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Shahsavar P, Ghazvineh S, Raoufy MR. From nasal respiration to brain dynamic. Rev Neurosci 2024; 0:revneuro-2023-0152. [PMID: 38579456 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2023-0152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
While breathing is a vital, involuntary physiological function, the mode of respiration, particularly nasal breathing, exerts a profound influence on brain activity and cognitive processes. This review synthesizes existing research on the interactions between nasal respiration and the entrainment of oscillations across brain regions involved in cognition. The rhythmic activation of olfactory sensory neurons during nasal respiration is linked to oscillations in widespread brain regions, including the prefrontal cortex, entorhinal cortex, hippocampus, amygdala, and parietal cortex, as well as the piriform cortex. The phase-locking of neural oscillations to the respiratory cycle, through nasal breathing, enhances brain inter-regional communication and is associated with cognitive abilities like memory. Understanding the nasal breathing impact on brain networks offers opportunities to explore novel methods for targeting the olfactory pathway as a means to enhance emotional and cognitive functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Payam Shahsavar
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, 41616 Tarbiat Modares University , Jalal AleAhmad, Nasr, P.O. Box: 14115-111, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sepideh Ghazvineh
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, 41616 Tarbiat Modares University , Jalal AleAhmad, Nasr, P.O. Box: 14115-111, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Raoufy
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, 41616 Tarbiat Modares University , Jalal AleAhmad, Nasr, P.O. Box: 14115-111, Tehran, Iran
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, 41616 Institute for Brain Sciences and Cognition, Tarbiat Modares University , Jalal AleAhmad, Nasr, P.O. Box: 14115-111, Tehran, Iran
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2
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Negrón-Oyarzo I, Dib T, Chacana-Véliz L, López-Quilodrán N, Urrutia-Piñones J. Large-scale coupling of prefrontal activity patterns as a mechanism for cognitive control in health and disease: evidence from rodent models. Front Neural Circuits 2024; 18:1286111. [PMID: 38638163 PMCID: PMC11024307 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2024.1286111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Cognitive control of behavior is crucial for well-being, as allows subject to adapt to changing environments in a goal-directed way. Changes in cognitive control of behavior is observed during cognitive decline in elderly and in pathological mental conditions. Therefore, the recovery of cognitive control may provide a reliable preventive and therapeutic strategy. However, its neural basis is not completely understood. Cognitive control is supported by the prefrontal cortex, structure that integrates relevant information for the appropriate organization of behavior. At neurophysiological level, it is suggested that cognitive control is supported by local and large-scale synchronization of oscillatory activity patterns and neural spiking activity between the prefrontal cortex and distributed neural networks. In this review, we focus mainly on rodent models approaching the neuronal origin of these prefrontal patterns, and the cognitive and behavioral relevance of its coordination with distributed brain systems. We also examine the relationship between cognitive control and neural activity patterns in the prefrontal cortex, and its role in normal cognitive decline and pathological mental conditions. Finally, based on these body of evidence, we propose a common mechanism that may underlie the impaired cognitive control of behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Negrón-Oyarzo
- Instituto de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Tatiana Dib
- Instituto de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Lorena Chacana-Véliz
- Instituto de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Mención en Neurociencia, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Nélida López-Quilodrán
- Instituto de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Mención en Neurociencia, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Jocelyn Urrutia-Piñones
- Instituto de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Mención en Neurociencia, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
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3
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Nakamura NH, Oku Y, Fukunaga M. "Brain-breath" interactions: respiration-timing-dependent impact on functional brain networks and beyond. Rev Neurosci 2024; 35:165-182. [PMID: 37651646 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2023-0062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Breathing is a natural daily action that one cannot do without, and it sensitively and intensely changes under various situations. What if this essential act of breathing can impact our overall well-being? Recent studies have demonstrated that breathing oscillations couple with higher brain functions, i.e., perception, motor actions, and cognition. Moreover, the timing of breathing, a phase transition from exhalation to inhalation, modulates specific cortical activity and accuracy in cognitive tasks. To determine possible respiratory roles in attentional and memory processes and functional neural networks, we discussed how breathing interacts with the brain that are measured by electrophysiology and functional neuroimaging: (i) respiration-dependent modulation of mental health and cognition; (ii) respiratory rhythm generation and respiratory pontomedullary networks in the brainstem; (iii) respiration-dependent effects on specific brainstem regions and functional neural networks (e.g., glutamatergic PreBötzinger complex neurons, GABAergic parafacial neurons, adrenergic C1 neurons, parabrachial nucleus, locus coeruleus, temporoparietal junction, default-mode network, ventral attention network, and cingulo-opercular salience network); and (iv) a potential application of breathing manipulation in mental health care. These outlines and considerations of "brain-breath" interactions lead to a better understanding of the interoceptive and cognitive mechanisms that underlie brain-body interactions in health conditions and in stress-related and neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nozomu H Nakamura
