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Ruple BA, Vann CG, Sexton CL, Osburn SC, Smith MA, Godwin JS, Mumford PW, Stock MS, Roberts MD, Young KC. Peripheral quantitative computed tomography is a valid imaging technique for tracking changes in skeletal muscle cross-sectional area. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging 2024; 44:407-414. [PMID: 38666415 DOI: 10.1111/cpf.12885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 08/07/2024]
Abstract
Peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT) has recently expanded to quantifying skeletal muscle, however its validity to determine muscle cross-sectional area (mCSA) compared to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is unknown. Eleven male participants (age: 22 ± 3 y) underwent pQCT and MRI dual-leg mid-thigh imaging before (PRE) and after (POST) 6 weeks of resistance training for quantification of mid-thigh mCSA and change in mCSA. mCSA agreement at both time points and absolute change in mCSA across time was assessed using Bland-Altman plots for mean bias and 95% limits of agreement (LOA), as well as Lin's concordance correlation coefficients (CCC). Both pQCT and MRI mCSA increased following 6 weeks of resistance training (∆mCSApQCT: 6.7 ± 5.4 cm2, p < 0.001; ∆mCSAMRI: 6.0 ± 6.4 cm2, p < 0.001). Importantly, the change in mCSA was not different between methods (p = 0.39). Bland-Altman analysis revealed a small mean bias (1.10 cm2, LOA: -6.09, 8.29 cm2) where pQCT tended to overestimate mCSA relative to MRI when comparing images at a single time point. Concordance between pQCT and MRI mCSA at PRE and POST was excellent yielding a CCC of 0.982. For detecting changes in mCSA, Bland-Altman analysis revealed excellent agreement between pQCT and MRI (mean bias: -0.73 cm2, LOA: -8.37, 6.91 cm2). Finally, there was excellent concordance between pQCT and MRI mCSA change scores (CCC = 0.779). Relative to MRI, pQCT imaging is a valid technique for measuring both mid-thigh mCSA at a single time point and mCSA changes following a resistance training intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley A Ruple
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| | - Christopher G Vann
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Casey L Sexton
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| | - Shelby C Osburn
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| | - Morgan A Smith
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| | - Joshua S Godwin
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| | - Petey W Mumford
- Department of Kinesiology, Lindenwood University, St. Charles, Missouri, USA
| | - Matt S Stock
- School of Kinesiology and Physical Therapy, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - Michael D Roberts
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
- Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| | - Kaelin C Young
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Pacific Northwest University of Health Sciences, Yakima, Washington, USA
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Brown A, Parise G, Thomas ACQ, Ng SY, McGlory C, Phillips SM, Kumbhare D, Joanisse S. Low baseline ribosome-related gene expression and resistance training-induced declines in ribosome-related gene expression are associated with skeletal muscle hypertrophy in young men and women. J Cell Physiol 2024; 239:e31182. [PMID: 38214457 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.31182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Ribosomes are essential cellular machinery for protein synthesis. It is hypothesised that ribosome content supports muscle growth and that individuals with more ribosomes have greater increases in muscle size following resistance training (RT). Aerobic conditioning (AC) also elicits distinct physiological adaptations; however, no measures of ribosome content following AC have been conducted. We used ribosome-related gene expression as a proxy measure for ribosome content and hypothesised that AC and RT would increase ribosome-related gene expression. Fourteen young men and women performed 6 weeks of single-legged AC followed by 10 weeks of double-legged RT. Muscle biopsies were taken following AC and following RT in the aerobically conditioned (AC+RT) and unconditioned (RT) legs. No differences in regulatory genes (Ubf, Cyclin D1, Tif-1a and Polr-1b) involved in ribosomal biogenesis or ribosomal RNA (45S, 5.8S, 18S and 28S rRNAs) expression were observed following AC and RT, except for c-Myc (RT > AC+RT) and 5S rRNA (RT < AC+RT at pre-RT) with 18S external transcribed spacer and 5.8S internal transcribed spacer expression decreasing from pre-RT to post-RT in the RT leg only. When divided for change in leg-lean soft tissue mass (ΔLLSTM) following RT, legs with the greatest ΔLLSTM had lower expression in 11/13 measured ribosome-related genes before RT and decreased expression in 9/13 genes following RT. These results indicate that AC and RT did not increase ribosome-related gene expression. Contrary to previous research, the greatest increase in muscle mass was associated with lower changes in ribosome-related gene expression over the course of the 10-week training programme. This may point to the importance of translational efficiency rather than translational capacity (i.e. ribosome content) in mediating long-term exercise-induced adaptations in skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Brown
