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Breveglieri R, Brandolani R, Diomedi S, Lappe M, Galletti C, Fattori P. Modulation of reaching by spatial attention. Front Integr Neurosci 2024; 18:1393690. [PMID: 38817775 PMCID: PMC11138159 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2024.1393690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Attention is needed to perform goal-directed vision-guided movements. We investigated whether the direction of covert attention modulates movement outcomes and dynamics. Right-handed and left-handed volunteers attended to a spatial location while planning a reach toward the same hemifield, the opposite one, or planned a reach without constraining attention. We measured behavioral variables as outcomes of ipsilateral and contralateral reaching and the tangling of behavioral trajectories obtained through principal component analysis as a measure of the dynamics of motor control. We found that the direction of covert attention had significant effects on the dynamics of motor control, specifically during contralateral reaching. Data suggest that motor control was more feedback-driven when attention was directed leftward than when attention was directed rightward or when it was not constrained, irrespectively of handedness. These results may help to better understand the neural bases of asymmetrical neurological diseases like hemispatial neglect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossella Breveglieri
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Riccardo Brandolani
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Center for Neuroscience, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Stefano Diomedi
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Markus Lappe
- Department of Psychology, Otto Creutzfeldt Center for Cognitive and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Claudio Galletti
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Patrizia Fattori
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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2
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Breveglieri R, Borgomaneri S, Bosco A, Filippini M, De Vitis M, Tessari A, Avenanti A, Galletti C, Fattori P. rTMS over the human medial parietal cortex impairs online reaching corrections. Brain Struct Funct 2024; 229:297-310. [PMID: 38141108 PMCID: PMC10917872 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-023-02735-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
Indirect correlational evidence suggests that the posteromedial sector of the human parietal cortex (area hV6A) is involved in reaching corrections. We interfered with hV6A functions using repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) while healthy participants performed reaching movements and in-flight adjustments of the hand trajectory in presence of unexpected target shifts. rTMS over hV6A specifically altered action reprogramming, causing deviations of the shifted trajectories, particularly along the vertical dimension (i.e., distance). This study provides evidence of the functional relevance of hV6A in action reprogramming while a sudden event requires a change in performance and shows that hV6A also plays a role in state estimation during reaching. These findings are in line with neurological data showing impairments in actions performed along the distance dimension when lesions occur in the dorsal posterior parietal cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossella Breveglieri
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Piazza di Porta S. Donato 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Sara Borgomaneri
- Center for studies and research in Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, University of Bologna, Cesena Campus, 47521, Cesena, Italy
| | - Annalisa Bosco
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Piazza di Porta S. Donato 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy
- Alma Mater Research Institute For Human-Centered Artificial Intelligence (Alma Human AI), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Matteo Filippini
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Piazza di Porta S. Donato 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy
- Alma Mater Research Institute For Human-Centered Artificial Intelligence (Alma Human AI), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Marina De Vitis
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Piazza di Porta S. Donato 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Alessia Tessari
- Alma Mater Research Institute For Human-Centered Artificial Intelligence (Alma Human AI), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Department of Psychology, University of Bologna, 40127, Bologna, Italy
| | - Alessio Avenanti
- Center for studies and research in Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, University of Bologna, Cesena Campus, 47521, Cesena, Italy
- Center for research in Neuropsychology and Cognitive Neurosciences, Catholic University of Maule, 3460000, Talca, Chile
| | - Claudio Galletti
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Piazza di Porta S. Donato 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Patrizia Fattori
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Piazza di Porta S. Donato 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy
- Alma Mater Research Institute For Human-Centered Artificial Intelligence (Alma Human AI), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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3
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Goldenkoff ER, Deluisi JA, Destiny DP, Lee TG, Michon KJ, Brissenden JA, Taylor SF, Polk TA, Vesia M. The behavioral and neural effects of parietal theta burst stimulation on the grasp network are stronger during a grasping task than at rest. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1198222. [PMID: 37954875 PMCID: PMC10637360 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1198222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is widely used in neuroscience and clinical settings to modulate human cortical activity. The effects of TMS on neural activity depend on the excitability of specific neural populations at the time of stimulation. Accordingly, the brain state at the time of stimulation may influence the persistent effects of repetitive TMS on distal brain activity and associated behaviors. We applied intermittent theta burst stimulation (iTBS) to a region in the posterior parietal cortex (PPC) associated with grasp control to evaluate the interaction between stimulation and brain state. Across two experiments, we demonstrate the immediate responses of motor cortex activity and motor performance to state-dependent parietal stimulation. We randomly assigned 72 healthy adult participants to one of three TMS intervention groups, followed by electrophysiological measures with TMS and behavioral measures. Participants in the first group received iTBS to PPC while performing a grasping task concurrently. Participants in the second group received iTBS to PPC while in a task-free, resting state. A third group of participants received iTBS to a parietal region outside the cortical grasping network while performing a grasping task concurrently. We compared changes in motor cortical excitability and motor performance in the three stimulation groups within an hour of each intervention. We found that parietal stimulation during a behavioral manipulation that activates the cortical grasping network increased downstream motor cortical excitability and improved motor performance relative to stimulation during rest. We conclude that constraining the brain state with a behavioral task during brain stimulation has the potential to optimize plasticity induction in cortical circuit mechanisms that mediate movement processes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joseph A. Deluisi
- School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Danielle P. Destiny
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Taraz G. Lee
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Katherine J. Michon
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - James A. Brissenden
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Stephan F. Taylor
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Thad A. Polk
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Michael Vesia
