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Pattadkal JJ, Barr C, Priebe NJ. Interactions between Saccades and Smooth Pursuit Eye Movements in Marmosets. eNeuro 2024; 11:ENEURO.0027-24.2024. [PMID: 38821872 PMCID: PMC11185042 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0027-24.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Animals use a combination of eye movements to track moving objects. These different eye movements need to be coordinated for successful tracking, requiring interactions between the systems involved. Here, we study the interaction between the saccadic and smooth pursuit eye movement systems in marmosets. Using a single-target pursuit task, we show that saccades cause an enhancement in pursuit following a saccade. Using a two-target pursuit task, we show that this enhancement in pursuit is selective toward the motion of the target selected by the saccade, irrespective of any biases in pursuit prior to the saccade. These experiments highlight the similarities in the functioning of saccadic and smooth pursuit eye movement systems across primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jagruti J Pattadkal
- Center for Learning and Memory, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712
- Department of Neuroscience, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712
| | - Carrie Barr
- Center for Learning and Memory, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712
- Department of Neuroscience, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712
| | - Nicholas J Priebe
- Center for Learning and Memory, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712
- Department of Neuroscience, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712
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2
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Pattadkal JJ, Zemelman BV, Fiete I, Priebe NJ. Primate neocortex performs balanced sensory amplification. Neuron 2024; 112:661-675.e7. [PMID: 38091984 PMCID: PMC10922204 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2023.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
The sensory cortex amplifies relevant features of external stimuli. This sensitivity and selectivity arise through the transformation of inputs by cortical circuitry. We characterize the circuit mechanisms and dynamics of cortical amplification by making large-scale simultaneous measurements of single cells in awake primates and testing computational models. By comparing network activity in both driven and spontaneous states with models, we identify the circuit as operating in a regime of non-normal balanced amplification. Incoming inputs are strongly but transiently amplified by strong recurrent feedback from the disruption of excitatory-inhibitory balance in the network. Strong inhibition rapidly quenches responses, thereby permitting the tracking of time-varying stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jagruti J Pattadkal
- Department of Neuroscience, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA.
| | - Boris V Zemelman
- Department of Neuroscience, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Ila Fiete
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, MIT, Boston, MA 02139, USA
| | - Nicholas J Priebe
- Department of Neuroscience, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA.
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3
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Samonds JM, Szinte M, Barr C, Montagnini A, Masson GS, Priebe NJ. Mammals Achieve Common Neural Coverage of Visual Scenes Using Distinct Sampling Behaviors. eNeuro 2024; 11:ENEURO.0287-23.2023. [PMID: 38164577 PMCID: PMC10860624 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0287-23.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Most vertebrates use head and eye movements to quickly change gaze orientation and sample different portions of the environment with periods of stable fixation. Visual information must be integrated across fixations to construct a complete perspective of the visual environment. In concert with this sampling strategy, neurons adapt to unchanging input to conserve energy and ensure that only novel information from each fixation is processed. We demonstrate how adaptation recovery times and saccade properties interact and thus shape spatiotemporal tradeoffs observed in the motor and visual systems of mice, cats, marmosets, macaques, and humans. These tradeoffs predict that in order to achieve similar visual coverage over time, animals with smaller receptive field sizes require faster saccade rates. Indeed, we find comparable sampling of the visual environment by neuronal populations across mammals when integrating measurements of saccadic behavior with receptive field sizes and V1 neuronal density. We propose that these mammals share a common statistically driven strategy of maintaining coverage of their visual environment over time calibrated to their respective visual system characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason M Samonds
- Center for Learning and Memory and the Institute for Neuroscience, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin 78712, Texas
| | - Martin Szinte
- Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone (UMR 7289), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique and Aix-Marseille Université, 13385 Marseille, France
| | - Carrie Barr
- Center for Learning and Memory and the Institute for Neuroscience, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin 78712, Texas
| | - Anna Montagnini
- Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone (UMR 7289), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique and Aix-Marseille Université, 13385 Marseille, France
| | - Guillaume S Masson
- Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone (UMR 7289), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique and Aix-Marseille Université, 13385 Marseille, France
| | - Nicholas J Priebe
- Center for Learning and Memory and the Institute for Neuroscience, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin 78712, Texas
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4
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Pattadkal JJ, Barr C, Priebe NJ. Interactions between saccades and smooth pursuit eye movements in marmosets. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.01.07.574533. [PMID: 38293119 PMCID: PMC10827120 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.07.574533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Animals use a combination of eye movements to track moving objects. These different eye movements need to be coordinated for successful tracking, requiring interactions between the systems involved. Here, we study the interaction between the saccadic and smooth pursuit eye movement systems in marmosets. Using a single target pursuit task, we show that saccades cause an enhancement in pursuit following a saccade. Using a two-target pursuit task, we show that this enhancement in pursuit is selective towards the motion of the target selected by the saccade, irrespective of any biases in pursuit prior to the saccade. These experiments highlight the similarities in the functioning of saccadic and smooth pursuit eye movement systems across primates. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT We study the coordination between the smooth-pursuit and saccadic eye movement systems in marmosets using single and multiple object motions. We find that saccade to a target increases pursuit velocity towards the target. If multiple objects are visible, saccade choice makes pursuit more selective towards the saccade target. Our results show that coordination between different eye movement systems to successfully track moving objects is similar between marmosets and primates.
