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Benito-León J, Lapeña J, García-Vasco L, Cuevas C, Viloria-Porto J, Calvo-Córdoba A, Arrieta-Ortubay E, Ruiz-Ruigómez M, Sánchez-Sánchez C, García-Cena C. Exploring Cognitive Dysfunction in Long COVID Patients: Eye Movement Abnormalities and Frontal-Subcortical Circuits Implications via Eye-Tracking and Machine Learning. Am J Med 2024:S0002-9343(24)00217-1. [PMID: 38583751 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2024.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cognitive dysfunction is regarded as one of the most severe aftereffects following coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Eye movements, controlled by various brain regions, including the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and frontal-thalamic circuits, offer a potential metric for evaluating cognitive dysfunction. We aimed to examine the utility of eye movement measurements in identifying cognitive impairments in long COVID patients. METHODS We recruited 40 long COVID patients experiencing subjective cognitive complaints and 40 healthy controls and used a certified eye-tracking medical device to record saccades and antisaccades. Machine learning was applied to enhance the analysis of eye movement data. RESULTS Patients did not differ from the healthy controls regarding age, sex, and years of education. However, the patients' Montreal Cognitive Assessment total score was significantly lower than healthy controls. Most eye movement parameters were significantly worse in patients: the latencies, gain, and velocity of visually and memory-guided saccades, the number of correct memory saccades, the latencies and duration of reflexive saccades, and the number of errors in the antisaccade test. Machine learning permitted distinguishing between long COVID patients experiencing subjective cognitive complaints and healthy controls. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest impairments in frontal subcortical circuits in long COVID patients experiencing subjective cognitive complaints. Eye-tracking, combined with machine learning, offers a novel, efficient way to assess and monitor long COVID patients' cognitive dysfunctions, suggesting its utility in clinical settings for early detection and personalized treatment strategies. Further research is needed to determine the long-term implications of these findings and the reversibility of cognitive dysfunctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julián Benito-León
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain; Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain.
| | - José Lapeña
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Constanza Cuevas
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Julie Viloria-Porto
- Magdalena University, Santa Marta, Colombia; ETSIDI-Center for Automation and Robotics UPM-CSIC, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Calvo-Córdoba
- ETSIDI-Center for Automation and Robotics UPM-CSIC, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - María Ruiz-Ruigómez
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Cecilia García-Cena
- ETSIDI-Center for Automation and Robotics UPM-CSIC, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Shen J, He H, Wu B, Zhou J. Influence of different spatial representations on the SNARC effect for letters: Electrophysiological evidence. Q J Exp Psychol (Hove) 2023; 76:2613-2628. [PMID: 37021368 DOI: 10.1177/17470218231167056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
Abstract
Studies have previously demonstrated that different spatial representations may affect the spatial-numerical association of response codes (SNARC) effect for numbers; however, limited studies have assessed the SNARC effect for letters. In this study, event-related potentials (ERPs) were used to measure the influence of two spatial representation modes (ruler and clock) on the SNARC effect. The ruler produced a SNARC-like effect; i.e., the left hand reacted faster than the right to the letters that appeared before N in the alphabet; the right hand reacted faster than the left to the letters that appeared after N, whereas the clock produced a reverse SNARC effect. In addition, the ERP data showed that the SNARC-like effect for letters in both representations induced significant activation in the frontal and parietal regions, indicating that the same brain areas are involved in processing letters and numbers in terms of spatial dimensions. This study further identified the conditions for the SNARC effect and proved that the SNARC effect is attributed to the simultaneous participation of brain regions for sequence and spatial information processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Shen
- Faculty of Education, Department of Educational Psychology, Center for Educational Neuroscience, East China Normal University, China
| | - Hua He
- Faculty of Education, Soochow University, China
| | - Bin Wu
- Faculty of Education, Department of Educational Psychology, Center for Educational Neuroscience, East China Normal University, China
| | - Jiaxian Zhou
- Faculty of Education, Department of Educational Psychology, Center for Educational Neuroscience, East China Normal University, China
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3
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Ekin M, Koçoğlu K, Eraslan Boz H, Akkoyun M, Tüfekci IY, Cesim E, Yalınçetin B, Özbek SU, Bora E, Akdal G. Antisaccade and memory-guided saccade in individuals at ultra-high-risk for bipolar disorder. J Affect Disord 2023; 339:965-972. [PMID: 37499914 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2023.07.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ultra-high-risk for bipolar disorder (UHR-BD) is an important paradigm to investigate the potential early-stage biomarkers of bipolar disorder, including eye-tracking abnormalities and cognitive functions. Antisaccade (AS) described as looking in the opposite direction of the target, and memory-guided saccade (MGS), identified as maintaining fixation, and remembering the location of the target, were used in this study. The aim of this study was to evaluate the differences in saccadic eye movements between UHR-BD and healthy controls (HCs) via AS-MGS. METHODS The study included 28 UHR-BD and 29 HCs. Participants were selected using a structured clinical interview for prodromal symptoms of BD. AS-MGS were measured with parameters like uncorrected errors, anticipatory saccades, and latency. Eye movements were recorded with the EyeLink 1000-Plus eye-tracker. RESULTS In the AS, the number of correct saccades was significantly decreased in UHR-BD (p = 0.020). Anticipatory (p = 0.009) and express saccades (p = 0.040) were increased in UHR-BD. In the MGS paradigm, the correct saccades were reduced in UHR-BD (p = 0.031). In addition, anticipatory (p = 0.004) and express saccades (p = 0.012) were significantly increased in cue-screen in UHR-BD. CONCLUSIONS To our knowledge, this is the first study to evaluate cognitive functions with eye movements in individuals at UHR-BD. The current findings showed that eye movement functions, particularly in saccadic parameters related to inhibition and spatial perception, may be affected in the UHR-BD group. Therefore, assessment of oculomotor functions may provide observation of clinical and cognitive functions in the early-stage of bipolar disorder. However, further research is needed because the potential effects of medication may affect saccadic results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merve Ekin
- Department of Neurosciences, Institute of Health Sciences, Dokuz Eylül University, İzmir, Türkiye; Institute of Psychology, SWPS University, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Koray Koçoğlu
- Department of Neurosciences, Institute of Health Sciences, Dokuz Eylül University, İzmir, Türkiye
| | - Hatice Eraslan Boz
- Department of Neurosciences, Institute of Health Sciences, Dokuz Eylül University, İzmir, Türkiye
| | - Müge Akkoyun
- Department of Neurosciences, Institute of Health Sciences, Dokuz Eylül University, İzmir, Türkiye
| | - Işıl Yağmur Tüfekci
- Department of Neurosciences, Institute of Health Sciences, Dokuz Eylül University, İzmir, Türkiye
| | - Ezgi Cesim
- Department of Neurosciences, Institute of Health Sciences, Dokuz Eylül University, İzmir, Türkiye
| | - Berna Yalınçetin
- Department of Neurosciences, Institute of Health Sciences, Dokuz Eylül University, İzmir, Türkiye
| | - Simge Uzman Özbek
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylül University, Izmir, Türkiye
| | - Emre Bora
- Department of Neurosciences, Institute of Health Sciences, Dokuz Eylül University, İzmir, Türkiye; Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylül University, Izmir, Türkiye; Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Australia
| | - Gülden Akdal
- Department of Neurosciences, Institute of Health Sciences, Dokuz Eylül University, İzmir, Türkiye; Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylül University, Izmir, Türkiye
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Purg N, Rahmati M, Cho YT, Ozimič AS, Kraljič A, Murray JD, Anticevic A, Repovš G. Individual differences in spatial working memory strategies differentially reflected in the engagement of control and default brain networks. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.07.07.548112. [PMID: 37662268 PMCID: PMC10473605 DOI: 10.1101/2023.07.07.548112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Spatial locations can be encoded and maintained in working memory using high-precision, fine-grained representations that are cognitively demanding, or coarse and less demanding categorical representations. In this study, we employed an individual differences approach to identify brain activity correlates of the use of fine-grained and categorical representations in spatial working memory. We combined data from six fMRI studies, resulting in a sample of 153 (77 women, 25 ± 6 years) healthy participants performing a spatial working memory task. Our results showed that individual differences in the use of spatial representations in working memory were associated with distinct patterns of brain activation, with fine-grained representations requiring greater engagement of attentional and control brain systems, while categorical representations were associated with decreased inhibition of the default network. These findings may indicate a greater need for ongoing maintenance and protection against interference for fine-grained compared to categorical representations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Purg
- Department of Psychology, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Masih Rahmati
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Youngsun T. Cho
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Anka Slana Ozimič
- Department of Psychology, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Aleksij Kraljič
- Department of Psychology, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - John D. Murray
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Psychology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Physics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Alan Anticevic
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Psychology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Grega Repovš
- Department of Psychology, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Rane D, Dash DP, Dutt A, Dutta A, Das A, Lahiri U. Distinctive visual tasks for characterizing mild cognitive impairment and dementia using oculomotor behavior. Front Aging Neurosci 2023; 15:1125651. [PMID: 37547742 PMCID: PMC10397802 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2023.1125651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction One's eye movement (in response to visual tasks) provides a unique window into the cognitive processes and higher-order cognitive functions that become adversely affected in cases with cognitive decline, such as those mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and dementia. MCI is a transitional stage between normal aging and dementia. Methods In the current work, we have focused on identifying visual tasks (such as horizontal and vertical Pro-saccade, Anti-saccade and Memory Guided Fixation tasks) that can differentiate individuals with MCI and dementia from their cognitively unimpaired healthy aging counterparts based on oculomotor Performance indices. In an attempt to identify the optimal combination of visual tasks that can be used to differentiate the participant groups, clustering was performed using the oculomotor Performance indices. Results Results of our study with a group of 60 cognitively unimpaired healthy aging individuals, a group with 60 individuals with MCI and a group with 60 individuals with dementia indicate that the horizontal and vertical Anti-saccade tasks provided the optimal combination that could differentiate individuals with MCI and dementia from their cognitively unimpaired healthy aging counterparts with clustering accuracy of ∼92% based on the saccade latencies. Also, the saccade latencies during both of these Anti-saccade tasks were found to strongly correlate with the Neuropsychological test scores. Discussion This suggests that the Anti-saccade tasks can hold promise in clinical practice for professionals working with individuals with MCI and dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dharma Rane
- Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Electrical Engineering, Palaj, Gujarat, India
| | - Deba Prasad Dash
- Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Electrical Engineering, Palaj, Gujarat, India
| | | | - Anirban Dutta
- Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo SUNY, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Abhijit Das
- Walton Centre NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Uttama Lahiri
- Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Electrical Engineering, Palaj, Gujarat, India
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Chen JT, Kuo YC, Hsu TY, Wang CA. Fatigue and Arousal Modulations Revealed by Saccade and Pupil Dynamics. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19159234. [PMID: 35954585 PMCID: PMC9367726 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19159234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Saccadic eye movements are directed to the objects of interests and enable high-resolution visual images in the exploration of the visual world. There is a trial-to-trial variation in saccade dynamics even in a simple task, possibly attributed to arousal fluctuations. Previous studies have showed that an increase of fatigue level over time, also known as time-on-task, can be revealed by saccade peak velocity. In addition, pupil size, controlled by the autonomic nervous system, has long been used as an arousal index. However, limited research has been done with regards to the relation between pupil size and saccade behavior in the context of trial-to-trial variation. To investigate fatigue and arousal effects on saccadic and pupillary responses, we used bright and emotional stimuli to evoke pupillary responses in tasks requiring reactive and voluntary saccade generation. Decreased voluntary saccade peak velocities, reduced tonic pupil size and phasic pupillary responses were observed as time-on-task increased. Moreover, tonic pupil size affected saccade latency and dynamics, with steeper saccade main sequence slope as tonic pupil size increased. In summary, saccade dynamics and tonic pupil size were sensitive to fatigue and arousal level, together providing valuable information for the understanding of human behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jui-Tai Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan;
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City 235, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Chun Kuo
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, College of Health Science and Technology, National Central University, Taoyuan City 320, Taiwan;
- Cognitive Intelligence and Precision Healthcare Research Center, National Central University, Taoyuan City 320, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Yu Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Mind, Brain, and Consciousness (GIMBC), Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan;
- Brain and Consciousness Research Center (BCRC), TMU-Shuang Ho Hospital, New Taipei City 235, Taiwan
| | - Chin-An Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City 235, Taiwan
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, College of Health Science and Technology, National Central University, Taoyuan City 320, Taiwan;
- Cognitive Intelligence and Precision Healthcare Research Center, National Central University, Taoyuan City 320, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Mind, Brain, and Consciousness (GIMBC), Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan;
- Brain and Consciousness Research Center (BCRC), TMU-Shuang Ho Hospital, New Taipei City 235, Taiwan
- Correspondence:
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7
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Purg N, Starc M, Slana Ozimič A, Kraljič A, Matkovič A, Repovš G. Neural Evidence for Different Types of Position Coding Strategies in Spatial Working Memory. Front Hum Neurosci 2022; 16:821545. [PMID: 35517989 PMCID: PMC9067305 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2022.821545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Sustained neural activity during the delay phase of spatial working memory tasks is compelling evidence for the neural correlate of active storage and maintenance of spatial information, however, it does not provide insight into specific mechanisms of spatial coding. This activity may reflect a range of processes, such as maintenance of a stimulus position or a prepared motor response plan. The aim of our study was to examine neural evidence for the use of different coding strategies, depending on the characteristics and demands of a spatial working memory task. Thirty-one (20 women, 23 ± 5 years) and 44 (23 women, 21 ± 2 years) participants performed a spatial working memory task while we measured their brain activity using fMRI in two separate experiments. Participants were asked to remember the position of a briefly presented target stimulus and, after a delay period, to use a joystick to indicate either the position of the remembered target or an indicated non-matching location. The task was designed so that the predictability of the response could be manipulated independently of task difficulty and memory retrieval process. We were particularly interested in contrasting conditions in which participants (i) could use prospective coding of the motor response or (ii) had to rely on retrospective sensory information. Prospective motor coding was associated with activity in somatomotor, premotor, and motor cortices and increased integration of brain activity with and within the somatomotor network. In contrast, retrospective sensory coding was associated with increased activity in parietal regions and increased functional connectivity with and within secondary visual and dorsal attentional networks. The observed differences in activation levels, dynamics of differences over trial duration, and integration of information within and between brain networks provide compelling evidence for the use of complementary spatial working memory strategies optimized to meet task demands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Purg
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Arts, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- *Correspondence: Nina Purg
| | - Martina Starc
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Arts, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Anka Slana Ozimič
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Arts, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Aleksij Kraljič
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Arts, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Andraž Matkovič
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Arts, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Grega Repovš
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Arts, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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8
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Eye Movement Alterations in Post-COVID-19 Condition: A Proof-of-Concept Study. SENSORS 2022; 22:s22041481. [PMID: 35214383 PMCID: PMC8875414 DOI: 10.3390/s22041481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
There is much evidence pointing out eye movement alterations in several neurological diseases. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first video-oculography study describing potential alterations of eye movements in the post-COVID-19 condition. Visually guided saccades, memory-guided saccades, and antisaccades in horizontal axis were measured. In all visual tests, the stimulus was deployed with a gap condition. The duration of the test was between 5 and 7 min per participant. A group of n=9 patients with the post-COVID-19 condition was included in this study. Values were compared with a group (n=9) of healthy volunteers whom the SARS-CoV-2 virus had not infected. Features such as centripetal and centrifugal latencies, success rates in memory saccades, antisaccades, and blinks were computed. We found that patients with the post-COVID-19 condition had eye movement alterations mainly in centripetal latency in visually guided saccades, the success rate in memory-guided saccade test, latency in antisaccades, and its standard deviation, which suggests the involvement of frontoparietal networks. Further work is required to understand these eye movements' alterations and their functional consequences.
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9
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Guerrero-Molina MP, Rodriguez-López C, Panadés-de Oliveira L, Uriarte-Pérez de Urabayen D, Garzo-Caldas N, García-Cena CE, Saiz-Díaz RA, Benito-León J, Gonzalez de la Aleja J. Antisaccades and memory-guided saccades in genetic generalized epilepsy and temporal lobe epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav 2021; 123:108236. [PMID: 34419714 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2021.108236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Oculomotor tasks can be used to measure volitional control of behavior sensitive to frontal dysfunction. This study aimed to examine the saccadic eye movement in Genetic Generalized Epilepsy (GGE) which could correlate with the abnormality of the frontal lobe or the thalamo-frontal network. METHODS Twenty-one patients with GGE were compared with 22 patients with Temporal Lobe Epilepsy (TLE) and 39 healthy controls. Visual-guided saccades, Antisaccades, and Memory-guided saccades as oculomotor tasks were performed using a novel gaze-tracker designed for clinical practice use. RESULTS Patients with epilepsy (either GEE or TLE) had similar latency, accuracy, and velocity in visual-guided saccades and memory-guided saccades. Patients with epilepsy had similar latencies and correct antisaccade number. However, healthy volunteers, matched by age, had faster responses and more accurate results than patients with epilepsy. CONCLUSIONS Our investigations did not reveal differences between TLE and GGE patients' groups in visually guided saccades, antisaccades, and memory-guided saccades, thus suggesting that the frontal cortical mechanisms responsible for them are not explicitly impaired in patients with GGE.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Cecilia E García-Cena
- Centre for Automation and Robotics, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28012 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Rosa A Saiz-Díaz
- 12th of October University Hospital, Avenida Córdoba S/N, 28041 Madrid, Spain
| | - Julián Benito-León
- 12th of October University Hospital, Avenida Córdoba S/N, 28041 Madrid, Spain
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Norouzi H, Tavakoli N, Daliri MR. Alpha oscillation during the performance of a new variant of working memory-guided saccade task: Evidence from behavioral and electroencephalographic analyses. Int J Psychophysiol 2021; 166:61-70. [PMID: 34048866 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2021.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Working memory (WM) can be considered as a limited-capacity system which is capable of saving information temporarily with the aim of processing. The aim of the present study was to establish whether eccentricity representation in WM could be decoded from eletroencephalography (EEG) alpha-band oscillation in parietal cortex during delay-period while performing memory-guided saccade (MGS) task. In this regard, we recorded EEG and Eye-tracking signals of 17 healthy volunteers in a variant version of MGS task. We designed the modified version of MGS task for the first time to investigate the effect of locating stimuli in two different positions, in a near (6°) eccentricity and far (12°) eccentricity on saccade error as a behavioral parameter. Another goal of study was to discern whether or not varying the stimuli loci can alter behavioral and eletroencephalographical data while performing the variant version of MGS task. Our findings demonstrate that saccade error for the near fixation condition is significantly smaller than the far from fixation condition. We observed an increase in alpha power in parietal lobe in near vs far conditions. In addition, the results indicate that the increase in alpha (8-12 Hz) power from fixation to memory was negatively correlated with saccade error. The novel approach of using simultaneous EEG/Eye-tracking recording in the modified MGS task provided both behavioral and electroencephalographic analyses for oscillatory activity during this new version of MGS task.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamideh Norouzi
- Neuroscience and Neuroengineering Research Lab., Biomedical Engineering Department, School of Electrical Engineering, Iran University of Science & Technology (IUST), Narmak, 16846-13114, Tehran, Iran
| | - Niloofar Tavakoli
- Neuroscience and Neuroengineering Research Lab., Biomedical Engineering Department, School of Electrical Engineering, Iran University of Science & Technology (IUST), Narmak, 16846-13114, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Daliri
- Neuroscience and Neuroengineering Research Lab., Biomedical Engineering Department, School of Electrical Engineering, Iran University of Science & Technology (IUST), Narmak, 16846-13114, Tehran, Iran.
