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Shastry A, Dunham-Snary K. Metabolomics and mitochondrial dysfunction in cardiometabolic disease. Life Sci 2023; 333:122137. [PMID: 37788764 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.122137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
Circulating metabolites are indicators of systemic metabolic dysfunction and can be detected through contemporary techniques in metabolomics. These metabolites are involved in numerous mitochondrial metabolic processes including glycolysis, fatty acid β-oxidation, and amino acid catabolism, and changes in the abundance of these metabolites is implicated in the pathogenesis of cardiometabolic diseases (CMDs). Epigenetic regulation and direct metabolite-protein interactions modulate metabolism, both within cells and in the circulation. Dysfunction of multiple mitochondrial components stemming from mitochondrial DNA mutations are implicated in disease pathogenesis. This review will summarize the current state of knowledge regarding: i) the interactions between metabolites found within the mitochondrial environment during CMDs, ii) various metabolites' effects on cellular and systemic function, iii) how harnessing the power of metabolomic analyses represents the next frontier of precision medicine, and iv) how these concepts integrate to expand the clinical potential for translational cardiometabolic medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Shastry
- Department of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Kimberly Dunham-Snary
- Department of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada; Department of Biomedical & Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada.
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Hollyer TR, Bordoni L, Kousholt BS, van Luijk J, Ritskes-Hoitinga M, Østergaard L. The evidence for the physiological effects of lactate on the cerebral microcirculation: a systematic review. J Neurochem 2019; 148:712-730. [PMID: 30472728 PMCID: PMC6590437 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Revised: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract Lactate's role in the brain is understood as a contributor to brain energy metabolism, but it may also regulate the cerebral microcirculation. The purpose of this systematic review was to evaluate evidence of lactate as a physiological effector within the normal cerebral microcirculation in reports ranging from in vitro experiments to in vivo studies in animals and humans. Following pre‐registration of a review protocol, we systematically searched the PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane databases for literature covering themes of ‘lactate’, ‘the brain’, and ‘microcirculation’. Abstracts were screened, and data extracted independently by two individuals. We excluded studies evaluating lactate in disease models. Twenty‐eight papers were identified, 18 of which were in vivo animal experiments (65%), four on human studies (14%), and six on in vitro or ex vivo experiments (21%). Approximately half of the papers identified lactate as an augmenter of the hyperemic response to functional activation by a visual stimulus or as an instigator of hyperemia in a dose‐dependent manner, without external stimulation. The mechanisms are likely to be coupled to NAD+/NADH redox state influencing the production of nitric oxide. Unfortunately, only 38% of these studies demonstrated any control for bias, which makes reliable generalizations of the conclusions insecure. This systematic review identifies that lactate may act as a dose‐dependent regulator of cerebral microcirculation by augmenting the hyperemic response to functional activation below 5 mmol/kg, and by initiating a hyperemic response above 5 mmol/kg. Open Science Badges
This article has received a badge for *Pre‐registration* because it made the data publicly available. The data can be accessed at www.radboudumc.nl/getmedia/53625326-d1df-432c-980f-27c7c80d1a90/THollyer_lactate_protocol.aspx. The complete Open Science Disclosure form for this article can be found at the end of the article. More information about the Open Practices badges can be found at https://cos.io/our-services/open-science-badges/. ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Tristan R Hollyer
- Centre for Functionally Integrative Neuroscience (CFIN), Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark.,Institute for Clinical Medicine, Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Luca Bordoni
- Department of Biomedicine South, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Birgitte S Kousholt
- Institute for Clinical Medicine, Aarhus N, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, AUGUST Centre, Aarhus University, Risskov, Denmark
| | - Judith van Luijk
- SYstematic Review Centre for Laboratory Animal Experimentation (SYRCLE), Department for Health Evidence, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Merel Ritskes-Hoitinga
- SYstematic Review Centre for Laboratory Animal Experimentation (SYRCLE), Department for Health Evidence, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Leif Østergaard
- Centre for Functionally Integrative Neuroscience (CFIN), Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark.,Institute for Clinical Medicine, Aarhus N, Denmark.,Department of Neuroradiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus C, Denmark
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Laughlin MH, Davis MJ, Secher NH, van Lieshout JJ, Arce-Esquivel AA, Simmons GH, Bender SB, Padilla J, Bache RJ, Merkus D, Duncker DJ. Peripheral circulation. Compr Physiol 2013; 2:321-447. [PMID: 23728977 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c100048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Blood flow (BF) increases with increasing exercise intensity in skeletal, respiratory, and cardiac muscle. In humans during maximal exercise intensities, 85% to 90% of total cardiac output is distributed to skeletal and cardiac muscle. During exercise BF increases modestly and heterogeneously to brain and decreases in gastrointestinal, reproductive, and renal tissues and shows little to no change in skin. If the duration of exercise is sufficient to increase body/core temperature, skin BF is also increased in humans. Because blood pressure changes little during exercise, changes in distribution of BF with incremental exercise result from changes in vascular conductance. These changes in distribution of BF throughout the body contribute to decreases in mixed venous oxygen content, serve to supply adequate oxygen to the active skeletal muscles, and support metabolism of other tissues while maintaining homeostasis. This review discusses the response of the peripheral circulation of humans to acute and chronic dynamic exercise and mechanisms responsible for these responses. This is accomplished in the context of leading the reader on a tour through the peripheral circulation during dynamic exercise. During this tour, we consider what is known about how each vascular bed controls BF during exercise and how these control mechanisms are modified by chronic physical activity/exercise training. The tour ends by comparing responses of the systemic circulation to those of the pulmonary circulation relative to the effects of exercise on the regional distribution of BF and mechanisms responsible for control of resistance/conductance in the systemic and pulmonary circulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Harold Laughlin
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, and the Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA.