- Division of Physiome, Department of Physiology, Hyogo Medical University, 1-1, Mukogawa cho, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663-8501, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Oku
- Division of Physiome, Department of Physiology, Hyogo Medical University, 1-1, Mukogawa cho, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663-8501, Japan
| | - Masaki Fukunaga
- Section of Brain Function Information, National Institute of Physiological Sciences, 38 Nishigonaka Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan
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4
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Juventin M, Zbili M, Fourcaud-Trocmé N, Garcia S, Buonviso N, Amat C. Respiratory rhythm modulates membrane potential and spiking of nonolfactory neurons. J Neurophysiol 2023; 130:1552-1566. [PMID: 37964739 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00487.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, several studies have shown a respiratory drive of the local field potential (LFP) in numerous brain areas so that the respiratory rhythm could be considered as a master clock promoting communication between distant brain locations. However, outside of the olfactory system, it remains unknown whether the respiratory rhythm could shape membrane potential (MP) oscillations. To fill this gap, we co-recorded MP and LFP activities in different nonolfactory brain areas, medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), primary somatosensory cortex (S1), primary visual cortex (V1), and hippocampus (HPC), in urethane-anesthetized rats. Using respiratory cycle-by-cycle analysis, we observed that respiration could modulate both MP and spiking discharges in all recorded areas during episodes that we called respiration-related oscillations (RRo). Further quantifications revealed that RRo episodes were transient in most neurons (5 consecutive respiratory cycles in average). RRo development in MP was largely correlated with the presence of respiratory modulation in the LFP. By showing that the respiratory rhythm influenced brain activities deep to the MP of nonolfactory neurons, our data support the idea that respiratory rhythm could mediate long-range communication between brain areas.NEW & NOTEWORTHY In this study, we evidenced strong respiratory-driven oscillations of neuronal membrane potential and spiking discharge in various nonolfactory areas of the mammal brain. These oscillations were found in the medial prefrontal cortex, primary somatosensory cortex, primary visual cortex, and hippocampus. These findings support the idea that respiratory rhythm could be used as a common clock to set the dynamics of large-scale neuronal networks on the same slow rhythm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Juventin
- Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon CRNL U1028 UMR5292, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, INSERM, Bron, France
| | - Mickael Zbili
- Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon CRNL U1028 UMR5292, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, INSERM, Bron, France
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, INSERM, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Nicolas Fourcaud-Trocmé
- Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon CRNL U1028 UMR5292, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, INSERM, Bron, France
| | - Samuel Garcia
- Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon CRNL U1028 UMR5292, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, INSERM, Bron, France
| | - Nathalie Buonviso
- Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon CRNL U1028 UMR5292, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, INSERM, Bron, France
| | - Corine Amat
- Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon CRNL U1028 UMR5292, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, INSERM, Bron, France
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5
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Kuang J, Kafetzopoulos V, Deth R, Kocsis B. Dopamine D4 Receptor Agonist Drastically Increases Delta Activity in the Thalamic Nucleus Reuniens: Potential Role in Communication between Prefrontal Cortex and Hippocampus. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15289. [PMID: 37894968 PMCID: PMC10607171 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242015289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Network oscillations are essential for all cognitive functions. Oscillatory deficits are well established in psychiatric diseases and are recapitulated in animal models. They are significantly and specifically affected by pharmacological interventions using psychoactive compounds. Dopamine D4 receptor (D4R) activation was shown to enhance gamma rhythm in freely moving rats and to specifically affect slow delta and theta oscillations in the urethane-anesthetized rat model. The goal of this study was to test the effect of D4R activation on slow network oscillations at delta and theta frequencies during wake states, potentially supporting enhanced functional connectivity during dopamine-induced attention and cognitive processing. Network activity was recorded in the prefrontal cortex (PFC), hippocampus (HC) and nucleus reuniens (RE) in control conditions and after injecting the D4R agonist A-412997 (3 and 5 mg/kg; systemic administration). We found that A-412997 elicited a lasting (~40 min) wake state and drastically enhanced narrow-band delta oscillations in the PFC and RE in a dose-dependent manner. It also preferentially enhanced delta synchrony over theta coupling within the PFC-RE-HC circuit, strongly strengthening PFC-RE coupling. Thus, our findings indicate that the D4R may contribute to cognitive processes, at least in part, through acting on wake delta oscillations and that the RE, providing an essential link between the PFC and HC, plays a prominent role in this mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Kuang
- Department of Psychiatry, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA; (J.K.); (V.K.)