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11
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Lage C, López-García S, Bejanin A, Kazimierczak M, Aracil-Bolaños I, Calvo-Córdoba A, Pozueta A, García-Martínez M, Fernández-Rodríguez A, Bravo-González M, Jiménez-Bonilla J, Banzo I, Irure-Ventura J, Pegueroles J, Illán-Gala I, Fortea J, Rodríguez-Rodríguez E, Lleó-Bisa A, García-Cena CE, Sánchez-Juan P. Distinctive Oculomotor Behaviors in Alzheimer's Disease and Frontotemporal Dementia. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 12:603790. [PMID: 33613262 PMCID: PMC7891179 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2020.603790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Oculomotor behavior can provide insight into the integrity of widespread cortical networks, which may contribute to the differential diagnosis between Alzheimer's disease and frontotemporal dementia. Three groups of patients with Alzheimer's disease, behavioral variant of frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD) and semantic variant of primary progressive aphasia (svPPA) and a sample of cognitively unimpaired elders underwent an eye-tracking evaluation. All participants in the discovery sample, including controls, had a biomarker-supported diagnosis. Oculomotor correlates of neuropsychology and brain metabolism evaluated with 18F-FDG PET were explored. Machine-learning classification algorithms were trained for the differentiation between Alzheimer's disease, bvFTD and controls. A total of 93 subjects (33 Alzheimer's disease, 24 bvFTD, seven svPPA, and 29 controls) were included in the study. Alzheimer's disease was the most impaired group in all tests and displayed specific abnormalities in some visually-guided saccade parameters, as pursuit error and horizontal prosaccade latency, which are theoretically closely linked to posterior brain regions. BvFTD patients showed deficits especially in the most cognitively demanding tasks, the antisaccade and memory saccade tests, which require a fine control from frontal lobe regions. SvPPA patients performed similarly to controls in most parameters except for a lower number of correct memory saccades. Pursuit error was significantly correlated with cognitive measures of constructional praxis and executive function and metabolism in right posterior middle temporal gyrus. The classification algorithms yielded an area under the curve of 97.5% for the differentiation of Alzheimer's disease vs. controls, 96.7% for bvFTD vs. controls, and 92.5% for Alzheimer's disease vs. bvFTD. In conclusion, patients with Alzheimer's disease, bvFTD and svPPA exhibit differentiating oculomotor patterns which reflect the characteristic neuroanatomical distribution of pathology of each disease, and therefore its assessment can be useful in their diagnostic work-up. Machine learning approaches can facilitate the applicability of eye-tracking in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Lage
- Institute for Research Marqués de Valdecilla (IDIVAL), University of Cantabria and Department of Neurology, Marqués de Valdecilla University Hospital, Santander, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Sara López-García
- Institute for Research Marqués de Valdecilla (IDIVAL), University of Cantabria and Department of Neurology, Marqués de Valdecilla University Hospital, Santander, Spain
| | - Alexandre Bejanin
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain.,Sant Pau Memory Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau - Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Martha Kazimierczak
- Institute for Research Marqués de Valdecilla (IDIVAL), University of Cantabria and Department of Neurology, Marqués de Valdecilla University Hospital, Santander, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ignacio Aracil-Bolaños
- Sant Pau Memory Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau - Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alberto Calvo-Córdoba
- Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería y Diseño Industrial - Centre for Automation and Robotics, Technical University of Madrid (UPM) - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Aura Innovative Robotics SL, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Pozueta
- Institute for Research Marqués de Valdecilla (IDIVAL), University of Cantabria and Department of Neurology, Marqués de Valdecilla University Hospital, Santander, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - María García-Martínez
- Institute for Research Marqués de Valdecilla (IDIVAL), University of Cantabria and Department of Neurology, Marqués de Valdecilla University Hospital, Santander, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Andrea Fernández-Rodríguez
- Institute for Research Marqués de Valdecilla (IDIVAL), University of Cantabria and Department of Neurology, Marqués de Valdecilla University Hospital, Santander, Spain
| | - María Bravo-González
- Institute for Research Marqués de Valdecilla (IDIVAL), University of Cantabria and Department of Neurology, Marqués de Valdecilla University Hospital, Santander, Spain
| | - Julio Jiménez-Bonilla
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Marqués de Valdecilla University Hospital, Santander, Spain
| | - Ignacio Banzo
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Marqués de Valdecilla University Hospital, Santander, Spain
| | - Juan Irure-Ventura
- Department of Immunology, Marqués de Valdecilla University Hospital, Santander, Spain
| | - Jordi Pegueroles
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain.,Sant Pau Memory Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau - Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ignacio Illán-Gala
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain.,Sant Pau Memory Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau - Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juan Fortea
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain.,Sant Pau Memory Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau - Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eloy Rodríguez-Rodríguez
- Institute for Research Marqués de Valdecilla (IDIVAL), University of Cantabria and Department of Neurology, Marqués de Valdecilla University Hospital, Santander, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Lleó-Bisa
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain.,Sant Pau Memory Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau - Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cecilia E García-Cena
- Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería y Diseño Industrial - Centre for Automation and Robotics, Technical University of Madrid (UPM) - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Aura Innovative Robotics SL, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pascual Sánchez-Juan
- Institute for Research Marqués de Valdecilla (IDIVAL), University of Cantabria and Department of Neurology, Marqués de Valdecilla University Hospital, Santander, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
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12
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Ma L, Selvanayagam J, Ghahremani M, Hayrynen LK, Johnston KD, Everling S. Single-unit activity in marmoset posterior parietal cortex in a gap saccade task. J Neurophysiol 2020; 123:896-911. [DOI: 10.1152/jn.00614.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Abnormal saccadic eye movements can serve as biomarkers for patients with several neuropsychiatric disorders. The common marmoset ( Callithrix jacchus) is becoming increasingly popular as a nonhuman primate model to investigate the cortical mechanisms of saccadic control. Recently, our group demonstrated that microstimulation in the posterior parietal cortex (PPC) of marmosets elicits contralateral saccades. Here we recorded single-unit activity in the PPC of the same two marmosets using chronic microelectrode arrays while the monkeys performed a saccadic task with gap trials (target onset lagged fixation point offset by 200 ms) interleaved with step trials (fixation point disappeared when the peripheral target appeared). Both marmosets showed a gap effect, shorter saccadic reaction times (SRTs) in gap vs. step trials. On average, stronger gap-period responses across the entire neuronal population preceded shorter SRTs on trials with contralateral targets although this correlation was stronger among the 15% “gap neurons,” which responded significantly during the gap. We also found 39% “target neurons” with significant saccadic target-related responses, which were stronger in gap trials and correlated with the SRTs better than the remaining neurons. Compared with saccades with relatively long SRTs, short-SRT saccades were preceded by both stronger gap-related and target-related responses in all PPC neurons, regardless of whether such response reached significance. Our findings suggest that the PPC in the marmoset contains an area that is involved in the modulation of saccadic preparation. NEW & NOTEWORTHY As a primate model in systems neuroscience, the marmoset is a great complement to the macaque monkey because of its unique advantages. To identify oculomotor networks in the marmoset, we recorded from the marmoset posterior parietal cortex during a saccadic task and found single-unit activities consistent with a role in saccadic modulation. This finding supports the marmoset as a valuable model for studying oculomotor control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liya Ma
- Robarts Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Janahan Selvanayagam
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Maryam Ghahremani
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lauren K. Hayrynen
- Robarts Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kevin D. Johnston
- Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stefan Everling
- Robarts Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
- Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
- Brain and Mind Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
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Timing Determines Tuning: A Rapid Spatial Transformation in Superior Colliculus Neurons during Reactive Gaze Shifts. eNeuro 2020; 7:ENEURO.0359-18.2019. [PMID: 31792117 PMCID: PMC6944480 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0359-18.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Revised: 10/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Gaze saccades, rapid shifts of the eyes and head toward a goal, have provided fundamental insights into the neural control of movement. For example, it has been shown that the superior colliculus (SC) transforms a visual target (T) code to future gaze (G) location commands after a memory delay. However, this transformation has not been observed in "reactive" saccades made directly to a stimulus, so its contribution to normal gaze behavior is unclear. Here, we tested this using a quantitative measure of the intermediate codes between T and G, based on variable errors in gaze endpoints. We demonstrate that a rapid spatial transformation occurs within the primate's SC (Macaca mulatta) during reactive saccades, involving a shift in coding from T, through intermediate codes, to G. This spatial shift progressed continuously both across and within cell populations [visual, visuomotor (VM), motor], rather than relaying discretely between populations with fixed spatial codes. These results suggest that the SC produces a rapid, noisy, and distributed transformation that contributes to variable errors in reactive gaze shifts.