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Overgaard M, Rasmussen P, Bohm AM, Seifert T, Brassard P, Zaar M, Homann P, Evans KA, Nielsen HB, Secher NH. Hypoxia and exercise provoke both lactate release and lactate oxidation by the human brain. FASEB J 2012; 26:3012-20. [PMID: 22441982 DOI: 10.1096/fj.11-191999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Lactate is shuttled between organs, as demonstrated in the Cori cycle. Although the brain releases lactate at rest, during physical exercise there is a cerebral uptake of lactate. Here, we evaluated the cerebral lactate uptake and release in hypoxia, during exercise and when the two interventions were combined. We measured cerebral lactate turnover via a tracer dilution method ([1-(13)C]lactate), using arterial to right internal jugular venous differences in 9 healthy individuals (5 males and 4 females), at rest and during 30 min of submaximal exercise in normoxia and hypoxia (F(i)o(2) 10%, arterial oxygen saturation 72 ± 10%, mean ± sd). Whole-body lactate turnover increased 3.5-fold and 9-fold at two workloads in normoxia and 18-fold during exercise in hypoxia. Although middle cerebral artery mean flow velocity increased during exercise in hypoxia, calculated cerebral mitochondrial oxygen tension decreased by 13 mmHg (P<0.001). At the same time, cerebral lactate release increased from 0.15 ± 0.1 to 0.8 ± 0.6 mmol min(-1) (P<0.05), corresponding to ∼10% of cerebral energy consumption. Concurrently, cerebral lactate uptake was 1.0 ± 0.9 mmol min(-1) (P<0.05), of which 57 ± 9% was oxidized, demonstrating that lactate oxidation may account for up to ∼33% of the energy substrate used by the brain. These results support the existence of a cell-cell lactate shuttle that may involve neurons and astrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morten Overgaard
- Department of Anesthesia, The Copenhagen Muscle Research Center, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Madsen MF, Dano S, Quistorff B. A Strategy for Development of Realistic Mathematical Models of Whole-Body Metabolism. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.4236/ojapps.2012.21002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Quistorff B, Grunnet N. The isoenzyme pattern of LDH does not play a physiological role; except perhaps during fast transitions in energy metabolism. Aging (Albany NY) 2011; 3:457-60. [PMID: 21566263 PMCID: PMC3156596 DOI: 10.18632/aging.100329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bjørn Quistorff
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, The Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Seifert T, Secher NH. Sympathetic influence on cerebral blood flow and metabolism during exercise in humans. Prog Neurobiol 2011; 95:406-26. [PMID: 21963551 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2011.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2011] [Revised: 09/13/2011] [Accepted: 09/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This review focuses on the possibility that autonomic activity influences cerebral blood flow (CBF) and metabolism during exercise in humans. Apart from cerebral autoregulation, the arterial carbon dioxide tension, and neuronal activation, it may be that the autonomic nervous system influences CBF as evidenced by pharmacological manipulation of adrenergic and cholinergic receptors. Cholinergic blockade by glycopyrrolate blocks the exercise-induced increase in the transcranial Doppler determined mean flow velocity (MCA Vmean). Conversely, alpha-adrenergic activation increases that expression of cerebral perfusion and reduces the near-infrared determined cerebral oxygenation at rest, but not during exercise associated with an increased cerebral metabolic rate for oxygen (CMRO(2)), suggesting competition between CMRO(2) and sympathetic control of CBF. CMRO(2) does not change during even intense handgrip, but increases during cycling exercise. The increase in CMRO(2) is unaffected by beta-adrenergic blockade even though CBF is reduced suggesting that cerebral oxygenation becomes critical and a limited cerebral mitochondrial oxygen tension may induce fatigue. Also, sympathetic activity may drive cerebral non-oxidative carbohydrate uptake during exercise. Adrenaline appears to accelerate cerebral glycolysis through a beta2-adrenergic receptor mechanism since noradrenaline is without such an effect. In addition, the exercise-induced cerebral non-oxidative carbohydrate uptake is blocked by combined beta 1/2-adrenergic blockade, but not by beta1-adrenergic blockade. Furthermore, endurance training appears to lower the cerebral non-oxidative carbohydrate uptake and preserve cerebral oxygenation during submaximal exercise. This is possibly related to an attenuated catecholamine response. Finally, exercise promotes brain health as evidenced by increased release of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) from the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Seifert
- Department of Anaesthesia and The Copenhagen Muscle Research Centre, Rigshospitalet 2041, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 9, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.
