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Daadi EW, Daadi ES, Oh T, Li M, Kim J, Daadi MM. Combining physical & cognitive training with iPSC-derived dopaminergic neuron transplantation promotes graft integration & better functional outcome in parkinsonian marmosets. Exp Neurol 2024; 374:114694. [PMID: 38272159 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2024.114694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a relentlessly progressive and currently incurable neurodegenerative disease with significant unmet medical needs. Since PD stems from the degeneration of midbrain dopaminergic (DA) neurons in a defined brain location, PD patients are considered optimal candidates for cell replacement therapy. Clinical trials for cell transplantation in PD are beginning to re-emerge worldwide with a new focus on induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) as a source of DA neurons since they can be derived from adult somatic cells and produced in large quantities under current good manufacturing practices. However, for this therapeutic strategy to be realized as a viable clinical option, fundamental translational challenges need to be addressed including the manufacturing process, purity and efficacy of the cells, the method of delivery, the extent of host reinnervation and the impact of patient-centered adjunctive interventions. In this study we report on the impact of physical and cognitive training (PCT) on functional recovery in the nonhuman primate (NHP) model of PD after cell transplantation. We observed that at 6 months post-transplant, the PCT group returned to normal baseline in their daily activity measured by actigraphy, significantly improved in their sensorimotor and cognitive tasks, and showed enhanced synapse formation between grafted cells and host cells. We also describe a robust, simple, efficient, scalable, and cost-effective manufacturing process of engraftable DA neurons derived from iPSCs. This study suggests that integrating PCT with cell transplantation therapy could promote optimal graft functional integration and better outcome for patients with PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etienne W Daadi
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, 8715 W. Military Drive, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA
| | - Elyas S Daadi
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, 8715 W. Military Drive, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA
| | - Thomas Oh
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, 8715 W. Military Drive, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA
| | - Mingfeng Li
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Jeffrey Kim
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, 8715 W. Military Drive, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA; Department of Cell Systems & Anatomy, Long School of Medicine, University of Texas Health at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Dr., San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Marcel M Daadi
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, 8715 W. Military Drive, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA; Department of Cell Systems & Anatomy, Long School of Medicine, University of Texas Health at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Dr., San Antonio, TX 78229, USA; Department of Radiology, Long School of Medicine, University of Texas Health at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Dr., San Antonio, TX 78229, USA.
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Furusato IN, Figueiredo KB, de Carvalho ACSR, da Silva Ferreira CS, Takahashi JPF, Kimura LM, Aleixo CS, de Brito OP, Luchs A, Cunha MS, de Azevedo Fernandes NCC, de Araújo LJT, Catão-Dias JL, Guerra JM. Detection of herpesviruses in neotropical primates from São Paulo, Brazil. Braz J Microbiol 2023; 54:3201-3209. [PMID: 37688686 PMCID: PMC10689701 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-023-01105-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Transmission of herpesvirus between humans and non-human primates represents a serious potential threat to human health and endangered species conservation. This study aimed to identify herpesvirus genomes in samples of neotropical primates (NTPs) in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. A total of 242 NTPs, including Callithrix sp., Alouatta sp., Sapajus sp., and Callicebus sp., were evaluated by pan-herpesvirus polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequencing. Sixty-two (25.6%) samples containing genome segments representative of members of the family Herpesviridae, including 16.1% for Callitrichine gammaherpesvirus 3, 6.1% for Human alphaherpesvirus 1, 2.1% for Alouatta macconnelli cytomegalovirus, and 0.83% for Cebus albifrons lymphocryptovirus 1. No co-infections were detected. The detection of herpesvirus genomes was significantly higher among adult animals (p = 0.033) and those kept under human care (p = 0.008671). These findings confirm the importance of monitoring the occurrence of herpesviruses in NTP populations in epizootic events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Naomi Furusato
- Centro de Patologia, Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Avenida Dr. Arnaldo, 351, Pacaembú, São Paulo, SP, 01246000, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Juliana Possatto Fernandes Takahashi
- Centro de Patologia, Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Avenida Dr. Arnaldo, 351, Pacaembú, São Paulo, SP, 01246000, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Doenças Infecciosas E Parasitárias - Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso Do Sul, Bairro Universitário, Av. Costa E Silva, S/nº, Campo Grande, MS, 79070900, Brazil
