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Biselli PJC, Degobbi Tenorio Quirino Dos Santos Lopes F, Righetti RF, Moriya HT, Tibério IFLC, Martins MA. Lung Mechanics Over the Century: From Bench to Bedside and Back to Bench. Front Physiol 2022; 13:817263. [PMID: 35910573 PMCID: PMC9326096 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.817263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung physiology research advanced significantly over the last 100 years. Respiratory mechanics applied to animal models of lung disease extended the knowledge of the workings of respiratory system. In human research, a better understanding of respiratory mechanics has contributed to development of mechanical ventilators. In this review, we explore the use of respiratory mechanics in basic science to investigate asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). We also discuss the use of lung mechanics in clinical care and its role on the development of modern mechanical ventilators. Additionally, we analyse some bench-developed technologies that are not in widespread use in the present but can become part of the clinical arsenal in the future. Finally, we explore some of the difficult questions that intensive care doctors still face when managing respiratory failure. Bringing back these questions to bench can help to solve them. Interaction between basic and translational science and human subject investigation can be very rewarding, as in the conceptualization of “Lung Protective Ventilation” principles. We expect this interaction to expand further generating new treatments and managing strategies for patients with respiratory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Jose Cesare Biselli
- Intensive Care Unit, University Hospital, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Paolo Jose Cesare Biselli,
| | | | - Renato Fraga Righetti
- Laboratory of Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Hospital Sírio-Libanês, Serviço de Reabilitação, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Henrique Takachi Moriya
- Biomedical Engineering Laboratory, Escola Politecnica, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Iolanda Fátima Lopes Calvo Tibério
- Laboratory of Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Milton Arruda Martins
- Laboratory of Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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2
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Back to the future: re-establishing guinea pig in vivo asthma models. Clin Sci (Lond) 2020; 134:1219-1242. [PMID: 32501497 DOI: 10.1042/cs20200394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Research using animal models of asthma is currently dominated by mouse models. This has been driven by the comprehensive knowledge on inflammatory and immune reactions in mice, as well as tools to produce genetically modified mice. Many of the identified therapeutic targets influencing airway hyper-responsiveness and inflammation in mouse models, have however been disappointing when tested clinically in asthma. It is therefore a great need for new animal models that more closely resemble human asthma. The guinea pig has for decades been used in asthma research and a comprehensive table of different protocols for asthma models is presented. The studies have primarily been focused on the pharmacological aspects of the disease, where the guinea pig undoubtedly is superior to mice. Further reasons are the anatomical and physiological similarities between human and guinea pig airways compared with that of the mouse, especially with respect to airway branching, neurophysiology, pulmonary circulation and smooth muscle distribution, as well as mast cell localization and mediator secretion. Lack of reagents and specific molecular tools to study inflammatory and immunological reactions in the guinea pig has however greatly diminished its use in asthma research. The aim in this position paper is to review and summarize what we know about different aspects of the use of guinea pig in vivo models for asthma research. The associated aim is to highlight the unmet needs that have to be addressed in the future.
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Camargo LDN, Dos Santos TM, de Andrade FCP, Fukuzaki S, Dos Santos Lopes FDTQ, de Arruda Martins M, Prado CM, Leick EA, Righetti RF, Tibério IDFLC. Bronchial Vascular Remodeling Is Attenuated by Anti-IL-17 in Asthmatic Responses Exacerbated by LPS. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:1269. [PMID: 33013361 PMCID: PMC7500412 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.01269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Although the major alterations associated with asthma are related to the airways, there is also evidence of the importance of peribronchial vascular inflammation and remodeling in its pathophysiology. Objectives To determine the effects of anti-IL-17 therapy on peribronchial vessels of an asthma model exacerbated by lipopolysaccharide. Methods We evaluated several factors, including lung function, inflammation, oxidative stress, vascular remodeling, and signaling pathways present in the peribronchial vessels of 66 male BALB/c mice exposed to ovalbumin and treated (or not) treated with anti-IL-17. Twenty-four hours before the end of the experimental protocol, groups of sensitized animals (OVA–LPS and OVA–LPS anti-IL-17) also received LPS. Results The OVA–LPS-anti-IL-17 group presented a decrease in several factors [airway resistance and elastance, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) cell counts, inflammatory response, eosinophils, TSLP, IL-33, TARC, TNF-α, CD4+, CD8+, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-17, and VEGF positive cells/104μm2, peribronchovascular edema, and angiogenesis], including remodeling (MMP-9, MMP-12, TIMP-1 and TGF-β positive cells and volume fraction of collagen fibers I, collagen fibers III, collagen fibers V, decorin, lumican, actin, biglycan, fibronectin, and integrin), oxidative stress (iNOS positive cells and volume fraction of PGF2α), and signaling pathways (FoxP3), as well as dendritic cells, NF-kB, ROCK-1, ROCK-2, STAT-1, and phosphor-STAT1-positive cells compared to OVA–LPS (p < 0.05). Conclusions In this model of LPS-induced asthma exacerbation, IL-17 inhibition represents a promising therapeutic strategy, indicating the potential of bronchial vascular control of Th2 and Th17 responses and the activation of the remodeling and oxidative stress pathways, associated with the control of signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandro do Nascimento Camargo
- Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Serviço de Reabilitação, Hospital Sírio-Libanês, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tabata Maruyama Dos Santos
- Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Serviço de Reabilitação, Hospital Sírio-Libanês, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Silvia Fukuzaki
- Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Carla Máximo Prado
- Department of Bioscience, Federal University of São Paulo, Santos, Brazil
| | | | - Renato Fraga Righetti
- Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Serviço de Reabilitação, Hospital Sírio-Libanês, São Paulo, Brazil
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4
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Vasconcelos LHC, Silva MDCC, Costa AC, de Oliveira GA, de Souza ILL, Queiroga FR, Araujo LCDC, Cardoso GA, Righetti RF, Silva AS, da Silva PM, Carvalho CRDO, Vieira GC, Tibério IDFLC, Cavalcante FDA, da Silva BA. A Guinea Pig Model of Airway Smooth Muscle Hyperreactivity Induced by Chronic Allergic Lung Inflammation: Contribution of Epithelium and Oxidative Stress. Front Pharmacol 2019; 9:1547. [PMID: 30814952 PMCID: PMC6353839 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.01547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Asthma is a heterogeneous disease of the airways characterized by chronic inflammation associated with bronchial and smooth muscle hyperresponsiveness. Currently, different murine models for the study of asthma show poor bronchial hyperresponsiveness due to a scarcity of smooth muscle and large airways, resulting in a failure to reproduce smooth muscle hyperreactivity. Thus, we aimed to standardize a guinea pig model of chronic allergic lung inflammation mimicking airway smooth muscle hyperreactivity observed in asthmatics (Asth). Animals were randomly divided into a control group (Ctrl), which received saline (0.9% NaCl), and the Asth group, subjected to in vivo sensitization with ovalbumin (OVA) nebulization. Morphological analysis was performed by hematoxylin-eosin staining. Bronchial hyperresponsiveness was evaluated by nebulization time in the fifth, sixth, and seventh inhalations (NT5-7) and tracheal isometric contractions were assessed by force transducer. Total antioxidant capacity was measured by the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method and protein expression by Western blot. Histologically, the Asth group developed peribronchial cellular infiltrate, epithelial hyperplasia and smooth muscle thickening. After the fourth nebulization, the Asth group developed bronchial hyperreactivity. The trachea from the Asth group contracted after in vitro stimulation with OVA, differing from the Ctrl group, which showed no response. Additionally, airway smooth muscle hyperreactivity to carbachol and histamine was observed in the Asth group only in intact epithelium preparations, but not to KCl, and this effect was associated with an augmented production of reactive oxygen species. Moreover, lung inflammation impaired the relaxant potency of isoproterenol only in intact epithelium preparations, without interfering with nifedipine, and it was found to be produced by transforming growth factor-β negative modulation of β adrenergic receptors and, furthermore, big-conductance Ca2+-sensitive K+ channels. These effects were also associated with increased levels of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinases but not extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2 or phosphorylation, and augmented α-actin content as well, explaining the increased smooth muscle mass. Furthermore, pulmonary antioxidant capacity was impaired in the Asth group. Therefore, we developed a standardized and easy-to-use, reproducible guinea pig model of lung inflammation that mimics airway smooth muscle hypercontractility, facilitating the investigation of the mechanisms of bronchial hyperresponsiveness in asthma and new therapeutic alternatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz Henrique César Vasconcelos
- Programa de Pós graduação em Produtos Naturais e Sintéticos Bioativos, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Maria da Conceição Correia Silva
- Programa de Pós graduação em Produtos Naturais e Sintéticos Bioativos, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Alana Cristina Costa
- Graduação em Farmácia, Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Giuliana Amanda de Oliveira
- Graduação em Farmácia, Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Iara Leão Luna de Souza
- Programa de Pós graduação em Produtos Naturais e Sintéticos Bioativos, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Fernando Ramos Queiroga
- Programa de Pós graduação em Produtos Naturais e Sintéticos Bioativos, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Layanne Cabral da Cunha Araujo
- Programa de Pós graduação em Ciências (Fisiologia Humana), Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Glêbia Alexa Cardoso
- Programa Associado de Pós graduação em Educação Física, Universidade Federal da Paraíba/Universidade do Pernambuco, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Renato Fraga Righetti
- Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Hospital Sírio Libanês, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Sérgio Silva
- Programa Associado de Pós graduação em Educação Física, Universidade Federal da Paraíba/Universidade do Pernambuco, João Pessoa, Brazil
