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Le Cong D, Sato D, Ikarashi K, Ochi G, Fujimoto T, Yamashiro K. No effect of whole-hand water flow stimulation on skill acquisition and retention during sensorimotor adaptation. Front Hum Neurosci 2024; 18:1398164. [PMID: 38911224 PMCID: PMC11190340 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2024.1398164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Repetitive somatosensory stimulation (RSS) is a conventional approach to modulate the neural states of both the primary somatosensory cortex (S1) and the primary motor cortex (M1). However, the impact of RSS on skill acquisition and retention in sensorimotor adaptation remains debated. This study aimed to investigate whether whole-hand water flow (WF), a unique RSS-induced M1 disinhibition, influences sensorimotor adaptation by examining the hypothesis that whole-hand WF leads to M1 disinhibition; thereby, enhancing motor memory retention. Methods Sixty-eight young healthy participants were randomly allocated to three groups based on the preconditioning received before motor learning: control, whole-hand water immersion (WI), and whole-hand WF. The experimental protocol for all the participants spanned two consecutive days. On the initial day (day 1), baseline transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) assessments (T0) were executed before any preconditioning. Subsequently, each group underwent their respective 30 min preconditioning protocol. To ascertain the influence of each preconditioning on the excitability of the M1, subsequent TMS assessments were conducted (T1). Following this, all participants engaged in the motor learning (ML) of a visuomotor tracking task, wherein they were instructed to align a cursor with a target trajectory by modulating the pinch force. Upon completion of the ML session, final TMS assessments (T2) were conducted. All participants were required to perform the same motor learning 24 h later on day 2. Results The results revealed that whole-hand WF did not significantly influence skill acquisition during sensorimotor adaptation, although it did reduce intracortical inhibition. This phenomenon is consistent with the idea that S1, rather than M1, is involved in skill acquisition during the early stages of sensorimotor adaptation. Moreover, memory retention 24 h after skill acquisition did not differ significantly across the three groups, challenging our initial hypothesis that whole-hand WF enhances memory retention throughout sensorimotor adaptation. This could be due to the inability of whole-hand WF to alter sensorimotor connectivity and integration, as well as the nature of the plastic response elicited by the preconditioning. Discussion In conclusion, these findings suggest that although whole-hand WF attenuates intracortical inhibition, it does not modulate skill acquisition or motor memory retention during sensorimotor adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dat Le Cong
- Major in Health and Welfare, Graduate School of Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan
| | - Daisuke Sato
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan
- Sports Physiology Laboratory, Department of Health and Sports, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan
| | - Koyuki Ikarashi
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan
- Sports Physiology Laboratory, Department of Health and Sports, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan
| | - Genta Ochi
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan
- Sports Physiology Laboratory, Department of Health and Sports, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan
| | - Tomomi Fujimoto
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan
- Sports Physiology Laboratory, Department of Health and Sports, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan
| | - Koya Yamashiro
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan
- Sports Physiology Laboratory, Department of Health and Sports, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan
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2
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Lenizky MW, Meehan SK. The effects of verbal and spatial working memory on short- and long-latency sensorimotor circuits in the motor cortex. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0302989. [PMID: 38753604 PMCID: PMC11098330 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0302989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Multiple sensorimotor loops converge in the motor cortex to create an adaptable system capable of context-specific sensorimotor control. Afferent inhibition provides a non-invasive tool to investigate the substrates by which procedural and cognitive control processes interact to shape motor corticospinal projections. Varying the transcranial magnetic stimulation properties during afferent inhibition can probe specific sensorimotor circuits that contribute to short- and long-latency periods of inhibition in response to the peripheral stimulation. The current study used short- (SAI) and long-latency (LAI) afferent inhibition to probe the influence of verbal and spatial working memory load on the specific sensorimotor circuits recruited by posterior-anterior (PA) and anterior-posterior (AP) TMS-induced current. Participants completed two sessions where SAI and LAI were assessed during the short-term maintenance of two- or six-item sets of letters (verbal) or stimulus locations (spatial). The only difference between the sessions was the direction of the induced current. PA SAI decreased as the verbal working memory load increased. In contrast, AP SAI was not modulated by verbal working memory load. Visuospatial working memory load did not affect PA or AP SAI. Neither PA LAI nor AP LAI were sensitive to verbal or spatial working memory load. The dissociation of short-latency PA and AP sensorimotor circuits and short- and long-latency PA sensorimotor circuits with increasing verbal working memory load support multiple convergent sensorimotor loops that provide distinct functional information to facilitate context-specific supraspinal control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus W. Lenizky