- School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
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4
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Breveglieri R, Borgomaneri S, Diomedi S, Tessari A, Galletti C, Fattori P. A Short Route for Reach Planning between Human V6A and the Motor Cortex. J Neurosci 2023; 43:2116-2125. [PMID: 36788027 PMCID: PMC10039742 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1609-22.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
In the macaque monkey, area V6A, located in the medial posterior parietal cortex, contains cells that encode the spatial position of a reaching target. It has been suggested that during reach planning this information is sent to the frontal cortex along a parieto-frontal pathway that connects V6A-premotor cortex-M1. A similar parieto-frontal network may also exist in the human brain, and we aimed here to study the timing of this functional connection during planning of a reaching movement toward different spatial positions. We probed the functional connectivity between human area V6A (hV6A) and the primary motor cortex (M1) using dual-site, paired-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation with a short (4 ms) and a longer (10 ms) interstimulus interval while healthy participants (18 men and 18 women) planned a visually-guided or a memory-guided reaching movement toward positions located at different depths and directions. We found that, when the stimulation over hV6A is sent 4 ms before the stimulation over M1, hV6A inhibits motor-evoked potentials during planning of either rightward or leftward reaching movements. No modulations were found when the stimulation over hV6A was sent 10 ms before the stimulation over M1, suggesting that only short medial parieto-frontal routes are active during reach planning. Moreover, the short route of hV6A-premotor cortex-M1 is active during reach planning irrespectively of the nature (visual or memory) of the reaching target. These results agree with previous neuroimaging studies and provide the first demonstration of the flow of inhibitory signals between hV6A and M1.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT All our dexterous movements depend on the correct functioning of the network of brain areas. Knowing the functional timing of these networks is useful to gain a deeper understanding of how the brain works to enable accurate arm movements. In this article, we probed the parieto-frontal network and demonstrated that it takes 4 ms for the medial posterior parietal cortex to send inhibitory signals to the frontal cortex during reach planning. This fast flow of information seems not to be dependent on the availability of visual information regarding the reaching target. This study opens the way for future studies to test how this timing could be impaired in different neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossella Breveglieri
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Sara Borgomaneri
- Center for studies and research in Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Bologna, 47521 Cesena, Italy
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Santa Lucia Foundation, 00179 Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Diomedi
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Alessia Tessari
- Department of Psychology "Renzo Canestrari", University of Bologna, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - Claudio Galletti
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Patrizia Fattori
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
- Alma Mater Research Institute for Human-Centered Artificial Intelligence (Alma Human AI), University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
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5
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Breveglieri R, Bosco A, Borgomaneri S, Tessari A, Galletti C, Avenanti A, Fattori P. Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Over the Human Medial Posterior Parietal Cortex Disrupts Depth Encoding During Reach Planning. Cereb Cortex 2021; 31:267-280. [PMID: 32995831 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhaa224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence supports the view that the medial part of the posterior parietal cortex (mPPC) is involved in the planning of reaching, but while plenty of studies investigated reaching performed toward different directions, only a few studied different depths. Here, we investigated the causal role of mPPC (putatively, human area V6A-hV6A) in encoding depth and direction of reaching. Specifically, we applied single-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) over the left hV6A at different time points while 15 participants were planning immediate, visually guided reaching by using different eye-hand configurations. We found that TMS delivered over hV6A 200 ms after the Go signal affected the encoding of the depth of reaching by decreasing the accuracy of movements toward targets located farther with respect to the gazed position, but only when they were also far from the body. The effectiveness of both retinotopic (farther with respect to the gaze) and spatial position (far from the body) is in agreement with the presence in the monkey V6A of neurons employing either retinotopic, spatial, or mixed reference frames during reach plan. This work provides the first causal evidence of the critical role of hV6A in the planning of visually guided reaching movements in depth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossella Breveglieri
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Annalisa Bosco
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Sara Borgomaneri
- Center for studies and research in Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Bologna, 47521 Cesena, Italy.,IRCCS, Santa Lucia Foundation, 00179 Rome, Italy
| | - Alessia Tessari
- Department of Psychology, University of Bologna, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - Claudio Galletti
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Alessio Avenanti
- Center for studies and research in Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Bologna, 47521 Cesena, Italy.,Center for research in Neuropsychology and Cognitive Neurosciences, Catholic University of Maule, 3460000 Talca, Chile
| | - Patrizia Fattori
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
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6
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Single-Pulse TMS over the Parietal Cortex Does Not Impair Sensorimotor Perturbation-Induced Changes in Motor Commands. eNeuro 2020; 7:ENEURO.0209-19.2020. [PMID: 32108021 PMCID: PMC7101479 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0209-19.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Intermittent exposure to a sensorimotor perturbation, such as a visuomotor rotation, is known to cause a directional bias on the subsequent movement that opposes the previously experienced perturbation. To date, it is unclear whether the parietal cortex is causally involved in this postperturbation movement bias. In a recent electroencephalogram study, Savoie et al. (2018) observed increased parietal activity in response to an intermittent visuomotor perturbation, raising the possibility that the parietal cortex could subserve this change in motor behavior. The goal of the present study was to causally test this hypothesis. Human participants (N = 28) reached toward one of two visual targets located on either side of a fixation point, while being pseudorandomly submitted to a visuomotor rotation. On half of all rotation trials, single-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) was applied over the right (N = 14) or left (N = 14) parietal cortex 150 ms after visual feedback provision. To determine whether TMS influenced the postperturbation bias, reach direction was compared on trials that followed rotation with (RS + 1) and without (R + 1) TMS. It was hypothesized that interfering with parietal activity would reduce the movement bias following rotated trials. Results revealed a significant and robust postrotation directional bias compared with both rotation and null rotation trials. Contrary to our hypothesis, however, neither left nor right parietal stimulation significantly impacted the postrotation bias. These data suggest that the parietal areas targeted here may not be critical for perturbation-induced motor output changes to emerge.
