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Reich N, Hölscher C. Cholecystokinin (CCK): a neuromodulator with therapeutic potential in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. Front Neuroendocrinol 2024; 73:101122. [PMID: 38346453 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2024.101122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Cholecystokinin (CCK) is a neuropeptide modulating digestion, glucose levels, neurotransmitters and memory. Recent studies suggest that CCK exhibits neuroprotective effects in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD). Thus, we review the physiological function and therapeutic potential of CCK. The neuropeptide facilitates hippocampal glutamate release and gates GABAergic basket cell activity, which improves declarative memory acquisition, but inhibits consolidation. Cortical CCK alters recognition memory and enhances audio-visual processing. By stimulating CCK-1 receptors (CCK-1Rs), sulphated CCK-8 elicits dopamine release in the substantia nigra and striatum. In the mesolimbic pathway, CCK release is triggered by dopamine and terminates reward responses via CCK-2Rs. Importantly, activation of hippocampal and nigral CCK-2Rs is neuroprotective by evoking AMPK activation, expression of mitochondrial fusion modulators and autophagy. Other benefits include vagus nerve/CCK-1R-mediated expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor, intestinal protection and suppression of inflammation. We also discuss caveats and the therapeutic combination of CCK with other peptide hormones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niklas Reich
- The ALBORADA Drug Discovery Institute, University of Cambridge, Island Research Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0AH, UK; Faculty of Health and Medicine, Biomedical & Life Sciences Division, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK.
| | - Christian Hölscher
- Second associated Hospital, Neurology Department, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China; Henan Academy of Innovations in Medical Science, Neurodegeneration research group, Xinzhen, Henan province, China
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2
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Keringer P, Furedi N, Gaszner B, Miko A, Pakai E, Fekete K, Olah E, Kelava L, Romanovsky AA, Rumbus Z, Garami A. The hyperthermic effect of central cholecystokinin is mediated by the cyclooxygenase-2 pathway. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2022; 322:E10-E23. [PMID: 34779255 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00223.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cholecystokinin (CCK) increases core body temperature via CCK2 receptors when administered intracerebroventricularly (icv). The mechanisms of CCK-induced hyperthermia are unknown, and it is also unknown whether CCK contributes to the fever response to systemic inflammation. We studied the interaction between central CCK signaling and the cyclooxygenase (COX) pathway. Body temperature was measured in adult male Wistar rats pretreated with intraperitoneal infusion of the nonselective COX enzyme inhibitor metamizol (120 mg/kg) or a selective COX-2 inhibitor, meloxicam, or etoricoxib (10 mg/kg for both) and, 30 min later, treated with intracerebroventricular CCK (1.7 µg/kg). In separate experiments, CCK-induced neuronal activation (with and without COX inhibition) was studied in thermoregulation- and feeding-related nuclei with c-Fos immunohistochemistry. CCK increased body temperature by ∼0.4°C from 10 min postinfusion, which was attenuated by metamizol. CCK reduced the number of c-Fos-positive cells in the median preoptic area (by ∼70%) but increased it in the dorsal hypothalamic area and in the rostral raphe pallidus (by ∼50% in both); all these changes were completely blocked with metamizol. In contrast, CCK-induced satiety and neuronal activation in the ventromedial hypothalamus were not influenced by metamizol. CCK-induced hyperthermia was also completely blocked with both selective COX-2 inhibitors studied. Finally, the CCK2 receptor antagonist YM022 (10 µg/kg icv) attenuated the late phases of fever induced by bacterial lipopolysaccharide (10 µg/kg; intravenously). We conclude that centrally administered CCK causes hyperthermia through changes in the activity of "classical" thermoeffector pathways and that the activation of COX-2 is required for the development of this response.NEW & NOTEWORTHY An association between central cholecystokinin signaling and the cyclooxygenase-prostaglandin E pathway has been proposed but remained poorly understood. We show that the hyperthermic response to the central administration of cholecystokinin alters the neuronal activity within efferent thermoeffector pathways and that these effects are fully blocked by the inhibition of cyclooxygenase. We also show that the activation of cyclooxygenase-2 is required for the hyperthermic effect of cholecystokinin and that cholecystokinin is a modulator of endotoxin-induced fever.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrik Keringer
- Department of Thermophysiology, Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Nora Furedi
- Department of Anatomy, Research Group for Mood Disorders, Centre for Neuroscience, Medical School and Szentagothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Balazs Gaszner
- Department of Anatomy, Research Group for Mood Disorders, Centre for Neuroscience, Medical School and Szentagothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Alexandra Miko
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical School and Szentagothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Eszter Pakai
- Department of Thermophysiology, Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Kata Fekete
- Department of Thermophysiology, Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Emoke Olah
- Department of Thermophysiology, Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Leonardo Kelava
- Department of Thermophysiology, Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | | | - Zoltan Rumbus
- Department of Thermophysiology, Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Andras Garami
- Department of Thermophysiology, Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
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3
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Astrocyte Gliotransmission in the Regulation of Systemic Metabolism. Metabolites 2021; 11:metabo11110732. [PMID: 34822390 PMCID: PMC8623475 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11110732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Normal brain function highly relies on the appropriate functioning of astrocytes. These glial cells are strategically situated between blood vessels and neurons, provide significant substrate support to neuronal demand, and are sensitive to neuronal activity and energy-related molecules. Astrocytes respond to many metabolic conditions and regulate a wide array of physiological processes, including cerebral vascular remodeling, glucose sensing, feeding, and circadian rhythms for the control of systemic metabolism and behavior-related responses. This regulation ultimately elicits counterregulatory mechanisms in order to couple whole-body energy availability with brain function. Therefore, understanding the role of astrocyte crosstalk with neighboring cells via the release of molecules, e.g., gliotransmitters, into the parenchyma in response to metabolic and neuronal cues is of fundamental relevance to elucidate the distinct roles of these glial cells in the neuroendocrine control of metabolism. Here, we review the mechanisms underlying astrocyte-released gliotransmitters that have been reported to be crucial for maintaining homeostatic regulation of systemic metabolism.