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sean K. Meehan
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
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Mirdamadi JL, Ting LH, Borich MR. Distinct Cortical Correlates of Perception and Motor Function in Balance Control. J Neurosci 2024; 44:e1520232024. [PMID: 38413231 PMCID: PMC11007305 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1520-23.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Fluctuations in brain activity alter how we perceive our body and generate movements but have not been investigated in functional whole-body behaviors. During reactive balance, we recently showed that evoked brain activity is associated with the balance ability in young individuals. Furthermore, in PD, impaired whole-body motion perception in reactive balance is associated with impaired balance. Here, we investigated the brain activity during the whole-body motion perception in reactive balance in young adults (9 female, 10 male). We hypothesized that both ongoing and evoked cortical activity influences the efficiency of information processing for successful perception and movement during whole-body behaviors. We characterized two cortical signals using electroencephalography localized to the SMA: (1) the "N1," a perturbation-evoked potential that decreases in amplitude with expectancy and is larger in individuals with lower balance function, and (2) preperturbation β power, a transient rhythm that favors maintenance of the current sensorimotor state and is inversely associated with tactile perception. In a two-alternative forced choice task, participants judged whether pairs of backward support surface perturbations during standing were in the "same" or "different" direction. As expected, lower whole-body perception was associated with lower balance ability. Within a perturbation pair, N1 attenuation was larger on correctly perceived trials and associated with better balance, but not perception. In contrast, preperturbation β power was higher on incorrectly perceived trials and associated with poorer perception, but not balance. Together, ongoing and evoked cortical activity have unique roles in information processing that give rise to distinct associations with perceptual and balance ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine L Mirdamadi
- Division of Physical Therapy, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Lena H Ting
- Division of Physical Therapy, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University and Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Michael R Borich
- Division of Physical Therapy, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
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4
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Badaut J, Hippauf L, Malinconi M, Noarbe BP, Obenaus A, Dubois CJ. Endocannabinoid-mediated rescue of somatosensory cortex activity, plasticity and related behaviors following an early in life concussion. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.01.30.577914. [PMID: 38352553 PMCID: PMC10862852 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.30.577914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Due to the assumed plasticity of immature brain, early in life brain alterations are thought to lead to better recoveries in comparison to the mature brain. Despite clinical needs, how neuronal networks and associated behaviors are affected by early in life brain stresses, such as pediatric concussions, have been overlooked. Here we provide first evidence in mice that a single early in life concussion durably increases neuronal activity in the somatosensory cortex into adulthood, disrupting neuronal integration while the animal is performing sensory-related tasks. This represents a previously unappreciated clinically relevant mechanism for the impairment of sensory-related behavior performance. Furthermore, we demonstrate that pharmacological modulation of the endocannabinoid system a year post-concussion is well-suited to rescue neuronal activity and plasticity, and to normalize sensory-related behavioral performance, addressing the fundamental question of whether a treatment is still possible once post-concussive symptoms have developed, a time-window compatible with clinical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Badaut
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, CRMSB, UMR 5536, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
- Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - L Hippauf
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, CRMSB, UMR 5536, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - M Malinconi
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, CRMSB, UMR 5536, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - B P Noarbe
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - A Obenaus
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - C J Dubois
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, CRMSB, UMR 5536, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
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Hirano M, Furuya S. Active perceptual learning involves motor exploration and adaptation of predictive sensory integration. iScience 2024; 27:108604. [PMID: 38155781 PMCID: PMC10753069 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.108604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Our ability to perceive both externally generated and self-generated sensory stimuli can be enhanced through training, known as passive and active perceptual learning (APL). Here, we sought to explore the mechanisms underlying APL by using active haptic training (AHT), which has been demonstrated to enhance the somatosensory perception of a finger in a trained motor skill. In total 120 pianists participated in this study. First, AHT reorganized the muscular coordination during the piano keystroke. Second, AHT increased the relative reliance on afferent sensory information relative to predicted one, in contrast to no increment of overall perceptual sensitivity. Finally, AHT improved feedback movement control of keystrokes. These results suggest that APL involves active exploration and adaptation of predictive sensory integration, which underlies the co-enhancement of active perception and feedback control of movements of well-trained individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masato Hirano