- Departamento de Educação Física, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Mirella da Silva
- Programa de Pós graduação em Produtos Naturais e Sintéticos Bioativos, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil
- Departamento de Biologia Molecular, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Carla Roberta de Oliveira Carvalho
- Programa de Pós graduação em Ciências (Fisiologia Humana), Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Departamento de Biofísica e Fisiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Giciane Carvalho Vieira
- Departamento de Morfologia/Centro de Ciências da Saúde/Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | | | - Fabiana de Andrade Cavalcante
- Programa de Pós graduação em Produtos Naturais e Sintéticos Bioativos, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Patologia/Centro de Ciências da Saúde/Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Bagnólia Araújo da Silva
- Programa de Pós graduação em Produtos Naturais e Sintéticos Bioativos, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas/Centro de Ciências da Saúde/Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil
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Camargo LDN, Righetti RF, Aristóteles LRDCRB, Dos Santos TM, de Souza FCR, Fukuzaki S, Cruz MM, Alonso-Vale MIC, Saraiva-Romanholo BM, Prado CM, Martins MDA, Leick EA, Tibério IDFLC. Effects of Anti-IL-17 on Inflammation, Remodeling, and Oxidative Stress in an Experimental Model of Asthma Exacerbated by LPS. Front Immunol 2018; 8:1835. [PMID: 29379497 PMCID: PMC5760512 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation plays a central role in the development of asthma, which is considered an allergic disease with a classic Th2 inflammatory profile. However, cytokine IL-17 has been examined to better understand the pathophysiology of this disease. Severe asthmatic patients experience frequent exacerbations, leading to infection, and subsequently show altered levels of inflammation that are unlikely to be due to the Th2 immune response alone. This study estimates the effects of anti-IL-17 therapy in the pulmonary parenchyma in a murine asthma model exacerbated by LPS. BALB/c mice were sensitized with intraperitoneal ovalbumin and repeatedly exposed to inhalation with ovalbumin, followed by treatment with or without anti-IL-17. Twenty-four hours prior to the end of the 29-day experimental protocol, the two groups received LPS (0.1 mg/ml intratracheal OVA-LPS and OVA-LPS IL-17). We subsequently evaluated bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, performed a lung tissue morphometric analysis, and measured IL-6 gene expression. OVA-LPS-treated animals treated with anti-IL-17 showed decreased pulmonary inflammation, edema, oxidative stress, and extracellular matrix remodeling compared to the non-treated OVA and OVA-LPS groups (p < 0.05). The anti-IL-17 treatment also decreased the numbers of dendritic cells, FOXP3, NF-κB, and Rho kinase 1- and 2-positive cells compared to the non-treated OVA and OVA-LPS groups (p < 0.05). In conclusion, these data suggest that inhibition of IL-17 is a promising therapeutic avenue, even in exacerbated asthmatic patients, and significantly contributes to the control of Th1/Th2/Th17 inflammation, chemokine expression, extracellular matrix remodeling, and oxidative stress in a murine experimental asthma model exacerbated by LPS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Renato Fraga Righetti
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Hospital Sírio-Libanês, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Silvia Fukuzaki
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maysa Mariana Cruz
- Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Carla Máximo Prado
- Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Edna Aparecida Leick
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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6
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Airway remodeling in asthma: what really matters. Cell Tissue Res 2017; 367:551-569. [PMID: 28190087 PMCID: PMC5320023 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-016-2566-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 253] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Airway remodeling is generally quite broadly defined as any change in composition, distribution, thickness, mass or volume and/or number of structural components observed in the airway wall of patients relative to healthy individuals. However, two types of airway remodeling should be distinguished more clearly: (1) physiological airway remodeling, which encompasses structural changes that occur regularly during normal lung development and growth leading to a normal mature airway wall or as an acute and transient response to injury and/or inflammation, which ultimately results in restoration of a normal airway structures; and (2) pathological airway remodeling, which comprises those structural alterations that occur as a result of either disturbed lung development or as a response to chronic injury and/or inflammation leading to persistently altered airway wall structures and function. This review will address a few major aspects: (1) what are reliable quantitative approaches to assess airway remodeling? (2) Are there any indications supporting the notion that airway remodeling can occur as a primary event, i.e., before any inflammatory process was initiated? (3) What is known about airway remodeling being a secondary event to inflammation? And (4), what can we learn from the different animal models ranging from invertebrate to primate models in the study of airway remodeling? Future studies are required addressing particularly pheno-/endotype-specific aspects of airway remodeling using both endotype-specific animal models and “endotyped” human asthmatics. Hopefully, novel in vivo imaging techniques will be further advanced to allow monitoring development, growth and inflammation of the airways already at a very early stage in life.