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7
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Chouinard PA, Meena DK, Whitwell RL, Hilchey MD, Goodale MA. A TMS Investigation on the Role of Lateral Occipital Complex and Caudal Intraparietal Sulcus in the Perception of Object Form and Orientation. J Cogn Neurosci 2017; 29:881-895. [DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_01094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
We used TMS to assess the causal roles of the lateral occipital (LO) and caudal intraparietal sulcus (cIPS) areas in the perceptual discrimination of object features. All participants underwent fMRI to localize these areas using a protocol in which they passively viewed images of objects that varied in both form and orientation. fMRI identified six significant brain regions: LO, cIPS, and the fusiform gyrus, bilaterally. In a separate experimental session, we applied TMS to LO or cIPS while the same participants performed match-to-sample form or orientation discrimination tasks. Compared with sham stimulation, TMS to either the left or right LO increased RTs for form but not orientation discrimination, supporting a critical role for LO in form processing for perception- and judgment-based tasks. In contrast, we did not observe any effects when we applied TMS to cIPS. Thus, despite the clear functional evidence of engagement for both LO and cIPS during the passive viewing of objects in the fMRI experiment, the TMS experiment revealed that cIPS is not critical for making perceptual judgments about their form or orientation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Melvyn A. Goodale
- 1La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
- 2University of Western Ontario, Canada
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8
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Le A, Vesia M, Yan X, Crawford JD, Niemeier M. Parietal area BA7 integrates motor programs for reaching, grasping, and bimanual coordination. J Neurophysiol 2017; 117:624-636. [PMID: 27832593 PMCID: PMC5288481 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00299.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Skillful interaction with the world requires that the brain uses a multitude of sensorimotor programs and subroutines, such as for reaching, grasping, and the coordination of the two body halves. However, it is unclear how these programs operate together. Networks for reaching, grasping, and bimanual coordination might converge in common brain areas. For example, Brodmann area 7 (BA7) is known to activate in disparate tasks involving the three types of movements separately. Here, we asked whether BA7 plays a key role in integrating coordinated reach-to-grasp movements for both arms together. To test this, we applied transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to disrupt BA7 activity in the left and right hemispheres, while human participants performed a bimanual size-perturbation grasping task using the index and middle fingers of both hands to grasp a rectangular object whose orientation (and thus grasp-relevant width dimension) might or might not change. We found that TMS of the right BA7 during object perturbation disrupted the bimanual grasp and transport/coordination components, and TMS over the left BA7 disrupted unimanual grasps. These results show that right BA7 is causally involved in the integration of reach-to-grasp movements of the two arms. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Our manuscript describes a role of human Brodmann area 7 (BA7) in the integration of multiple visuomotor programs for reaching, grasping, and bimanual coordination. Our results are the first to suggest that right BA7 is critically involved in the coordination of reach-to-grasp movements of the two arms. The results complement previous reports of right-hemisphere lateralization for bimanual grasps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ada Le
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Centre for Vision Research, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael Vesia
- Centre for Vision Research, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Neurology and Krembil Neuroscience Centre, Toronto Western Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Xiaogang Yan
- Centre for Vision Research, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - J Douglas Crawford
- Centre for Vision Research, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Neuroscience Graduate Diploma Program and Departments of Psychology, Biology, and Kinesiology & Health Sciences, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and
- Canadian Action and Perception Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Matthias Niemeier
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario, Canada;
- Centre for Vision Research, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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9
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Cappadocia DC, Monaco S, Chen Y, Blohm G, Crawford JD. Temporal Evolution of Target Representation, Movement Direction Planning, and Reach Execution in Occipital–Parietal–Frontal Cortex: An fMRI Study. Cereb Cortex 2016; 27:5242-5260. [DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhw304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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10
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Wang J, Zhang J, Rong M, Wei X, Zheng D, Fox PT, Eickhoff SB, Jiang T. Functional topography of the right inferior parietal lobule structured by anatomical connectivity profiles. Hum Brain Mapp 2016; 37:4316-4332. [PMID: 27411386 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.23311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Revised: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The nature of the relationship between structure and function is a fundamental question in neuroscience, especially at the macroscopic neuroimaging level. Although mounting studies have revealed that functional connectivity reflects structural connectivity, whether similar structural and functional connectivity patterns can reveal corresponding similarities in the structural and functional topography remains an open problem. In our current study, we used the right inferior parietal lobule (RIPL), which has been demonstrated to have similar anatomical and functional connectivity patterns at the subregional level, to directly test the hypothesis that similar structural and functional connectivity patterns can inform the corresponding topography of this area. In addition, since the association between the RIPL regions and particular functions and networks is still largely unknown, post-hoc functional characterizations and connectivity analyses were performed to identify the main functions and cortical networks in which each subregion participated. Anatomical and functional connectivity-based parcellations of the RIPL have consistently identified five subregions. Our functional characterization using meta-analysis-based behavioral and connectivity analyses revealed that the two anterior subregions (Cl1 and Cl2) primarily participate in interoception and execution, respectively; whereas the posterior subregion (Cl3) in the SMG primarily participates in attention and action inhibition. The two posterior subregions (Cl4, Cl5) in the AG were primarily involved in social cognition and spatial cognition, respectively. These results indicated that similar anatomical and functional connectivity patterns of the RIPL are reflected in corresponding structural and functional topographies. The identified cortical connectivity and functional characterization of each subregion may facilitate RIPL-related clinical research. Hum Brain Mapp 37:4316-4332, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaojian Wang
- Key Laboratory for NeuroInformation of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 625014, China
| | - Jinfeng Zhang
- Key Laboratory for NeuroInformation of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 625014, China
| | - Menglin Rong
- Key Laboratory for NeuroInformation of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 625014, China
| | - Xuehu Wei
- Key Laboratory for NeuroInformation of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 625014, China
| | - Dingchen Zheng
- Key Laboratory for NeuroInformation of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 625014, China