- Sony Computer Science Laboratories, Inc Tokyo, Japan
- NeuroPiano Institute, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shinichi Furuya
- Sony Computer Science Laboratories, Inc Tokyo, Japan
- NeuroPiano Institute, Kyoto, Japan
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Giuriato M, Filipas L, Crociani M, Carnevale Pellino V, Vandoni M, Gallo G, La Torre A, Rossi C, Lovecchio N, Codella R. Inter-Trial Rest Interval Affects Learning Throwing Skills among Adolescents. J Mot Behav 2023; 56:132-138. [PMID: 37828754 DOI: 10.1080/00222895.2023.2265869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Newly acquired motor skills can be critically driven by different rest periods during practice. Specifically, in the initial stages of motor skill acquisition, the interval between individual trials plays a pivotal role in facilitating effective motor performance, such as in the case of throwing. The objective of this research was to determine the optimal inter-trial rest period promoting efficient motor performance, focusing on two specific motor task actions. In a randomized counterbalanced cross-over research design 169 high-school students aged 14 were studied (M = 150; F = 19). In one block, participants performed 10 basketball free throws with a short rest interval (< 5 s) and 10 other throws with a long rest interval (∼50-60 s). In a second block, they threw a regular size tennis ball into a 1-m diameter circle on the floor at 6.75 m, again throwing 10 times with a short inter-trial rest interval and 10 times with a long inter-trial rest interval. The order of the rest intervals within each block was randomized and counterbalanced. With a repeated measures two-way analysis of variance, greater accuracy seemed to be associated with short intra-set rest intervals as there were significant main effects of both conditions (F1,167 = 368.0, p < 0.001, η2p = 0.271) and resting time (F1,167 = 18.6, p < 0.001, η2p = 0.192) and no significant interaction "condition by time". Fast practice was efficient independently of the complexity of the throwing task, suggesting robust support for schema theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Giuriato
- Laboratory of Adapted Motor Activity (LAMA), Department of Public Health, Experimental Medicine and Forensic Science, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Luca Filipas
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
- Department of Endocrinology, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, IRCCS MultiMedica, Milan, Italy
| | - Mariele Crociani
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Vittoria Carnevale Pellino
- Laboratory of Adapted Motor Activity (LAMA), Department of Public Health, Experimental Medicine and Forensic Science, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Matteo Vandoni
- Laboratory of Adapted Motor Activity (LAMA), Department of Public Health, Experimental Medicine and Forensic Science, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Gabriele Gallo
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Human Physiology, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
- Centro Polifunzionale di Scienze Motorie, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Antonio La Torre
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Carlo Rossi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Nicola Lovecchio
- Department of Human and Social Sciences, Università di Bergamo, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Roberto Codella
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
- Department of Endocrinology, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, IRCCS MultiMedica, Milan, Italy
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7
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Mirdamadi JL, Ting LH, Borich MR. Distinct cortical correlates of perception and motor function in balance control. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.08.22.554282. [PMID: 37662247 PMCID: PMC10473579 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.22.554282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Fluctuations in brain state alter how we perceive our body and generate movements but have not been investigated in functional whole-body behaviors. During reactive balance control, we recently showed that evoked brain activity is associated with balance ability in healthy young individuals. Further, in individuals with Parkinson's disease, impairments in whole-body motion perception in reactive balance are associated with clinical balance impairment. Here we investigated brain activity during whole-body motion perception in reactive balance in healthy young adults. We hypothesized that flexibility in brain states underlies successful perception and movement during whole-body movement. We characterized two cortical sensorimotor signals using electroencephalography localized to the supplementary motor area: 1) the "N1 response", a perturbation-evoked potential that decreases in amplitude with expectancy and is larger in individuals with lower balance function; and 2) pre-perturbation beta oscillatory activity, a rhythm that favors maintenance of the current sensorimotor state and is inversely associated with perception in seated somatosensory perceptual tasks. In a two-alternative forced choice task, participants judged whether pairs of backward support-surface perturbations during standing were in the "same" or "different" direction. As expected, lower whole-body perception was associated with lower balance ability. Within a perturbation pair, N1 attenuation was larger on correctly perceived trials and associated with better balance, but not perception. In contrast, pre-perturbation beta power was higher on incorrectly perceived trials and associated with poorer perception, but not balance. Taken together, flexibility in different cortical processes influences perceptual accuracy but have distinct associations with balance and perceptual ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine L. Mirdamadi