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González-Avila G, Bazan-Perkins B, Sandoval C, Sommer B, Vadillo-Gonzalez S, Ramos C, Aquino-Galvez A. Interstitial collagen turnover during airway remodeling in acute and chronic experimental asthma. Exp Ther Med 2016; 12:1419-1427. [PMID: 27602069 PMCID: PMC4998200 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2016.3509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Asthma airway remodeling is characterized by the thickening of the basement membrane (BM) due to an increase in extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition, which contributes to the irreversibility of airflow obstruction. Interstitial collagens are the primary ECM components to be increased during the fibrotic process. The aim of the present study was to examine the interstitial collagen turnover during the course of acute and chronic asthma, and 1 month after the last exposure to the allergen. Guinea pigs sensitized to ovalbumin (OVA) and exposed to 3 further OVA challenges (acute model) or 12 OVA challenges (chronic model) were used as asthma experimental models. A group of animals from either model was sacrificed 1 h or 1 month after the last OVA challenge. Collagen distribution, collagen content, interstitial collagenase activity and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1, MMP-13 and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP)-1 protein expression levels were measured in the lung tissue samples from both experimental models. The results revealed that collagen deposit in bronchiole BM, adventitial and airway smooth muscle layers was increased in both experimental models as well as lung tissue collagen concentration. These structural changes persisted 1 month after the last OVA challenge. In the acute model, a decrease in collagenase activity and in MMP-1 concentration was observed. Collagenase activity returned to basal levels, and an increase in MMP-1 and MMP-13 expression levels along with a decrease in TIMP-1 expression levels were observed in animals sacrificed 1 month after the last OVA challenge. In the chronic model, there were no changes in collagenase activity or in MMP-13 concentration, although MMP-1 expression levels increased. One month later, an increase in collagenase activity was observed, although MMP-1 and TIMP-1 levels were not altered. The results of the present study suggest that even when the allergen challenges were discontinued, and collagenase activity and MMP-1 expression increased, fibrosis remained, contributing to the irreversibility of bronchoconstriction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgina González-Avila
- Biomedical Oncology Laboratory, Department of Chronic-Degenerative Diseases, National Institute of Respiratory Diseases 'Ismael Cosio Villegas', CP 14080 México City, Mexico
| | - Blanca Bazan-Perkins
- Department of Bronchial Hiperreactivity, National Institute of Respiratory Diseases 'Ismael Cosio Villegas', CP 14080 México City, Mexico
| | - Cuauhtémoc Sandoval
- Biomedical Oncology Laboratory, Department of Chronic-Degenerative Diseases, National Institute of Respiratory Diseases 'Ismael Cosio Villegas', CP 14080 México City, Mexico
| | - Bettina Sommer
- Department of Bronchial Hiperreactivity, National Institute of Respiratory Diseases 'Ismael Cosio Villegas', CP 14080 México City, Mexico
| | - Sebastian Vadillo-Gonzalez
- Biomedical Oncology Laboratory, Department of Chronic-Degenerative Diseases, National Institute of Respiratory Diseases 'Ismael Cosio Villegas', CP 14080 México City, Mexico
| | - Carlos Ramos
- Department of Lung Fibrosis, National Institute of Respiratory Diseases 'Ismael Cosio Villegas', CP 14080 México City, Mexico
| | - Arnoldo Aquino-Galvez
- Biomedical Oncology Laboratory, Department of Chronic-Degenerative Diseases, National Institute of Respiratory Diseases 'Ismael Cosio Villegas', CP 14080 México City, Mexico
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Pigati PA, Righetti RF, Possa SS, Romanholo BS, Rodrigues APD, dos Santos ASA, Xisto DG, Antunes MA, Prado CM, Leick EA, Martins MDA, Rocco PRM, Tibério IDFLC. Y-27632 is associated with corticosteroid-potentiated control of pulmonary remodeling and inflammation in guinea pigs with chronic allergic inflammation. BMC Pulm Med 2015; 15:85. [PMID: 26264367 PMCID: PMC4531528 DOI: 10.1186/s12890-015-0073-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2014] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Previously, we showed that treatment with the Rho-kinase inhibitor Y-27632 was able to control airway responsiveness, inflammation, remodeling, and oxidative stress in an animal model of asthma, suggesting that this drug is beneficial in asthma. However, studies evaluating the effects of these inhibitors in conjunction with corticosteroids on chronic pulmonary inflammation have not been conducted. Therefore, we evaluated the effects of treatment with the Rho-kinase inhibitor Y-27632, with or without concurrent dexamethasone treatment, on airway and lung tissue mechanical responses, inflammation, extracellular matrix remodeling, and oxidative stress in guinea pigs with chronic allergic inflammation. Methods The guinea pigs were subjected to seven ovalbumin or saline inhalation exposures. Treatment with Y-27632 (1 mM) and dexamethasone (2 mg/kg) started at the fifth inhalation. Seventy-two hours after the seventh inhalation, the pulmonary mechanics were evaluated and exhaled nitric oxide (ENO) levels were determined. The lungs were removed and histological analysis was performed using morphometry. Results The treatment of guinea pigs with the Rho-kinase inhibitor and dexamethasone (ORC group) decreased ENO, the maximal mechanical responses after antigen challenge, inflammation, extracellular matrix remodeling and oxidative stress in the lungs. This therapeutic strategy reduced the levels of collagen and IFN-γ in the airway walls, as well as IL-2, IFN-γ, 8-iso-PGF2α and NF-κB in the distal parenchyma, when compared to isolated treatment with corticosteroid or Rho-kinase inhibitor (P < 0.05) and reduced the number of TIMP-1-positive cells and eosinophils in the alveolar septa compared to corticosteroid-treated animals (P < 0.05). The combined treatment with the Rho-kinase inhibitor and the corticosteroid provided maximal control over the remodeling response and inflammation in the airways and parenchyma. Conclusions Rho-kinase inhibition, alone or in combination with corticosteroids, can be considered a future pharmacological tool for the control of asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Renato Fraga Righetti
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Samantha Souza Possa
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Beatriz Saraiva Romanholo
- Department of Medicine, Laboratory of Experimental Therapeutics, LIM-20, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil. .,University City of São Paulo (UNICID), São Paulo, Brazil. .,Institute of Medical Assistance to the State Public Servant of São Paulo (IAMSPE), São Paulo, Brazil.