| | - Peter T Fox
- Research Imaging Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Simon B Eickhoff
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany.,Institute of Clinical Neuroscience and Medical Psychology, Heinrich Heine University, Dusseldorf, Germany
| | - Tianzi Jiang
- Key Laboratory for NeuroInformation of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 625014, China.,Brainnetome Center, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.,National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.,The Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
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11
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Reichenbach A, Bresciani JP, Bülthoff HH, Thielscher A. Reaching with the sixth sense: Vestibular contributions to voluntary motor control in the human right parietal cortex. Neuroimage 2015; 124:869-875. [PMID: 26424179 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.09.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Revised: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The vestibular system constitutes the silent sixth sense: It automatically triggers a variety of vital reflexes to maintain postural and visual stability. Beyond their role in reflexive behavior, vestibular afferents contribute to several perceptual and cognitive functions and also support voluntary control of movements by complementing the other senses to accomplish the movement goal. Investigations into the neural correlates of vestibular contribution to voluntary action in humans are challenging and have progressed far less than research on corresponding visual and proprioceptive involvement. Here, we demonstrate for the first time with event-related TMS that the posterior part of the right medial intraparietal sulcus processes vestibular signals during a goal-directed reaching task with the dominant right hand. This finding suggests a qualitative difference between the processing of vestibular vs. visual and proprioceptive signals for controlling voluntary movements, which are pre-dominantly processed in the left posterior parietal cortex. Furthermore, this study reveals a neural pathway for vestibular input that might be distinct from the processing for reflexive or cognitive functions, and opens a window into their investigation in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Reichenbach
- Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Spemannstr. 38, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Jean-Pierre Bresciani
- Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Spemannstr. 38, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; Laboratoire de Psychologie et NeuroCognition, University of Grenoble, BP47, 38040 Grenoble, Cedex 9, France; Department of Medicine, University of Fribourg, Boulevard de Pérolles 90, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Heinrich H Bülthoff
- Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Spemannstr. 38, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; Dept. of Brain and Cognitive Engineering, Korea University, Anam-dong 5ga, Seonbuk-gu, Seoul 136-713, Republic of Korea.
| | - Axel Thielscher
- Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Spemannstr. 38, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; Danish Research Center for Magnetic Resonance, Copenhagen University Hospital, Kettegård Alle 30, 2650 Hvidovre, Denmark; Biomedical Engineering Section, Technical University of Denmark, Anker Engelunds Vej 1, Building 101A, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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12
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Asher DE, Oros N, Krichmar JL. The Importance of Lateral Connections in the Parietal Cortex for Generating Motor Plans. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0134669. [PMID: 26252871 PMCID: PMC4529220 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0134669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Substantial evidence has highlighted the significant role of associative brain areas, such as the posterior parietal cortex (PPC) in transforming multimodal sensory information into motor plans. However, little is known about how different sensory information, which can have different delays or be absent, combines to produce a motor plan, such as executing a reaching movement. To address these issues, we constructed four biologically plausible network architectures to simulate PPC: 1) feedforward from sensory input to the PPC to a motor output area, 2) feedforward with the addition of an efference copy from the motor area, 3) feedforward with the addition of lateral or recurrent connectivity across PPC neurons, and 4) feedforward plus efference copy, and lateral connections. Using an evolutionary strategy, the connectivity of these network architectures was evolved to execute visually guided movements, where the target stimulus provided visual input for the entirety of each trial. The models were then tested on a memory guided motor task, where the visual target disappeared after a short duration. Sensory input to the neural networks had sensory delays consistent with results from monkey studies. We found that lateral connections within the PPC resulted in smoother movements and were necessary for accurate movements in the absence of visual input. The addition of lateral connections resulted in velocity profiles consistent with those observed in human and non-human primate visually guided studies of reaching, and allowed for smooth, rapid, and accurate movements under all conditions. In contrast, Feedforward or Feedback architectures were insufficient to overcome these challenges. Our results suggest that intrinsic lateral connections are critical for executing accurate, smooth motor plans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derrik E. Asher
- Department of Cognitive Sciences, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Nicolas Oros
- Department of Cognitive Sciences, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey L. Krichmar
- Department of Cognitive Sciences, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
- Department of Computer Science, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
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Vesia M, Niemeier M, Black SE, Staines WR. The time course for visual extinction after a 'virtual' lesion of right posterior parietal cortex. Brain Cogn 2015; 98:27-34. [PMID: 26051527 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2015.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Revised: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Our understanding of the attentional networks in the human brain largely relies on neuropsychological studies in patients with lesions to the posterior parietal cortex (PPC), particularly in the right hemisphere, that may cause severe disruptions of attentional functions. However, lesion studies only capture a point in time when the dysfunctions caused by the damage have triggered a chain of adaptive responses in the brain. To disentangle deficits and ensuing cortical plasticity, here we examined the time course for one's ability to detect objects in the visual periphery after an inhibitory continuous theta-burst stimulation (cTBS) protocol to the left or right PPC. Our results showed that cTBS of right PPC caused participants to be less sensitive to objects appearing on the left side as well as to objects appearing on both sides at the same time, consistent with an overall shift of attention to the right side of space. In addition, we found that participants missed more objects during bilateral presentations similar to patients with visual extinction. Critically, extinction evolved over time; that is, visual extinction for ipsilateral objects improved after 10 min whereas contralateral extinction peaked around 15-25 min after cTBS. Our findings suggest that lesions to the PPC impair competition between the two visual hemifields, resulting in contralateral extinction as a secondary response, arguably due to ensuing disruptions in interhemispheric balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Vesia
- Heart and Stroke Foundation Centre for Stroke Recovery, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Kinesiology and Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Matthias Niemeier
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Sandra E Black