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Rasmussen P, Wyss MT, Lundby C. Cerebral glucose and lactate consumption during cerebral activation by physical activity in humans. FASEB J 2011; 25:2865-73. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.11-183822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Rasmussen
- Zurich Centre for Integrative Human PhysiologyDepartment of PhysiologyUniversity of ZurichSwitzerland
| | - Matthias T. Wyss
- Institute of Pharmacology and ToxicologyUniversity of ZurichSwitzerland
| | - Carsten Lundby
- Zurich Centre for Integrative Human PhysiologyDepartment of PhysiologyUniversity of ZurichSwitzerland
- Institute of Pharmacology and ToxicologyUniversity of ZurichSwitzerland
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Greenhaff PL, Hargreaves M. 'Systems biology' in human exercise physiology: is it something different from integrative physiology? J Physiol 2011; 589:1031-6. [PMID: 21224223 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2010.201525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
On first impression the 'whole-istic approach to understanding biology' that has been used to describe Systems Biology bears a striking resemblance to what many of us know as Integrative Physiology. However, closer scrutiny reveals that at the present time Systems Biology is rooted in processes operating at a cellular level ('the study of an organism, viewed as an integrated and interacting network of genes, proteins and biochemical reactions which give rise to life ultimately responsible for an organism's form and functions'; http://www.systemsbiology.org), and appears to have evolved as a direct result of advances in high throughput molecular biology platforms (and associated bioinformatics) over the past decade. The Systems Biology approach is in many ways laudable, but it will be immediately apparent to most exercise or integrative physiologists that the challenge of understanding the whole-animal response to exercise as a network of integrated and interacting genes, proteins and biochemical reactions is unlikely to be realized in the near future. This short review will attempt to clarify conceptual inconsistencies between the fields of Systems Biology and Integrative Physiology in the context of exercise science, and will attempt to identify the challenges to whole-body physiologists wishing to harness the tools of Systems Biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul L Greenhaff
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Nottingham Medical School, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK.
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Brain nonoxidative carbohydrate consumption is not explained by export of an unknown carbon source: evaluation of the arterial and jugular venous metabolome. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2010; 30:1240-6. [PMID: 20179724 PMCID: PMC2949197 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2010.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Brain activation provokes nonoxidative carbohydrate consumption and during exercise it is dominated by the cerebral uptake of lactate resulting in that up to approximately 1 mmol/ 100 g of glucose equivalents cannot be accounted for by cerebral oxygen uptake. The fate of this 'extra' carbohydrate uptake is unknown, but it may be that brain metabolism is balanced by a yet-unidentified substance(s). This study used a nuclear magnetic resonance-based metabolomics approach to plasma samples obtained from the brachial artery and the right internal jugular vein in 16 healthy young males to identify carbon species going to and from the brain. We observed a carbohydrate accumulation of 255+/-37 micromol/100 g glucose equivalents at exhaustion not accounted for by the oxygen uptake. Although the cumulated uptake was lower than earlier observed, the results show that glucose and lactate are responsible for the majority of the carbon exchange across the brain. Even during intense exercise associated with the largest nonoxidative carbohydrate consumption, the brain did not show significant release of any other metabolite. We conclude that during exercise, the surplus carbohydrate uptake by the brain cannot be accounted for by changes in the NMR-derived plasma metabolome across the brain.
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