| | - V. Kafetzopoulos
- Department of Psychiatry, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA; (J.K.); (V.K.)
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical School, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
| | - Richard Deth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33328, USA;
| | - B. Kocsis
- Department of Psychiatry, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA; (J.K.); (V.K.)
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6
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Folschweiller S, Sauer JF. Behavioral State-Dependent Modulation of Prefrontal Cortex Activity by Respiration. J Neurosci 2023; 43:4795-4807. [PMID: 37277176 PMCID: PMC10312056 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2075-22.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiration-rhythmic oscillations in the local field potential emerge in the mPFC, a cortical region with a key role in the regulation of cognitive and emotional behavior. Respiration-driven rhythms coordinate local activity by entraining fast γ oscillations as well as single-unit discharges. To what extent respiration entrainment differently engages the mPFC network in a behavioral state-dependent manner, however, is not known. Here, we compared the respiration entrainment of mouse PFC local field potential and spiking activity (23 male and 2 female mice) across distinct behavioral states: during awake immobility in the home cage (HC), during passive coping in response to inescapable stress under tail suspension (TS), and during reward consumption (Rew). Respiration-driven rhythms emerged during all three states. However, prefrontal γ oscillations were more strongly entrained by respiration during HC than TS or Rew. Moreover, neuronal spikes of putative pyramidal cells and putative interneurons showed significant respiration phase-coupling throughout behaviors with characteristic phase preferences depending on the behavioral state. Finally, while phase-coupling dominated in deep layers in HC and Rew conditions, TS resulted in the recruitment of superficial layer neurons to respiration. These results jointly suggest that respiration dynamically entrains prefrontal neuronal activity depending on the behavioral state.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The mPFC, through its extensive connections (e.g., to the amygdala, the striatum, serotoninergic and dopaminergic nuclei), flexibly regulates cognitive behaviors. Impairment of prefrontal functions can lead to disease states, such as depression, addiction, or anxiety disorders. Deciphering the complex regulation of PFC activity during defined behavioral states is thus an essential challenge. Here, we investigated the role of a prefrontal slow oscillation that has recently attracted rising interest, the respiration rhythm, in modulating prefrontal neurons during distinct behavioral states. We show that prefrontal neuronal activity is differently entrained by the respiration rhythm in a cell type- and behavior-dependent manner. These results provide first insight into the complex modulation of prefrontal activity patterns by rhythmic breathing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shani Folschweiller
- Institute of Physiology 1, Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jonas-Frederic Sauer
- Institute of Physiology 1, Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
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7
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Kocsis B, Pittman-Polletta B. Neuropsychiatric consequences of COVID-19 related olfactory dysfunction: could non-olfactory cortical-bound inputs from damaged olfactory bulb also contribute to cognitive impairment? Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1164042. [PMID: 37425004 PMCID: PMC10323442 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1164042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Bernat Kocsis
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States
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8
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Jung F, Yanovsky Y, Brankačk J, Tort ABL, Draguhn A. Respiratory entrainment of units in the mouse parietal cortex depends on vigilance state. Pflugers Arch 2023; 475:65-76. [PMID: 35982341 PMCID: PMC9816213 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-022-02727-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Synchronous oscillations are essential for coordinated activity in neuronal networks and, hence, for behavior and cognition. While most network oscillations are generated within the central nervous system, recent evidence shows that rhythmic body processes strongly influence activity patterns throughout the brain. A major factor is respiration (Resp), which entrains multiple brain regions at the mesoscopic (local field potential) and single-cell levels. However, it is largely unknown how such Resp-driven rhythms interact or compete with internal brain oscillations, especially those with similar frequency domains. In mice, Resp and theta (θ) oscillations have overlapping frequencies and co-occur in various brain regions. Here, we investigated the