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5
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Samonds JM, Szinte M, Barr C, Montagnini A, Masson GS, Priebe NJ. Mammals achieve common neural coverage of visual scenes using distinct sampling behaviors. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.03.20.533210. [PMID: 36993477 PMCID: PMC10055212 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.20.533210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
Most vertebrates use head and eye movements to quickly change gaze orientation and sample different portions of the environment with periods of stable fixation. Visual information must be integrated across several fixations to construct a more complete perspective of the visual environment. In concert with this sampling strategy, neurons adapt to unchanging input to conserve energy and ensure that only novel information from each fixation is processed. We demonstrate how adaptation recovery times and saccade properties interact, and thus shape spatiotemporal tradeoffs observed in the motor and visual systems of different species. These tradeoffs predict that in order to achieve similar visual coverage over time, animals with smaller receptive field sizes require faster saccade rates. Indeed, we find comparable sampling of the visual environment by neuronal populations across mammals when integrating measurements of saccadic behavior with receptive field sizes and V1 neuronal density. We propose that these mammals share a common statistically driven strategy of maintaining coverage of their visual environment over time calibrated to their respective visual system characteristics.
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6
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Yip HMK, Allison-Walker TJ, Cloherty SL, Hagan MA, Price NSC. Ocular following responses of the marmoset monkey are dependent on postsaccadic delay, spatiotemporal frequency, and saccade direction. J Neurophysiol 2023; 130:189-198. [PMID: 37377195 PMCID: PMC10435071 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00126.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Ocular following is a short-latency, reflexive eye movement that tracks wide-field visual motion. It has been studied extensively in humans and macaques and is an appealing behavior for studying sensory-motor transformations in the brain because of its rapidity and rigidity. We explored ocular following in the marmoset, an emerging model in neuroscience because their lissencephalic brain allows direct access to most cortical areas for imaging and electrophysiological recordings. In three experiments, we tested ocular following responses in three adult marmosets. First, we varied the delay between saccade end and stimulus motion onset, from 10 to 300 ms. As in other species, tracking had shorter onset latencies and higher eye speeds with shorter postsaccadic delays. Second, using sine-wave grating stimuli, we explored the dependence of eye speed on spatiotemporal frequency. The highest eye speed was evoked at ∼16 Hz and ∼0.16 cycles per degree (cpd); however, the highest gain was elicited at ∼1.6 Hz and ∼1.2 cpd. The highest eye speed for each spatial frequency was observed at a different temporal frequency, but this interdependence was not consistent with complete speed tuning of the ocular following response. Finally, we found the highest eye speeds when saccade and stimulus motion directions were identical, although latencies were unaffected by direction difference. Our results showed qualitatively similar ocular following in marmosets, humans, and macaques, despite over an order of magnitude variation in body and eye size across species. This characterization will help future studies examining the neural basis of sensory-motor transformations.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Previous ocular following studies focused on humans and macaques. We examined the properties of ocular following responses in marmosets in three experiments, in which postsaccadic delay, spatial-temporal frequency of stimuli, and congruence of saccade and motion directions were manipulated. We have demonstrated short-latency ocular following in marmosets and discuss the similarities across three species that vary markedly in eye and head size. Our findings will help future studies examining the neural mechanism of sensory-motor transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoi Ming Ken Yip
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Timothy John Allison-Walker
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Shaun Liam Cloherty
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Maureen Ann Hagan
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nicholas Seow Chiang Price
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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7
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Saghravanian SJ, Asadollahi A. Acclimatizing and training freely viewing marmosets for behavioral and electrophysiological experiments in oculomotor tasks. Physiol Rep 2023; 11:e15594. [PMID: 36754454 PMCID: PMC9908434 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The marmoset is a small-bodied primate with behavioral capacities and brain structures comparable to macaque monkeys and humans. Its amenability to modern biotechnological techniques like optogenetics, chemogenetics, and generation of transgenic primates have attracted neuroscientists' attention to use it as a model in neuroscience. In the past decade, several laboratories have been developing and refining tools and techniques for performing behavioral and electrophysiological experiments in this new model. In this regard, we developed a protocol to acclimate the marmoset to sit calmly in a primate chair; a method to calibrate the eye-tracking system while marmosets were freely viewing the screen; and a procedure to map motor field of neurons in the SC in freely viewing marmosets. Using a squeeze-walled transfer box, the animals were acclimatized, and chair trained in less than 4 weeks, much shorter than what other studies reported. Using salient stimuli allowed quick and accurate calibration of the eye-tracking system in untrained freely viewing marmosets. Applying reverse correlation to spiking activity and saccadic eye movements, we were able to map motor field of SC neurons in freely viewing marmosets. These refinements shortened the acclimation period, most likely reduced stress to the subjects, and allowed more efficient eye calibration and motor field mapping in freely viewing marmosets. With a penetration angle of 38 degrees, all 16 channels of the electrode array, that is, all recorded neurons across SC layers, had overlapping visual receptive and motor fields, indicating perpendicular penetration to the SC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ali Asadollahi