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Division of Physical Therapy, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Lena H. Ting
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Division of Physical Therapy, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University and Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Michael R. Borich
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Division of Physical Therapy, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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8
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Abi Chebel NM, Gaunet F, Chavet P, Assaiante C, Bourdin C, Sarlegna FR. Does visual experience influence arm proprioception and its lateralization? Evidence from passive matching performance in congenitally-blind and sighted adults. Neurosci Lett 2023; 810:137335. [PMID: 37321387 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2023.137335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In humans, body segments' position and movement can be estimated from multiple senses such as vision and proprioception. It has been suggested that vision and proprioception can influence each other and that upper-limb proprioception is asymmetrical, with proprioception of the non-dominant arm being more accurate and/or precise than proprioception of the dominant arm. However, the mechanisms underlying the lateralization of proprioceptive perception are not yet understood. Here we tested the hypothesis that early visual experience influences the lateralization of arm proprioceptive perception by comparing 8 congenitally-blind and 8 matched, sighted right-handed adults. Their proprioceptive perception was assessed at the elbow and wrist joints of both arms using an ipsilateral passive matching task. Results support and extend the view that proprioceptive precision is better at the non-dominant arm for blindfolded sighted individuals. While this finding was rather systematic across sighted individuals, proprioceptive precision of congenitally-blind individuals was not lateralized as systematically, suggesting that lack of visual experience during ontogenesis influences the lateralization of arm proprioception.
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Whittier TT, Patrick CM, Fling BW. Somatosensory Information in Skilled Motor Performance: A Narrative Review. J Mot Behav 2023; 55:453-474. [PMID: 37245865 DOI: 10.1080/00222895.2023.2213198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Historically, research aimed at improving motor performance has largely focused on the neural processes involved in motor execution due to their role in muscle activation. However, accompanying somatosensory and proprioceptive sensory information is also vitally involved in performing motor skills. Here we review research from interdisciplinary fields to provide a description for how somatosensation informs the successful performance of motor skills as well as emphasize the need for careful selection of study methods to isolate the neural processes involved in somatosensory perception. We also discuss upcoming strategies of intervention that have been used to improve performance via somatosensory targets. We believe that a greater appreciation for somatosensation's role in motor learning and control will enable researchers and practitioners to develop and apply methods for the enhancement of human performance that will benefit clinical, healthy, and elite populations alike.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler T Whittier
- Sensorimotor Neuroimaging Laboratory, Department of Health and Exercise Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Christopher M Patrick
- Sensorimotor Neuroimaging Laboratory, Department of Health and Exercise Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
- Molecular, Cellular and Integrative Neurosciences Program, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Brett W Fling
- Sensorimotor Neuroimaging Laboratory, Department of Health and Exercise Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
- Molecular, Cellular and Integrative Neurosciences Program, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
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Disinhibition of short-latency but not long-latency afferent inhibition of the lower limb during upper-limb muscle contraction. Neuroreport 2023; 34:280-286. [PMID: 36881752 DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0000000000001889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Abstract
Research has demonstrated that motor and sensory functions of the lower limbs can be modulated by upper-limb muscle contractions. However, whether sensorimotor integration of the lower limb can be modulated by upper-limb muscle contractions is still unknown. [AQ: NR Original articles do not require structured abstracts. Hence, abstract subsections have been deleted. Please check.]Human sensorimotor integration has been studied using short- or long-latency afferent inhibition (SAI or LAI, respectively), which refers to inhibition of motor-evoked potentials (MEPs) elicited via transcranial magnetic stimulation by preceding peripheral sensory stimulation. In the present study, we aimed to investigate whether upper-limb muscle contractions could modulate the sensorimotor integration of the lower limbs by examining SAI and LAI. Soleus muscle MEPs following electrical tibial nerve stimulation (TSTN) during rest or voluntary wrist flexion were recorded at inter-stimulus intervals (ISIs) of 30 (i.e. SAI), 100, and 200 ms (i.e. LAI). The soleus Hoffman reflex following TSTN was also measured to identify whether MEP modulation occurred at the cortical or the spinal level. Results showed that lower-limb SAI, but not LAI, was disinhibited during voluntary wrist flexion. Furthermore, the soleus Hoffman reflex following TSTN during voluntary wrist flexion was unchanged when compared with that during the resting state at any ISI. Our findings suggest that upper-limb muscle contractions modulate sensorimotor integration of the lower limbs and that disinhibition of lower-limb SAI during upper-limb muscle contractions is cortically based.