- Heart and Stroke Foundation Centre for Stroke Recovery, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - W Richard Staines
- Heart and Stroke Foundation Centre for Stroke Recovery, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Kinesiology and Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
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14
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TMS stimulation over the inferior parietal cortex disrupts prospective sense of agency. Brain Struct Funct 2014; 220:3627-39. [DOI: 10.1007/s00429-014-0878-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2013] [Accepted: 08/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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15
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Balser N, Lorey B, Pilgramm S, Naumann T, Kindermann S, Stark R, Zentgraf K, Williams AM, Munzert J. The influence of expertise on brain activation of the action observation network during anticipation of tennis and volleyball serves. Front Hum Neurosci 2014; 8:568. [PMID: 25136305 PMCID: PMC4117995 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2014.00568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Accepted: 07/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In many daily activities, and especially in sport, it is necessary to predict the effects of others' actions in order to initiate appropriate responses. Recently, researchers have suggested that the action–observation network (AON) including the cerebellum plays an essential role during such anticipation, particularly in sport expert performers. In the present study, we examined the influence of task-specific expertise on the AON by investigating differences between two expert groups trained in different sports while anticipating action effects. Altogether, 15 tennis and 16 volleyball experts anticipated the direction of observed tennis and volleyball serves while undergoing functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). The expert group in each sport acted as novice controls in the other sport with which they had only little experience. When contrasting anticipation in both expertise conditions with the corresponding untrained sport, a stronger activation of AON areas (SPL, SMA), and particularly of cerebellar structures, was observed. Furthermore, the neural activation within the cerebellum and the SPL was linearly correlated with participant's anticipation performance, irrespective of the specific expertise. For the SPL, this relationship also holds when an expert performs a domain-specific anticipation task. Notably, the stronger activation of the cerebellum as well as of the SMA and the SPL in the expertise conditions suggests that experts rely on their more fine-tuned perceptual-motor representations that have improved during years of training when anticipating the effects of others' actions in their preferred sport. The association of activation within the SPL and the cerebellum with the task achievement suggests that these areas are the predominant brain sites involved in fast motor predictions. The SPL reflects the processing of domain-specific contextual information and the cerebellum the usage of a predictive internal model to solve the anticipation task.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils Balser
- Institute for Sport Science, University of Giessen Giessen, Germany
| | - Britta Lorey
- Institute for Sport Science, University of Giessen Giessen, Germany ; Bender Institute of Neuroimaging, University of Giessen Giessen, Germany
| | - Sebastian Pilgramm
- Bender Institute of Neuroimaging, University of Giessen Giessen, Germany
| | - Tim Naumann
- Institute for Sport Science, University of Giessen Giessen, Germany
| | | | - Rudolf Stark
- Bender Institute of Neuroimaging, University of Giessen Giessen, Germany
| | - Karen Zentgraf
- Bender Institute of Neuroimaging, University of Giessen Giessen, Germany ; Institute of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Westfälische Wilhelms-University of Münster Münster, Germany
| | - A Mark Williams
- Centre for Sports Medicine and Human Performance, Brunel University London London, UK
| | - Jörn Munzert
- Institute for Sport Science, University of Giessen Giessen, Germany
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Cerebral activations related to audition-driven performance imagery in professional musicians. PLoS One 2014; 9:e93681. [PMID: 24714661 PMCID: PMC3979724 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0093681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2013] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) was used to study the activation of cerebral motor networks during auditory perception of music in professional keyboard musicians (n = 12). The activation paradigm implied that subjects listened to two-part polyphonic music, while either critically appraising the performance or imagining they were performing themselves. Two-part polyphonic audition and bimanual motor imagery circumvented a hemisphere bias associated with the convention of playing the melody with the right hand. Both tasks activated ventral premotor and auditory cortices, bilaterally, and the right anterior parietal cortex, when contrasted to 12 musically unskilled controls. Although left ventral premotor activation was increased during imagery (compared to judgment), bilateral dorsal premotor and right posterior-superior parietal activations were quite unique to motor imagery. The latter suggests that musicians not only recruited their manual motor repertoire but also performed a spatial transformation from the vertically perceived pitch axis (high and low sound) to the horizontal axis of the keyboard. Imagery-specific activations in controls were seen in left dorsal parietal-premotor and supplementary motor cortices. Although these activations were less strong compared to musicians, this overlapping distribution indicated the recruitment of a general 'mirror-neuron' circuitry. These two levels of sensori-motor transformations point towards common principles by which the brain organizes audition-driven music performance and visually guided task performance.
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Visual Map Shifts based on Whisker-Guided Cues in the Young Mouse Visual Cortex. Cell Rep 2013; 5:1365-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2013.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2013] [Revised: 10/03/2013] [Accepted: 11/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Reichenbach A, Thielscher A, Peer A, Bülthoff HH, Bresciani JP. A key region in the human parietal cortex for processing proprioceptive hand feedback during reaching movements. Neuroimage 2013; 84:615-25. [PMID: 24060316 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2013] [Revised: 08/09/2013] [Accepted: 09/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Seemingly effortless, we adjust our movements to continuously changing environments. After initiation of a goal-directed movement, the motor command is under constant control of sensory feedback loops. The main sensory signals contributing to movement control are vision and proprioception. Recent neuroimaging studies have focused mainly on identifying the parts of the posterior parietal cortex (PPC) that contribute to visually guided movements. We used event-related TMS and force perturbations of the reaching hand to test whether the same sub-regions of the left PPC contribute to the processing of proprioceptive-only and of multi-sensory information about hand position when reaching for a visual target. TMS over two distinct stimulation sites elicited differential effects: TMS applied over the posterior part of the medial intraparietal sulcus (mIPS) compromised reaching accuracy when proprioception was the only sensory information available for correcting the reaching error. When visual feedback of the hand was available, TMS over the anterior intraparietal sulcus (aIPS) prolonged reaching time. Our results show for the first time the causal involvement of the posterior mIPS in processing proprioceptive feedback for online reaching control, and demonstrate that distinct cortical areas process proprioceptive-only and multi-sensory information for fast feedback corrections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Reichenbach
- Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Tübingen, Germany; Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, UK.