- Visuo‐Motor Systems Laboratory, Department of BiologyFerdowsi University of MashhadMashhadIran
- Present address:
Washington National Primate Research Center, and Department of Biological StructuresUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWAUSA
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8
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Polyakova Z, Iwase M, Hashimoto R, Yoshida M. The effect of ketamine on eye movement characteristics during free-viewing of natural images in common marmosets. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:1012300. [PMID: 36203813 PMCID: PMC9530575 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.1012300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Various eye movement abnormalities and impairments in visual information processing have been reported in patients with schizophrenia. Therefore, dysfunction of saccadic eye movements is a potential biological marker for schizophrenia. In the present study, we used a pharmacological model of schizophrenia symptoms in marmosets and compared the eye movement characteristics of marmosets during free-viewing, using an image set identical to those used for human studies. It contains natural and complex images that were randomly presented for 8 s. As a pharmacological model of schizophrenia symptoms, a subanesthetic dose of ketamine was injected intramuscularly for transient and reversible manipulation. Eye movements were recorded and compared under a ketamine condition and a saline condition as a control. The results showed that ketamine affected eye movement characteristics during free-viewing. Saccades amplitude and scanpath length were significantly reduced in the ketamine condition. In addition, the duration of saccades was longer under the ketamine condition than under the saline condition. A similar tendency was observed for the duration of fixations. The number of saccades and fixations tended to decrease in the ketamine condition. The peak saccades velocity also decreased after ketamine injection whereas there was no difference in the main sequence relationship between saccades amplitude and peak velocity. These results suggest that ketamine affected visual exploration but did not affect the oculomotor aspect of saccades in marmosets, consistent with studies in patients with schizophrenia. Therefore, we conclude that the subanesthetic dose of ketamine is a promising pharmacological model of schizophrenia symptoms in common marmosets and can be used in combination with free-viewing paradigms to establish “translatable markers” for schizophrenia in primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zlata Polyakova
- Center for Human Nature, Artificial Intelligence, and Neuroscience, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Masao Iwase
- Department of Psychiatry, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Ryota Hashimoto
- Department of Pathology of Mental Diseases, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Yoshida
- Center for Human Nature, Artificial Intelligence, and Neuroscience, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- *Correspondence: Masatoshi Yoshida,
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9
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Ngo V, Gorman JC, De la Fuente MF, Souto A, Schiel N, Miller CT. Active vision during prey capture in wild marmoset monkeys. Curr Biol 2022; 32:3423-3428.e3. [PMID: 35750054 PMCID: PMC10203885 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
A foundational pressure in the evolution of all animals is the ability to travel through the world, inherently coupling the sensory and motor systems. While this relationship has been explored in several species,1-4 it has been largely overlooked in primates, which have typically relied on paradigms in which head-restrained subjects view stimuli on screens.5 Natural visual behaviors, by contrast, are typified by locomotion through the environment guided by active sensing as animals explore and interact with the world,4,6 a relationship well illustrated by prey capture.7-12 Here, we characterized prey capture in wild marmoset monkeys as they negotiated their dynamic, arboreal habitat to illustrate the inherent role of vision as an active process in natural nonhuman primate behavior. Not only do marmosets share the core properties of vision that typify the primate Order,13-18 but they are prolific hunters that prey on a diverse set of prey animals.19-22 Marmosets pursued prey using vision in several different contexts, but executed precise visually guided motor control that predominantly involved grasping with hands for successful capture of prey. Applying markerless tracking for the first time in wild primates yielded novel findings that precisely quantified how marmosets track insects prior to initiating an attack and the rapid visually guided corrections of the hands during capture. These findings offer the first detailed insight into the active nature of vision to guide multiple facets of a natural goal-directed behavior in wild primates and can inform future laboratory studies of natural primate visual behaviors and the supporting neural processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Ngo
- Cortical Systems and Behavior Laboratory, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92039, USA
| | - Julia C Gorman
- Cortical Systems and Behavior Laboratory, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92039, USA; Neurosciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92039, USA
| | - María Fernanda De la Fuente
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Etnobiologia e Conservação da Natureza, Universidade Estadual da Paraíba, Campina Grande, Paraíba 58429-500, Brazil; Laboratório de Etologia Teórica e Aplicada, Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco 52171-900, Brazil
| | - Antonio Souto
- Laboratório de Etologia, Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco 50670-901, Brazil
| | - Nicola Schiel
- Laboratório de Etologia Teórica e Aplicada, Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco 52171-900, Brazil
| | - Cory T Miller
- Cortical Systems and Behavior Laboratory, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92039, USA; Neurosciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92039, USA.