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Tactile sensorimotor training does not alter short- and long-latency afferent inhibition. Neuroreport 2023; 34:123-127. [PMID: 36719836 DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0000000000001866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Sensorimotor integration refers to the process of combining incoming sensory information with outgoing motor commands to control movement. Short-latency afferent inhibition (SAI), and long-latency afferent inhibition (LAI) are neurophysiological measures of sensorimotor integration collected using transcranial magnetic stimulation. No studies to date have investigated the influence of tactile discrimination training on these measures. This study aimed to determine whether SAI and LAI are modulated following training on a custom-designed tactile discrimination maze task. Participants performed a 'high difficulty' and 'low difficulty' maze training condition on separate visits. On an additional visit, no maze training was performed to serve as a control condition. Despite evidence of performance improvements during training, there were no significant changes in SAI or LAI following training in either condition. The total number of errors during maze training was significantly greater in the high-difficulty condition compared with the low-difficulty condition. These findings suggest that sensorimotor maze training for 30 min is insufficient to modify the magnitude of SAI and LAI.
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Table Tennis, as a Method of Sensorimotor Training, Induces Haptic and Motor Gains in Children With a Probable Developmental Coordination Disorder. Motor Control 2023:1-18. [PMID: 36669507 DOI: 10.1123/mc.2021-0123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
This study examined whether table tennis as a method of sensorimotor training improves haptic and motor function and to what extent haptic function gain correlates with changes in motor ability in children with probable developmental coordination disorder (pDCD). Children with pDCD were randomly assigned to the table tennis and nontraining control groups. The children in the table tennis group received 36 sessions of table tennis training, including ball balancing, hitting the ball against the wall, strokes, and serving. Haptic sensitivity, acuity, and motor function domains were measured. The results showed a 41.5% improvement in haptic sensitivity in children exposed to table tennis training compared with 2.8% in those without training. This improved haptic sensitivity significantly correlated with motor function gain, suggesting that somatosensory gains occur simultaneously with changes in motor function in children with pDCD. This novel upper limb motor training approach may be an interesting method of sensorimotor training in neurological rehabilitation in children with pDCD.
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Kato T, Sasaki A, Nakazawa K. Short-and long-latency afferent inhibition of the human leg motor cortex by H-reflex subthreshold electrical stimulation at the popliteal fossa. Exp Brain Res 2023; 241:249-261. [PMID: 36481937 PMCID: PMC9870969 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-022-06497-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In humans, peripheral sensory stimulation inhibits subsequent motor evoked potentials (MEPs) induced by transcranial magnetic stimulation; this process is referred to as short- or long-latency afferent inhibition (SAI or LAI, respectively), depending on the inter-stimulus interval (ISI) length. Although upper limb SAI and LAI have been well studied, lower limb SAI and LAI remain under-investigated. Here, we examined the time course of the soleus (SOL) muscle MEP following electrical tibial nerve (TN) stimulation at the popliteal fossa at ISIs of 20-220 ms. When the conditioning stimulus intensity was three-fold the perceptual threshold, MEP amplitudes were inhibited at an ISI of 220 ms, but not at shorter ISIs. TN stimulation just below the Hoffman (H)-reflex threshold intensity inhibited MEP amplitudes at ISIs of 30, 35, 100, 180 and 200 ms. However, the relationship between MEP inhibition and the P30 latency of somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs) did not show corresponding ISIs at the SEP P30 latency that maximizes MEP inhibition. To clarify whether the site of afferent-induced MEP inhibition occurs at the cortical or spinal level, we examined the time course of SOL H-reflex following TN stimulation. H-reflex amplitudes were not significantly inhibited at ISIs where MEP inhibition occurred but at an ISI of 120 ms. Our findings indicate that stronger peripheral sensory stimulation is required for lower limb than for upper limb SAI and LAI and that lower limb SAI and LAI are of cortical origin. Moreover, the direct pathway from the periphery to the primary motor cortex may contribute to lower limb SAI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Kato