| | - Lidia Midori Kimura
- Centro de Patologia, Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Avenida Dr. Arnaldo, 351, Pacaembú, São Paulo, SP, 01246000, Brazil
| | - Camila Siqueira Aleixo
- Centro de Patologia, Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Avenida Dr. Arnaldo, 351, Pacaembú, São Paulo, SP, 01246000, Brazil
| | - Odília Pereira de Brito
- Centro de Patologia, Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Avenida Dr. Arnaldo, 351, Pacaembú, São Paulo, SP, 01246000, Brazil
| | - Adriana Luchs
- Centro de Virologia, Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Avenida Dr. Arnaldo, 351, Pacaembú, São Paulo, SP, 01246000, Brazil
| | - Mariana Sequetin Cunha
- Centro de Virologia, Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Avenida Dr. Arnaldo, 351, Pacaembú, São Paulo, SP, 01246000, Brazil
| | | | | | - José Luiz Catão-Dias
- Laboratório de Patologia Comparada (LAPCOM), Departamento de Patologia, Faculdade de Veterinária E Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida Professor Orlando Marques de Paiva, 70, São Paulo, SP, 05508270, Brazil
| | - Juliana Mariotti Guerra
- Centro de Patologia, Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Avenida Dr. Arnaldo, 351, Pacaembú, São Paulo, SP, 01246000, Brazil.
- Laboratório de Patologia Comparada (LAPCOM), Departamento de Patologia, Faculdade de Veterinária E Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida Professor Orlando Marques de Paiva, 70, São Paulo, SP, 05508270, Brazil.
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3
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D'Souza JF, Price NSC, Hagan MA. Marmosets: a promising model for probing the neural mechanisms underlying complex visual networks such as the frontal-parietal network. Brain Struct Funct 2021; 226:3007-3022. [PMID: 34518902 PMCID: PMC8541938 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-021-02367-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The technology, methodology and models used by visual neuroscientists have provided great insights into the structure and function of individual brain areas. However, complex cognitive functions arise in the brain due to networks comprising multiple interacting cortical areas that are wired together with precise anatomical connections. A prime example of this phenomenon is the frontal–parietal network and two key regions within it: the frontal eye fields (FEF) and lateral intraparietal area (area LIP). Activity in these cortical areas has independently been tied to oculomotor control, motor preparation, visual attention and decision-making. Strong, bidirectional anatomical connections have also been traced between FEF and area LIP, suggesting that the aforementioned visual functions depend on these inter-area interactions. However, advancements in our knowledge about the interactions between area LIP and FEF are limited with the main animal model, the rhesus macaque, because these key regions are buried in the sulci of the brain. In this review, we propose that the common marmoset is the ideal model for investigating how anatomical connections give rise to functionally-complex cognitive visual behaviours, such as those modulated by the frontal–parietal network, because of the homology of their cortical networks with humans and macaques, amenability to transgenic technology, and rich behavioural repertoire. Furthermore, the lissencephalic structure of the marmoset brain enables application of powerful techniques, such as array-based electrophysiology and optogenetics, which are critical to bridge the gaps in our knowledge about structure and function in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanita F D'Souza
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, 26 Innovation Walk, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia.,Australian Research Council, Centre of Excellence for Integrative Brain Function, Monash University Node, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Nicholas S C Price
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, 26 Innovation Walk, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia.,Australian Research Council, Centre of Excellence for Integrative Brain Function, Monash University Node, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Maureen A Hagan
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, 26 Innovation Walk, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia. .,Australian Research Council, Centre of Excellence for Integrative Brain Function, Monash University Node, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia.
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Watanabe T, Sasaki E. Efficient Induction of Primate iPS Cells Using a Combination of RNA Transfection and Chemical Compounds. Methods Mol Biol 2021. [PMID: 33772459 DOI: 10.1007/7651_2021_373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
Non-human primate induced pluripotent cells (iPS cells) are useful for preclinical studies of iPS cell-based therapies and the research of primate developments. Since the initial report of iPS cells in 2006, various iPS cell induction methods have been reported. Here, we describe an efficient method for inducing iPS cells using a combination of RNA transfection and chemical compounds without using transgenes. Many kinds of marmoset cells, including difficult-to-reprogram cells, can be converted into iPS cells using this combinatorial method. Furthermore, this method can be applied to other primates, including humans.