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Inouchi M, Matsumoto R, Taki J, Kikuchi T, Mitsueda-Ono T, Mikuni N, Wheaton L, Hallett M, Fukuyama H, Shibasaki H, Takahashi R, Ikeda A. Role of posterior parietal cortex in reaching movements in humans: clinical implication for 'optic ataxia'. Clin Neurophysiol 2013; 124:2230-41. [PMID: 23831168 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2013.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2012] [Revised: 04/12/2013] [Accepted: 05/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To clarify the spatio-temporal profile of cortical activity related to reaching movement in the posterior parietal cortex (PPC) in humans. METHODS Four patients with intractable partial epilepsy who underwent subdural electrode implantation were studied as a part of pre-surgical evaluation. We investigated the Bereitschaftspotential (BP) associated with reaching and correlated the findings with the effect of electrical stimulation of the same cortical area. RESULTS BPs specific for reaching, as compared with BPs for simple movements by the hand or arm contralateral to the implanted hemisphere, were recognized in all patients, mainly around the intraparietal sulcus (IPS), the superior parietal lobule (SPL) and the precuneus. BPs near the IPS had the earlier onset than BPs in the SPL. Electrical stimulation of a part of the PPC, where the reach-specific BPs were recorded, selectively impaired reaching. CONCLUSIONS Intracranial BP recording and cortical electrical stimulation delineated human reach-related areas in the PPC. SIGNIFICANCE The present study for the first time by direct cortical recording in humans demonstrates that parts of the cortices around the IPS and SPL play a crucial role in visually-guided reaching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morito Inouchi
- Department of Neurology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
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20
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Vesia M, Crawford JD. Specialization of reach function in human posterior parietal cortex. Exp Brain Res 2012; 221:1-18. [DOI: 10.1007/s00221-012-3158-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2011] [Accepted: 06/21/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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21
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Davare M, Zénon A, Pourtois G, Desmurget M, Olivier E. Role of the medial part of the intraparietal sulcus in implementing movement direction. Cereb Cortex 2011; 22:1382-94. [PMID: 21862445 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhr210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The contribution of the posterior parietal cortex (PPC) to visually guided movements has been originally inferred from observations made in patients suffering from optic ataxia. Subsequent electrophysiological studies in monkeys and functional imaging data in humans have corroborated the key role played by the PPC in sensorimotor transformations underlying goal-directed movements, although the exact contribution of this structure remains debated. Here, we used transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to interfere transiently with the function of the left or right medial part of the intraparietal sulcus (mIPS) in healthy volunteers performing visually guided movements with the right hand. We found that a "virtual lesion" of either mIPS increased the scattering in initial movement direction (DIR), leading to longer trajectory and prolonged movement time, but only when TMS was delivered 100-160 ms before movement onset and for movements directed toward contralateral targets. Control experiments showed that deficits in DIR consequent to mIPS virtual lesions resulted from an inappropriate implementation of the motor command underlying the forthcoming movement and not from an inaccurate computation of the target localization. The present study indicates that mIPS plays a causal role in implementing specifically the direction vector of visually guided movements toward objects situated in the contralateral hemifield.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Davare
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Institute of Neuroscience, Université Catholique de Louvain, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium
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22
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Programs for action in superior parietal cortex: A triple-pulse TMS investigation. Neuropsychologia 2011; 49:2391-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2011.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2010] [Revised: 04/04/2011] [Accepted: 04/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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23
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Specificity of human parietal saccade and reach regions during transcranial magnetic stimulation. J Neurosci 2010; 30:13053-65. [PMID: 20881123 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1644-10.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Single-unit recordings in macaque monkeys have identified effector-specific regions in posterior parietal cortex (PPC), but functional neuroimaging in the human has yielded controversial results. Here we used on-line repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) to determine saccade and reach specificity in human PPC. A short train of three TMS pulses (separated by an interval of 100 ms) was delivered to superior parieto-occipital cortex (SPOC), a region over the midposterior intraparietal sulcus (mIPS), and a site close to caudal IPS situated over the angular gyrus (AG) during a brief memory interval while subjects planned either a saccade or reach with the left or right hand. Behavioral measures then were compared to controls without rTMS. Stimulation of mIPS and AG produced similar patterns: increased end-point variability for reaches and decreased saccade accuracy for contralateral targets. In contrast, stimulation of SPOC deviated reach end points toward visual fixation and had no effect on saccades. Contralateral-limb specificity was highest for AG and lowest for SPOC. Visual feedback of the hand negated rTMS-induced disruptions of the reach plan for mIPS and AG, but not SPOC. These results suggest that human SPOC is specialized for encoding retinally peripheral reach goals, whereas more anterior-lateral regions (mIPS and AG) along the IPS possess overlapping maps for saccade and reach planning and are more closely involved in motor details (i.e., planning the reach vector for a specific hand). This work provides the first causal evidence for functional specificity of these parietal regions in healthy humans.