- grid.26999.3d0000 0001 2151 536XGraduate School of Arts and Sciences, Department of Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 153-8902 Tokyo, Japan ,grid.54432.340000 0001 0860 6072Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, 102-0083 Japan
| | - Atsushi Sasaki
- grid.54432.340000 0001 0860 6072Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, 102-0083 Japan ,grid.136593.b0000 0004 0373 3971Graduate School of Engineering Science, Department of Mechanical Science and Bioengineering, Osaka University, Osaka, 560-8531 Japan
| | - Kimitaka Nakazawa
- grid.26999.3d0000 0001 2151 536XGraduate School of Arts and Sciences, Department of Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 153-8902 Tokyo, Japan
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Whittier TT, Weller ZD, Fling BW. I Can Step Clearly Now, the TENS Is On: Transcutaneous Electric Nerve Stimulation Decreases Sensorimotor Uncertainty during Stepping Movements. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:s22145442. [PMID: 35891122 PMCID: PMC9317326 DOI: 10.3390/s22145442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Transcutaneous electric nerve stimulation (TENS) is a method of electrical stimulation that elicits activity in sensory nerves and leads to improvements in the clinical metrics of mobility. However, the underlying perceptual mechanisms leading to this improvement are unknown. The aim of this study was to apply a Bayesian inference model to understand how TENS impacts sensorimotor uncertainty during full body stepping movements. Thirty healthy adults visited the lab on two occasions and completed a motor learning protocol in virtual reality (VR) on both visits. Participants were randomly assigned to one of three groups: TENS on first visit only (TN), TENS on second visit only (NT), or a control group where TENS was not applied on either visit (NN). Using methods of Bayesian inference, we calculated the amount of uncertainty in the participants' center of mass (CoM) position estimates on each visit. We found that groups TN and NT decreased the amount of uncertainty in the CoM position estimates in their second visit while group NN showed no difference. The least amount of uncertainty was seen in the TN group. These results suggest that TENS reduces the amount of uncertainty in sensory information, which may be a cause for the observed benefits with TENS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler T. Whittier
- Sensorimotor Neuroimaging Laboratory, Department of Health and Exercise Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA;
| | - Zachary D. Weller
- Department of Statistics, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA;
| | - Brett W. Fling
- Sensorimotor Neuroimaging Laboratory, Department of Health and Exercise Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA;
- Molecular, Cellular and Integrative Neurosciences Program, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
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15
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Exposure to Sleep, Rest, or Exercise Impacts Skill Memory Consolidation but so Too Can a Challenging Practice Schedule. eNeuro 2021; 8:ENEURO.0198-21.2021. [PMID: 34465611 PMCID: PMC8432971 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0198-21.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
When discussing procedural learning, it is now routine to consider both online and offline influences for skill acquisition. This is because it is commonly assumed that the evolution of a novel skill memory continues well after practice is over. Indeed, factors impacting offline contributions to skill memory development such as sleep and exercise have garnered considerable research interest in recent years. This is partly because of their capacity to foster postpractice consolidation, a process that has been identified as critical to moving a skill memory from a labile to more stable or elaborate form. While uncovering the potency of non-practice factors to facilitate consolidation is undoubtedly important, the present opinion is designed to remind the reader that a practice schedule, organized to challenge the learner, can, in and of itself, be effective in supporting consolidation resulting in significant gains in long-term skill retention.