| | | | | | - Débora Gonçalves Xisto
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Investigation, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Ilha do Fundão, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Mariana Alves Antunes
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Investigation, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Ilha do Fundão, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Carla Máximo Prado
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Edna Aparecida Leick
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | | | - Patrícia Rieken Macedo Rocco
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Investigation, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Ilha do Fundão, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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9
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Righetti RF, Pigati PADS, Possa SS, Habrum FC, Xisto DG, Antunes MA, Leick EA, Prado CM, Martins MDA, Rocco PRM, Tibério IDFLC. Effects of Rho-kinase inhibition in lung tissue with chronic inflammation. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2013; 192:134-46. [PMID: 24373838 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2013.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2013] [Revised: 12/17/2013] [Accepted: 12/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
We evaluated whether Rho-kinase inhibition (Y-27632) modulated distal lung responsiveness, inflammation, extracellular matrix remodeling and oxidative stress activation in guinea pigs (GPs) with chronic allergic inflammation. GPs were submitted to inhalation of ovalbumin (OVA-2×/week/4 weeks). From the 5th inhalation on, the Rho-kinase inhibitor group animals were submitted to Y-27632 inhalation 10min before each inhalation of OVA. Seventy-two hours after the seventh inhalation, the oscillatory mechanics of the distal lung strips were assessed under the baseline condition and after the ovalbumin challenge. Subsequently, the lung slices were submitted to morphometry. Rho-kinase inhibition in the ovalbumin-exposed animals attenuated distal lung elastance and resistance, eosinophils, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, TIMP-1, MMP-9, TGF-β, IFN-γ, NF-κB and iNOS-positive cells and the volume fraction of 8-iso-PGF2α, elastic, collagen and actin in alveolar walls compared with the OVA group (P<0.05). Rho-kinase inhibition contributed to the control of distal lung responsiveness, eosinophilic and Th1/Th2 responses and extracellular matrix remodeling in an animal model of chronic allergic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renato Fraga Righetti
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, 01246-903 São Paulo, Brazil.
| | | | - Samantha Souza Possa
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, 01246-903 São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Fábio Cetinic Habrum
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, 01246-903 São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Débora Gonçalves Xisto
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Investigation, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Ilha do Fundão, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil.
| | - Mariana Alves Antunes
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Investigation, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Ilha do Fundão, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil.
| | - Edna Aparecida Leick
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, 01246-903 São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Carla Máximo Prado
- Department of Biological Science, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, 09972-270 Diadema, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Mílton de Arruda Martins
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, 01246-903 São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Patrícia Rieken Macedo Rocco
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Investigation, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Ilha do Fundão, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil.
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Antileukotriene reverts the early effects of inflammatory response of distal parenchyma in experimental chronic allergic inflammation. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:523761. [PMID: 24151607 PMCID: PMC3787560 DOI: 10.1155/2013/523761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Revised: 07/23/2013] [Accepted: 07/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Aims. Compare the effects of montelukast or dexamethasone in distal lung parenchyma and airway walls of guinea pigs (GP) with chronic allergic inflammation. Methods. GP have inhaled ovalbumin (OVA group-2x/week/4weeks). After the 4th inhalation, GP were treated with montelukast or dexamethasone. After 72 hours of the 7th inhalation, GP were anesthetised, and lungs were removed and submitted to histopathological evaluation. Results. Montelukast and dexamethasone treatments reduced the number of eosinophils in airway wall and distal lung parenchyma compared to OVA group (P < 0.05). On distal parenchyma, both treatments were effective in reducing RANTES, NF-κB, and fibronectin positive cells compared to OVA group (P < 0.001). Montelukast was more effective in reducing eotaxin positive cells on distal parenchyma compared to dexamethasone treatment (P < 0.001), while there was a more expressive reduction of IGF-I positive cells in OVA-D group (P < 0.001). On airway walls, montelukast and dexamethasone were effective in reducing IGF-I, RANTES, and fibronectin positive cells compared to OVA group (P < 0.05). Dexamethasone was more effective in reducing the number of eotaxin and NF-κB positive cells than Montelukast (P < 0.05). Conclusions. In this animal model, both treatments were effective in modulating allergic inflammation and remodeling distal lung parenchyma and airway wall, contributing to a better control of the inflammatory response.