effects of Resp and θ on neuronal discharges in the mouse parietal cortex during four behavioral states which either show prominent θ (REM sleep and active waking (AW)) or lack significant θ (NREM sleep and waking immobility (WI)). We report a pronounced state-dependence of spike modulation by both rhythms. During REM sleep, θ effects on unit discharges dominate, while during AW, Resp has a larger influence, despite the concomitant presence of θ oscillations. In most states, unit modulation by θ or Resp increases with mean firing rate. The preferred timing of Resp-entrained discharges (inspiration versus expiration) varies between states, indicating state-specific and different underlying mechanisms. Our findings show that neurons in an associative cortex area are differentially and state-dependently modulated by two fundamentally different processes: brain-endogenous θ oscillations and rhythmic somatic feedback signals from Resp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Jung
- Institute for Physiology and Pathophysiology, Heidelberg University, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yevgenij Yanovsky
- Institute for Physiology and Pathophysiology, Heidelberg University, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jurij Brankačk
- Institute for Physiology and Pathophysiology, Heidelberg University, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Adriano B L Tort
- Brain Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande Do Norte, Natal, RN 59078-900, Brazil
| | - Andreas Draguhn
- Institute for Physiology and Pathophysiology, Heidelberg University, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
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9
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Folschweiller S, Sauer JF. Controlling neuronal assemblies: a fundamental function of respiration-related brain oscillations in neuronal networks. Pflugers Arch 2023; 475:13-21. [PMID: 35637391 PMCID: PMC9816207 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-022-02708-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Respiration exerts profound influence on cognition, which is presumed to rely on the generation of local respiration-coherent brain oscillations and the entrainment of cortical neurons. Here, we propose an addition to that view by emphasizing the role of respiration in pacing cortical assemblies (i.e., groups of synchronized, coactive neurons). We review recent findings of how respiration directly entrains identified assembly patterns and discuss how respiration-dependent pacing of assembly activations might be beneficial for cognitive functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shani Folschweiller
- Institute for Physiology I, Medical Faculty, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Hermann-Herder-Strasse 7, 79104 Freiburg, Germany ,Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Schaenzlestrasse 1, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jonas-Frederic Sauer
- Institute for Physiology I, Medical Faculty, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Hermann-Herder-Strasse 7, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
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10
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González J, Cavelli M, Mondino A, Castro-Zaballa S, Brankačk J, Draguhn A, Torterolo P, Tort ABL. Breathing modulates gamma synchronization across species. Pflugers Arch 2023; 475:49-63. [PMID: 36190562 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-022-02753-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Nasal respiration influences brain dynamics by phase-entraining neural oscillations at the same frequency as the breathing rate and by phase-modulating the activity of faster gamma rhythms. Despite being widely reported, we still do not understand the functional roles of respiration-entrained oscillations. A common hypothesis is that these rhythms aid long-range communication and provide a privileged window for synchronization. Here we tested this hypothesis by analyzing electrocorticographic (ECoG) recordings in mice, rats, and cats during the different sleep-wake states. We found that the respiration phase modulates the amplitude of cortical gamma oscillations in the three species, although the modulated gamma frequency bands differed with faster oscillations (90-130 Hz) in mice, intermediate frequencies (60-100 Hz) in rats, and slower activity (30-60 Hz) in cats. In addition, our results also show that respiration modulates olfactory bulb-frontal cortex synchronization in the gamma range, in which each breathing cycle evokes (following a delay) a transient time window of increased gamma synchrony. Long-range gamma synchrony modulation occurs during quiet and active wake states but decreases during sleep. Thus, our results suggest that respiration-entrained brain rhythms orchestrate communication in awake mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joaquín González
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de La República, 11800, Montevideo, Uruguay. .,Brain Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande Do Norte, Natal, RN, 59078, Brazil.
