine University Hospital CenterMontréalQuébecCanada
| | - Florina Moldovan
- Department of PediatricsSainte‐Justine University Hospital CenterMontréalQuébecCanada
- Department of Stomatology, Faculty of DentistryUniversité de MontréalMontréalQuébecCanada
| | - Isabelle Villemure
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringÉcole Polytechnique of MontréalMontréalQuébecCanada
- Department of PediatricsSainte‐Justine University Hospital CenterMontréalQuébecCanada
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5
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Momma H, Sawada SS, Sloan RA, Gando Y, Kawakami R, Terada S, Miyachi M, Kinugawa C, Okamoto T, Tsukamoto K, Huang C, Nagatomi R, Blair SN. Importance of Achieving a "Fit" Cardiorespiratory Fitness Level for Several Years on the Incidence of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Japanese Cohort Study. J Epidemiol 2018; 28:230-236. [PMID: 29176273 PMCID: PMC5911673 DOI: 10.2188/jea.je20160199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The “Physical Activity Reference for Health Promotion 2013” provides “fit” reference values for cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) for good health. The importance of achieving a fit CRF level for several years on the subsequent prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) remains to be clarified. Methods This cohort study was conducted in 2,235 nondiabetic males aged 21 to 59 years, enrolled in April 1986 through March 1987. We calculated the ratio of the area under the curve (AUCratio) for actual measured values and the AUC for the reference values of CRF in each individual during an 8-year measurement period before the baseline. According to whether they met a fit CRF level or not, participants were categorized into groups based on the AUCratio (FitAUC or UnfitAUC) and initial CRF (Fitinitial or Unfitinitial), respectively. T2DM was evaluated on health checkups until March 2010. Results During the follow-up period, 400 men developed T2DM. After adjustment for confounders, as compared with those in the FitAUC group, the hazard ratio (HR) for those in the UnfitAUC group was 1.33 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.06–1.65). A combined analysis with the categories of initial value and AUCratio showed that, compared with the Fitinitial and FitAUC group, the HRs of Fitinitial and UnfitAUC, Unfitinitial and FitAUC, and Unfitinitial and UnfitAUC groups were 1.41 (95% CI, 0.99–2.00), 1.18 (95% CI, 0.81–1.70), and 1.40 (95% CI, 1.08–1.83), respectively. Conclusion Achievement of a fit CRF level established in the Japan physical activity guideline for several years was associated with lower subsequent risk of T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruki Momma
- Division of Biomedical Engineering for Health and Welfare, Tohoku University Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering.,Department of Health Promotion and Exercise, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition
| | - Susumu S Sawada
- Department of Health Promotion and Exercise, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition
| | - Robert A Sloan
- Department of Psychosomatic Internal Medicine, Graduate Medical and Dental School, Kagoshima University
| | - Yuko Gando
- Department of Health Promotion and Exercise, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition
| | | | - Shin Terada
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo
| | - Motohiko Miyachi
- Department of Health Promotion and Exercise, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition
| | | | | | | | - Cong Huang
- Division of Biomedical Engineering for Health and Welfare, Tohoku University Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering
| | - Ryoichi Nagatomi
- Division of Biomedical Engineering for Health and Welfare, Tohoku University Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering
| | - Steven N Blair
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina.,Department of Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina
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Fujita N, Aono S, Karasaki K, Sera F, Kurose T, Fujino H, Urakawa S. Changes in lipid metabolism and capillary density of the skeletal muscle following low-intensity exercise training in a rat model of obesity with hyperinsulinemia. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0196895. [PMID: 29718998 PMCID: PMC5931644 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0196895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Although exercise is effective in improving obesity and hyperinsulinemia, the exact influence of exercise on the capillary density of skeletal muscles remains unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of low-intensity exercise training on metabolism in obesity with hyperinsulinemia, focusing specifically on the capillary density within the skeletal muscle. Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima fatty (OLETF) rats were used as animal models of obesity with hyperinsulinemia, whereas Long-Evans Tokushima Otsuka (LETO) rats served as controls (no obesity, no hyperinsulinemia). The animals were randomly assigned to either non-exercise or exercise groups (treadmill running for 60 min/day, for 4 weeks). The exercise groups were further divided into subgroups according to training mode: single bout (60 min, daily) vs. multiple bout (three bouts of 20 min, daily). Fasting insulin levels were significantly higher in OLETF than in LETO rats. Among OLETF rats, there were no significant differences in fasting glucose levels between the exercise and the non-exercise groups, but the fasting insulin levels were significantly lower in the exercise group. Body weight and triacylglycerol levels in the liver were significantly higher in OLETF than in LETO rats; however, among OLETF rats, these levels were significantly lower in the exercise than in the non-exercise group. The capillary-to-fiber ratio of the soleus muscle was significantly higher in OLETF than in LETO rats; however, among OLETF rats, the ratio was lower in the exercise group than in the non-exercise group. No significant differences in any of the studied parameters were noted between the single-bout and multiple-bout exercise training modes among either OLETF or LETO rats. These results suggest that low-intensity exercise training improves insulin sensitivity and fatty liver. Additionally, the fact that attenuation of excessive capillarization in the skeletal muscle of OLETF rats was accompanied by improvement in increased body weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoto Fujita