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10
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D'Souza JF, Price NSC, Hagan MA. Marmosets: a promising model for probing the neural mechanisms underlying complex visual networks such as the frontal-parietal network. Brain Struct Funct 2021; 226:3007-3022. [PMID: 34518902 PMCID: PMC8541938 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-021-02367-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The technology, methodology and models used by visual neuroscientists have provided great insights into the structure and function of individual brain areas. However, complex cognitive functions arise in the brain due to networks comprising multiple interacting cortical areas that are wired together with precise anatomical connections. A prime example of this phenomenon is the frontal–parietal network and two key regions within it: the frontal eye fields (FEF) and lateral intraparietal area (area LIP). Activity in these cortical areas has independently been tied to oculomotor control, motor preparation, visual attention and decision-making. Strong, bidirectional anatomical connections have also been traced between FEF and area LIP, suggesting that the aforementioned visual functions depend on these inter-area interactions. However, advancements in our knowledge about the interactions between area LIP and FEF are limited with the main animal model, the rhesus macaque, because these key regions are buried in the sulci of the brain. In this review, we propose that the common marmoset is the ideal model for investigating how anatomical connections give rise to functionally-complex cognitive visual behaviours, such as those modulated by the frontal–parietal network, because of the homology of their cortical networks with humans and macaques, amenability to transgenic technology, and rich behavioural repertoire. Furthermore, the lissencephalic structure of the marmoset brain enables application of powerful techniques, such as array-based electrophysiology and optogenetics, which are critical to bridge the gaps in our knowledge about structure and function in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanita F D'Souza
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, 26 Innovation Walk, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia.,Australian Research Council, Centre of Excellence for Integrative Brain Function, Monash University Node, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Nicholas S C Price
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, 26 Innovation Walk, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia.,Australian Research Council, Centre of Excellence for Integrative Brain Function, Monash University Node, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Maureen A Hagan
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, 26 Innovation Walk, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia. .,Australian Research Council, Centre of Excellence for Integrative Brain Function, Monash University Node, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia.
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11
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Cloherty SL, Yates JL, Graf D, DeAngelis GC, Mitchell JF. Motion Perception in the Common Marmoset. Cereb Cortex 2021; 30:2658-2672. [PMID: 31828299 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhz267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Visual motion processing is a well-established model system for studying neural population codes in primates. The common marmoset, a small new world primate, offers unparalleled opportunities to probe these population codes in key motion processing areas, such as cortical areas MT and MST, because these areas are accessible for imaging and recording at the cortical surface. However, little is currently known about the perceptual abilities of the marmoset. Here, we introduce a paradigm for studying motion perception in the marmoset and compare their psychophysical performance with human observers. We trained two marmosets to perform a motion estimation task in which they provided an analog report of their perceived direction of motion with an eye movement to a ring that surrounded the motion stimulus. Marmosets and humans exhibited similar trade-offs in speed versus accuracy: errors were larger and reaction times were longer as the strength of the motion signal was reduced. Reverse correlation on the temporal fluctuations in motion direction revealed that both species exhibited short integration windows; however, marmosets had substantially less nondecision time than humans. Our results provide the first quantification of motion perception in the marmoset and demonstrate several advantages to using analog estimation tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaun L Cloherty
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, University of Rochester, New York, NY 14627, USA.,Department of Physiology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Jacob L Yates
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, University of Rochester, New York, NY 14627, USA
| | - Dina Graf
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, University of Rochester, New York, NY 14627, USA
| | - Gregory C DeAngelis
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, University of Rochester, New York, NY 14627, USA
| | - Jude F Mitchell
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, University of Rochester, New York, NY 14627, USA
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12
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Visual Neuroscience Methods for Marmosets: Efficient Receptive Field Mapping and Head-Free Eye Tracking. eNeuro 2021; 8:ENEURO.0489-20.2021. [PMID: 33863782 PMCID: PMC8143020 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0489-20.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The marmoset has emerged as a promising primate model system, in particular for visual neuroscience. Many common experimental paradigms rely on head fixation and an extended period of eye fixation during the presentation of salient visual stimuli. Both of these behavioral requirements can be challenging for marmosets. Here, we present two methodological developments, each addressing one of these difficulties. First, we show that it is possible to use a standard eye-tracking system without head fixation to assess visual behavior in the marmoset. Eye-tracking quality from head-free animals is sufficient to obtain precise psychometric functions from a visual acuity task. Second, we introduce a novel method for efficient receptive field (RF) mapping that does not rely on moving stimuli but uses fast flashing annuli and wedges. We present data recorded during head-fixation in areas V1 and V6 and show that RF locations are readily obtained within a short period of recording time. Thus, the methodological advancements presented in this work will contribute to establish the marmoset as a valuable model in neuroscience.
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13
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Functional Access to Neuron Subclasses in Rodent and Primate Forebrain. Cell Rep 2020; 26:2818-2832.e8. [PMID: 30840900 PMCID: PMC6509701 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2018] [Revised: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral vectors enable foreign proteins to be expressed in brains of non-genetic species, including non-human primates. However, viruses targeting specific neuron classes have proved elusive. Here we describe viral promoters and strategies for accessing GABAergic interneurons and their molecularly defined subsets in the rodent and primate. Using a set intersection approach, which relies on two co-active promoters, we can restrict heterologous protein expression to cortical and hippocampal somatostatin-positive and parvalbumin-positive interneurons. With an orthogonal set difference method, we can enrich for subclasses of neuropeptide-Y-positive GABAergic interneurons by effectively subtracting the expression pattern of one promoter from that of another. These methods harness the complexity of gene expression patterns in the brain and significantly expand the number of genetically tractable neuron classes across mammals.