| | - Matias Cavelli
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de La República, 11800, Montevideo, Uruguay.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 6001 Research Park Blvd, Madison, WI, 53719, USA
| | - Alejandra Mondino
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de La República, 11800, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Santiago Castro-Zaballa
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de La República, 11800, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Jurij Brankačk
- Institute for Physiology and Pathophysiology, Heidelberg University, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andreas Draguhn
- Institute for Physiology and Pathophysiology, Heidelberg University, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Pablo Torterolo
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de La República, 11800, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Adriano B L Tort
- Brain Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande Do Norte, Natal, RN, 59078, Brazil.
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11
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Respiratory influence on brain dynamics: the preponderant role of the nasal pathway and deep slow regime. Pflugers Arch 2023; 475:23-35. [PMID: 35768698 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-022-02722-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
As a possible body signal influencing brain dynamics, respiration is fundamental for perception, cognition, and emotion. The olfactory system has recently acquired its credentials by proving to be crucial in the transmission of respiratory influence on the brain via the sensitivity to nasal airflow of its receptor cells. Here, we present recent findings evidencing respiration-related activities in the brain. Then, we review the data explaining the fact that breathing is (i) nasal and (ii) being slow and deep is crucial in its ability to stimulate the olfactory system and consequently influence the brain. In conclusion, we propose a possible scenario explaining how this optimal respiratory regime can promote changes in brain dynamics of an olfacto-limbic-respiratory circuit, providing a possibility to induce calm and relaxation by coordinating breathing regime and brain state.
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12
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Candia-Rivera D, Sappia MS, Horschig JM, Colier WNJM, Valenza G. Confounding effects of heart rate, breathing rate, and frontal fNIRS on interoception. Sci Rep 2022; 12:20701. [PMID: 36450811 PMCID: PMC9712694 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-25119-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have established that cardiac and respiratory phases can modulate perception and related neural dynamics. While heart rate and respiratory sinus arrhythmia possibly affect interoception biomarkers, such as heartbeat-evoked potentials, the relative changes in heart rate and cardiorespiratory dynamics in interoceptive processes have not yet been investigated. In this study, we investigated the variation in heart and breathing rates, as well as higher functional dynamics including cardiorespiratory correlation and frontal hemodynamics measured with fNIRS, during a heartbeat counting task. To further investigate the functional physiology linked to changes in vagal activity caused by specific breathing rates, we performed the heartbeat counting task together with a controlled breathing rate task. The results demonstrate that focusing on heartbeats decreases breathing and heart rates in comparison, which may be part of the physiological mechanisms related to "listening" to the heart, the focus of attention, and self-awareness. Focusing on heartbeats was also observed to increase frontal connectivity, supporting the role of frontal structures in the neural monitoring of visceral inputs. However, cardiorespiratory correlation is affected by both heartbeats counting and controlled breathing tasks. Based on these results, we concluded that variations in heart and breathing rates are confounding factors in the assessment of interoceptive abilities and relative fluctuations in breathing and heart rates should be considered to be a mode of covariate measurement of interoceptive processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Candia-Rivera
- Bioengineering and Robotics Research Center E. Piaggio & Department of Information Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Pisa, 56122, Pisa, Italy.
| | - M Sofía Sappia
- Artinis Medical Systems, B.V., Einsteinweg 17, 6662 PW, Elst, The Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Behaviour and Cognition, Radboud University Nijmegen, 6525 EN, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jörn M Horschig
- Artinis Medical Systems, B.V., Einsteinweg 17, 6662 PW, Elst, The Netherlands
| | - Willy N J M Colier
- Artinis Medical Systems, B.V., Einsteinweg 17, 6662 PW, Elst, The Netherlands
| | - Gaetano Valenza
- Bioengineering and Robotics Research Center E. Piaggio & Department of Information Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Pisa, 56122, Pisa, Italy
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