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Fisher R, Hikima A, Morris R, Jackson MJ, Rose S, Varney MA, Depoortere R, Newman-Tancredi A. The selective 5-HT 1A receptor agonist, NLX-112, exerts anti-dyskinetic and anti-parkinsonian-like effects in MPTP-treated marmosets. Neuropharmacology 2020; 167:107997. [PMID: 32057799 PMCID: PMC7103782 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2020.107997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
l-DOPA is the gold-standard pharmacotherapy for treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD) but can lead to the appearance of troubling dyskinesia which are attributable to 'false neurotransmitter' release of dopamine by serotonergic neurons. Reducing the activity of these neurons diminishes l-DOPA-induced dyskinesia (LID), but there are currently no clinically approved selective, high efficacy 5-HT1A receptor agonists. Here we describe the effects of NLX-112, a highly selective and efficacious 5-HT1A receptor agonist, on LID in 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-treated marmosets, a non-human primate model of PD. NLX-112 exhibited modest plasma half-life (~2h) and marked plasma protein binding (96%). When administered to parkinsonian marmosets with l-DOPA (7 mg/kg p.o.), NLX-112 (0.025, 0.1 and 0.4 mg/kg p.o.) reduced LID scores at early time-points after administration, whilst only minimally interfering with the l-DOPA-induced reversal of motor disability. In contrast, the prototypical 5-HT1A receptor agonist, (+)8-OH-DPAT (0.6 and 2 mg/kg p. o.), reduced LID but also abolished l-DOPA's anti-disability activity. Administered by itself, NLX-112 (0.1, 0.2 mg/kg p.o.) produced very little dyskinesia or locomotor activity, but reduced motor disability scores by about half the extent elicited by l-DOPA, suggesting that it may have motor facilitation effects of its own. Both NLX-112 and (+)8-OH-DPAT induced unusual and dose-limiting behaviors in marmoset that resembled 'serotonin behavioral syndrome' observed previously in rat. Overall, the present study showed that NLX-112 has anti-LID activity at the doses tested as well as reducing motor disability. The data suggest that additional investigation of NLX-112 is desirable to explore its potential as a treatment for PD and PD-LID.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ria Fisher
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Hodgkin Building, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London, SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Atsuko Hikima
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Hodgkin Building, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London, SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Rebecca Morris
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Hodgkin Building, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London, SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Michael J Jackson
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Hodgkin Building, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London, SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Sarah Rose
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Hodgkin Building, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London, SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Mark A Varney
- Neurolixis SAS, 2 Rue Georges Charpak, 81100, Castres, France
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Uno Y, Uehara S, Inoue T, Kawamura S, Murayama N, Nishikawa M, Ikushiro S, Sasaki E, Yamazaki H. Molecular characterization of functional UDP-glucuronosyltransferases 1A and 2B in common marmosets. Biochem Pharmacol 2019; 172:113748. [PMID: 31830470 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2019.113748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs) are essential drug-conjugation enzymes that metabolize a variety of endobiotic and xenobiotic substrates. The molecular characteristics of UGTs have been extensively investigated in humans, but remain to be investigated in common marmosets, a nonhuman primate species widely used in drug metabolism studies. In this study, 11 UGT cDNAs (UGT1A1, 1A3, 1A4, 1A6, 1A7, and 1A9; and UGT2B49, 2B50, 2B51, 2B52, and 2B53) were isolated and characterized in marmosets. Marmoset UGT1As had high sequence identities (89-93%) with human UGT1As, but the sequence identities of marmoset UGT2Bs were lower (82-86%). Marmoset UGTs were found to be phylogenetically close to human UGTs. Just as human UGT1As do, marmoset UGT1A genes shared exons 2-5 and contained a variable exon 1 unique to each gene; in contrast, marmoset UGT2B genes contained six unique exons. Moreover, marmoset and human UGT1A and UGT2B gene clusters were located in corresponding regions in their respective genomes. Among the five tissue types tested, marmoset UGT mRNAs were most abundantly expressed in liver, jejunum, and/or kidney, i.e., in tissues important for drug metabolism, just as human UGTs are. Among the 11 marmoset UGT mRNAs investigated, marmoset UGT1A9, 1A4, and 1A6 mRNAs were the most abundantly expressed in liver, small intestine, and kidney, respectively. Marmoset liver microsomes and recombinant UGT1A proteins catalyzed the glucuronidation of the same substrates that human UGT1As catalyze, including estradiol, trifluoperazine, 4-methylumbelliferone, serotonin, 4-nitrophenol, and propofol. Trifluoperazine was glucuronidated by marmoset liver microsomes, but not by any of the UGT1A isoforms examined under the present conditions. These results collectively suggest that functional marmoset UGTs have generally similar molecular characteristics to human UGTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Uno
- Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima-city, Kagoshima 890-8580, Japan; Shin Nippon Biomedical Laboratories, Ltd, Kainan, Wakayama 642 0017, Japan.