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Sadeh M, Sajad A, Wang H, Yan X, Crawford JD. The Influence of a Memory Delay on Spatial Coding in the Superior Colliculus: Is Visual Always Visual and Motor Always Motor? Front Neural Circuits 2018; 12:74. [PMID: 30405361 PMCID: PMC6204359 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2018.00074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The memory-delay saccade task is often used to separate visual and motor responses in oculomotor structures such as the superior colliculus (SC), with the assumption that these same responses would sum with a short delay during immediate "reactive" saccades to visual stimuli. However, it is also possible that additional signals (suppression, delay) alter visual and/or motor response in the memory delay task. Here, we compared the spatiotemporal properties of visual and motor responses of the same SC neurons recorded during both the reactive and memory-delay tasks in two head-unrestrained monkeys. Comparing tasks, visual (aligned with target onset) and motor (aligned on saccade onset) responses were highly correlated across neurons, but the peak response of visual neurons and peak motor responses (of both visuomotor (VM) and motor neurons) were significantly higher in the reactive task. Receptive field organization was generally similar in both tasks. Spatial coding (along a Target-Gaze (TG) continuum) was also similar, with the exception that pure motor cells showed a stronger tendency to code future gaze location in the memory delay task, suggesting a more complete transformation. These results suggest that the introduction of a trained memory delay alters both the vigor and spatial coding of SC visual and motor responses, likely due to a combination of saccade suppression signals and greater signal noise accumulation during the delay in the memory delay task.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morteza Sadeh
- York Centre for Vision Research, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Vision: Science to Applications (VISTA) Program, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
- York Neuroscience Graduate Diploma Program, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Canadian Action and Perception Network (CAPnet), York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Departments of Psychology, Biology and Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Amirsaman Sajad
- York Centre for Vision Research, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
- York Neuroscience Graduate Diploma Program, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Canadian Action and Perception Network (CAPnet), York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Departments of Psychology, Biology and Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Hongying Wang
- York Centre for Vision Research, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Vision: Science to Applications (VISTA) Program, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Xiaogang Yan
- York Centre for Vision Research, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Vision: Science to Applications (VISTA) Program, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - John Douglas Crawford
- York Centre for Vision Research, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Vision: Science to Applications (VISTA) Program, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
- York Neuroscience Graduate Diploma Program, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Canadian Action and Perception Network (CAPnet), York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Departments of Psychology, Biology and Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
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15
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TERAO Y, FUKUDA H, HIKOSAKA O. What do eye movements tell us about patients with neurological disorders? - An introduction to saccade recording in the clinical setting. PROCEEDINGS OF THE JAPAN ACADEMY. SERIES B, PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES 2017; 93:772-801. [PMID: 29225306 PMCID: PMC5790757 DOI: 10.2183/pjab.93.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Non-invasive and readily implemented in the clinical setting, eye movement studies have been conducted extensively not only in healthy human subjects but also in patients with neurological disorders. The purpose of saccade studies is to "read out" the pathophysiology underlying neurological disorders from the saccade records, referring to known primate physiology. In the current review, we provide an overview of studies in which we attempted to elucidate the patterns of saccade abnormalities in over 250 patients with neurological disorders, including cerebellar ataxia and brainstem pathology due to neurodegenerative disorders, and what they tell about the pathophysiology of patients with neurological disorders. We also discuss how interventions, such as deep brain stimulation, affect saccade performance and provide further insights into the workings of the oculomotor system in humans. Finally, we argue that it is important to understand the functional significance and behavioral correlate of saccade abnormalities in daily life, which could require eye tracking methodologies to be performed in settings similar to daily life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuo TERAO
- Department of Cell Physiology, Kyorin University, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Okihide HIKOSAKA
- Section of Neuronal Networks, Laboratory of Sensorimotor Research, National Eye Institute, U.S.A.
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Terao Y, Fukuda H, Tokushuge S, Nomura Y, Hanajima R, Ugawa Y. Saccade abnormalities associated with focal cerebral lesions - How cortical and basal ganglia commands shape saccades in humans. Clin Neurophysiol 2015; 127:2953-2967. [PMID: 26475210 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2015.07.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2015] [Revised: 07/11/2015] [Accepted: 07/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study saccade abnormalities associated with focal cerebral lesions, including the cerebral cortex and basal ganglia (BG). METHODS We studied the latency and amplitude of reflexive and voluntary saccades in 37 patients with focal lesions of the frontal and parietal cortices and BG (caudate and putamen), and 51 age-matched controls, along with the ability to inhibit unwanted reflexive saccades. RESULTS Latencies of reflexive saccades were prolonged in patients with parietal lesions involving the parietal eye field (PEF), whereas their amplitude was decreased with parietal or putaminal lesions. In contrast, latency of voluntary saccades was prolonged and their success rate reduced with frontal lesions including the frontal eye field (FEF) or its outflow tract as well as the dorsolateral/medial prefrontal cortex, and caudate lesions, whereas their amplitude was decreased with parietal lesions. Inhibitory control of reflexive saccades was impaired with frontal, caudate and, less prominently, parietal lesions. CONCLUSIONS PEF is important in triggering reflexive saccades, also determining their amplitude. Whereas FEF and the caudate emit commands for initiating voluntary saccades, their amplitude is mainly determined by PEF. Commands not only from FEF and dorsolateral/medial prefrontal cortex but also from the caudate and PEF serve to inhibit unnecessary reflexive saccades. SIGNIFICANCE The findings suggested how cortical and BG commands shape reflexive and voluntary saccades in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuo Terao
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
| | | | - Shinnichi Tokushuge
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Ritsuko Hanajima
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Kitasato University, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Ugawa
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, Japan
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Abstract
The location of a remembered reach target can be encoded in egocentric and/or allocentric reference frames. Cortical mechanisms for egocentric reach are relatively well described, but the corresponding allocentric representations are essentially unknown. Here, we used an event-related fMRI design to distinguish human brain areas involved in these two types of representation. Our paradigm consisted of three tasks with identical stimulus display but different instructions: egocentric reach (remember absolute target location), allocentric reach (remember target location relative to a visual landmark), and a nonspatial control, color report (report color of target). During the delay phase (when only target location was specified), the egocentric and allocentric tasks elicited widely overlapping regions of cortical activity (relative to the control), but with higher activation in parietofrontal cortex for egocentric task and higher activation in early visual cortex for allocentric tasks. In addition, egocentric directional selectivity (target relative to gaze) was observed in the superior occipital gyrus and the inferior occipital gyrus, whereas allocentric directional selectivity (target relative to a visual landmark) was observed in the inferior temporal gyrus and inferior occipital gyrus. During the response phase (after movement direction had been specified either by reappearance of the visual landmark or a pro-/anti-reach instruction), the parietofrontal network resumed egocentric directional selectivity, showing higher activation for contralateral than ipsilateral reaches. These results show that allocentric and egocentric reach mechanisms use partially overlapping but different cortical substrates and that directional specification is different for target memory versus reach response.
