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Tereshenko V, Dotzauer DC, Luft M, Ortmayr J, Maierhofer U, Schmoll M, Festin C, Carrero Rojas G, Klepetko J, Laengle G, Politikou O, Farina D, Blumer R, Bergmeister KD, Aszmann OC. Autonomic Nerve Fibers Aberrantly Reinnervate Denervated Facial Muscles and Alter Muscle Fiber Population. J Neurosci 2022; 42:8297-8307. [PMID: 36216502 PMCID: PMC9653283 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0670-22.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The surgical redirection of efferent neural input to a denervated muscle via a nerve transfer can reestablish neuromuscular control after nerve injuries. The role of autonomic nerve fibers during the process of muscular reinnervation remains largely unknown. Here, we investigated the neurobiological mechanisms behind the spontaneous functional recovery of denervated facial muscles in male rodents. Recovered facial muscles demonstrated an abundance of cholinergic axonal endings establishing functional neuromuscular junctions. The parasympathetic source of the neuronal input was confirmed to be in the pterygopalatine ganglion. Furthermore, the autonomically reinnervated facial muscles underwent a muscle fiber change to a purely intermediate muscle fiber population myosin heavy chain type IIa. Finally, electrophysiological tests revealed that the postganglionic parasympathetic fibers travel to the facial muscles via the sensory infraorbital nerve. Our findings demonstrated expanded neuromuscular plasticity of denervated striated muscles enabling functional recovery via alien autonomic fibers. These findings may further explain the underlying mechanisms of sensory protection implemented to prevent atrophy of a denervated muscle.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Nerve injuries represent significant morbidity and disability for patients. Rewiring motor nerve fibers to other target muscles has shown to be a successful approach in the restoration of motor function. This demonstrates the remarkable capacity of the CNS to adapt to the needs of the neuromuscular system. Yet, the capability of skeletal muscles being reinnervated by nonmotor axons remains largely unknown. Here, we show that under deprivation of original efferent input, the neuromuscular system can undergo functional and morphologic remodeling via autonomic nerve fibers. This may explain neurobiological mechanisms of the sensory protection phenomenon, which is because of parasympathetic reinnervation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vlad Tereshenko
- Clinical Laboratory for Bionic Extremity Reconstruction, Department of Plastic, Reconstructive, and Aesthetic Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Centers for Biomedical Research, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Dominik C Dotzauer
- Clinical Laboratory for Bionic Extremity Reconstruction, Department of Plastic, Reconstructive, and Aesthetic Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Centers for Biomedical Research, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Matthias Luft
- Clinical Laboratory for Bionic Extremity Reconstruction, Department of Plastic, Reconstructive, and Aesthetic Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Centers for Biomedical Research, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Joachim Ortmayr
- Clinical Laboratory for Bionic Extremity Reconstruction, Department of Plastic, Reconstructive, and Aesthetic Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Centers for Biomedical Research, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Udo Maierhofer
- Clinical Laboratory for Bionic Extremity Reconstruction, Department of Plastic, Reconstructive, and Aesthetic Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Centers for Biomedical Research, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Christopher Festin
- Clinical Laboratory for Bionic Extremity Reconstruction, Department of Plastic, Reconstructive, and Aesthetic Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Centers for Biomedical Research, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Johanna Klepetko
- Clinical Laboratory for Bionic Extremity Reconstruction, Department of Plastic, Reconstructive, and Aesthetic Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Centers for Biomedical Research, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Gregor Laengle
- Clinical Laboratory for Bionic Extremity Reconstruction, Department of Plastic, Reconstructive, and Aesthetic Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Centers for Biomedical Research, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Olga Politikou
- Clinical Laboratory for Bionic Extremity Reconstruction, Department of Plastic, Reconstructive, and Aesthetic Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Centers for Biomedical Research, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Dario Farina
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | | | - Konstantin D Bergmeister
- Clinical Laboratory for Bionic Extremity Reconstruction, Department of Plastic, Reconstructive, and Aesthetic Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Centers for Biomedical Research, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Department of Plastic, Aesthetic, and Reconstructive Surgery, Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, University Hospital, A-3500 Krems an der Donau, Austria
| | - Oskar C Aszmann
- Clinical Laboratory for Bionic Extremity Reconstruction, Department of Plastic, Reconstructive, and Aesthetic Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive, and Aesthetic Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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