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14
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Walker JD, Pirschel F, Gidmark N, MacLean JN, Hatsopoulos NG. A platform for semiautomated voluntary training of common marmosets for behavioral neuroscience. J Neurophysiol 2020; 123:1420-1426. [PMID: 32130092 PMCID: PMC7191516 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00300.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Generally behavioral neuroscience studies of the common marmoset employ adaptations of well-established training methods used with macaque monkeys. However, in many cases these approaches do not readily generalize to marmosets indicating a need for alternatives. Here we present the development of one such alternate: a platform for semiautomated, voluntary in-home cage behavioral training that allows for the study of naturalistic behaviors. We describe the design and production of a modular behavioral training apparatus using CAD software and digital fabrication. We demonstrate that this apparatus permits voluntary behavioral training and data collection throughout the marmoset's waking hours with little experimenter intervention. Furthermore, we demonstrate the use of this apparatus to reconstruct the kinematics of the marmoset's upper limb movement during natural foraging behavior.NEW & NOTEWORTHY The study of marmosets in neuroscience has grown rapidly and presents unique challenges. We address those challenges with an innovative platform for semiautomated, voluntary training that allows marmosets to train throughout their waking hours with minimal experimenter intervention. We describe the use of this platform to capture upper limb kinematics during foraging and to expand the opportunities for behavioral training beyond the limits of traditional training sessions. This flexible platform can easily incorporate other tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey D Walker
- Committee on Computational Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Friederice Pirschel
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | | | - Jason N MacLean
- Committee on Computational Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
- Grossman Institute for Neuroscience, Quantitative Biology and Human Behavior, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Nicholas G Hatsopoulos
- Committee on Computational Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
- Grossman Institute for Neuroscience, Quantitative Biology and Human Behavior, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
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15
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Ma L, Selvanayagam J, Ghahremani M, Hayrynen LK, Johnston KD, Everling S. Single-unit activity in marmoset posterior parietal cortex in a gap saccade task. J Neurophysiol 2020; 123:896-911. [DOI: 10.1152/jn.00614.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Abnormal saccadic eye movements can serve as biomarkers for patients with several neuropsychiatric disorders. The common marmoset ( Callithrix jacchus) is becoming increasingly popular as a nonhuman primate model to investigate the cortical mechanisms of saccadic control. Recently, our group demonstrated that microstimulation in the posterior parietal cortex (PPC) of marmosets elicits contralateral saccades. Here we recorded single-unit activity in the PPC of the same two marmosets using chronic microelectrode arrays while the monkeys performed a saccadic task with gap trials (target onset lagged fixation point offset by 200 ms) interleaved with step trials (fixation point disappeared when the peripheral target appeared). Both marmosets showed a gap effect, shorter saccadic reaction times (SRTs) in gap vs. step trials. On average, stronger gap-period responses across the entire neuronal population preceded shorter SRTs on trials with contralateral targets although this correlation was stronger among the 15% “gap neurons,” which responded significantly during the gap. We also found 39% “target neurons” with significant saccadic target-related responses, which were stronger in gap trials and correlated with the SRTs better than the remaining neurons. Compared with saccades with relatively long SRTs, short-SRT saccades were preceded by both stronger gap-related and target-related responses in all PPC neurons, regardless of whether such response reached significance. Our findings suggest that the PPC in the marmoset contains an area that is involved in the modulation of saccadic preparation. NEW & NOTEWORTHY As a primate model in systems neuroscience, the marmoset is a great complement to the macaque monkey because of its unique advantages. To identify oculomotor networks in the marmoset, we recorded from the marmoset posterior parietal cortex during a saccadic task and found single-unit activities consistent with a role in saccadic modulation. This finding supports the marmoset as a valuable model for studying oculomotor control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liya Ma
- Robarts Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Janahan Selvanayagam
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Maryam Ghahremani
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lauren K. Hayrynen
- Robarts Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kevin D. Johnston
- Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stefan Everling
- Robarts Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
- Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
- Brain and Mind Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
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16
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Ghahremani M, Johnston KD, Ma L, Hayrynen LK, Everling S. Electrical microstimulation evokes saccades in posterior parietal cortex of common marmosets. J Neurophysiol 2019; 122:1765-1776. [DOI: 10.1152/jn.00417.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The common marmoset ( Callithrix jacchus) is a small-bodied New World primate increasing in prominence as a model animal for neuroscience research. The lissencephalic cortex of this primate species provides substantial advantages for the application of electrophysiological techniques such as high-density and laminar recordings, which have the capacity to advance our understanding of local and laminar cortical circuits and their roles in cognitive and motor functions. This is particularly the case with respect to the oculomotor system, as critical cortical areas of this network such as the frontal eye fields (FEF) and lateral intraparietal area (LIP) lie deep within sulci in macaques. Studies of cytoarchitecture and connectivity have established putative homologies between cortical oculomotor fields in marmoset and macaque, but physiological investigations of these areas, particularly in awake marmosets, have yet to be carried out. Here we addressed this gap by probing the function of posterior parietal cortex of the common marmoset with electrical microstimulation. We implanted two animals with 32-channel Utah arrays at the location of the putative area LIP and applied microstimulation while they viewed a video display and made untrained eye movements. Similar to previous studies in macaques, stimulation evoked fixed-vector and goal-directed saccades, staircase saccades, and eyeblinks. These data demonstrate that area LIP of the marmoset plays a role in the regulation of eye movements, provide additional evidence that this area is homologous with that of the macaque, and further establish the marmoset as a valuable model for neurophysiological investigations of oculomotor and cognitive control. NEW & NOTEWORTHY The macaque monkey has been the preeminent model for investigations of oculomotor control, but studies of cortical areas are limited, as many of these areas are buried within sulci in this species. Here we applied electrical microstimulation to the putative area LIP of the lissencephalic cortex of awake marmosets. Similar to the macaque, microstimulation evoked contralateral saccades from this area, supporting the marmoset as a valuable model for studies of oculomotor control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Ghahremani