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16
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Mirdamadi JL, Seigel CR, Husch SD, Block HJ. Somatotopic Specificity of Perceptual and Neurophysiological Changes Associated with Visuo-proprioceptive Realignment. Cereb Cortex 2021; 32:1184-1199. [PMID: 34424950 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhab280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
When visual and proprioceptive estimates of hand position disagree (e.g., viewing the hand underwater), the brain realigns them to reduce mismatch. This perceptual change is reflected in primary motor cortex (M1) excitability, suggesting potential relevance for hand movement. Here, we asked whether fingertip visuo-proprioceptive misalignment affects only the brain's representation of that finger (somatotopically focal), or extends to other parts of the limb that would be needed to move the misaligned finger (somatotopically broad). In Experiments 1 and 2, before and after misaligned or veridical visuo-proprioceptive training at the index finger, we used transcranial magnetic stimulation to assess M1 representation of five hand and arm muscles. The index finger representation showed an association between M1 excitability and visuo-proprioceptive realignment, as did the pinkie finger representation to a lesser extent. Forearm flexors, forearm extensors, and biceps did not show any such relationship. In Experiment 3, participants indicated their proprioceptive estimate of the fingertip, knuckle, wrist, and elbow, before and after misalignment at the fingertip. Proprioceptive realignment at the knuckle, but not the wrist or elbow, was correlated with realignment at the fingertip. These results suggest the effects of visuo-proprioceptive mismatch are somatotopically focal in both sensory and motor domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine L Mirdamadi
- Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA.,Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Courtney R Seigel
- Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Stephen D Husch
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Hannah J Block
- Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA.,Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
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17
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Turco CV, Toepp SL, Foglia SD, Dans PW, Nelson AJ. Association of short- and long-latency afferent inhibition with human behavior. Clin Neurophysiol 2021; 132:1462-1480. [PMID: 34030051 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2021.02.402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) paired with nerve stimulation evokes short-latency afferent inhibition (SAI) and long-latency afferent inhibition (LAI), which are non-invasive assessments of the excitability of the sensorimotor system. SAI and LAI are abnormally reduced in various special populations in comparison to healthy controls. However, the relationship between afferent inhibition and human behavior remains unclear. The purpose of this review is to survey the current literature and synthesize observations and patterns that affect the interpretation of SAI and LAI in the context of human behavior. We discuss human behaviour across the motor and cognitive domains, and in special and control populations. Further, we discuss future considerations for research in this field and the potential for clinical applications. By understanding how human behavior is mediated by changes in SAI and LAI, this can allow us to better understand the neurophysiological underpinnings of human motor control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia V Turco
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada.
| | - Stephen L Toepp
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada.
| | - Stevie D Foglia
- School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada.
| | - Patrick W Dans
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada.
| | - Aimee J Nelson
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada.
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18
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Mirdamadi JL, Block HJ. Somatosensory versus cerebellar contributions to proprioceptive changes associated with motor skill learning: A theta burst stimulation study. Cortex 2021; 140:98-109. [PMID: 33962318 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2021.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is well established that proprioception (position sense) is important for motor control, yet its role in motor learning and associated plasticity is not well understood. We previously demonstrated that motor skill learning is associated with enhanced proprioception and changes in sensorimotor neurophysiology. However, the neural substrates mediating these effects are unclear. OBJECTIVE To determine whether suppressing activity in the cerebellum and somatosensory cortex (S1) affects proprioceptive changes associated with motor skill learning. METHODS 54 healthy young adults practiced a skill involving visually-guided 2D reaching movements through an irregular-shaped track using a robotic manipulandum with their right hand. Proprioception was measured using a passive two-alternative choice task before and after motor practice. Continuous theta burst stimulation (cTBS) was delivered over S1 or the cerebellum (CB) at the end of training for two consecutive days. We compared group differences (S1, CB, Sham) in proprioception and motor skill, quantified by a speed-accuracy function, measured on a third consecutive day (retention). RESULTS As shown previously, the Sham group demonstrated enhanced proprioceptive sensitivity after training and at retention. The S1 group had impaired proprioceptive function at retention through online changes during practice, whereas the CB group demonstrated offline decrements in proprioceptive function. All groups demonstrated motor skill learning. However, the magnitude of learning differed between the CB and Sham groups, consistent with a role for the cerebellum in motor learning. CONCLUSION Overall, these findings suggest that the cerebellum and S1 are important for distinct aspects of proprioceptive changes during skill learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine L Mirdamadi
- Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA; Department of Kinesiology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA.
| | - Hannah J Block
- Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA; Department of Kinesiology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA.