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18
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Yang W, Liu P, Wei D, Li W, Hitchman G, Li X, Qiu J, Zhang Q. Females and males rely on different cortical regions in Raven's Matrices reasoning capacity: evidence from a voxel-based morphometry study. PLoS One 2014; 9:e93104. [PMID: 24667298 PMCID: PMC3965537 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0093104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2013] [Accepted: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Raven's Matrices test (RMT) is a non-verbal test designed to assess individuals' ability to reason and solve new problems without relying extensively on declarative knowledge derived from schooling or previous experience. Despite a large number of behavioral studies that demonstrated gender differences in Raven's Matrices reasoning ability, no neural evidence supported this difference. In this study, voxel-based morphometry (VBM) was used in an attempt to uncover the gender-specific neural basis of Raven's Matrices reasoning ability as measured by the combined Raven's Matrices test (CRT) in 370 healthy young adults. The behavioral results showed no difference between males and females. However, the VBM results showed that the relationship between reasoning ability and regional gray matter volume (rGMV) differed between sexes. The association between CRT scores and rGMV in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (associated with visuospatial ability) was significantly greater in males than in females, whereas the reverse was true for the inferior frontal cortex (relating to verbal reasoning ability) and the medial frontal cortex (engaged in information binding) where the association was greater in females. These findings suggest that males and females use differently structured brains in different ways to achieve similar levels of overall Raven's Matrices reasoning ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Yang
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (SWU), Ministry of Education, Chongqing, China
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Peiduo Liu
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (SWU), Ministry of Education, Chongqing, China
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Dongtao Wei
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (SWU), Ministry of Education, Chongqing, China
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wenfu Li
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (SWU), Ministry of Education, Chongqing, China
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Glenn Hitchman
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (SWU), Ministry of Education, Chongqing, China
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xueping Li
- Institute of Education, China West Normal University, Nanchong, China
| | - Jiang Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (SWU), Ministry of Education, Chongqing, China
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qinglin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (SWU), Ministry of Education, Chongqing, China
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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A unified comparison of stimulus-driven, endogenous mandatory and 'free choice' saccades. PLoS One 2014; 9:e88990. [PMID: 24586474 PMCID: PMC3930601 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0088990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Accepted: 01/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been claimed that saccades arising from the three saccade triggering modes–stimulus-driven, endogenous mandatory and ‘free choice’–are driven by distinct mechanisms. We tested this claim by instructing observers to saccade from a white or black fixation disc to a same polarity (white or black) disc flashed for 100 or 200 ms presented either alone (Exo), or together with an opposite (Endo) or same (EndoFC) polarity disc (blocked and mixed sessions). Target(s) and distractor were presented at three inter-stimulus intervals (ISIs) relative to the fixation offset (ISI: −200, 0, +200 ms) and were displayed at random locations within a 4°-to-6° eccentricity range. The statistical analysis showed a global saccade triggering mode effect on saccade reaction times (SRTs) with Endo and EndoFC SRTs longer by about 27 ms than Exo-triggered ones but no effect for the Endo-EndoFC comparison. SRTs depended on both ISI (the “gap-effect”), and target duration. Bimodal best fits of the SRT-distributions were found in 65% of cases with their count not different across the three triggering modes. Percentages of saccades in the ‘fast’ and ‘slow’ ranges of bimodal fits did not depend on the triggering modes either. Bimodality tests failed to assert a significant difference between these modes. An analysis of the timing of a putative inhibition by the distractor (Endo) or by the duplicated target (EndoFC) yielded no significant difference between Endo and EndoFC saccades but showed a significant shortening with ISI similar to the SRT shortening suggesting that the distractor-target mutual inhibition is itself inhibited by ‘fixation’ neurons. While other experimental paradigms may well sustain claims of distinct mechanisms subtending the three saccade triggering modes, as here defined reflexive and voluntary saccades appear to differ primarily in the effectiveness with which inhibitory processes slow down the initial fast rise of the saccade triggering signal.
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Koval MJ, Hutchison RM, Lomber SG, Everling S. Effects of unilateral deactivations of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and anterior cingulate cortex on saccadic eye movements. J Neurophysiol 2013; 111:787-803. [PMID: 24285866 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00626.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) have both been implicated in the cognitive control of saccadic eye movements by single neuron recording studies in nonhuman primates and functional imaging studies in humans, but their relative roles remain unclear. Here, we reversibly deactivated either dlPFC or ACC subregions in macaque monkeys while the animals performed randomly interleaved pro- and antisaccades. In addition, we explored the whole-brain functional connectivity of these two regions by applying a seed-based resting-state functional MRI analysis in a separate cohort of monkeys. We found that unilateral dlPFC deactivation had stronger behavioral effects on saccades than unilateral ACC deactivation, and that the dlPFC displayed stronger functional connectivity with frontoparietal areas than the ACC. We suggest that the dlPFC plays a more prominent role in the preparation of pro- and antisaccades than the ACC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Koval
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
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Roski C, Caspers S, Langner R, Laird AR, Fox PT, Zilles K, Amunts K, Eickhoff SB. Adult age-dependent differences in resting-state connectivity within and between visual-attention and sensorimotor networks. Front Aging Neurosci 2013; 5:67. [PMID: 24194718 PMCID: PMC3810651 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2013.00067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2013] [Accepted: 10/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Healthy aging is accompanied by structural and functional changes in the brain, among which a loss of neural specificity (i.e., dedifferentiation) is one of the most consistent findings. Little is known, however, about changes in interregional integration underlying a dedifferentiation across different functional systems. In a large sample (n = 399) of healthy adults aged from 18 to 85 years, we analyzed age-dependent differences in resting-state (RS) (task-independent) functional connectivity (FC) of a set of brain regions derived from a previous fMRI study. In that study, these regions had shown an age-related loss of activation specificity in visual-attention (superior parietal area 7A and dorsal premotor cortex) or sensorimotor (area OP4 of the parietal operculum) tasks. In addition to these dedifferentiated regions, the FC analysis of the present study included “task-general” regions associated with both attention and sensorimotor systems (rostral supplementary motor area and bilateral anterior insula) as defined via meta-analytical co-activation mapping. Within this network, we observed both selective increases and decreases in RS-FC with age. In line with regional activation changes reported previously, we found diminished anti-correlated FC for inter-system connections (i.e., between sensorimotor-related and visual attention-related regions). Our analysis also revealed reduced FC between system-specific and task-general regions, which might reflect age-related deficits in top-down control possibly leading to dedifferentiation of task-specific brain activity. Together, our results underpin the notion that RS-FC changes concur with regional activity changes in the healthy aging brain, presumably contributing jointly to age-related behavioral changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Roski
- Research Center Jülich, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1, INM-2) Jülich, Germany
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22
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Terao Y, Fukuda H, Ugawa Y, Hikosaka O. New perspectives on the pathophysiology of Parkinson’s disease as assessed by saccade performance: A clinical review. Clin Neurophysiol 2013; 124:1491-506. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2013.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2012] [Revised: 01/01/2013] [Accepted: 01/15/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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23
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Richards JE. Cortical sources of ERP in prosaccade and antisaccade eye movements using realistic source models. Front Syst Neurosci 2013; 7:27. [PMID: 23847476 PMCID: PMC3698448 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2013.00027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2013] [Accepted: 06/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The cortical sources of event-related-potentials (ERP) using realistic source models were examined in a prosaccade and antisaccade procedure. College-age participants were presented with a preparatory interval and a target that indicated the direction of the eye movement that was to be made. In some blocks a cue was given in the peripheral location where the target was to be presented and in other blocks no cue was given. In Experiment 1 the prosaccade and antisaccade trials were presented randomly within a block; in Experiment 2 procedures were compared in which either prosaccade and antisaccade trials were mixed in the same block, or trials were presented in separate blocks with only one type of eye movement. There was a central negative slow wave occurring prior to the target, a slow positive wave over the parietal scalp prior to the saccade, and a parietal spike potential immediately prior to saccade onset. Cortical source analysis of these ERP components showed a common set of sources in the ventral anterior cingulate and orbital frontal gyrus for the presaccadic positive slow wave and the spike potential. In Experiment 2 the same cued- and non-cued blocks were used, but prosaccade and antisaccade trials were presented in separate blocks. This resulted in a smaller difference in reaction time between prosaccade and antisaccade trials. Unlike the first experiment, the central negative slow wave was larger on antisaccade than on prosaccade trials, and this effect on the ERP component had its cortical source primarily in the parietal and mid-central cortical areas contralateral to the direction of the eye movement. These results suggest that blocked prosaccade and antisaccade trials results in preparatory or set effects that decreases reaction time, eliminates some cueing effects, and is based on contralateral parietal-central brain areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- John E. Richards
- Department of Psychology, Institute for Mind and Brain, University of South CarolinaColumbia, SC, USA
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24
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Retrospective and prospective information coding by different neurons in the prefrontal cortex. Neuroreport 2013; 24:73-8. [PMID: 23269282 DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0b013e32835c8d66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Neurons in the lateral prefrontal cortex show sustained activity during the maintenance of visual memory. Previous studies have also indicated that prefrontal neurons show predictive activity in anticipation of upcoming visual stimuli. Because these retrospective and prospective coding of visual stimuli have been examined in separate experiments, how these processes interact in individual neurons remains unknown. To examine this, we recorded from single prefrontal neurons while monkeys performed two behavioural tasks. In one task, the animals passively viewed a moving object during fixation, whereas in the other, they remembered the location of a briefly presented visual cue for subsequent saccades. We found that many neurons were reactive and responded only after the visual stimulus appeared in their receptive field, while some neurons were predictive and increased their activity even before the moving stimulus entered the receptive field. In the memory-guided saccade trials, the reactive neurons exhibited sustained activity during the delay period, whereas the predictive neurons did not. Delays of visual response to a moving stimulus did not correlate with visual latency for a stationary stimulus. Instead, it correlated with the magnitude of sustained activity during the delay period in the memory-guided saccade task. Our data show that retrospective and prospective coding of visual information are represented by distinct neuronal populations, and that their temporal preferences are stable across different task conditions. Reactive signals may reflect the amount of temporal integration in short-term memory, whereas predictive signals may solely represent future events in isolation from the maintenance of past information.
