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Moore RT, Piitz MA, Singh N, Dukelow SP, Cluff T. The independence of impairments in proprioception and visuomotor adaptation after stroke. J Neuroeng Rehabil 2024; 21:81. [PMID: 38762552 PMCID: PMC11102216 DOI: 10.1186/s12984-024-01360-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Proprioceptive impairments are common after stroke and are associated with worse motor recovery and poor rehabilitation outcomes. Motor learning may also be an important factor in motor recovery, and some evidence in healthy adults suggests that reduced proprioceptive function is associated with reductions in motor learning. It is unclear how impairments in proprioception and motor learning relate after stroke. Here we used robotics and a traditional clinical assessment to examine the link between impairments in proprioception after stroke and a type of motor learning known as visuomotor adaptation. METHODS We recruited participants with first-time unilateral stroke and controls matched for overall age and sex. Proprioceptive impairments in the more affected arm were assessed using robotic arm position- (APM) and movement-matching (AMM) tasks. We also assessed proprioceptive impairments using a clinical scale (Thumb Localization Test; TLT). Visuomotor adaptation was assessed using a task that systematically rotated hand cursor feedback during reaching movements (VMR). We quantified how much participants adapted to the disturbance and how many trials they took to adapt to the same levels as controls. Spearman's rho was used to examine the relationship between proprioception, assessed using robotics and the TLT, and visuomotor adaptation. Data from healthy adults were used to identify participants with stroke who were impaired in proprioception and visuomotor adaptation. The independence of impairments in proprioception and adaptation were examined using Fisher's exact tests. RESULTS Impairments in proprioception (58.3%) and adaptation (52.1%) were common in participants with stroke (n = 48; 2.10% acute, 70.8% subacute, 27.1% chronic stroke). Performance on the APM task, AMM task, and TLT scores correlated weakly with measures of visuomotor adaptation. Fisher's exact tests demonstrated that impairments in proprioception, assessed using robotics and the TLT, were independent from impairments in visuomotor adaptation in our sample. CONCLUSION Our results suggest impairments in proprioception may be independent from impairments in visuomotor adaptation after stroke. Further studies are needed to understand factors that influence the relationship between motor learning, proprioception and other rehabilitation outcomes throughout stroke recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert T Moore
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Dr NW, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Dr NW, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Mark A Piitz
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Dr NW, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Dr NW, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Nishita Singh
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Dr NW, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Sean P Dukelow
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Dr NW, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Dr NW, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr NW, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Tyler Cluff
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Dr NW, Calgary, AB, Canada.
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr NW, Calgary, AB, Canada.
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Kleeren L, Mailleux L, McLean B, Elliott C, Dequeker G, Van Campenhout A, de Xivry JJO, Verheyden G, Ortibus E, Klingels K, Feys H. Does somatosensory discrimination therapy alter sensorimotor upper limb function differently compared to motor therapy in children and adolescents with unilateral cerebral palsy: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials 2024; 25:147. [PMID: 38409060 PMCID: PMC10895830 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-024-07967-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Besides motor impairments, up to 90% of the children and adolescents with unilateral cerebral palsy (uCP) present with somatosensory impairments in the upper limb. As somatosensory information is of utmost importance for coordinated movements and motor learning, somatosensory impairments can further compromise the effective use of the impaired upper limb in daily life activities. Yet, intervention approaches specifically designated to target these somatosensory impairments are insufficiently investigated in children and adolescents with uCP. Therefore, the aim of this randomized controlled trial (RCT) is to compare the effectiveness of somatosensory discrimination therapy and dose-matched motor therapy to improve sensorimotor upper limb function in children and adolescents with uCP, who experience somatosensory impairments in the upper limb. We will further explore potential behavioral and neurological predictors of therapy response. METHODS A parallel group, evaluator-blinded, phase-II, single-center RCT will be conducted for which 50 children and adolescents with uCP, aged 7 to 15 years, will be recruited. Participants will be randomized to receive 3 weekly sessions of 45 minutes of either somatosensory discrimination therapy or upper limb motor therapy for a period of 8 weeks. Stratification will be performed based on age, manual ability, and severity of tactile impairment at baseline. Sensorimotor upper limb function will be evaluated at baseline, immediately after the intervention and after 6 months follow-up. The primary outcome measure will be bimanual performance as measured with the Assisting Hand Assessment. Secondary outcomes include a comprehensive test battery to objectify somatosensory function and measures of bimanual coordination, unimanual motor function, and goal attainment. Brain imaging will be performed at baseline to investigate structural brain lesion characteristics and structural connectivity of the white matter tracts. DISCUSSION This protocol describes the design of an RCT comparing the effectiveness of somatosensory discrimination therapy and dose-matched motor therapy to improve sensorimotor upper limb function in children and adolescents with uCP. The results of this study may aid in the selection of the most effective upper limb therapy, specifically for children and adolescents with tactile impairments. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT06006065). Registered on August 8, 2023.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lize Kleeren
- KU Leuven, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Research Group for Neurorehabilitation, Leuven, B-3001, Belgium.