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Neuropeptides Modulate Local Astrocytes to Regulate Adult Hippocampal Neural Stem Cells. Neuron 2020; 108:349-366.e6. [PMID: 32877641 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2020.07.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Neural stem cells (NSCs) in the dentate gyrus (DG) reside in a specialized local niche that supports their neurogenic proliferation to produce adult-born neurons throughout life. How local niche cells interact at the circuit level to ensure continuous neurogenesis from NSCs remains unknown. Here we report the role of endogenous neuropeptide cholecystokinin (CCK), released from dentate CCK interneurons, in regulating neurogenic niche cells and NSCs. Specifically, stimulating CCK release supports neurogenic proliferation of NSCs through a dominant astrocyte-mediated glutamatergic signaling cascade. In contrast, reducing dentate CCK induces reactive astrocytes, which correlates with decreased neurogenic proliferation of NSCs and upregulation of genes involved in immune processes. Our findings provide novel circuit-based information on how CCK acts on local astrocytes to regulate the key behavior of adult NSCs.
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Mederos S, Perea G. GABAergic-astrocyte signaling: A refinement of inhibitory brain networks. Glia 2019; 67:1842-1851. [PMID: 31145508 PMCID: PMC6772151 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Interneurons play a critical role in precise control of network operation. Indeed, higher brain capabilities such as working memory, cognitive flexibility, attention, or social interaction rely on the action of GABAergic interneurons. Evidence from excitatory neurons and synapses has revealed astrocytes as integral elements of synaptic transmission. However, GABAergic interneurons can also engage astrocyte signaling; therefore, it is tempting to speculate about different scenarios where, based on particular interneuron cell type, GABAergic‐astrocyte interplay would be involved in diverse outcomes of brain function. In this review, we will highlight current data supporting the existence of dynamic GABAergic‐astrocyte communication and its impact on the inhibitory‐regulated brain responses, bringing new perspectives on the ways astrocytes might contribute to efficient neuronal coding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Mederos
- Department of Functional and Systems Neurobiology, Instituto Cajal, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gertrudis Perea
- Department of Functional and Systems Neurobiology, Instituto Cajal, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
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Cholecystokinin Switches the Plasticity of GABA Synapses in the Dorsomedial Hypothalamus via Astrocytic ATP Release. J Neurosci 2018; 38:8515-8525. [PMID: 30108130 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0569-18.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2018] [Revised: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Whether synapses in appetite-regulatory brain regions undergo long-term changes in strength in response to satiety peptides is poorly understood. Here we show that following bursts of afferent activity, the neuromodulator and satiety peptide cholecystokinin (CCK) shifts the plasticity of GABA synapses in the dorsomedial nucleus of the hypothalamus of male Sprague Dawley rats from long-term depression to long-term potentiation (LTP). This LTP requires the activation of both type 2 CCK receptors and group 5 metabotropic glutamate receptors, resulting in a rise in astrocytic intracellular calcium and subsequent ATP release. ATP then acts on presynaptic P2X receptors to trigger a prolonged increase in GABA release. Our observations demonstrate a novel form of CCK-mediated plasticity that requires astrocytic ATP release, and could serve as a mechanism for appetite regulation.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Satiety peptides, like cholecystokinin, play an important role in the central regulation of appetite, but their effect on synaptic plasticity is not well understood. The current data provide novel evidence that cholecystokinin shifts the plasticity from long-term depression to long-term potentiation at GABA synapses in the rat dorsomedial nucleus of the hypothalamus. We also demonstrate that this plasticity requires the concerted action of cholecystokinin and glutamate on astrocytes, triggering the release of the gliotransmitter ATP, which subsequently increases GABA release from neighboring inhibitory terminals. This research reveals a novel neuropeptide-induced switch in the direction of synaptic plasticity that requires astrocytes, and could represent a new mechanism by which cholecystokinin regulates appetite.