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25
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Raabe M, Fischer V, Bernhardt D, Greenlee MW. Neural correlates of spatial working memory load in a delayed match-to-sample saccade task. Neuroimage 2013; 71:84-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2012] [Revised: 12/29/2012] [Accepted: 01/05/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
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26
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Johnston K, Koval MJ, Lomber SG, Everling S. Macaque Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex Does not Suppress Saccade-Related Activity in the Superior Colliculus. Cereb Cortex 2013; 24:1373-88. [DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhs424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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27
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Panouillères M, Habchi O, Gerardin P, Salemme R, Urquizar C, Farne A, Pélisson D. A role for the parietal cortex in sensorimotor adaptation of saccades. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 24:304-14. [PMID: 23042755 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhs312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Sensorimotor adaptation ensures movement accuracy despite continuously changing environment and body. Adaptation of saccadic eye movements is a classical model of sensorimotor adaptation. Beside the well-established role of the brainstem-cerebellum in the adaptation of reactive saccades (RSs), the cerebral cortex has been suggested to be involved in the adaptation of voluntary saccades (VSs). Here, we provide direct evidence for a causal involvement of the parietal cortex in saccadic adaptation. First, the posterior intraparietal sulcus (pIPS) was identified in each subject using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Then, a saccadic adaptation paradigm was used to progressively reduce the amplitude of RSs and VSs, while single-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (spTMS) was applied over the right pIPS. The perturbations of pIPS resulted in impairment for the adaptation of VSs, selectively when spTMS was applied 60 ms after saccade onset. In contrast, the adaptation of RSs was facilitated by spTMS applied 90 ms after saccade initiation. The differential effect of spTMS relative to saccade types suggests a direct interference with pIPS activity for the VS adaptation and a remote interference with brainstem-cerebellum activity for the RS adaptation. These results support the hypothesis that the adaptation of VSs and RSs involves different neuronal substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muriel Panouillères
- ImpAct Team, Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon, INSERM U1028; CNRS UMR5292; Lyon University, 69676 Bron Cedex, France
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28
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Hutchison RM, Gallivan JP, Culham JC, Gati JS, Menon RS, Everling S. Functional connectivity of the frontal eye fields in humans and macaque monkeys investigated with resting-state fMRI. J Neurophysiol 2012; 107:2463-74. [DOI: 10.1152/jn.00891.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the frontal eye field (FEF) has been identified in macaque monkeys and humans, practical constraints related to invasiveness and task demands have limited a direct cross-species comparison of its functional connectivity. In this study, we used resting-state functional MRI data collected from both awake humans and anesthetized macaque monkeys to examine and compare the functional connectivity of the FEF. A seed region analysis revealed consistent ipsilateral functional connections of the FEF with fronto-parietal cortical areas across both species. These included the intraparietal sulcus, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, and supplementary eye fields. The analysis also revealed greater lateralization of connectivity with the FEF in both hemispheres in humans than in monkeys. Cortical surface-based transformation of connectivity maps between species further corroborated the remarkably similar organization of the FEF functional connectivity. The results support an evolutionarily preserved fronto-parietal system and provide a bridge for linking data from monkey and human studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Matthew Hutchison
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience and
- Department of Psychology, University of Western Ontario,
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Jody C. Culham
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience and
- Department of Psychology, University of Western Ontario,
| | | | - Ravi S. Menon
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience and
- Robarts Research Institute, and
| | - Stefan Everling
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience and
- Department of Psychology, University of Western Ontario,
- Robarts Research Institute, and
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
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29
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Funahashi S. Space representation in the prefrontal cortex. Prog Neurobiol 2012; 103:131-55. [PMID: 22521602 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2012.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2011] [Revised: 04/04/2012] [Accepted: 04/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The representation of space and its function in the prefrontal cortex have been examined using a variety of behavioral tasks. Among them, since the delayed-response task requires the temporary maintenance of spatial information, this task has been used to examine the mechanisms of spatial representation. In addition, the concept of working memory to explain prefrontal functions has helped us to understand the nature and functions of space representation in the prefrontal cortex. The detailed analysis of delay-period activity observed in spatial working memory tasks has provided important information for understanding space representation in the prefrontal cortex. Directional delay-period activity has been shown to be a neural correlate of the mechanism for temporarily maintaining information and represent spatial information for the visual cue and the saccade. In addition, many task-related prefrontal neurons exhibit spatially selective activities. These neurons are also important components of spatial information processing. In fact, information flow from sensory-related neurons to motor-related neurons has been demonstrated, along with a change in spatial representation as the trial progresses. The dynamic functional interactions among neurons exhibiting different task-related activities and representing different aspects of information could play an essential role in information processing. In addition, information provided from other cortical or subcortical areas might also be necessary for the representation of space in the prefrontal cortex. To better understand the representation of space and its function in the prefrontal cortex, we need to understand the nature of functional interactions between the prefrontal cortex and other cortical and subcortical areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shintaro Funahashi
- Kokoro Research Center, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.
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30
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Hutchison RM, Womelsdorf T, Gati JS, Everling S, Menon RS. Resting-state networks show dynamic functional connectivity in awake humans and anesthetized macaques. Hum Brain Mapp 2012; 34:2154-77. [PMID: 22438275 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.22058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 518] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2011] [Revised: 01/10/2012] [Accepted: 01/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Characterization of large-scale brain networks using blood-oxygenation-level-dependent functional magnetic resonance imaging is typically based on the assumption of network stationarity across the duration of scan. Recent studies in humans have questioned this assumption by showing that within-network functional connectivity fluctuates on the order of seconds to minutes. Time-varying profiles of resting-state networks (RSNs) may relate to spontaneously shifting, electrophysiological network states and are thus mechanistically of particular importance. However, because these studies acquired data from awake subjects, the fluctuating connectivity could reflect various forms of conscious brain processing such as passive mind wandering, active monitoring, memory formation, or changes in attention and arousal during image acquisition. Here, we characterize RSN dynamics of anesthetized macaques that control for these accounts, and compare them to awake human subjects. We find that functional connectivity among nodes comprising the "oculomotor (OCM) network" strongly fluctuated over time during awake as well as anaesthetized states. For time dependent analysis with short windows (<60 s), periods of positive functional correlations alternated with prominent anticorrelations that were missed when assessed with longer time windows. Similarly, the analysis identified network nodes that transiently link to the OCM network and did not emerge in average RSN analysis. Furthermore, time-dependent analysis reliably revealed transient states of large-scale synchronization that spanned all seeds. The results illustrate that resting-state functional connectivity is not static and that RSNs can exhibit nonstationary, spontaneous relationships irrespective of conscious, cognitive processing. The findings imply that mechanistically important network information can be missed when using average functional connectivity as the single network measure.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Matthew Hutchison
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, 100 Perth Drive, London, Ontario, Canada
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31
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Functional activation of the cerebral cortex related to sensorimotor adaptation of reactive and voluntary saccades. Neuroimage 2012; 61:1100-12. [PMID: 22465298 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.03.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2012] [Revised: 03/08/2012] [Accepted: 03/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Potentially dangerous events in the environment evoke automatic ocular responses, called reactive saccades. Adaptation processes, which maintain saccade accuracy against various events (e.g. growth, aging, neuro-muscular lesions), are to date mostly relayed to cerebellar activity. Here we demonstrate that adaptation of reactive saccades also involves cerebral cortical areas. Moreover, we provide the first identification of the neural substrates of adaptation of voluntary saccades, representing the complement to reactive saccades for the active exploration of our environment. An fMRI approach was designed to isolate adaptation from saccade production: an adaptation condition in which the visual target stepped backward 50 ms after saccade termination was compared to a control condition where the same target backstep occurred 500 ms after saccade termination. Subjects were tested for reactive and voluntary saccades in separate sessions. Multi-voxel pattern analyses of fMRI data from previously-defined regions of interests (ROIs) significantly discriminated between adaptation and control conditions for several ROIs. Some of these areas were revealed for adaptation of both saccade categories (cerebellum, frontal cortex), whereas others were specifically related to reactive saccades (temporo-parietal junction, hMT+/V5) or to voluntary saccades (medial and posterior areas of intra-parietal sulcus). These findings critically extend our knowledge on brain motor plasticity by showing that saccadic adaptation relies on a hitherto unknown contribution of the cerebral cortex.
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32
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NATSUKAWA H, KOBAYASHI T. Dynamical Cortical Activations Associated with Saccade Execution: A Normalized Integrative fMRI-MEG Study. ADVANCED BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING 2012. [DOI: 10.14326/abe.1.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki NATSUKAWA
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University
- the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science
| | - Tetsuo KOBAYASHI
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University
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33
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The auditory dorsal pathway: Orienting vision. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2011; 35:2162-73. [PMID: 21530585 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2011.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2010] [Revised: 03/16/2011] [Accepted: 04/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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34
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Medendorp WP, Buchholz VN, Van Der Werf J, Leoné FTM. Parietofrontal circuits in goal-oriented behaviour. Eur J Neurosci 2011; 33:2017-27. [PMID: 21645097 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2011.07701.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Parietal and frontal cortical areas play important roles in the control of goal-oriented behaviour. This review examines how signal processing in the parietal and frontal eye fields is involved in coding and storing space, directing attention and processing the sensorimotor transformation for saccades. After a survey of the functional specialization of these areas in monkeys, we discuss homologous regions in the human brain in terms of topographic organization, storage capacity, target selection, spatial remapping, reference frame transformations and effector specificity. The overall picture suggests that bottom-up sensory, top-down cognitive signals and efferent motor signals are integrated in dynamic sensorimotor maps as part of a functionally flexible parietofrontal network. Neuronal synchronization in these maps may be instrumental in amplifying behaviourally relevant representations and setting up a functional pathway to route information in this parietofrontal circuit.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Pieter Medendorp
- Radboud University Nijmegen, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, NL 6500 HE, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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35
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Neural substrate of spatial memory in the superior colliculus after damage to the primary visual cortex. J Neurosci 2011; 31:4233-41. [PMID: 21411664 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.5143-10.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In the primate brain, the primary visual cortex (V1) is a major source of visual information processing in the cerebral cortex, although some patients and monkeys with damage to the V1 show visually guided behaviors in the visual field affected by the damage. Until now, behaviors of the surviving brain regions after damage to V1 and their contribution to the residual visual functions remain unclear. Here, we report that the monkeys with a unilateral lesion of V1 can make not only visually guided saccades but also memory-guided saccades (MGS) into the affected visual field. Furthermore, while the monkeys were performing the MGS task, sustained activity was observed in a large fraction of the neurons in the superior colliculus ipsilateral to the lesion, which has been supposed as a key node for recovery after damage to V1. These neurons maintained the spatial information throughout the delay period regardless of whether they exhibited saccadic bursts or not, which was not the case on the intact side. Error analysis revealed that the sustained activity was correlated with monkeys' behavioral outcome. These results suggest that the ipsilesional SC might function as a neural substrate for spatial memory in the affected visual field. Our findings provide new insight into the understanding of the compensatory mechanisms after damage to V1.