- Department of Musculoskeletal Functional Research and Regeneration, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Saki Aono
- Department of Musculoskeletal Functional Research and Regeneration, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Kohei Karasaki
- Department of Musculoskeletal Functional Research and Regeneration, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Fumi Sera
- Department of Musculoskeletal Functional Research and Regeneration, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Kurose
- Department of Musculoskeletal Functional Research and Regeneration, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Hidemi Fujino
- Life and Medical Science Area, Health Sciences Discipline, Kobe University, Suma-ku, Kobe, Japan
| | - Susumu Urakawa
- Department of Musculoskeletal Functional Research and Regeneration, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, Japan
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7
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Energy intake functions and energy budgets of ectotherms and endotherms derived from their ontogenetic growth in body mass and timing of sexual maturation. J Theor Biol 2018; 444:83-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2018.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Revised: 01/28/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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8
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MOMMA HARUKI, SAWADA SUSUMUS, LEE IMIN, GANDO YUKO, KAWAKAMI RYOKO, TERADA SHIN, MIYACHI MOTOHIKO, KINUGAWA CHIHIRO, OKAMOTO TAKASHI, TSUKAMOTO KOJI, HUANG CONG, NAGATOMI RYOICHI, BLAIR STEVENN. Consistently High Level of Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Incidence of Type 2 Diabetes. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2017; 49:2048-2055. [DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000001319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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9
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Suzuki M, Shindo D, Suzuki R, Shirataki Y, Waki H. Combined long-term caffeine intake and exercise inhibits the development of diabetic nephropathy in OLETF rats. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2017; 122:1321-1328. [PMID: 28235857 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00278.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Revised: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was performed to examine the effects of long-term caffeine-intake, with and without exercise, on the progression of diabetic nephropathy (DN) in an obese diabetic rat model. Thirty-two male Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima fatty (OLETF) rats were assigned to sedentary (OLETF-Sed), exercise (OLETF-Ex), caffeine-intake (OLETF-Caf), and combined (OLETF-Caf + Ex) groups. Caffeine-intake groups were fed rat chow containing caffeine (90.7 ± 4.7 mg/kg/day). The OLETF-Ex and OLETF-Caf + Ex groups were able to run voluntarily at any time using a rotatory wheel. Body weight (BW) and blood pressure (BP) were measured weekly from 24 to 29 wk of age. Pre- and posttreatment serum glucose, insulin, and creatinine concentrations were measured, and a 24 h urine sample was collected for measurement of creatinine clearance (Ccr) and albumin excretion (UEAlb). After treatment, the kidneys were removed for morphological analysis. The OLETF-Caf and OLETF-Caf + Ex groups exhibited no BP increase during the study. Both the caffeine-intake groups exhibited a significant increase in urine volume (UV), electrolyte excretion, and Ccr, and decreased UEAlb, following treatment. Furthermore, no structural damage was observed in the kidneys of rats from either caffeine-intake group, whereas the OLETF-Sed and OLETF-Ex groups exhibited DN progression. This study demonstrates that caffeine-intake alone and/or combined with exercise significantly decreases BW and improves glucose intolerance, without the progression of DN. Further research should be performed to examine whether the quantities of caffeine contained in a normal human daily intake also have a protective effect against kidney damage.NEW & NOTEWORTHY The present study showed that caffeine administration alone and/or combined with exercise results in an improvement of diabetic nephropathy (DN), including an increase in creatinine clearance and urinary Na excretion, a decrease in urinary protein excretion, and in renal morphological findings. To our knowledge, there are no other studies showing that caffeine administration inhibits DN progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masato Suzuki
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Nishi-shinbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan;
| | - Daisuke Shindo
- Laboratory of Health and Sports Science, Department of Pharmacy, Nihon University, Narashinodai, Funabashi-shi, Chiba, Japan
| | - Ryuichiro Suzuki
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Natural Medicines, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University, Sakado, Saitama, Japan; and
| | - Yoshiaki Shirataki
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Natural Medicines, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University, Sakado, Saitama, Japan; and
| | - Hidefumi Waki