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
- Robarts Research Institute, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kevin D. Johnston
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
- Brain and Mind Institute, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Liya Ma
- Robarts Research Institute, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lauren K. Hayrynen
- Robarts Research Institute, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stefan Everling
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
- Brain and Mind Institute, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
- Robarts Research Institute, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
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17
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Mice Discriminate Stereoscopic Surfaces Without Fixating in Depth. J Neurosci 2019; 39:8024-8037. [PMID: 31462533 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0895-19.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Stereopsis is a ubiquitous feature of primate mammalian vision, but little is known about if and how rodents such as mice use stereoscopic vision. We used random dot stereograms to test for stereopsis in male and female mice, and they were able to discriminate near from far surfaces over a range of disparities, with diminishing performance for small and large binocular disparities. Based on two-photon measurements of disparity tuning, the range of disparities represented in the visual cortex aligns with the behavior and covers a broad range of disparities. When we examined their binocular eye movements, we found that, unlike primates, mice did not systematically vary relative eye positions or use vergence eye movements when presented with different disparities. Nonetheless, the representation of disparity tuning was wide enough to capture stereoscopic information over a range of potential vergence angles. Although mice share fundamental characteristics of stereoscopic vision with primates and carnivores, their lack of disparity-dependent vergence eye movements and wide neuronal representation suggests that they may use a distinct strategy for stereopsis.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Binocular vision allows us to derive depth information by comparing right and left eye information. We characterized binocular integration in mice because tools exist in these animals to dissect the underlying neural circuitry for binocular vision. Using random dot stereograms, we find that behavior and disparity tuning in the visual cortex share fundamental characteristics with primates, but we did not observe any evidence of disparity-dependent changes in vergence angle. We propose that mice use a distinct strategy of stereopsis compared with primates by using a broad range of disparities to encode depth over a large field of view and to compensate for nonstereoscopic changes in vergence angle that arise during natural behavior.
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18
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Nummela SU, Jutras MJ, Wixted JT, Buffalo EA, Miller CT. Recognition Memory in Marmoset and Macaque Monkeys: A Comparison of Active Vision. J Cogn Neurosci 2018; 31:1318-1328. [PMID: 30513042 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_01361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The core functional organization of the primate brain is remarkably conserved across the order, but behavioral differences evident between species likely reflect derived modifications in the underlying neural processes. Here, we performed the first study to directly compare visual recognition memory in two primate species-rhesus macaques and marmoset monkeys-on the same visual preferential looking task as a first step toward identifying similarities and differences in this cognitive process across the primate phylogeny. Preferences in looking behavior on the task were broadly similar between the species, with greater looking times for novel images compared with repeated images as well as a similarly strong preference for faces compared with other categories. Unexpectedly, we found large behavioral differences among the two species in looking behavior independent of image familiarity. Marmosets exhibited longer looking times, with greater variability compared with macaques, regardless of image content or familiarity. Perhaps most strikingly, marmosets shifted their gaze across the images more quickly, suggesting a different behavioral strategy when viewing images. Although such differences limit the comparison of recognition memory across these closely related species, they point to interesting differences in the mechanisms underlying active vision that have significant implications for future neurobiological investigations with these two nonhuman primate species. Elucidating whether these patterns are reflective of species or broader phylogenetic differences (e.g., between New World and Old World monkeys) necessitates a broader sample of primate taxa from across the Order.
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19
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Samonds JM, Geisler WS, Priebe NJ. Natural image and receptive field statistics predict saccade sizes. Nat Neurosci 2018; 21:1591-1599. [PMID: 30349110 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-018-0255-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Humans and other primates sample the visual environment using saccadic eye movements that shift a high-resolution fovea toward regions of interest to create a clear perception of a scene across fixations. Many mammals, however, like mice, lack a fovea, which raises the question of why they make saccades. Here we describe and test the hypothesis that saccades are matched to natural scene statistics and to the receptive field sizes and adaptive properties of neural populations. Specifically, we determined the minimum amplitude of saccades in natural scenes necessary to provide uncorrelated inputs to model neural populations. This analysis predicts the distributions of observed saccade sizes during passive viewing for nonhuman primates, cats, and mice. Furthermore, disrupting the development of receptive field properties by monocular deprivation changed saccade sizes consistent with this hypothesis. Therefore, natural-scene statistics and the neural representation of natural images appear to be critical factors guiding saccadic eye movements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason M Samonds
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA. .,Center for Perceptual Systems, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA. .,Center for Learning and Memory, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.