| | - Shotaro Uehara
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo 194-8543, Japan
| | - Takashi Inoue
- Department of Applied Developmental Biology, Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kawasaki, Kawasaki-ku, Japan
| | - Shu Kawamura
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo 194-8543, Japan
| | - Norie Murayama
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo 194-8543, Japan
| | - Miyu Nishikawa
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University, Imizu, Toyama 939 0398, Japan
| | - Shinichi Ikushiro
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University, Imizu, Toyama 939 0398, Japan
| | - Erika Sasaki
- Department of Applied Developmental Biology, Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kawasaki, Kawasaki-ku, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yamazaki
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo 194-8543, Japan.
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Hong H, Roy-Choudhury G, Kim J, Daadi MM. Isolation and Differentiation of Self-Renewable Neural Stem Cells from Marmoset-Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1919:199-204. [PMID: 30656631 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9007-8_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
Neural stem cells (NSCs) are multipotent and self-renewing precursor cells that give rise to all cell types of the central nervous system (CNS). They can be used for modeling CNS in vitro, for developmental studies and for cell replacement therapies. NSCs can be derived from pluripotent stem cells through differentiation using specific growth factors. Nonhuman primates (NHP) are critical preclinical models for translational research. Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) can be generated from NHP for the purposes of allogenic or autologous cell replacement studies. Here, we describe the derivation of NSCs from NHP iPSCs.
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Abstract
Unquestionably, the last six decades of research on various animal models have advanced our understanding of the mechanisms that underlie the many complex characteristics of amblyopia as well as provided promising new avenues for treatment. While animal models in general have served an important purpose, there nonetheless remain questions regarding the efficacy of particular models considering the differences across animal species, especially when the goal is to provide the foundations for human interventions. Our discussion of these issues culminated in three recommendations for future research to provide cohesion across animals models as well as a fourth recommendation for acceptance of a protocol for the minimum number of steps necessary for the translation of results obtained on particular animal models to human clinical trials. The three recommendations for future research arose from discussions of various issues including the specific results obtained from the use of different animal models, the degree of similarity to the human visual system, the ability to generate animal models of the different types of human amblyopia as well as the difficulty of scaling developmental timelines between different species.
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Abstract
Age is the single greatest risk factor for many diseases, including oral diseases. Despite this, a majority of preclinical oral health research has not adequately considered the importance of aging in research aimed at the mechanistic understanding of oral disease. Here, we have attempted to provide insights from animal studies in the geroscience field and apply them in the context of oral health research. In particular, we discuss the relationship between the biology of aging and mechanisms of oral disease. We also present a framework for defining and utilizing age-appropriate rodents and present experimental design considerations, such as the number of age-points used and the importance of genetic background. While focused primarily on rodent models, alternative animal models that may be particularly useful for studies of oral health during aging, such as companion dogs and marmoset monkeys, are also discussed. We hope that such information will aid in the design of future preclinical studies of geriatric dental health, thus allowing more reliability for translation of such studies to age-associated oral disease in people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Y An
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, University of Washington School of Dentistry, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Richard Darveau
- Department of Periodontics, University of Washington School of Dentistry, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Matt Kaeberlein
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, University of Washington School of Dentistry, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.
