1
|
Moffitt TB, Atcherson S, Padberg J. Auditory brainstem responses in the nine-banded armadillo ( Dasypus novemcinctus). PeerJ 2023; 11:e16602. [PMID: 38107579 PMCID: PMC10725177 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.16602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The auditory brainstem response (ABR) to tone burst stimuli of thirteen frequencies ranging from 0.5 to 48 kHz was recorded in the nine-banded armadillo (Dasypus novemcinctus), the only extant member of the placental mammal superorder Xenarthra in North America. The armadillo ABR consisted of five main peaks that were visible within the first 10 ms when stimuli were presented at high intensities. The latency of peak I of the armadillo ABR increased as stimulus intensity decreased by an average of 20 μs/dB. Estimated frequency-specific thresholds identified by the ABR were used to construct an estimate of the armadillo audiogram describing the mean thresholds of the eight animals tested. The majority of animals tested (six out of eight) exhibited clear responses to stimuli from 0.5 to 38 kHz, and two animals exhibited responses to stimuli of 48 kHz. Across all cases, the lowest thresholds were observed for frequencies from 8 to 12 kHz. Overall, we observed that the armadillo estimated audiogram bears a similar pattern as those observed using ABR in members of other mammalian clades, including marsupials and later-derived placental mammals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Samuel Atcherson
- Department of Audiology and Speech Pathology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ye Z, Ding J, Tu Y, Zhang Q, Chen S, Yu H, Sun Q, Hua T. Suppression of top-down influence decreases both behavioral and V1 neuronal response sensitivity to stimulus orientations in cats. Front Behav Neurosci 2023; 17:1061980. [PMID: 36844652 PMCID: PMC9944033 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2023.1061980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
How top-down influence affects behavioral detection of visual signals and neuronal response sensitivity in the primary visual cortex (V1) remains poorly understood. This study examined both behavioral performance in stimulus orientation identification and neuronal response sensitivity to stimulus orientations in the V1 of cat before and after top-down influence of area 7 (A7) was modulated by non-invasive transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS). Our results showed that cathode (c) but not sham (s) tDCS in A7 significantly increased the behavioral threshold in identifying stimulus orientation difference, which effect recovered after the tDCS effect vanished. Consistently, c-tDCS but not s-tDCS in A7 significantly decreased the response selectivity bias of V1 neurons for stimulus orientations, which effect could recover after withdrawal of the tDCS effect. Further analysis showed that c-tDCS induced reduction of V1 neurons in response selectivity was not resulted from alterations of neuronal preferred orientation, nor of spontaneous activity. Instead, c-tDCS in A7 significantly lowered the visually-evoked response, especially the maximum response of V1 neurons, which caused a decrease in response selectivity and signal-to-noise ratio. By contrast, s-tDCS exerted no significant effect on the responses of V1 neurons. These results indicate that top-down influence of A7 may enhance behavioral identification of stimulus orientations by increasing neuronal visually-evoked response and response selectivity in the V1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Ye
- College of Life sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui, China
| | - Jian Ding
- College of Life sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui, China,School of Basic Medical, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui, China
| | - Yanni Tu
- College of Life sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui, China
| | - Qiuyu Zhang
- College of Life sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui, China
| | - Shunshun Chen
- College of Life sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui, China
| | - Hao Yu
- College of Life sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui, China
| | - Qingyan Sun
- College of Life sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui, China
| | - Tianmiao Hua
- College of Life sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui, China,*Correspondence: Tianmiao Hua,
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Li VJ, Chorghay Z, Ruthazer ES. A Guide for the Multiplexed: The Development of Visual Feature Maps in the Brain. Neuroscience 2023; 508:62-75. [PMID: 35952996 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2022.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Neural maps are found ubiquitously in the brain, where they encode a wide range of behaviourally relevant features into neural space. Developmental studies have shown that animals devote a great deal of resources to establish consistently patterned organization in neural circuits throughout the nervous system, but what purposes maps serve beneath their often intricate appearance and composition is a topic of active debate and exploration. In this article, we review the general mechanisms of map formation, with a focus on the visual system, and then survey notable organizational properties of neural maps: the multiplexing of feature representations through a nested architecture, the interspersing of fine-scale heterogeneity within a globally smooth organization, and the complex integration at the microcircuit level that enables a high dimensionality of information encoding. Finally, we discuss the roles of maps in cortical functions, including input segregation, feature extraction and routing of circuit outputs for higher order processing, as well as the evolutionary basis for the properties we observe in neural maps.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa J Li
- Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital, McGill University, 3801 University St. Montreal, Quebec H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Zahraa Chorghay
- Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital, McGill University, 3801 University St. Montreal, Quebec H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Edward S Ruthazer
- Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital, McGill University, 3801 University St. Montreal, Quebec H3A 2B4, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Schmidt KE, Wolf F. Punctuated evolution of visual cortical circuits? Evidence from the large rodent Dasyprocta leporina, and the tiny primate Microcebus murinus. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2021; 71:110-118. [PMID: 34823047 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2021.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Recent reports of the lack of periodic orientation columns in a very large rodent species, the red-rumped agouti, and the existence of incompressible hypercolumns in the lineage of primates, as demonstrated in one of the smallest primates, the mouse lemur, strengthen the interpretation that salt-and-pepper and columns-and-pinwheel mosaics are two distinct functional layouts. These layouts do neither depend on lifestyle nor scale with body size, brain size, absolute neuron numbers, binocular overlap, or visual acuity, but are primarily distinguishable by phylogenetic traits. The predictive value of other biological signatures such as V1 neuronal surface density and the central-peripheral density ratio of retinal ganglion cells are reconsidered, and experiments elucidating the intracortical connectivity in rodents are proposed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin E Schmidt
- Neurobiology of Vision Lab, Brain Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, 59078 970, Av. Sen. Salgado Filho, 3000, Lagoa Nova, Natal, RN, Brazil.