| | - Wilson S Geisler
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.,Center for Perceptual Systems, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.,Department of Psychology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Nicholas J Priebe
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.,Center for Perceptual Systems, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.,Center for Learning and Memory, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
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20
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Lawful tracking of visual motion in humans, macaques, and marmosets in a naturalistic, continuous, and untrained behavioral context. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E10486-E10494. [PMID: 30322919 PMCID: PMC6217422 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1807192115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We characterize spatiotemporal integration of naturalistic, continuous visual motion of three primate species (humans, macaques, and marmosets). All three species volitionally, but naturally, track the center of expansion of a dynamic optic flow field. Detailed analysis of this flow-tracking behavior reveals lawful and repeatable dependencies of the behavior on nuances in the stimulus, revealing that even unconstrained and continuous behavior can exhibit the sort of precise dependencies typically studied only in artificial and constrained tasks. Much study of the visual system has focused on how humans and monkeys integrate moving stimuli over space and time. Such assessments of spatiotemporal integration provide fundamental grounding for the interpretation of neurophysiological data, as well as how the resulting neural signals support perceptual decisions and behavior. However, the insights supported by classical characterizations of integration performed in humans and rhesus monkeys are potentially limited with respect to both generality and detail: Standard tasks require extensive amounts of training, involve abstract stimulus–response mappings, and depend on combining data across many trials and/or sessions. It is thus of concern that the integration observed in classical tasks involves the recruitment of brain circuits that might not normally subsume natural behaviors, and that quantitative analyses have limited power for characterizing single-trial or single-session processes. Here we bridge these gaps by showing that three primate species (humans, macaques, and marmosets) track the focus of expansion of an optic flow field continuously and without substantial training. This flow-tracking behavior was volitional and reflected substantial temporal integration. Most strikingly, gaze patterns exhibited lawful and nuanced dependencies on random perturbations in the stimulus, such that repetitions of identical flow movies elicited remarkably similar eye movements over long and continuous time periods. These results demonstrate the generality of spatiotemporal integration in natural vision, and offer a means for studying integration outside of artificial tasks while maintaining lawful and highly reliable behavior.
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21
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Miller CT. Why marmosets? Dev Neurobiol 2018; 77:237-243. [PMID: 28170158 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2016] [Revised: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cory T Miller
- Cortical Systems and Behavior Laboratory, Neurosciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Diego, California
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22
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Johnston KD, Barker K, Schaeffer L, Schaeffer D, Everling S. Methods for chair restraint and training of the common marmoset on oculomotor tasks. J Neurophysiol 2018; 119:1636-1646. [DOI: 10.1152/jn.00866.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The oculomotor system is the most thoroughly understood sensorimotor system in the brain, due in large part to electrophysiological studies carried out in macaque monkeys trained to perform oculomotor tasks. A disadvantage of the macaque model is that many cortical oculomotor areas of interest lie within sulci, making high-density array and laminar recordings impractical. Many techniques of molecular biology developed in rodents, such as optogenetic manipulation of neuronal subtypes, are also limited in this species. The common marmoset ( Callithrix jacchus) possesses a smooth cortex, allowing easy access to frontoparietal oculomotor areas, and may bridge the gap between systems neuroscience in macaques and molecular techniques. Techniques for restraint, training, and neural recording in these animals have been well developed in auditory neuroscience. Those for oculomotor neuroscience, however, remain at a relatively early stage. In this article we provide details of a custom-designed restraint chair for marmosets, a combination head restraint/recording chamber allowing access to cortical oculomotor areas and providing stability suitable for eye movement and neural recordings, as well as a training protocol for oculomotor tasks. We additionally report the results of a psychophysical study in marmosets trained to perform a saccade task using these methods, showing that, as in rhesus and humans, marmosets exhibit a “gap effect,” a decrease in reaction time when the fixation stimulus is removed before the onset of a visual saccade target. These results are the first evidence of this effect in marmosets and support the common marmoset model for neurophysiological investigations of oculomotor control. NEW & NOTEWORTHY The ability to carry out neuronal recordings in behaving primates has provided a wealth of information regarding the neural circuits underlying the control of eye movements. Such studies require restraint of the animal within a primate chair, head fixation, methods of acclimating the animals to this restraint, and the use of operant conditioning methods for training on oculomotor tasks. In contrast to the macaque model, relatively few studies have reported in detail methods for use in the common marmoset. In this report we detail custom-designed equipment and methods by which we have used to successfully train head-restrained marmosets to perform basic oculomotor tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin D. Johnston
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
- Brain and Mind Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | | | - Stefan Everling
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
- Brain and Mind Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
- Robarts Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
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23
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Ghahremani M, Hutchison RM, Menon RS, Everling S. Frontoparietal Functional Connectivity in the Common Marmoset. Cereb Cortex 2018; 27:3890-3905. [PMID: 27405331 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhw198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In contrast to the well established macaque monkey, little is known about functional connectivity patterns of common marmoset monkey (Callithrix jacchus) that is poised to become the leading transgenic primate model. Here, we used resting-state ultra-high-field fMRI data collected from anesthetized marmosets and macaques along with awake human subjects, to examine and compare the brain's functional organization, with emphasis on the saccade system. Exploratory independent component analysis revealed eight resting-state networks in marmosets that greatly overlapped with corresponding macaque and human networks including a distributed frontoparietal network. Seed-region analyses of the superior colliculus (SC) showed homolog areas in macaques and marmosets. The marmoset SC displayed the strongest frontal functional connectivity with area 8aD at the border to area 6DR. Functional connectivity of this frontal region revealed a similar functional connectivity pattern as the frontal eye fields in macaques and humans. Furthermore, areas 8aD, 8aV, PG,TPO, TE2, and TE3 were identified as major hubs based on region-wise evaluation of betweeness centrality, suggesting that these cortical regions make up the functional core of the marmoset brain. The results support an evolutionarily preserved frontoparietal system and provide a starting point for invasive neurophysiological studies in the marmoset saccade and visual systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Ghahremani