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Yen CCC, Papoti D, Silva AC. Investigating the spatiotemporal characteristics of the deoxyhemoglobin-related and deoxyhemoglobin-unrelated functional hemodynamic response across cortical layers in awake marmosets. Neuroimage 2018; 164:121-130. [PMID: 28274833 PMCID: PMC5587354 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2016] [Revised: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) has become a major tool to map neural activity. However, the spatiotemporal characteristics of the BOLD functional hemodynamic response across the cortical layers remain poorly understood. While human fMRI studies suffer from low spatiotemporal resolution, the use of anesthesia in animal models introduces confounding factors. Additionally, inflow contributions to the fMRI signal become non-negligible when short repetition times (TRs) are used. In the present work, we mapped the BOLD fMRI response to somatosensory stimulation in awake marmosets. To address the above technical concerns, we used a dual-echo gradient-recalled echo planar imaging (GR-EPI) sequence to separate the deoxyhemoglobin-related response (absolute T2* differences) from the deoxyhemoglobin-unrelated response (relative S0 changes). We employed a spatial saturation pulse to saturate incoming arterial spins and reduce inflow effects. Functional GR-EPI images were obtained from a single coronal slice with two different echo times (13.5 and 40.5ms) and TR=0.2s. BOLD, T2*, and S0 images were calculated and their functional responses were detected in both hemispheres of primary somatosensory cortex, from which five laminar regions (L1+2, L3, L4, L5, and L6) were derived. The spatiotemporal distribution of the BOLD response across the cortical layers was heterogeneous, with the middle layers having the highest BOLD amplitudes and shortest onset times. ΔT2* also showed a similar trend. However, functional S0 changes were detected only in L1+2, with a fast onset time. Because inflow effects were minimized, the source of S0 functional changes in L1+2 could be attributed to a reduction of cerebrospinal fluid volume fraction due to the functional increase in cerebral blood volume and to unmodeled T2* changes in the extra- and intra-venous compartments. Caution should be exercised when interpreting laminar BOLD fMRI changes in superficial layers as surrogates of underlying neural activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecil Chern-Chyi Yen
- Cerebral Microcirculation Section, Laboratory of Functional and Molecular Imaging, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Daniel Papoti
- Cerebral Microcirculation Section, Laboratory of Functional and Molecular Imaging, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Afonso C Silva
- Cerebral Microcirculation Section, Laboratory of Functional and Molecular Imaging, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Uematsu A, Hata J, Komaki Y, Seki F, Yamada C, Okahara N, Kurotaki Y, Sasaki E, Okano H. Mapping orbitofrontal-limbic maturation in non-human primates: A longitudinal magnetic resonance imaging study. Neuroimage 2017; 163:55-67. [PMID: 28923274 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Revised: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain development involves spatiotemporally complex microstructural changes. A number of neuropsychiatric disorders are linked to the neural processes of development and aging. Thus, it is important to understanding the typical developmental patterns of various brain structures, which will help to define critical periods of vulnerability for neural maturation, as well as anatomical mechanisms of brain structure-related neuropathology. In this study, we used magnetic resonance imaging to assess development of the orbitofrontal cortex, cingulate cortex, amygdala, and hippocampus in a non-human primate species, the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus). We collected a total of 114 T2-weighted and 91 diffusion-weighted scans from 23 animals from infancy to early adulthood. Quantitative and qualitative evaluation of age-related brain growth patterns showed non-linear structural developmental changes in all measured brain regions, consistent with reported human data. Overall, robust volumetric growth was observed from 1 to 3 months of age (from infancy to the early juvenile period). This rapid brain growth was associated with the largest decrease in mean, axial, and radial diffusivities of diffusion tensor imaging in all brain regions, suggesting an increase in the number and size of cells, dendrites, and spines during this period. After this developmental period, the volume of various brain regions steadily increased until adolescence (7-13 months of age, depending on the region). Further, structural connectivity derived from tractography data in various brain regions continuously changed from infancy to adolescence, suggesting that the increase in brain volume was related to continued axonal myelination during adolescence. Thereafter, the volume of the cortical regions decreased considerably, while there was no change in subcortical regions. Familial factors, rather than sex, contributed the development of the front-limbic brain regions. Overall, this study provides further data on the factors and timing important for normal brain development, and suggest that the common marmoset is a useful animal model for human neural development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Uematsu
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan; RIKEN BSI Laboratory for Marmoset Neural Architecture, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan; Central Institute for Experimental Animals, 3-25-12 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, 210-0821, Japan