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36
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Terao Y, Fukuda H, Yugeta A, Hikosaka O, Nomura Y, Segawa M, Hanajima R, Tsuji S, Ugawa Y. Initiation and inhibitory control of saccades with the progression of Parkinson's disease – Changes in three major drives converging on the superior colliculus. Neuropsychologia 2011; 49:1794-806. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2011.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2010] [Revised: 03/01/2011] [Accepted: 03/04/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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37
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Hu Y, Walker R. The neural basis of parallel saccade programming: an fMRI study. J Cogn Neurosci 2011; 23:3669-80. [PMID: 21563883 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_00048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
The neural basis of parallel saccade programming was examined in an event-related fMRI study using a variation of the double-step saccade paradigm. Two double-step conditions were used: one enabled the second saccade to be partially programmed in parallel with the first saccade while in a second condition both saccades had to be prepared serially. The intersaccadic interval, observed in the parallel programming (PP) condition, was significantly reduced compared with latency in the serial programming (SP) condition and also to the latency of single saccades in control conditions. The fMRI analysis revealed greater activity (BOLD response) in the frontal and parietal eye fields for the PP condition compared with the SP double-step condition and when compared with the single-saccade control conditions. By contrast, activity in the supplementary eye fields was greater for the double-step condition than the single-step condition but did not distinguish between the PP and SP requirements. The role of the frontal eye fields in PP may be related to the advanced temporal preparation and increased salience of the second saccade goal that may mediate activity in other downstream structures, such as the superior colliculus. The parietal lobes may be involved in the preparation for spatial remapping, which is required in double-step conditions. The supplementary eye fields appear to have a more general role in planning saccade sequences that may be related to error monitoring and the control over the execution of the correct sequence of responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanbo Hu
- University of London, Egham, Surrey, UK
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38
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Özyurt J, Greenlee MW. Neural correlates of inter- and intra-individual saccadic reaction time differences in the gap/overlap paradigm. J Neurophysiol 2011; 105:2438-47. [DOI: 10.1152/jn.00660.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
To examine the neural correlates of contextually differing control mechanisms in saccade initiation, we studied 18 subjects who performed two saccade paradigms in a pseudo-random order, while their eye movements were recorded in the MRI scanner (1.5 T). In the gap task the fixation point was extinguished 200 ms before target onset, and in the overlap task the fixation point vanished 500 ms after target onset. Subjects were asked to maintain stable fixation in the fixation period and to quickly saccade to peripherally presented targets. Inter-individual activation differences were assessed using regression analyses at the second level, with mean saccadic reaction time (SRT) of subjects as a covariate. To identify brain regions varying with trial-by-trial changes in SRTs, we included SRTs as a parametric modulation regressor in the general linear model. All analyses were regions of interest based and were performed separately for the gap and overlap conditions. For the gap paradigm, we did not obtain activation in regions previously shown to be involved in preparatory processes with much longer gap periods. Interestingly, both inter- and intra-individual variability analyses revealed a positive correlation of activation in frontal and parietal eye-movement regions with SRTs, indicating that slower saccade performance is possibly associated with higher cortical control. For the overlap paradigm, the trial-by-trial variability analysis revealed a positive correlation of activation in the right opercular inferior frontal gyrus with SRTs, possibly linked to fixation-related processes that have to be overcome to perform a speeded saccade in presence of a fixation point.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jale Özyurt
- Biological Psychology Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Carl von Ossietzky University, Oldenburg; and
| | - Mark W. Greenlee
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße, Regensburg, Germany
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39
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Desco M, Navas-Sanchez FJ, Sanchez-González J, Reig S, Robles O, Franco C, Guzmán-De-Villoria JA, García-Barreno P, Arango C. Mathematically gifted adolescents use more extensive and more bilateral areas of the fronto-parietal network than controls during executive functioning and fluid reasoning tasks. Neuroimage 2011; 57:281-292. [PMID: 21463696 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.03.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2010] [Revised: 03/01/2011] [Accepted: 03/22/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The main goal of this study was to investigate the neural substrates of fluid reasoning and visuospatial working memory in adolescents with precocious mathematical ability. The study population comprised two groups of adolescents: 13 math-gifted adolescents and 14 controls with average mathematical skills. Patterns of activation specific to reasoning tasks in math-gifted subjects were examined using functional magnetic resonance images acquired while the subjects were performing Raven's Advanced Progressive Matrices (RAPM) and the Tower of London (TOL) tasks. During the tasks, both groups showed significant activations in the frontoparietal network. In the math-gifted group, clusters of activation were always bilateral and more regions were recruited, especially in the right hemisphere. In the TOL task, math-gifted adolescents showed significant hyper-activations relative to controls in the precuneus, superior occipital lobe (BA 19), and medial temporal lobe (BA 39). The maximum differences between the groups were detected during RAPM tasks at the highest level of difficulty, where math-gifted subjects showed significant activations relative to controls in the right inferior parietal lobule (BA 40), anterior cingulated gyrus (BA 32), and frontal (BA 9, and BA 6) areas. Our results support the hypothesis that greater ability for complex mathematical reasoning may be related to more bilateral patterns of activation and that increased activation in the parietal and frontal regions of math-gifted adolescents is associated with enhanced skills in visuospatial processing and logical reasoning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Desco
- Dept. of Bioengineering and Aerospace Engineering, University Carlos III of Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain; Dept. of Experimental Surgery and Medicine, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco J Navas-Sanchez
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain; Dept. of Experimental Surgery and Medicine, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Javier Sanchez-González
- Dept. of Experimental Surgery and Medicine, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain; Philips Healthcare, Clinical Science, Madrid, Spain
| | - Santiago Reig
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain; Dept. of Experimental Surgery and Medicine, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Olalla Robles
- Adolescent Psychiatry Unit, Dept. of Psychiatry, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain; Centro de Referencia Estatal de Atención al Daño Cerebral (CEADAC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Carolina Franco
- Adolescent Psychiatry Unit, Dept. of Psychiatry, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan A Guzmán-De-Villoria
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain; Diagnostic Radiology Dept, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pedro García-Barreno
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain; Dept. of Experimental Surgery and Medicine, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain; Spanish Royal Academy of Mathematical, Physical and Natural Sciences Madrid, Spain
| | - Celso Arango
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain; Adolescent Psychiatry Unit, Dept. of Psychiatry, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
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40
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Fiehler K, Bannert MM, Bischoff M, Blecker C, Stark R, Vaitl D, Franz VH, Rösler F. Working memory maintenance of grasp-target information in the human posterior parietal cortex. Neuroimage 2011; 54:2401-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.09.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2010] [Revised: 08/14/2010] [Accepted: 09/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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41
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Heath M, Weiler J, Marriott K, Welsh TN. Vector inversion diminishes the online control of antisaccades. Exp Brain Res 2011; 209:117-27. [PMID: 21210087 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-010-2525-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2010] [Accepted: 12/10/2010] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Heath
- School of Kinesiology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 3K7, Canada.
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42
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Alvarez TL, Alkan Y, Gohel S, Douglas Ward B, Biswal BB. Functional anatomy of predictive vergence and saccade eye movements in humans: A functional MRI investigation. Vision Res 2010; 50:2163-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2010.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2010] [Revised: 08/11/2010] [Accepted: 08/13/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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43
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Abstract
In this time-resolved functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study, we aimed to trace the neuronal correlates of covert planning processes that precede visually guided motor behavior. Specifically, we asked whether human posterior parietal cortex has prospective planning activity that can be distinguished from activity related to retrospective visual memory and attention. Although various electrophysiological studies in monkeys have demonstrated such motor planning at the level of parietal neurons, comparatively little support is provided by recent human imaging experiments. Rather, a majority of experiments highlights a role of human posterior parietal cortex in visual working memory and attention. We thus sought to establish a clear separation of visual memory and attention from processes related to the planning of goal-directed motor behaviors. To this end, we compared delayed-response tasks with identical mnemonic and attentional demands but varying degrees of motor planning. Subjects memorized multiple target locations, and in a random subset of trials targets additionally instructed (1) desired goals or (2) undesired goals for upcoming finger reaches. Compared with the memory/attention-only conditions, both latter situations led to a specific increase of preparatory fMRI activity in posterior parietal and dorsal premotor cortex. Thus, posterior parietal cortex has prospective plans for upcoming behaviors while considering both types of targets relevant for action: those to be acquired and those to be avoided.