- KU Leuven, Child and Youth Institute, Leuven, B-3000, Belgium.
- Hasselt University, Rehabilitation Research Centre, Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Diepenbeek, B-3590, Belgium.
| | - Lisa Mailleux
- KU Leuven, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Research Group for Neurorehabilitation, Leuven, B-3001, Belgium
- KU Leuven, Child and Youth Institute, Leuven, B-3000, Belgium
| | - Belinda McLean
- Curtin School of Allied Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
- Kids Rehab WA, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, Australia
| | - Catherine Elliott
- Curtin School of Allied Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
- Kids Rehab WA, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, Australia
| | - Griet Dequeker
- University Hospitals Leuven, Cerebral Palsy Reference Centre, Leuven, B-3000, Belgium
| | - Anja Van Campenhout
- KU Leuven, Child and Youth Institute, Leuven, B-3000, Belgium
- University Hospitals Leuven, Cerebral Palsy Reference Centre, Leuven, B-3000, Belgium
- KU Leuven, Department of Development and Regeneration, Leuven, B-3000, Belgium
| | - Jean-Jacques Orban de Xivry
- KU Leuven, Leuven Brain Institute, Leuven, B-3000, Belgium
- KU Leuven, Department of Movement Sciences, Research Group of Motor Control and Neuroplasticity, Leuven, B-3000, Belgium
| | - Geert Verheyden
- KU Leuven, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Research Group for Neurorehabilitation, Leuven, B-3001, Belgium
| | - Els Ortibus
- KU Leuven, Child and Youth Institute, Leuven, B-3000, Belgium
- University Hospitals Leuven, Cerebral Palsy Reference Centre, Leuven, B-3000, Belgium
- KU Leuven, Department of Development and Regeneration, Leuven, B-3000, Belgium
| | - Katrijn Klingels
- KU Leuven, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Research Group for Neurorehabilitation, Leuven, B-3001, Belgium
- Hasselt University, Rehabilitation Research Centre, Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Diepenbeek, B-3590, Belgium
| | - Hilde Feys
- KU Leuven, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Research Group for Neurorehabilitation, Leuven, B-3001, Belgium
- KU Leuven, Child and Youth Institute, Leuven, B-3000, Belgium
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Chiyohara S, Furukawa JI, Noda T, Morimoto J, Imamizu H. Proprioceptive short-term memory in passive motor learning. Sci Rep 2023; 13:20826. [PMID: 38012253 PMCID: PMC10682388 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-48101-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023] Open
Abstract
A physical trainer often physically guides a learner's limbs to teach an ideal movement, giving the learner proprioceptive information about the movement to be reproduced later. This instruction requires the learner to perceive kinesthetic information and store the instructed information temporarily. Therefore, (1) proprioceptive acuity to accurately perceive the taught kinesthetics and (2) short-term memory to store the perceived information are two critical functions for reproducing the taught movement. While the importance of proprioceptive acuity and short-term memory has been suggested for active motor learning, little is known about passive motor learning. Twenty-one healthy adults (mean age 25.6 years, range 19-38 years) participated in this study to investigate whether individual learning efficiency in passively guided learning is related to these two functions. Consequently, learning efficiency was significantly associated with short-term memory capacity. In particular, individuals who could recall older sensory stimuli showed better learning efficiency. However, no significant relationship was observed between learning efficiency and proprioceptive acuity. A causal graph model found a direct influence of memory on learning and an indirect effect of proprioceptive acuity on learning via memory. Our findings suggest the importance of a learner's short-term memory for effective passive motor learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinya Chiyohara
- Brain Information Communication Research Laboratory Group, Advanced Telecommunications Research Institute International (ATR), Keihanna Science City, Kyoto, 619-0288, Japan
| | - Jun-Ichiro Furukawa
- Brain Information Communication Research Laboratory Group, Advanced Telecommunications Research Institute International (ATR), Keihanna Science City, Kyoto, 619-0288, Japan
- Man-Machine Collaboration Research Team, Guardian Robot Project, RIKEN, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Noda
- Brain Information Communication Research Laboratory Group, Advanced Telecommunications Research Institute International (ATR), Keihanna Science City, Kyoto, 619-0288, Japan
| | - Jun Morimoto
- Brain Information Communication Research Laboratory Group, Advanced Telecommunications Research Institute International (ATR), Keihanna Science City, Kyoto, 619-0288, Japan.