| | - Junichi Hata
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan; RIKEN BSI Laboratory for Marmoset Neural Architecture, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan; Central Institute for Experimental Animals, 3-25-12 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, 210-0821, Japan
| | - Yuji Komaki
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan; RIKEN BSI Laboratory for Marmoset Neural Architecture, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Fumiko Seki
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan; RIKEN BSI Laboratory for Marmoset Neural Architecture, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan; Central Institute for Experimental Animals, 3-25-12 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, 210-0821, Japan
| | - Chihoko Yamada
- Central Institute for Experimental Animals, 3-25-12 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, 210-0821, Japan
| | - Norio Okahara
- Central Institute for Experimental Animals, 3-25-12 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, 210-0821, Japan
| | - Yoko Kurotaki
- Central Institute for Experimental Animals, 3-25-12 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, 210-0821, Japan
| | - Erika Sasaki
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan; RIKEN BSI Laboratory for Marmoset Neural Architecture, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan; Central Institute for Experimental Animals, 3-25-12 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, 210-0821, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Okano
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan; RIKEN BSI Laboratory for Marmoset Neural Architecture, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan.
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12
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Manickam C, Martinot AJ, Jones RA, Varner V, Reeves RK. Hepatic immunopathology during occult hepacivirus re-infection. Virology 2017; 512:48-55. [PMID: 28915405 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2017.08.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Revised: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Despite drug advances for Hepatitis C virus (HCV), re-infections remain prevalent in high-risk populations. Unfortunately, the role of preexisting viral immunity and how it modulates re-infection is unclear. GBV-B infection of common marmosets is a useful model to study tissue immune responses in hepacivirus infections, and in this study we re-challenged 4 animals after clearance of primary viremia. Although only low-to-absent viremia was observed following re-challenge, GBV-B viral RNA was detectable in liver, confirming re-infection. Microscopic hepatic lesions indicated severe-to-mild lymphocyte infiltration and fibrosis in 3 out of 4 animals. Further, GBV-B-specific T cells were elevated in animals with moderate-to-severe hepatopathology, and up to 3-fold increases in myeloid dendritic and activated natural killer cells were observed after infection. Our data indicate that occult hepacivirus re-infections occur and that new liver pathology is possible even in the presence of anti-hepacivirus T cells and in the absence of high viremia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cordelia Manickam
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Amanda J Martinot
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rhianna A Jones
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Valerie Varner
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - R Keith Reeves
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA.
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13
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Sakai T, Komaki Y, Hata J, Okahara J, Okahara N, Inoue T, Mikami A, Matsui M, Oishi K, Sasaki E, Okano H. Elucidation of developmental patterns of marmoset corpus callosum through a comparative MRI in marmosets, chimpanzees, and humans. Neurosci Res 2017; 122:25-34. [PMID: 28400206 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2017.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Revised: 04/02/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The corpus callosum (CC) is present in all primate brains and is the major white matter tract connecting the cerebral hemispheres for integration of sensory, motor and higher-order cognitive information. The midsagittal area of the CC has frequently been used as a sensitive biomarker of brain development. Although the marmoset has been considered as an alternative non-human primate model for neuroscience research, the developmental patterns of the CC have not been explored. The present longitudinal study of magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated that marmosets show a rapid increase of CC during infancy, followed by a slow increase during the juvenile stage, as observed in chimpanzees and humans. Marmosets also show a tendency toward a greater increase in CC during late infancy and the juvenile stage, as observed in humans, but not in chimpanzees. However, several differences between marmosets and humans were identified. There was a tendency toward a greater maturation of the human CC during early infancy. Furthermore, there was a tendency toward a greater increase during late infancy and the juvenile stage in marmosets, compared to that observed in chimpanzees and humans. These differences in the developmental trajectories of the CC may be related to evolutional changes in social behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Sakai
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan; Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Aichi 484-8506, Japan; Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo 102-0083, Japan.