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44
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Van Pelt S, Toni I, Diedrichsen J, Medendorp WP. Repetition suppression dissociates spatial frames of reference in human saccade generation. J Neurophysiol 2010; 104:1239-48. [PMID: 20592124 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00393.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The path from perception to action involves the transfer of information across various reference frames. Here we applied a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) repetition suppression paradigm to determine the reference frame(s) in which the cortical activity is coded at several phases of the sensorimotor transformation for a saccade, including sensory processing, saccade planning, and saccade execution. We distinguished between retinal (eye-centered) and nonretinal (e.g., head-centered) coding frames in three key regions: the intraparietal sulcus (IPS), frontal eye field (FEF), and supplementary eye field (SEF). Subjects (n = 18) made delayed saccades to one of five possible peripheral targets, separated at intervals of 9° visual angle. Target locations were chosen pseudorandomly, based on a 2 × 2 factorial design, with factors retinal and nonretinal coordinates and levels novel and repeated. In all three regions, analysis of the blood oxygenation level dependent dynamics revealed an attenuation of the fMRI signal in trials repeating the location of the target in retinal coordinates. The amount of retinal suppression varied across the three phases of the trial, with the strongest suppression during saccade planning. The paradigm revealed only weak traces of nonretinal coding in these regions. Further analyses showed an orderly representation of the retinal target location, as expressed by a contralateral bias of activation, in the IPS and FEF, but not in the SEF. These results provide evidence that the sensorimotor processing in these centers reflects saccade generation in eye-centered coordinates, irrespective of their topographic organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stan Van Pelt
- Radboud University Nijmegen, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, P.O. Box 9104, NL-6500 HE, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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45
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Theta frequency band activity and attentional mechanisms in visual and proprioceptive demand. Exp Brain Res 2010; 204:189-97. [DOI: 10.1007/s00221-010-2297-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2010] [Accepted: 05/06/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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46
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Space representation for eye movements is more contralateral in monkeys than in humans. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107:7933-8. [PMID: 20385808 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1002825107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Contralateral hemispheric representation of sensory inputs (the right visual hemifield in the left hemisphere and vice versa) is a fundamental feature of primate sensorimotor organization, in particular the visuomotor system. However, many higher-order cognitive functions in humans show an asymmetric hemispheric lateralization--e.g., right brain specialization for spatial processing--necessitating a convergence of information from both hemifields. Electrophysiological studies in monkeys and functional imaging in humans have investigated space and action representations at different stages of visuospatial processing, but the transition from contralateral to unified global spatial encoding and the relationship between these encoding schemes and functional lateralization are not fully understood. Moreover, the integration of data across monkeys and humans and elucidation of interspecies homologies is hindered, because divergent findings may reflect actual species differences or arise from discrepancies in techniques and measured signals (electrophysiology vs. imaging). Here, we directly compared spatial cue and memory representations for action planning in monkeys and humans using event-related functional MRI during a working-memory oculomotor task. In monkeys, cue and memory-delay period activity in the frontal, parietal, and temporal regions was strongly contralateral. In putative human functional homologs, the contralaterality was significantly weaker, and the asymmetry between the hemispheres was stronger. These results suggest an inverse relationship between contralaterality and lateralization and elucidate similarities and differences in human and macaque cortical circuits subserving spatial awareness and oculomotor goal-directed actions.
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47
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Fielding J, Corben L, Cremer P, Millist L, White O, Delatycki M. Disruption to higher order processes in Friedreich ataxia. Neuropsychologia 2010; 48:235-42. [PMID: 19766130 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2009.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2009] [Revised: 07/21/2009] [Accepted: 09/11/2009] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Friedreich ataxia (FRDA), the most common of the genetically inherited ataxias, is characterised by ocular motor deficits largely reflecting disruption to brainstem-cerebellar circuitry. These deficits include fixation instability, saccadic dysmetria, disrupted pursuit, and vestibular abnormalities. Whether higher order or cognitive control processes involved the generation of more volitional eye movements are similarly impaired, has not been explored previously. This research examined antisaccade and memory-guided saccade characteristics in 13 individuals with genetically confirmed FRDA, and contrasted performance with neurologically healthy individuals. We demonstrate, for the first time, a broad range of deficits in FDRA consistent with disruption to higher order processes involved in the control of saccadic eye movement. Significant differences between FDRA and control participants were revealed across all movement parameters (latency, gain, velocity, position error), and across all saccade types, including alterations to velocity profiles. FDRA participants also generated significantly more erroneous responses to non-target stimuli in both saccade paradigms. Finally, a number of correlations between ocular motor and clinical measures were revealed including those between contrast acuity and saccadic latency (all saccade types), disease duration and measures of response inhibition (errors and relative latencies for antisaccades), and neurological scores and error latencies, arguably a reflection of difficulty resolving response conflict. These results suggest a role for the cerebellum in higher order cognitive control processes, and further support the proposal that eye movement markers, which can be measured with accuracy and reliability, may be a useful biomarker in FDRA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne Fielding
- Centre for Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
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48
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Sander V, Soper B, Everling S. Nonhuman primate event-related potentials associated with pro- and anti-saccades. Neuroimage 2010; 49:1650-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.09.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2009] [Revised: 09/04/2009] [Accepted: 09/17/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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49
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Petit L, Zago L, Vigneau M, Andersson F, Crivello F, Mazoyer B, Mellet E, Tzourio-Mazoyer N. Functional Asymmetries Revealed in Visually Guided Saccades: An fMRI Study. J Neurophysiol 2009; 102:2994-3003. [PMID: 19710382 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00280.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Because eye movements are a fundamental tool for spatial exploration, we hypothesized that the neural bases of these movements in humans should be under right cerebral dominance, as already described for spatial attention. We used functional magnetic resonance imaging in 27 right-handed participants who alternated central fixation with either large or small visually guided saccades (VGS), equally performed in both directions. Hemispheric functional asymmetry was analyzed to identify whether brain regions showing VGS activation elicited hemispheric asymmetries. Hemispheric anatomical asymmetry was also estimated to assess its influence on the VGS functional lateralization. Right asymmetrical activations of a saccadic/attentional system were observed in the lateral frontal eye fields (FEF), the anterior part of the intraparietal sulcus (aIPS), the posterior third of the superior temporal sulcus (STS), the occipitotemporal junction (MT/V5 area), the middle occipital gyrus, and medially along the calcarine fissure (V1). The present rightward functional asymmetries were not related to differences in gray matter (GM) density/sulci positions between right and left hemispheres in the precentral, intraparietal, superior temporal, and extrastriate regions. Only V1 asymmetries were explained for almost 20% of the variance by a difference in the position of the right and left calcarine fissures. Left asymmetrical activations of a saccadic motor system were observed in the medial FEF and in the motor strip eye field along the Rolando sulcus. They were not explained by GM asymmetries. We suggest that the leftward saccadic motor asymmetry is part of a general dominance of the left motor cortex in right-handers, which must include an effect of sighting dominance. Our results demonstrate that, although bilateral by nature, the brain network involved in the execution of VGSs, irrespective of their direction, presented specific right and left asymmetries that were not related to anatomical differences in sulci positions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Petit
- Centre for Imaging, Neurosciences and Applications to Pathologies, UMR6232 CNRS CEA
| | - Laure Zago
- Centre for Imaging, Neurosciences and Applications to Pathologies, UMR6232 CNRS CEA
| | - Mathieu Vigneau
- Centre for Imaging, Neurosciences and Applications to Pathologies, UMR6232 CNRS CEA
| | | | - Fabrice Crivello
- Centre for Imaging, Neurosciences and Applications to Pathologies, UMR6232 CNRS CEA
| | - Bernard Mazoyer
- Centre for Imaging, Neurosciences and Applications to Pathologies, UMR6232 CNRS CEA
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Caen
- Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France
| | - Emmanuel Mellet
- Centre for Imaging, Neurosciences and Applications to Pathologies, UMR6232 CNRS CEA
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50
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Geier CF, Terwilliger R, Teslovich T, Velanova K, Luna B. Immaturities in reward processing and its influence on inhibitory control in adolescence. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 20:1613-29. [PMID: 19875675 PMCID: PMC2882823 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhp225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 268] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The nature of immature reward processing and the influence of rewards on basic elements of cognitive control during adolescence are currently not well understood. Here, during functional magnetic resonance imaging, healthy adolescents and adults performed a modified antisaccade task in which trial-by-trial reward contingencies were manipulated. The use of a novel fast, event-related design enabled developmental differences in brain function underlying temporally distinct stages of reward processing and response inhibition to be assessed. Reward trials compared with neutral trials resulted in faster correct inhibitory responses across ages and in fewer inhibitory errors in adolescents. During reward trials, the blood oxygen level-dependent signal was attenuated in the ventral striatum in adolescents during cue assessment, then overactive during response preparation, suggesting limitations during adolescence in reward assessment and heightened reactivity in anticipation of reward compared with adults. Importantly, heightened activity in the frontal cortex along the precentral sulcus was also observed in adolescents during reward-trial response preparation, suggesting reward modulation of oculomotor control regions supporting correct inhibitory responding. Collectively, this work characterizes specific immaturities in adolescent brain systems that support reward processing and describes the influence of reward on inhibitory control. In sum, our findings suggest mechanisms that may underlie adolescents' vulnerability to poor decision-making and risk-taking behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- C F Geier
- Laboratory of Neurocognitive Development, Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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