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Cavina-Pratesi C, Monaco S, Fattori P, Galletti C, McAdam TD, Quinlan DJ, Goodale MA, Culham JC. Functional magnetic resonance imaging reveals the neural substrates of arm transport and grip formation in reach-to-grasp actions in humans. J Neurosci 2010; 30:10306-23. [PMID: 20685975 PMCID: PMC6634677 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2023-10.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 250] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2010] [Accepted: 05/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Picking up a cup requires transporting the arm to the cup (transport component) and preshaping the hand appropriately to grasp the handle (grip component). Here, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging to examine the human neural substrates of the transport component and its relationship with the grip component. Participants were shown three-dimensional objects placed either at a near location, adjacent to the hand, or at a far location, within reach but not adjacent to the hand. Participants performed three tasks at each location as follows: (1) touching the object with the knuckles of the right hand; (2) grasping the object with the right hand; or (3) passively viewing the object. The transport component was manipulated by positioning the object in the far versus the near location. The grip component was manipulated by asking participants to grasp the object versus touching it. For the first time, we have identified the neural substrates of the transport component, which include the superior parieto-occipital cortex and the rostral superior parietal lobule. Consistent with past studies, we found specialization for the grip component in bilateral anterior intraparietal sulcus and left ventral premotor cortex; now, however, we also find activity for the grasp even when no transport is involved. In addition to finding areas specialized for the transport and grip components in parietal cortex, we found an integration of the two components in dorsal premotor cortex and supplementary motor areas, two regions that may be important for the coordination of reach and grasp.
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25
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Abstract
Although single-unit studies in monkeys have identified effector-related regions in the posterior parietal cortex (PPC) during saccade and reach planning, the degree of effector specificity of corresponding human regions, as established by recordings of the blood oxygen level-dependent signal, is still under debate. Here, we addressed this issue from a different perspective, by studying the neuronal synchronization of the human PPC during both reach and saccade planning. Using magnetoencephalography (MEG), we recorded ongoing brain activity while subjects performed randomly alternating trials of memory-guided reaches or saccades. Additionally, subjects performed a dissociation task requiring them to plan both a memory-guided saccade and reach to locations in opposing visual hemifields. We examined changes in spectral power of the MEG signal during a 1.5 s memory period in relation to target location (left/right) and effector type (eye/hand). The results show direction-selective synchronization in the 70-90 Hz gamma frequency band, originating from the medial aspect of the PPC, when planning a reaching movement. In contrast, activity in a more central portion of the PPC was synchronized in a lower gamma band (50-60 Hz) when planning the direction of a saccade. Both observations were corroborated in the dissociation task. In the lower frequency bands, we observed sustained alpha-band (8-12 Hz) desynchronization in occipitoparietal regions, but in an effector-unspecific manner. These results suggest that distinct modules in the posterior parietal cortex encode movement goals of different effectors by selective gamma-band activity, compatible with the functional organization of monkey PPC.
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26
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Space representation for eye movements is more contralateral in monkeys than in humans. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107:7933-8. [PMID: 20385808 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1002825107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Contralateral hemispheric representation of sensory inputs (the right visual hemifield in the left hemisphere and vice versa) is a fundamental feature of primate sensorimotor organization, in particular the visuomotor system. However, many higher-order cognitive functions in humans show an asymmetric hemispheric lateralization--e.g., right brain specialization for spatial processing--necessitating a convergence of information from both hemifields. Electrophysiological studies in monkeys and functional imaging in humans have investigated space and action representations at different stages of visuospatial processing, but the transition from contralateral to unified global spatial encoding and the relationship between these encoding schemes and functional lateralization are not fully understood. Moreover, the integration of data across monkeys and humans and elucidation of interspecies homologies is hindered, because divergent findings may reflect actual species differences or arise from discrepancies in techniques and measured signals (electrophysiology vs. imaging). Here, we directly compared spatial cue and memory representations for action planning in monkeys and humans using event-related functional MRI during a working-memory oculomotor task. In monkeys, cue and memory-delay period activity in the frontal, parietal, and temporal regions was strongly contralateral. In putative human functional homologs, the contralaterality was significantly weaker, and the asymmetry between the hemispheres was stronger. These results suggest an inverse relationship between contralaterality and lateralization and elucidate similarities and differences in human and macaque cortical circuits subserving spatial awareness and oculomotor goal-directed actions.
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27
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Busan P, Jarmolowska J, Semenic M, Monti F, Pelamatti G, Pizzolato G, Battaglini PP. Involvement of ipsilateral parieto-occipital cortex in the planning of reaching movements: Evidence by TMS. Neurosci Lett 2009; 460:112-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2009.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2008] [Revised: 04/19/2009] [Accepted: 05/12/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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28
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Busan P, Monti F, Semenic M, Pizzolato G, Battaglini PP. Parieto-occipital cortex and planning of reaching movements: A transcranial magnetic stimulation study. Behav Brain Res 2009; 201:112-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2009.01.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2008] [Revised: 01/24/2009] [Accepted: 01/31/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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29
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Blohm G, Keith GP, Crawford JD. Decoding the cortical transformations for visually guided reaching in 3D space. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 19:1372-93. [PMID: 18842662 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhn177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
To explore the possible cortical mechanisms underlying the 3-dimensional (3D) visuomotor transformation for reaching, we trained a 4-layer feed-forward artificial neural network to compute a reach vector (output) from the visual positions of both the hand and target viewed from different eye and head orientations (inputs). The emergent properties of the intermediate layers reflected several known neurophysiological findings, for example, gain field-like modulations and position-dependent shifting of receptive fields (RFs). We performed a reference frame analysis for each individual network unit, simulating standard electrophysiological experiments, that is, RF mapping (unit input), motor field mapping, and microstimulation effects (unit outputs). At the level of individual units (in both intermediate layers), the 3 different electrophysiological approaches identified different reference frames, demonstrating that these techniques reveal different neuronal properties and suggesting that a comparison across these techniques is required to understand the neural code of physiological networks. This analysis showed fixed input-output relationships within each layer and, more importantly, within each unit. These local reference frame transformation modules provide the basic elements for the global transformation; their parallel contributions are combined in a gain field-like fashion at the population level to implement both the linear and nonlinear elements of the 3D visuomotor transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunnar Blohm
- Centre for Vision Research, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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30
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Transcranial magnetic stimulation over posterior parietal cortex disrupts transsaccadic memory of multiple objects. J Neurosci 2008; 28:6938-49. [PMID: 18596168 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0542-08.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The posterior parietal cortex (PPC) plays a role in spatial updating of goals for eye and arm movements across saccades, but less is known about its role in updating perceptual memory. We reported previously that transsaccadic memory has a capacity for storing the orientations of three to four Gabor patches either within a single fixation (fixation task) or between separate fixations (saccade task). Here, we tested the role of the PPC in transsaccadic memory in eight subjects by simultaneously applying single-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) over the right and left PPC, over several control sites, and comparing these to behavioral controls with no TMS. In TMS trials, we randomly delivered pulses at one of three different time intervals around the time of the saccade, or at an equivalent time in the fixation task. Controls confirmed that subjects could normally retain at least three visual features. TMS over the left PPC and a control site had no significant effect on this performance. However, TMS over the right PPC disrupted memory performance in both tasks. This TMS-induced effect was most disruptive in the saccade task, in particular when stimulation coincided more closely with saccade timing. Here, the capacity to compare presaccadic and postsaccadic features was reduced to one object, as expected if the spatial aspect of memory was disrupted. This finding suggests that right PPC plays a role in the spatial processing involved in transsaccadic memory of visual features. We propose that this process uses saccade-related feedback signals similar to those observed in spatial updating.