| | - Yuji Komaki
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan; Central Institute for Experimental Animals, 3-25-12 Tonomachi, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-0821, Japan
| | - Junichi Hata
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan; Central Institute for Experimental Animals, 3-25-12 Tonomachi, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-0821, Japan; RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Laboratory for Marmoset Neural Architecture, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Junko Okahara
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan; Central Institute for Experimental Animals, 3-25-12 Tonomachi, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-0821, Japan; RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Laboratory for Marmoset Neural Architecture, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Norio Okahara
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan; Central Institute for Experimental Animals, 3-25-12 Tonomachi, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-0821, Japan
| | - Takashi Inoue
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan; Central Institute for Experimental Animals, 3-25-12 Tonomachi, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-0821, Japan
| | - Akichika Mikami
- Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Aichi 484-8506, Japan; Faculty of Nursing and Rehabilitation, Chubu Gakuin University, Seki, Gifu 504-0837, Japan
| | - Mie Matsui
- Department of Cognitive Science, Institute of Liberal Arts and Science, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Kenichi Oishi
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Erika Sasaki
- Central Institute for Experimental Animals, 3-25-12 Tonomachi, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-0821, Japan; RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Laboratory for Marmoset Neural Architecture, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan; Advanced Research Center, Keio University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan.
| | - Hideyuki Okano
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan; RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Laboratory for Marmoset Neural Architecture, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan.
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14
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Gress J, da Silva EB, de Oliveira LM, Zhao D, Anderson G, Heard D, Stuchal LD, Ma LQ. Potential arsenic exposures in 25 species of zoo animals living in CCA-wood enclosures. Sci Total Environ 2016; 551-552:614-621. [PMID: 26897404 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.02.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Revised: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Animal enclosures are often constructed from wood treated with the pesticide chromated copper arsenate (CCA), which leaches arsenic (As) into adjacent soil during normal weathering. This study evaluated potential pathways of As exposure in 25 species of zoo animals living in CCA-wood enclosures. We analyzed As speciation in complete animal foods, dislodgeable As from CCA-wood, and As levels in enclosure soils, as well as As levels in biomarkers of 9 species of crocodilians (eggs), 4 species of birds (feathers), 1 primate species (hair), and 1 porcupine species (quills). Elevated soil As in samples from 17 enclosures was observed at 1.0-110mg/kg, and enclosures housing threatened and endangered species had As levels higher than USEPA's risk-based Eco-SSL for birds and mammals of 43 and 46mg/kg. Wipe samples of CCA-wood on which primates sit had dislodgeable As residues of 4.6-111μg/100cm(2), typical of unsealed CCA-wood. Inorganic As doses from animal foods were estimated at 0.22-7.8μg/kg bw/d. Some As levels in bird feathers and crocodilian eggs were higher than prior studies on wild species. However, hair from marmosets had 6.37mg/kg As, 30-fold greater than the reference value, possibly due to their inability to methylate inorganic As. Our data suggested that elevated As in soils and dislodgeable As from CCA-wood could be important sources of As exposure for zoo animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Gress
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Jiangsu 201146, China; Soil and Water Science Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, United States
| | - E B da Silva
- Soil and Water Science Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, United States
| | - L M de Oliveira
- Soil and Water Science Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, United States
| | - Di Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Jiangsu 201146, China
| | - G Anderson
- Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, United States
| | - D Heard
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, United States
| | - L D Stuchal
- Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, United States; Department of Environmental and Global Health, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, United States
| | - L Q Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Jiangsu 201146, China; Soil and Water Science Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, United States.