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11
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Aristoteles LRCRB, Righetti RF, Pinheiro NM, Franco RB, Starling CM, da Silva JCP, Pigati PA, Caperuto LC, Prado CM, Dolhnikoff M, Martins MA, Leick EA, Tibério IFLC. Modulation of the oscillatory mechanics of lung tissue and the oxidative stress response induced by arginase inhibition in a chronic allergic inflammation model. BMC Pulm Med 2013; 13:52. [PMID: 23947680 PMCID: PMC3751598 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2466-13-52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2012] [Accepted: 08/07/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The importance of the lung parenchyma in the pathophysiology of asthma has previously been demonstrated. Considering that nitric oxide synthases (NOS) and arginases compete for the same substrate, it is worthwhile to elucidate the effects of complex NOS-arginase dysfunction in the pathophysiology of asthma, particularly, related to distal lung tissue. We evaluated the effects of arginase and iNOS inhibition on distal lung mechanics and oxidative stress pathway activation in a model of chronic pulmonary allergic inflammation in guinea pigs. Methods Guinea pigs were exposed to repeated ovalbumin inhalations (twice a week for 4 weeks). The animals received 1400 W (an iNOS-specific inhibitor) for 4 days beginning at the last inhalation. Afterwards, the animals were anesthetized and exsanguinated; then, a slice of the distal lung was evaluated by oscillatory mechanics, and an arginase inhibitor (nor-NOHA) or vehicle was infused in a Krebs solution bath. Tissue resistance (Rt) and elastance (Et) were assessed before and after ovalbumin challenge (0.1%), and lung strips were submitted to histopathological studies. Results Ovalbumin-exposed animals presented an increase in the maximal Rt and Et responses after antigen challenge (p<0.001), in the number of iNOS positive cells (p<0.001) and in the expression of arginase 2, 8-isoprostane and NF-kB (p<0.001) in distal lung tissue. The 1400 W administration reduced all these responses (p<0.001) in alveolar septa. Ovalbumin-exposed animals that received nor-NOHA had a reduction of Rt, Et after antigen challenge, iNOS positive cells and 8-isoprostane and NF-kB (p<0.001) in lung tissue. The activity of arginase 2 was reduced only in the groups treated with nor-NOHA (p <0.05). There was a reduction of 8-isoprostane expression in OVA-NOR-W compared to OVA-NOR (p<0.001). Conclusions In this experimental model, increased arginase content and iNOS-positive cells were associated with the constriction of distal lung parenchyma. This functional alteration may be due to a high expression of 8-isoprostane, which had a procontractile effect. The mechanism involved in this response is likely related to the modulation of NF-kB expression, which contributed to the activation of the arginase and iNOS pathways. The association of both inhibitors potentiated the reduction of 8-isoprostane expression in this animal model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana R C R B Aristoteles
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, 01246-903 São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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12
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Kim SJ, Shin JH, Kim SC, Park CK, Kim SW. Preventive effects of oral tolerance on allergic inflammation and airway remodeling in a murine model. Am J Rhinol Allergy 2013; 27:e11-6. [PMID: 23406589 DOI: 10.2500/ajra.2013.27.3853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oral tolerance (OT) is considered as a preventive and therapeutic strategy for treating asthma and allergic rhinitis (AR). We investigated the preventive effects of OT on allergic inflammation and remodeling in the upper and lower airways in a mouse model of allergy. METHODS BALB/c mice were divided into four groups: control, allergy, low-dose OT, and high-dose OT. To induce OT, mice were fed ovalbumin (OVA) before sensitization with OVA/Al(OH)(3) at a dose of 1 mg for 6 days in low-dose OT group and a single dose of 25 mg in high-dose OT group. After sensitization followed by OVA challenge, nasal symptoms, interleukin (IL)-13, interferon (IFN)-gamma, IL-10, and transforming growth factor (TGF) beta-1 levels in nasal lavage (NAL) and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluids were measured, and OVA-specific IgE, IgG1, and IgG2a levels were measured in the serum. The airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) was measured by enhanced pause. The goblet cell hyperplasia and the thickness of lamina propria were observed in the upper and lower airways. RESULTS In the allergy group, the allergic behavior scores, AHR, and OVA-specific IgE, IgG1, and IgG2a levels; inflammatory cells; IFN-gamma levels; and IL-13 levels in NAL/BAL fluids were elevated compared with the control group, low-dose OT group, and high-dose OT group. The allergy group had higher levels of IL-10 and TGF-beta-1 in BAL fluids when compared with the other groups. The goblet cell hyperplasia and the thickness of the lamina propria were attenuated in both OT groups compared with the allergy group. CONCLUSION OT may effectively prevent AHR, allergic inflammation, and airway remodeling in the upper and lower airways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Joon Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Ameli F, Brocchetti F, Tosca MA, Signori A, Ciprandi G. Adenoidal hypertrophy and allergic rhinitis: is there an inverse relationship? Am J Rhinol Allergy 2013; 27:e5-10. [PMID: 23406587 DOI: 10.2500/ajra.2013.27.3854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nasal obstruction is a very common symptom in children. The main causes are allergic rhinitis (AR) and adenoidal hypertrophy (AH); the possible correlation between AR and AH has been investigated by few studies, mainly conducted using radiographic craniometry. This study aimed at investigating this topic by nasal endoscopy. METHODS There were 205 children (134 boys; mean age, 6.7 years age range, 4-12 years) studied. Clinical visit, nasal endoscopy, and skin-prick test were performed in all patients. Anterior nasal obstruction was graded using the Friedmann's classification. Adenoid size was graded using the Parikh's classification. Perception of symptoms by children was also assessed using the visual analog scale. RESULTS Ninety-two children (44.9%) had complete nasal obstruction and 28 children (13.7%) had choanae invasion. There was a negative significant correlation (r = -0.41; p < 0.001) between nose obstruction severity and volume of adenoids. Decreased probability of greater adenoid volume was associated with increased severity of nose obstruction (odds ratio [OR] = 0.13) and in patients with allergy compared with nonallergic patients (OR = 0.31). CONCLUSION This real-life study shows that large adenoids may be associated with absence of allergy, whereas large turbinates may be associated with small adenoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franco Ameli