- Exercise Metabolism Research Group, Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gianni Parise
- Exercise Metabolism Research Group, Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Aaron C Q Thomas
- Exercise Metabolism Research Group, Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sean Y Ng
- Exercise Metabolism Research Group, Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Chris McGlory
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stuart M Phillips
- Exercise Metabolism Research Group, Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Dinesh Kumbhare
- Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sophie Joanisse
- Exercise Metabolism Research Group, Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Sport, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
- MRC Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, Nottingha, UK
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
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Plotkin DL, Rodas MA, Vigotsky AD, McIntosh MC, Breeze E, Ubrik R, Robitzsch C, Agyin-Birikorang A, Mattingly ML, Michel JM, Kontos NJ, Lennon S, Frugé AD, Wilburn CM, Weimar WH, Bashir A, Beyers RJ, Henselmans M, Contreras BM, Roberts MD. Hip thrust and back squat training elicit similar gluteus muscle hypertrophy and transfer similarly to the deadlift. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1279170. [PMID: 37877099 PMCID: PMC10593473 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1279170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023] Open
Abstract
We examined how set-volume equated resistance training using either the back squat (SQ) or hip thrust (HT) affected hypertrophy and various strength outcomes. Untrained college-aged participants were randomized into HT (n = 18) or SQ (n = 16) groups. Surface electromyograms (sEMG) from the right gluteus maximus and medius muscles were obtained during the first training session. Participants completed 9 weeks of supervised training (15-17 sessions), before and after which gluteus and leg muscle cross-sectional area (mCSA) was assessed via magnetic resonance imaging. Strength was also assessed prior to and after the training intervention via three-repetition maximum (3RM) testing and an isometric wall push test. Gluteus mCSA increases were similar across both groups. Specifically, estimates [(-) favors HT (+) favors SQ] modestly favored the HT versus SQ for lower [effect ±SE, -1.6 ± 2.1 cm2; CI95% (-6.1, 2.0)], mid [-0.5 ± 1.7 cm2; CI95% (-4.0, 2.6)], and upper [-0.5 ± 2.6 cm2; CI95% (-5.8, 4.1)] gluteal mCSAs but with appreciable variance. Gluteus medius + minimus [-1.8 ± 1.5 cm2; CI95% (-4.6, 1.4)] and hamstrings [0.1 ± 0.6 cm2; CI95% (-0.9, 1.4)] mCSA demonstrated little to no growth with small differences between groups. mCSA changes were greater in SQ for the quadriceps [3.6 ± 1.5 cm2; CI95% (0.7, 6.4)] and adductors [2.5 ± 0.7 cm2; CI95% (1.2, 3.9)]. Squat 3RM increases favored SQ [14 ± 2 kg; CI95% (9, 18),] and hip thrust 3RM favored HT [-26 ± 5 kg; CI95% (-34, -16)]. 3RM deadlift [0 ± 2 kg; CI95% (-4, 3)] and wall push strength [-7 ± 12N; CI95% (-32, 17)] similarly improved. All measured gluteal sites showed greater mean sEMG amplitudes during the first bout hip thrust versus squat set, but this did not consistently predict gluteal hypertrophy outcomes. Squat and hip thrust training elicited similar gluteal hypertrophy, greater thigh hypertrophy in SQ, strength increases that favored exercise allocation, and similar deadlift and wall push strength increases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Andrew D. Vigotsky
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Statistics, Evanston, IL, United States
- Department of Neuroscience, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | | | - Emma Breeze
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Rachel Ubrik
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Cole Robitzsch
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | | | | | - J. Max Michel
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | | | - Sarah Lennon
- College of Nursing, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Andrew D. Frugé
- College of Nursing, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | | | - Wendi H. Weimar
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Adil Bashir
- MRI Research Center, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Ronald J. Beyers
- MRI Research Center, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Menno Henselmans
- International Scientific Research Foundation for Fitness and Nutrition, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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Roberts MD, McCarthy JJ, Hornberger TA, Phillips SM, Mackey AL, Nader GA, Boppart MD, Kavazis AN, Reidy PT, Ogasawara R, Libardi CA, Ugrinowitsch C, Booth FW, Esser KA. Mechanisms of mechanical overload-induced skeletal muscle hypertrophy: current understanding and future directions. Physiol Rev 2023; 103:2679-2757. [PMID: 37382939 PMCID: PMC10625844 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00039.