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15
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Ash H, Buchanan-Smith HM. The long-term impact of infant rearing background on the affective state of adult common marmosets ( Callithrix jacchus). Appl Anim Behav Sci 2016; 174:128-136. [PMID: 26912940 PMCID: PMC4727505 DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2015.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Revised: 10/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Early life environment, including temporary family separation, can have a major influence on affective state. Using a battery of tests, the current study compared the performance of adult common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus), reared as infants under 3 different conditions: family-reared twins, family-reared animals from triplet litters where only 2 remain (2stays) and supplementary fed triplets. No significant differences were found in latency to approach and obtain food from a human or a novel object between rearing conditions, suggesting no effect on neophobia. There were no differences in cognitive bias task acquisition time, or proportion of responses to each ambiguous probe. Very minor differences were found in response to the probes, with only supplementary fed marmosets making fewer responses to the middle probe, compared to the probe nearest the rewarded stimuli. Similarly, in a test for anhedonia, no difference was found between rearing conditions in consumption of milkshake at different concentrations. There was just one very small difference in reward motivation, with only supplementary fed triplets demonstrating a lack of preference for milkshake over water at the lowest concentration. This consistent pattern of results suggests that the supplementary feeding of large litters of marmosets at this facility did not have a major effect on welfare, and is unlikely to influence performance in reward-related scientific tasks. Therefore, while family separation is not recommended, this particular practice should be used if it is necessary, such as to reduce infant mortality. Regular positive interactions with humans are also encouraged, to reduce fear and improve welfare of marmosets kept in captivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayley Ash
- Behaviour and Evolution Research Group and Scottish Primate Research Group, Psychology, School of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Scotland, United Kingdom
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Burkart JM, Finkenwirth C. Marmosets as model species in neuroscience and evolutionary anthropology. Neurosci Res 2014; 93:8-19. [PMID: 25242577 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2014.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Revised: 08/27/2014] [Accepted: 08/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Marmosets are increasingly used as model species by both neuroscientists and evolutionary anthropologists, but with a different rationale for doing so. Whereas neuroscientists stress that marmosets share many cognitive traits with humans due to common descent, anthropologists stress those traits shared with marmosets - and callitrichid monkeys in general - due to convergent evolution, as a consequence of the cooperative breeding system that characterizes both humans and callitrichids. Similarities in socio-cognitive abilities due to convergence, rather than homology, raise the question whether these similarities also extend to the proximate regulatory mechanisms, which is particularly relevant for neuroscientific investigations. In this review, we first provide an overview of the convergent adaptations to cooperative breeding at the psychological and cognitive level in primates, which bear important implications for our understanding of human cognitive evolution. In the second part, we zoom in on two of these convergent adaptations, proactive prosociality and social learning, and compare their proximate regulation in marmosets and humans with regard to oxytocin and cognitive top down regulation. Our analysis suggests considerable similarity in these regulatory mechanisms presumably because the convergent traits emerged due to small motivational changes that define how pre-existing cognitive mechanisms are quantitatively combined. This finding reconciles the prima facie contradictory rationale for using marmosets as high priority model species in neuroscience and anthropology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith M Burkart
- Anthropological Institute and Museum, University of Zurich - Irchel, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Christa Finkenwirth
- Anthropological Institute and Museum, University of Zurich - Irchel, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
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17
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Barbosa MN, Mota MTDS. Do newborn vocalizations affect the behavioral and hormonal responses of nonreproductive male common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus)? Primates 2014; 55:293-302. [PMID: 24394953 DOI: 10.1007/s10329-013-0404-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2012] [Accepted: 12/24/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Parental care in mammals is influenced by sensory stimuli from infants, such as sight and sound, and by changes in the hormone levels of caretakers. To determine the responsiveness of common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) adult males with and without previous experience in caretaking to newborn sensory cues, we exposed twelve males to infant vocalization recordings and assessed their hormonal and behavioral responses. Males were placed in the testing cage for 10 min under two conditions: (a) control condition (exposure to adult conspecific vocalization recordings), and (b) experimental condition (exposure to infant vocalization recordings). We recorded the frequency of approach towards the sound source, the time spent near it and locomotion frequency of males in the cage under both conditions. Blood samples were collected after each test for cortisol, measured by the enzyme immunoassay method. Infant vocalization affects the behavioral and hormonal responses of non-reproductive male common marmosets. All males approached and spent more time near the sound source and showed an increase in locomotion during infant vocalization exposure compared to the control condition. Successive exposure to infant vocalization increased the responsiveness in inexperienced males. Cortisol levels were significantly higher following infant vocalization exposure compared to the control condition. These findings support the assumption that sound stimuli from the newborn are critical in initiating and maintaining caretaker responsiveness and that cortisol seems to be important for alertness to sensory stimuli, modulating their motivation to interact with infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maricele Nascimento Barbosa
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Campus Universitário, Caixa Postal 1511, Natal, RN, 59078-970, Brazil.
| | - Maria Teresa da Silva Mota
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Campus Universitário, Caixa Postal 1511, Natal, RN, 59078-970, Brazil
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