- Man-Machine Collaboration Research Team, Guardian Robot Project, RIKEN, Kyoto, Japan.
- Graduate School of Informatics, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
| | - Hiroshi Imamizu
- Brain Information Communication Research Laboratory Group, Advanced Telecommunications Research Institute International (ATR), Keihanna Science City, Kyoto, 619-0288, Japan
- Department of Psychology, Graduate School of Humanities and Sociology, The University of Tokyo, Hongo 7-3-1, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
- Research Into Artifacts, Center for Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Hongo 7-3-1, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
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4
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Saenen L, Verheyden G, Orban de Xivry JJ. The differential effect of age on upper limb sensory processing, proprioception, and motor function. J Neurophysiol 2023; 130:1183-1193. [PMID: 37703491 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00364.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Sensory processing consists in the integration and interpretation of somatosensory information. It builds upon proprioception but is a distinct function requiring complex processing by the brain over time. Currently little is known about the effect of aging on sensory processing ability or the influence of other covariates such as motor function, proprioception, or cognition. In this study, we measured upper limb passive and active sensory processing, motor function, proprioception, and cognition in 40 healthy younger adults and 54 older adults. We analyzed age differences across all measures and evaluated the influence of covariates on sensory processing through regression. Our results showed larger effect sizes for age differences in sensory processing (r = 0.38) compared with motor function (r = 0.18-0.22) and proprioception (r = 0.10-0.27) but smaller than for cognition (r = 0.56-0.63). Aside from age, we found no evidence that sensory processing performance was related to motor function or proprioception, but active sensory processing was related to cognition (β = 0.30-0.42). In conclusion, sensory processing showed an age-related decline, whereas some proprioceptive and motor abilities were preserved across age.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Sensory processing consists in the integration and interpretation of sensory information by the brain over time and can be affected by lesion while proprioception remains intact. We investigated how sensory processing can be used to reproduce and identify shapes. We showed that the effect of age on sensory processing is more pronounced than its effect on proprioception or motor function. Age and cognition are related to sensory processing, not proprioception or motor function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leen Saenen
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Geert Verheyden
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jean-Jacques Orban de Xivry
- Department of Movement Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Moulton RH, Rudie K, Dukelow SP, Scott SH. Quantitatively assessing aging effects in rapid motor behaviours: a cross-sectional study. J Neuroeng Rehabil 2022; 19:82. [PMID: 35883179 PMCID: PMC9327262 DOI: 10.1186/s12984-022-01035-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND An individual's rapid motor skills allow them to perform many daily activities and are a hallmark of physical health. Although age and sex are both known to affect motor performance, standardized methods for assessing their impact on upper limb function are limited. METHODS Here we perform a cross-sectional study of 643 healthy human participants in two interactive motor tasks developed to quantify sensorimotor abilities, Object-Hit (OH) and Object-Hit-and-Avoid (OHA). The tasks required participants to hit virtual objects with and without the presence of distractor objects. Velocities and positions of hands and objects were recorded by a robotic exoskeleton, allowing a variety of parameters to be calculated for each trial. We verified that these tasks are viable for measuring performance in healthy humans and we examined whether any of our recorded parameters were related to age or sex. RESULTS Our analysis shows that both OH and OHA can assess rapid motor behaviours in healthy human participants. It also shows that while some parameters in these tasks decline with age, those most associated with the motor system do not. Three parameters show significant sex-related effects in OH, but these effects disappear in OHA. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that the underlying effect of aging on rapid motor behaviours is not on the capabilities of the motor system, but on the brain's capacity for processing inputs into motor actions. Additionally, this study provides a baseline description of healthy human performance in OH and OHA when using these tasks to investigate age-related declines in sensorimotor ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Hugh Moulton
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada.