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31
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Vesia M, Yan X, Henriques DY, Sergio LE, Crawford JD. Transcranial magnetic stimulation over human dorsal-lateral posterior parietal cortex disrupts integration of hand position signals into the reach plan. J Neurophysiol 2008; 100:2005-14. [PMID: 18684904 DOI: 10.1152/jn.90519.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Posterior parietal cortex (PPC) has been implicated in the integration of visual and proprioceptive information for the planning of action. We previously reported that single-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) over dorsal-lateral PPC perturbs the early stages of spatial processing for memory-guided reaching. However, our data did not distinguish whether TMS disrupted the reach goal or the internal estimate of initial hand position needed to calculate the reach vector. To test between these hypotheses, we investigated reaching in six healthy humans during left and right parietal TMS while varying visual feedback of the movement. We reasoned that if TMS were disrupting the internal representation of hand position, visual feedback from the hand might still recalibrate this signal. We tested four viewing conditions: 1) final vision of hand position; 2) full vision of hand position; 3) initial and final vision of hand position; and 4) middle and final vision of hand position. During the final vision condition, left parietal stimulation significantly increased endpoint variability, whereas right parietal stimulation produced a significant leftward shift in both visual fields. However, these errors significantly decreased with visual feedback of the hand during both planning and control stages of the reach movement. These new findings demonstrate that 1) visual feedback of hand position during the planning and early execution of the reach can recalibrate the perturbed signal and, importantly, and 2) TMS over dorsal-lateral PPC does not disrupt the internal representation of the visual goal, but rather the reach vector, or more likely the sense of initial hand position that is used to calculate this vector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Vesia
- Centre for Vision Research, Canadian Institutes of Health Research Group on Action and Perception, Department of Psychology, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M3J 1P3
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The human inferior parietal lobule in stereotaxic space. Brain Struct Funct 2008; 212:481-95. [DOI: 10.1007/s00429-008-0195-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 272] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2008] [Accepted: 07/11/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Abstract
To reach for something we see, the brain must integrate the target location with the limb to be used for reaching. Neuronal activity in the parietal reach region (PRR) located in the posterior parietal cortex represents targets for reaching. Does this representation depend on the limb to be used? We found a continuum of limb-dependent and limb-independent responses: some neurons represented targets for movements of either limb, whereas others represented only contralateral-limb targets. Only a few cells represented ipsilateral-limb targets. Furthermore, these representations were not dependent on preferred direction. Additional experiments provide evidence that the PRR is specifically involved in contralateral-limb movements: firing rates are correlated with contralateral- but not ipsilateral-limb reaction times. The current study therefore provides novel evidence that the PRR operates as a limb-dependent stage that lies further along the sensory-motor transformation for visually guided reaching than previously expected.
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Tunik E, Rice NJ, Hamilton A, Grafton ST. Beyond grasping: representation of action in human anterior intraparietal sulcus. Neuroimage 2007; 36 Suppl 2:T77-86. [PMID: 17499173 PMCID: PMC1978063 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2006] [Accepted: 03/20/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The fronto-parietal network has been implicated in the processing of multisensory information for motor control. Recent methodological advances with both fMRI and TMS provide the opportunity to dissect the functionality of this extensive network in humans and may identify distinct contributions of local neural populations within this circuit that are not only related to motor planning, but to goal oriented behavior as a whole. Herein, we review and make parallels between experiments in monkeys and humans on a broad array of motor as well as non-motor tasks in order to characterize the specific contribution of a region in the parietal lobe, the anterior intraparietal sulcus (aIPS). The intent of this article is to review: (1) the historical perspectives on the parietal lobe, particularly the aIPS; (2) extend and update these perspectives based on recent empirical data; and (3) discuss the potential implications of the revised functionality of the aIPS in relationship to complex goal oriented behavior and social interaction. Our contention is that aIPS is a critical node within a network involved in the higher order dynamic control of action, including representation of intended action goals. These findings may be important not only for guiding the design of future experiments investigating related issues but may also have valuable utility in other fields, such social neuroscience and biomedical engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Tunik
- Department of Physical Therapy, Steinhardt School of Education, New York University, NY, USA
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