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19
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Takasaki H, Kawazoe S. Active straight leg raising (ASLR) competence improves with reverse-ASLR exercises and not repeating ASLR exercises. J Exerc Rehabil 2021; 17:28-38. [PMID: 33728286 PMCID: PMC7939983 DOI: 10.12965/jer.2040866.433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In the Functional Movement Screen (FMS), a subgroup of those with a score of 1 due to limitations in the active straight leg raising (ASLR) but not in the passive straight leg raising is considered to have a stability or motor control dysfunction (SMCD). The FMS proposes the use of the movements in a reverse pattern to improve FMS scores. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the reverse pattern of the ASLR (reverse-ASLR) was more effective than repeating the ASLR to improve the FMS score in participants with the FMS ASLR score of 1 due to the SMCD (ASLR-1-SMCD). A two-armed randomized controlled trial was conducted in individuals with the ASLR-1-SMCD. The intervention was either the reverse-ASLR or the ASLR exercise on both sides at home for a month followed by a 1-month wait-and-see interval, wherein the primary outcome measure was the right FMS ASLR score. Forty participants were randomized to the ASLR exercise group (n=20) or the reverse-ASLR exercise group (n=20). The Fisher exact test demonstrated a statistically significant difference (P=0.020) in the proportion of those with FMS ASLR score improvement to a score of 2 (ASLR exercise group, one; reverse-ASLR exercise group, eight) at follow-up 1, but no significance (P=0.106) at follow-up 2 (ASLR exercise group, none; reverse-ASLR exercise group, four). This study indicated that the reverse-ASLR exercise was more effective than repeating the ASLR exercise in order to improve the ASLR score among individuals with the ASLR-1-SMCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Takasaki
- Department of Physical Therapy, Saitama Prefectural University, Koshigaya, Japan
| | - Shota Kawazoe
- Department of Physical Therapy, Saitama Prefectural University, Koshigaya, Japan
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20
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Neurodegeneration and Sensorimotor Function. Brain Sci 2020; 10:brainsci10110808. [PMID: 33139600 PMCID: PMC7693124 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10110808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Sensorimotor integration is an essential function for both motor control and learning. Over recent decades, a growing body of evidence has emerged in support of the role of altered sensorimotor integration in the pathophysiology of various neurological conditions and movement disorders, particularly bradykinesia, tremor, and dystonia. However, the various causes and mechanisms underlying altered sensorimotor integration in movement disorders are still not entirely understood. The lack of complete insight into the pathophysiological role of altered sensorimotor integration in movement disorders is certainly due to the heterogeneity of movement disorders as well as to the variable occurrence of neurodegenerative phenomena, even in idiopathic movement disorders, which contribute to pathophysiology in a complex and often not easily interpretable way. Clarifying the possible relationship between neurodegenerative phenomena and sensorimotor deficits in movement disorders and other neurological conditions may guide the development of a more detailed disease prognosis and lead, perhaps, to the implementation of novel and individualized therapeutic interventions.
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21
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Bootsma JM, Caljouw SR, Veldman MP, Maurits NM, Rothwell JC, Hortobágyi T. Failure to Engage Neural Plasticity through Practice of a High-difficulty Task is Accompanied by Reduced Motor Skill Retention in Older Adults. Neuroscience 2020; 451:22-35. [PMID: 33075459 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
While the difficulty of a motor task can act as a stimulus for learning in younger adults, it is unknown how task difficulty interacts with age-related reductions in motor performance and altered brain activation. We examined the effects of task difficulty on motor performance and used electroencephalography (EEG) to probe task-related brain activation after acquisition and 24-h retention of a mirror star-tracing skill in healthy older adults (N = 36, 65-86 years). The results showed that the difficulty of the motor skill affected both the magnitude of motor skill learning and the underlying neural mechanisms. Behavioral data revealed that practicing a motor task at a high difficulty level hindered motor skill consolidation. The EEG data indicated that task difficulty modulated changes in brain activation after practice. Specifically, a decrease in task-related alpha power in frontal and parietal electrodes was only present after practice of the skill at the low and medium, but not the high difficulty level. Taken together, our findings show that a failure to engage neural plasticity through practice of a high-difficulty task is accompanied by reduced motor skill retention in older adults. The data help us better understand how older adults learn new motor skills and might have implications for prescribing motor skill practice according to its difficulty in rehabilitation settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josje M Bootsma
- Center for Human Movement Sciences, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Simone R Caljouw
- Center for Human Movement Sciences, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Menno P Veldman
- Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Group, Department of Movement Science, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Leuven Brain Institute, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Natasha M Maurits
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - John C Rothwell
- Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, University College London (UCL) Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Tibor Hortobágyi
- Center for Human Movement Sciences, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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22
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Babu R. Components of complex movement that can be best studied using the sequence learning paradigm. J Neurophysiol 2020; 124:645-647. [DOI: 10.1152/jn.00769.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The sequence learning paradigm has been used extensively to study motor skill acquisition. Skilled movement involves combining smaller elements of the movement in a particular order with certain timing; in sequence learning these are typically button presses, but other motor skills may include more complex elements. This paper reviews recent evidence suggesting the sequence learning paradigm can be used to understand how the brain abstractly represents the ordering of discrete actions in a complex movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reshma Babu
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana
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