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Mechanisms underlying mechanical overload-induced skeletal muscle hypertrophy have been extensively researched since the landmark report by Morpurgo (1897) of "work-induced hypertrophy" in dogs that were treadmill trained. Much of the preclinical rodent and human resistance training research to date supports that involved mechanisms include enhanced mammalian/mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) signaling, an expansion in translational capacity through ribosome biogenesis, increased satellite cell abundance and myonuclear accretion, and postexercise elevations in muscle protein synthesis rates. However, several lines of past and emerging evidence suggest that additional mechanisms that feed into or are independent of these processes are also involved. This review first provides a historical account of how mechanistic research into skeletal muscle hypertrophy has progressed. A comprehensive list of mechanisms associated with skeletal muscle hypertrophy is then outlined, and areas of disagreement involving these mechanisms are presented. Finally, future research directions involving many of the discussed mechanisms are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Roberts
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, United States
| | - John J McCarthy
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States
| | - Troy A Hornberger
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Stuart M Phillips
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Abigail L Mackey
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Copenhagen University Hospital-Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, and Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Gustavo A Nader
- Department of Kinesiology and Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Marni D Boppart
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States
| | - Andreas N Kavazis
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, United States
| | - Paul T Reidy
- Department of Kinesiology, Nutrition and Health, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio, United States
| | - Riki Ogasawara
- Healthy Food Science Research Group, Cellular and Molecular Biotechnology Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Cleiton A Libardi
- MUSCULAB-Laboratory of Neuromuscular Adaptations to Resistance Training, Department of Physical Education, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Carlos Ugrinowitsch
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Frank W Booth
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States
| | - Karyn A Esser
- Department of Physiology and Aging, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States
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Plotkin DL, Rodas MA, Vigotsky AD, McIntosh MC, Breeze E, Ubrik R, Robitzsch C, Agyin-Birikorang A, Mattingly ML, Michel JM, Kontos NJ, Frugé AD, Wilburn CM, Weimar WH, Bashir A, Beyers RJ, Henselmans M, Contreras BM, Roberts MD. Hip thrust and back squat training elicit similar gluteus muscle hypertrophy and transfer similarly to the deadlift. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.06.21.545949. [PMID: 37461495 PMCID: PMC10349977 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.21.545949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
Purpose We examined how set-volume equated resistance training using either the back squat (SQ) or hip thrust (HT) affected hypertrophy and various strength outcomes. Methods Untrained college-aged participants were randomized into HT or SQ groups. Surface electromyograms (sEMG) from the right gluteus maximus and medius muscles were obtained during the first training session. Participants completed nine weeks of supervised training (15-17 sessions), before and after which we assessed muscle cross-sectional area (mCSA) via magnetic resonance imaging and strength via three-repetition maximum (3RM) testing and an isometric wall push test. Results Glutei mCSA growth was similar across both groups. Estimates [(-) favors HT; (+) favors SQ] modestly favored the HT compared to SQ for lower [effect ± SE, -1.6 ± 2.1 cm2], mid [-0.5± 1.7 cm2], and upper [-0.5 ± 2.6 cm2], but with appreciable variance. Gluteus medius+minimus [-1.8 ± 1.5 cm2] and hamstrings [0.1 ± 0.6 cm2] mCSA demonstrated little to no growth with small differences between groups. Thigh mCSA changes were greater in SQ for the quadriceps [3.6 ± 1.5 cm2] and adductors [2.5 ± 0.7 cm2]. Squat 3RM increases favored SQ [14 ± 2.5 kg] and hip thrust 3RM favored HT [-26 ± 5 kg]. 3RM deadlift [0 ± 2 kg] and wall push strength [-7 ± 13 N] similarly improved. All measured gluteal sites showed greater mean sEMG amplitudes during the first bout hip thrust versus squat set, but this did not consistently predict gluteal hypertrophy outcomes. Conclusion Nine weeks of squat versus hip thrust training elicited similar gluteal hypertrophy, greater thigh hypertrophy in SQ, strength increases that favored exercise allocation, and similar strength transfers to the deadlift and wall push.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Andrew D. Vigotsky
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Statistics, Evanston, IL, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Emma Breeze
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Rachel Ubrik
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Cole Robitzsch
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | | | | | - J. Max Michel
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Adil Bashir
- MRI Research Center, Auburn University, Auburn AL, USA
| | | | - Menno Henselmans
- International Scientific Research Foundation for Fitness and Nutrition, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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