| | - Karen Rudie
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
- School of Computing, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
- Ingenuity Labs Research Institute, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Sean P Dukelow
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Stephen H Scott
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
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6
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Tsay JS, Haith AM, Ivry RB, Kim HE. Interactions between sensory prediction error and task error during implicit motor learning. PLoS Comput Biol 2022; 18:e1010005. [PMID: 35320276 PMCID: PMC8979451 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1010005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Implicit motor recalibration allows us to flexibly move in novel and changing environments. Conventionally, implicit recalibration is thought to be driven by errors in predicting the sensory outcome of movement (i.e., sensory prediction errors). However, recent studies have shown that implicit recalibration is also influenced by errors in achieving the movement goal (i.e., task errors). Exactly how sensory prediction errors and task errors interact to drive implicit recalibration and, in particular, whether task errors alone might be sufficient to drive implicit recalibration remain unknown. To test this, we induced task errors in the absence of sensory prediction errors by displacing the target mid-movement. We found that task errors alone failed to induce implicit recalibration. In additional experiments, we simultaneously varied the size of sensory prediction errors and task errors. We found that implicit recalibration driven by sensory prediction errors could be continuously modulated by task errors, revealing an unappreciated dependency between these two sources of error. Moreover, implicit recalibration was attenuated when the target was simply flickered in its original location, even though this manipulation did not affect task error - an effect likely attributed to attention being directed away from the feedback cursor. Taken as a whole, the results were accounted for by a computational model in which sensory prediction errors and task errors, modulated by attention, interact to determine the extent of implicit recalibration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan S. Tsay
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (JST); (HEK)
| | - Adrian M. Haith
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Richard B. Ivry
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Hyosub E. Kim
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, United States of America
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, United States of America
- * E-mail: (JST); (HEK)
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Tsay JS, Kim H, Haith AM, Ivry RB. Understanding implicit sensorimotor adaptation as a process of proprioceptive re-alignment. eLife 2022; 11:76639. [PMID: 35969491 PMCID: PMC9377801 DOI: 10.7554/elife.76639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple learning processes contribute to successful goal-directed actions in the face of changing physiological states, biomechanical constraints, and environmental contexts. Amongst these processes, implicit sensorimotor adaptation is of primary importance, ensuring that movements remain well-calibrated and accurate. A large body of work on reaching movements has emphasized how adaptation centers on an iterative process designed to minimize visual errors. The role of proprioception has been largely neglected, thought to play a passive role in which proprioception is affected by the visual error but does not directly contribute to adaptation. Here, we present an alternative to this visuo-centric framework, outlining a model in which implicit adaptation acts to minimize a proprioceptive error, the distance between the perceived hand position and its intended goal. This proprioceptive re-alignment model (PReMo) is consistent with many phenomena that have previously been interpreted in terms of learning from visual errors, and offers a parsimonious account of numerous unexplained phenomena. Cognizant that the evidence for PReMo rests on correlational studies, we highlight core predictions to be tested in future experiments, as well as note potential challenges for a proprioceptive-based perspective on implicit adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan S Tsay
- Department of Psychology, University of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyUnited States,Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyUnited States
| | - Hyosub Kim
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of DelawareNewarkUnited States,Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of DelawareNewarkUnited States
| | - Adrian M Haith
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Richard B Ivry
- Department of Psychology, University of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyUnited States,Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyUnited States
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Parthasharathy M, Mantini D, Orban de Xivry JJ. Increased upper-limb sensory attenuation with age. J Neurophysiol 2021; 127:474-492. [PMID: 34936521 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00558.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The pressure of our own finger on the arm feels differently than the same pressure exerted by an external agent: the latter involves just touch, whereas the former involves a combination of touch and predictive output from the internal model of the body. This internal model predicts the movement of our own finger and hence the intensity of the sensation of the finger press is decreased. A decrease in intensity of the self-produced stimulus is called sensory attenuation. It has been reported that, due to decreased proprioception with age and an increased reliance on the prediction of the internal model, sensory attenuation is increased in older adults. In this study, we used a force-matching paradigm to test if sensory attenuation is also present over the arm and if aging increases sensory attenuation. We demonstrated that, while both young and older adults overestimate a self-produced force, older adults overestimate it even more showing an increased sensory attenuation. In addition, we also found that both younger and older adults self-produce higher forces when activating the homologous muscles of the upper limb. While this is traditionally viewed as evidence for an increased reliance on internal model function in older adults because of decreased proprioception, proprioception appeared unimpaired in our older participants. This begs the question of whether an age-related decrease in proprioception is really responsible for the increased sensory attenuation observed in older people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manasa Parthasharathy
- Motor Control and Neuroplasticity Research group, Department of Movement Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dante Mantini
- Motor Control and Neuroplasticity Research group, Department of Movement Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Brain Imaging and Neural Dynamics Research Group, IRCCS San Camillo Hospital, Venice, Italy
| | - Jean-Jacques Orban de Xivry
- Motor Control and Neuroplasticity Research group, Department of Movement Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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