- Ear, Nose, and Throat Unit, Villa Montallegro Private Clinic, Genoa, Italy
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14
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Possa SS, Leick EA, Prado CM, Martins MA, Tibério IFLC. Eosinophilic inflammation in allergic asthma. Front Pharmacol 2013; 4:46. [PMID: 23616768 PMCID: PMC3627984 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2013.00046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2012] [Accepted: 03/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Eosinophils are circulating granulocytes involved in pathogenesis of asthma. A cascade of processes directed by Th2 cytokine producing T-cells influence the recruitment of eosinophils into the lungs. Furthermore, multiple elements including interleukin (IL)-5, IL-13, chemoattractants such as eotaxin, Clara cells, and CC chemokine receptor (CCR)3 are already directly involved in recruiting eosinophils to the lung during allergic inflammation. Once recruited, eosinophils participate in the modulation of immune response, induction of airway hyperresponsiveness and remodeling, characteristic features of asthma. Various types of promising treatments for reducing asthmatic response are related to reduction in eosinophil counts both in human and experimental models of pulmonary allergic inflammation, showing that the recruitment of these cells really plays an important role in the pathophysiology of allergic diseases such asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha S Possa
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo São Paulo, Brazil
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15
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Possa SS, Charafeddine HT, Righetti RF, da Silva PA, Almeida-Reis R, Saraiva-Romanholo BM, Perini A, Prado CM, Leick-Maldonado EA, Martins MA, Tibério IDFLC. Rho-kinase inhibition attenuates airway responsiveness, inflammation, matrix remodeling, and oxidative stress activation induced by chronic inflammation. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2012; 303:L939-52. [PMID: 23002076 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00034.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Several studies have demonstrated the importance of Rho-kinase in the modulation of smooth muscle contraction, airway hyperresponsiveness, and inflammation. However, the effects of repeated treatment with a specific inhibitor of this pathway have not been previously investigated. We evaluated the effects of repeated treatment with Y-27632, a highly selective Rho-kinase inhibitor, on airway hyperresponsiveness, oxidative stress activation, extracellular matrix remodeling, eosinophilic inflammation, and cytokine expression in an animal model of chronic airway inflammation. Guinea pigs were subjected to seven ovalbumin or saline exposures. The treatment with Y-27632 (1 mM) started at the fifth inhalation. Seventy-two hours after the seventh inhalation, the animals' pulmonary mechanics were evaluated, and exhaled nitric oxide (E(NO)) was collected. The lungs were removed, and histological analysis was performed using morphometry. Treatment with Y-27632 in sensitized animals reduced E(NO) concentrations, maximal responses of resistance, elastance of the respiratory system, eosinophil counts, collagen and elastic fiber contents, the numbers of cells positive for IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, inducible nitric oxide synthase, matrix metalloproteinase-9, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1, transforming growth factor-β, NF-κB, IFN-γ, and 8-iso-prostaglandin F2α contents compared with the untreated group (P < 0.05). We observed positive correlations among the functional responses and inflammation, remodeling, and oxidative stress pathway activation markers evaluated. In conclusion, Rho-kinase pathway activation contributes to the potentiation of the hyperresponsiveness, inflammation, the extracellular matrix remodeling process, and oxidative stress activation. These results suggest that Rho-kinase inhibitors represent potential pharmacological tools for the control of asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Souza Possa
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Souza FCR, Gobbato NB, Maciel RG, Prado CM, Martins MA, Leick EA, Tibério IFLC. Effects of corticosteroid, montelukast and iNOS inhibition on distal lung with chronic inflammation. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2012; 185:435-45. [PMID: 23009745 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2012.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2011] [Revised: 08/17/2012] [Accepted: 08/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED We evaluated the effects of anti-iNOS (1400W - W) associated with leukotriene antagonist (montelukast - M) or corticosteroid (dexamethasone - D) on distal lung of guinea pigs (GP) with chronic pulmonary inflammation. METHODS GP were inhaled with ovalbumin (OVA-2×/week/4 weeks), treated with M (OVAM), D (OVAD) and/or W (OVAW, OVADW, OVAMW) and distal lungs were evaluated by morphometry. RESULTS Isolated treatments were not sufficient to reduce all parameters. In OVADW, all parameters were reduced with greater reduction in elastic fibers, TIMP-1, IL-4, IL-5, IFN-gamma and PGF2-alpha compared with OVAD (p<0.05). OVAMW potentiated the reduction of actin, elastic fibers, TIMP-1, IL-4, IL-5, TGF-beta, IFN-gamma, iNOS, and PGF2-alpha to a greater extent than OVAM (p<0.05). A reduction of TIMP-1, IL-4, IL-5, TGF-beta, IFN-gamma and iNOS was observed in OVADW compared with OVAMW (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS Although anti-iNOS paired with montelukast or dexamethasone yields better results than isolated treatments, the most effective pairing for controlling inflammation, oxidative stress and remodeling in this asthma model was found to be corticosteroids and anti-iNOS.