| | - Fred Wolf
- Göttingen Campus Institute for Dynamics of Biological Networks, Germany; Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization, Göttingen, Germany; Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany; Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Herrmann-Rein-Strasse, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Crijns E, Kaliukhovich DA, Vankelecom L, Op de Beeck H. Unsupervised Temporal Contiguity Experience Does Not Break the Invariance of Orientation Selectivity Across Spatial Frequency. Front Syst Neurosci 2019; 13:22. [PMID: 31231196 PMCID: PMC6558410 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2019.00022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The images projected onto the retina can vary widely for a single object. Despite these transformations primates can quickly and reliably recognize objects. At the neural level, transformation tolerance in monkey inferotemporal cortex is affected by the temporal contiguity statistics of the visual input. Here we investigated whether temporal contiguity learning also influences the basic feature detectors in lower levels of the visual hierarchy, in particular the independent coding of orientation and spatial frequency (SF) in primary visual cortex. Eight male Long Evans rats were repeatedly exposed to a temporal transition between two gratings that changed in SF and had either the same (control SF) or a different (swap SF) orientation. Electrophysiological evidence showed that the responses of single neurons during this exposure were sensitive to the change in orientation. Nevertheless, the tolerance of orientation selectivity for changes in SF was unaffected by the temporal contiguity manipulation, as observed in 239 single neurons isolated pre-exposure and 234 post-exposure. Temporal contiguity learning did not affect orientation selectivity in V1. The basic filter mechanisms that characterize V1 processing seem unaffected by temporal contiguity manipulations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Els Crijns
- Laboratory of Biological Psychology, Department of Brain and Cognition, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Leuven Brain Institute, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dzmitry A Kaliukhovich
- Laboratory of Biological Psychology, Department of Brain and Cognition, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lara Vankelecom
- Laboratory of Biological Psychology, Department of Brain and Cognition, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Hans Op de Beeck
- Laboratory of Biological Psychology, Department of Brain and Cognition, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Leuven Brain Institute, Leuven, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Johnson EN, Westbrook T, Shayesteh R, Chen EL, Schumacher JW, Fitzpatrick D, Field GD. Distribution and diversity of intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells in tree shrew. J Comp Neurol 2017; 527:328-344. [PMID: 29238991 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2017] [Revised: 12/03/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) mediate the pupillary light reflex, circadian entrainment, and may contribute to luminance and color perception. The diversity of ipRGCs varies from rodents to primates, suggesting differences in their contributions to retinal output. To further understand the variability in their organization and diversity across species, we used immunohistochemical methods to examine ipRGCs in tree shrew (Tupaia belangeri). Tree shrews share membership in the same clade, or evolutionary branch, as rodents and primates. They are highly visual, diurnal animals with a cone-dominated retina and a geniculo-cortical organization resembling that of primates. We identified cells with morphological similarities to M1 and M2 cells described previously in rodents and primates. M1-like cells typically had somas in the ganglion cell layer, with 23% displaced to the inner nuclear layer (INL). However, unlike M1 cells, they had bistratified dendritic fields ramifying in S1 and S5 that collectively tiled space. M2-like cells had dendritic fields restricted to S5 that were smaller and more densely branching. A novel third type of melanopsin immunopositive cell was identified. These cells had somata exclusively in the INL and monostratified dendritic fields restricted to S1 that tiled space. Surprisingly, these cells immunolabeled for tyrosine hydroxylase, a key component in dopamine synthesis. These cells immunolabeled for an RGC marker, not amacrine cell markers, suggesting that they are dopaminergic ipRGCs. We found no evidence for M4 or M5 ipRGCs, described previously in rodents. These results identify some organizational features of the ipRGC system that are canonical versus species-specific.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth N Johnson
- Neurobiology Department, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina.,Wharton Neuroscience Initiative, The Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Teleza Westbrook
- Neurobiology Department, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Rod Shayesteh
- Neurobiology Department, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Emily L Chen
- Neurobiology Department, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | | | | | - Greg D Field
- Neurobiology Department, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| |
Collapse
|