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Western Ontario, Canada.,Robarts Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Ravi S Menon
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Western Ontario, Canada.,Robarts Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stefan Everling
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Western Ontario, Canada.,Robarts Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
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24
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Walker J, MacLean J, Hatsopoulos NG. The marmoset as a model system for studying voluntary motor control. Dev Neurobiol 2016; 77:273-285. [DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Revised: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeff Walker
- Committee on Computational Neuroscience, University of Chicago; Chicago Illinois 60637
| | - Jason MacLean
- Committee on Computational Neuroscience, University of Chicago; Chicago Illinois 60637
- Department of Neurobiology; University of Chicago; Chicago Illinois 60637
| | - Nicholas G. Hatsopoulos
- Committee on Computational Neuroscience, University of Chicago; Chicago Illinois 60637
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy; University of Chicago; Chicago Illinois 60637
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25
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Hagan MA, Rosa MGP, Lui LL. Neural plasticity following lesions of the primate occipital lobe: The marmoset as an animal model for studies of blindsight. Dev Neurobiol 2016; 77:314-327. [PMID: 27479288 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Revised: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
For nearly a century it has been observed that some residual visually guided behavior can persist after damage to the primary visual cortex (V1) in primates. The age at which damage to V1 occurs leads to different outcomes, with V1 lesions in infancy allowing better preservation of visual faculties in comparison with those incurred in adulthood. While adult V1 lesions may still allow retention of some limited visual abilities, these are subconscious-a characteristic that has led to this form of residual vision being referred to as blindsight. The neural basis of blindsight has been of great interest to the neuroscience community, with particular focus on understanding the contributions of the different subcortical pathways and cortical areas that may underlie this phenomenon. More recently, research has started to address which forms of neural plasticity occur following V1 lesions at different ages, including work using marmoset monkeys. The relatively rapid postnatal development of this species, allied to the lissencephalic brains and well-characterized visual cortex provide significant technical advantages, which allow controlled experiments exploring visual function in the absence of V1. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 77: 314-327, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maureen A Hagan
- Department of Physiology, Monash University, Victoria, 3800, Australia.,Neuroscience Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Victoria, 3800, Australia.,Australian Research Council, Centre of Excellence for Integrative Brain Function, Monash University Node, Victoria, 3800, Australia
| | - Marcello G P Rosa
- Department of Physiology, Monash University, Victoria, 3800, Australia.,Neuroscience Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Victoria, 3800, Australia.,Australian Research Council, Centre of Excellence for Integrative Brain Function, Monash University Node, Victoria, 3800, Australia
| | - Leo L Lui
- Department of Physiology, Monash University, Victoria, 3800, Australia.,Neuroscience Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Victoria, 3800, Australia.,Australian Research Council, Centre of Excellence for Integrative Brain Function, Monash University Node, Victoria, 3800, Australia
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26
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MacDougall M, Nummela SU, Coop S, Disney A, Mitchell JF, Miller CT. Optogenetic manipulation of neural circuits in awake marmosets. J Neurophysiol 2016; 116:1286-94. [PMID: 27334951 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00197.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Optogenetics has revolutionized the study of functional neuronal circuitry (Boyden ES, Zhang F, Bamberg E, Nagel G, Deisseroth K. Nat Neurosci 8: 1263-1268, 2005; Deisseroth K. Nat Methods 8: 26-29, 2011). Although these techniques have been most successfully implemented in rodent models, they have the potential to be similarly impactful in studies of nonhuman primate brains. Common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) have recently emerged as a candidate primate model for gene editing, providing a potentially powerful model for studies of neural circuitry and disease in primates. The application of viral transduction methods in marmosets for identifying and manipulating neuronal circuitry is a crucial step in developing this species for neuroscience research. In the present study we developed a novel, chronic method to successfully induce rapid photostimulation in individual cortical neurons transduced by adeno-associated virus to express channelrhodopsin (ChR2) in awake marmosets. We found that large proportions of neurons could be effectively photoactivated following viral transduction and that this procedure could be repeated for several months. These data suggest that techniques for viral transduction and optical manipulation of neuronal populations are suitable for marmosets and can be combined with existing behavioral preparations in the species to elucidate the functional neural circuitry underlying perceptual and cognitive processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew MacDougall
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California; Cortical Systems and Behavior Laboratory, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Samuel U Nummela
- Cortical Systems and Behavior Laboratory, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Shanna Coop
- Cortical Systems and Behavior Laboratory, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Anita Disney
- Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee; and
| | - Jude F Mitchell
- Kavli Institute for Brain & Mind, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California; Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York
| | - Cory T Miller
- Cortical Systems and Behavior Laboratory, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California; Neurosciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California; Kavli Institute for Brain & Mind, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California;
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