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Reddel CJ, Weiss AS, Burgess JK. Elastin in asthma. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2012; 25:144-53. [PMID: 22366197 DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2012.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2011] [Revised: 01/19/2012] [Accepted: 02/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular matrix is generally increased in asthma, causing thickening of the airways which may either increase or decrease airway responsiveness, depending on the mechanical requirements of the deposited matrix. However, in vitro studies have shown that the altered extracellular matrix produced by asthmatic airway smooth muscle cells is able to induce increased proliferation of non-asthmatic smooth muscle cells, which is a process believed to contribute to airway hyper-responsiveness in asthma. Elastin is an extracellular matrix protein that is altered in asthmatic airways, but there has been no systematic investigation of the functional effect of these changes. This review reveals divergent reports of the state of elastin in the airway wall in asthma. In some layers of the airway it has been described as increased, decreased and/or fragmented, or unchanged. There is also considerable evidence for an imbalance of matrix metalloproteinases, which degrade elastin, and their respective inhibitors the tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases, which collectively help to explain observations of both increased elastin and elastin fragments. A loss of lung elastic recoil in asthma suggests a mechanical role for disordered elastin in the aetiology of the disease, but extensive studies of elastin in other tissues show that elastin fragments elicit cellular effects such as increased proliferation and inflammation. This review summarises the current understanding of the role of elastin in the asthmatic airway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline J Reddel
- School of Molecular Bioscience, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
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Marques RH, Reis FG, Starling CM, Cabido C, de Almeida-Reis R, Dohlnikoff M, Prado CM, Leick EA, Martins MA, Tibério IFLC. Inducible nitric oxide synthase inhibition attenuates physical stress-induced lung hyper-responsiveness and oxidative stress in animals with lung inflammation. Neuroimmunomodulation 2012; 19:158-70. [PMID: 22262048 DOI: 10.1159/000331264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2011] [Accepted: 07/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanisms involved in stress-induced asthmatic alterations have been poorly characterised. We assessed whether inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) inhibition modulates the stress-amplified lung parenchyma responsiveness, oxidative stress and extracellular matrix remodelling that was previously increased by chronic lung inflammation. Guinea pigs were subjected to 7 exposures to ovalbumin (1-5 mg/ml) or saline (OVA and SAL groups) over 4 weeks. To induce behavioural stress, animals were subjected to a forced swimming protocol (5 times/week, over 2 weeks; SAL-Stress and OVA-Stress groups) 24 h after the 4th inhalation. 1400W (iNOS-specific inhibitor) was administered intraperitoneally in the last 4 days of the protocol (SAL-1400W, OVA-1400W, SAL-Stress+1400W and OVA-Stress+1400W groups). Seventy-two hours after the last inhalation, animals were anaesthetised and exsanguinated, and adrenal glands were removed. Lung tissue resistance and elastance were evaluated by oscillatory mechanics and submitted for histopathological evaluation. Stressed animals had higher adrenal weights compared to non-stressed groups, which were reduced by 1400W treatment. Behavioural stress in sensitised animals amplified the resistance and elastance responses after antigen challenge, numbers of eosinophils and iNOS+ cells, actin content and 8-iso-PGF2α density in the distal lung compared to the OVA group. 1400W treatment in ovalbumin-exposed and stressed animals reduced lung mechanics, iNOS+ cell numbers and 8-iso-PGF2α density compared to sensitised and stressed animals that received vehicle treatment. We concluded that stress amplifies the distal lung constriction, eosinophilic inflammation, iNOS expression, actin content and oxidative stress previously induced by chronic lung inflammation. iNOS-derived NO contributes to stress-augmented lung tissue functional alterations in this animal model and is at least partially due to activation of the oxidative stress pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Henrique Marques
- Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
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Ruiz Schütz VC, Drewiacki T, Nakashima AS, Arantes-Costa FM, Prado CM, Kasahara DI, Leick-Maldonado EA, Martins MA, Tibério IFLC. Oral tolerance attenuates airway inflammation and remodeling in a model of chronic pulmonary allergic inflammation. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2008; 165:13-21. [PMID: 18930843 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2008.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2008] [Revised: 08/09/2008] [Accepted: 09/01/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the effects of oral tolerance (OT) in controlling inflammatory response, hyperresponsiveness and airway remodeling in guinea pigs (GP) with chronic allergic inflammation. Animals received seven inhalations of ovalbumin (1-5mg/mL-OVA group) or normal saline (NS group). OT was induced by offering ad libitum ovalbumin 2% in sterile drinking water starting with the 1st ovalbumin inhalation (OT1 group) or after the 4th (OT2 group). The induction of OT in sensitized animals decreased the elastance of respiratory system (Ers) response after both antigen and methacholine challenges, peribronchial edema formation, eosinophilic airway infiltration, eosinophilopoiesis, and airways collagen and elastic fiber content compared to OVA group (P<0.05). The number of mononuclear cells and resistance of respiratory system (Rrs) responses after antigen and methacholine challenges were decreased only in OT2 group compared to OVA group (P<0.05). Concluding, our results show that inducing OT attenuates airway remodeling as well as eosinophilic inflammation and respiratory system mechanics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviane C Ruiz Schütz
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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