- Department of Physiology, Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Juntendo University, Inzai, Chiba, Japan
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10
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Early‐life exercise may promote lasting brain and metabolic health through gut bacterial metabolites. Immunol Cell Biol 2016; 94:151-7. [DOI: 10.1038/icb.2015.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Revised: 11/28/2015] [Accepted: 11/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Abstract
Tackling increasing rates of obesity is likely to be a defining feature of health care over the next several decades. Adult obesity is a persistent and treatment-resistant problem. Consequently, an emerging theme in the literature is to commence prevention efforts earlier in the developmental time course. This view is based primarily on epidemiological data demonstrating a link between traits manifesting early during development and increased obesity risk in adulthood. Physical activity is a perennial factor in discussions of obesity prevention. However, the optimal timing and type of physical activity interventions to commence remains unclear. Critical developmental windows of plasticity may afford time-limited opportunities to shape body composition across the life course; however, physical activity has not been explicitly considered in these discussions. Although animal models suggest that physical activity commenced earlier in development has differential effects on obesity onset compared to physical activity commenced in adulthood, human research is lacking. In this conceptual review, we consider physical activity during critical developmental periods as a way to mitigate obesity risk later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Street
- Mater Health Services South Brisbane, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Mater Research, Centre for Nutrition and Exercise, South Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - J C K Wells
- Childhood Nutrition Research Centre, University College London Institute of Child Health, London, England
| | - A P Hills
- Mater Health Services South Brisbane, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Mater Research, Centre for Nutrition and Exercise, South Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Griffith Health Institute, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
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12
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Mika A, Van Treuren W, González A, Herrera JJ, Knight R, Fleshner M. Exercise is More Effective at Altering Gut Microbial Composition and Producing Stable Changes in Lean Mass in Juvenile versus Adult Male F344 Rats. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0125889. [PMID: 26016739 PMCID: PMC4446322 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0125889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The mammalian intestine harbors a complex microbial ecosystem that influences many aspects of host physiology. Exposure to specific microbes early in development affects host metabolism, immune function, and behavior across the lifespan. Just as the physiology of the developing organism undergoes a period of plasticity, the developing microbial ecosystem is characterized by instability and may also be more sensitive to change. Early life thus presents a window of opportunity for manipulations that produce adaptive changes in microbial composition. Recent insights have revealed that increasing physical activity can increase the abundance of beneficial microbial species. We therefore investigated whether six weeks of wheel running initiated in the juvenile period (postnatal day 24) would produce more robust and stable changes in microbial communities versus exercise initiated in adulthood (postnatal day 70) in male F344 rats. 16S rRNA gene sequencing was used to characterize the microbial composition of juvenile versus adult runners and their sedentary counterparts across multiple time points during exercise and following exercise cessation. Alpha diversity measures revealed that the microbial communities of young runners were less even and diverse, a community structure that reflects volatility and malleability. Juvenile onset exercise altered several phyla and, notably, increased Bacteroidetes and decreased Firmicutes, a configuration associated with leanness. At the genus level of taxonomy, exercise altered more genera in juveniles than in the adults and produced patterns associated with adaptive metabolic consequences. Given the potential of these changes to contribute to a lean phenotype, we examined body composition in juvenile versus adult runners. Interestingly, exercise produced persistent increases in lean body mass in juvenile but not adult runners. Taken together, these results indicate that the impact of exercise on gut microbiota composition as well as body composition may depend on the developmental stage during which exercise is initiated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Mika
- Department of Integrative Physiology and the Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, 80301, United States of America
| | - Will Van Treuren
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, 94305, United States of America
| | - Antonio González
- Departments of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, 29093, United States of America
| | - Jonathan J. Herrera
- Department of Integrative Physiology and the Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, 80301, United States of America
| | - Rob Knight
- Departments of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, 29093, United States of America
- Computer Science & Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, 29093, United States of America
| | - Monika Fleshner
- Department of Integrative Physiology and the Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, 80301, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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