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Mariotti L, Losi G, Lia A, Melone M, Chiavegato A, Gómez-Gonzalo M, Sessolo M, Bovetti S, Forli A, Zonta M, Requie LM, Marcon I, Pugliese A, Viollet C, Bettler B, Fellin T, Conti F, Carmignoto G. Interneuron-specific signaling evokes distinctive somatostatin-mediated responses in adult cortical astrocytes. Nat Commun 2018; 9:82. [PMID: 29311610 PMCID: PMC5758790 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-02642-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The signaling diversity of GABAergic interneurons to post-synaptic neurons is crucial to generate the functional heterogeneity that characterizes brain circuits. Whether this diversity applies to other brain cells, such as the glial cells astrocytes, remains unexplored. Using optogenetics and two-photon functional imaging in the adult mouse neocortex, we here reveal that parvalbumin- and somatostatin-expressing interneurons, two key interneuron classes in the brain, differentially signal to astrocytes inducing weak and robust GABAB receptor-mediated Ca2+ elevations, respectively. Furthermore, the astrocyte response depresses upon parvalbumin interneuron repetitive stimulations and potentiates upon somatostatin interneuron repetitive stimulations, revealing a distinguished astrocyte plasticity. Remarkably, the potentiated response crucially depends on the neuropeptide somatostatin, released by somatostatin interneurons, which activates somatostatin receptors at astrocytic processes. Our study unveils, in the living brain, a hitherto unidentified signaling specificity between interneuron subtypes and astrocytes opening a new perspective into the role of astrocytes as non-neuronal components of inhibitory circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letizia Mariotti
- Neuroscience Institute, National Research Council (CNR), 35121, Padova, Italy.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Padova, 35121, Padova, Italy
| | - Gabriele Losi
- Neuroscience Institute, National Research Council (CNR), 35121, Padova, Italy.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Padova, 35121, Padova, Italy
| | - Annamaria Lia
- Neuroscience Institute, National Research Council (CNR), 35121, Padova, Italy.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Padova, 35121, Padova, Italy
| | - Marcello Melone
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60126, Ancona, Italy.,Center for Neurobiology of Aging, INRCA IRCCS, 60121, Ancona, Italy
| | - Angela Chiavegato
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Padova, 35121, Padova, Italy
| | - Marta Gómez-Gonzalo
- Neuroscience Institute, National Research Council (CNR), 35121, Padova, Italy.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Padova, 35121, Padova, Italy
| | - Michele Sessolo
- Neuroscience Institute, National Research Council (CNR), 35121, Padova, Italy.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Padova, 35121, Padova, Italy
| | - Serena Bovetti
- Optical Approches to Brain Function Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience and Brain Technologies, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 16163, Genova, Italy
| | - Angelo Forli
- Optical Approches to Brain Function Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience and Brain Technologies, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 16163, Genova, Italy
| | - Micaela Zonta
- Neuroscience Institute, National Research Council (CNR), 35121, Padova, Italy.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Padova, 35121, Padova, Italy
| | - Linda Maria Requie
- Neuroscience Institute, National Research Council (CNR), 35121, Padova, Italy.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Padova, 35121, Padova, Italy
| | - Iacopo Marcon
- Neuroscience Institute, National Research Council (CNR), 35121, Padova, Italy.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Padova, 35121, Padova, Italy
| | - Arianna Pugliese
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60126, Ancona, Italy
| | - Cécile Viollet
- Inserm UMR894, Center for Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Université Paris-Descartes, 75014, Paris, France
| | - Bernhard Bettler
- Departement of Biomedicine, University of Basel, 4031, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Tommaso Fellin
- Optical Approches to Brain Function Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience and Brain Technologies, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 16163, Genova, Italy
| | - Fiorenzo Conti
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60126, Ancona, Italy.,Center for Neurobiology of Aging, INRCA IRCCS, 60121, Ancona, Italy.,Foundation for Molecular Medicine, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60126, Ancona, Italy
| | - Giorgio Carmignoto
- Neuroscience Institute, National Research Council (CNR), 35121, Padova, Italy. .,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Padova, 35121, Padova, Italy.
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Reisi P, Ghaedamini AR, Golbidi M, Shabrang M, Arabpoor Z, Rashidi B. Effect of cholecystokinin on learning and memory, neuronal proliferation and apoptosis in the rat hippocampus. Adv Biomed Res 2015; 4:227. [PMID: 26623402 PMCID: PMC4638054 DOI: 10.4103/2277-9175.166650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2014] [Accepted: 01/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Cholecystokinin (CCK) has roles in learning and memory, but the cellular mechanism is poorly understood. This study investigated the effect of CCK on spatial learning and memory, neuronal proliferation and apoptosis in the hippocampus in rats. Materials and Methods: Experimental groups were control and CCK. The rats received CKK octapeptide sulfated (CCK-8S, 1.6 μg/kg, i.p.) for 14 days. Spatial learning and memory were tested by Morris water maze and finally immunohistochemical study was performed; neurogenesis by Ki-67 method and apoptosis by Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase mediated dUTP Nick End Labeling (TUNEL) assay in hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG). Results: Cholecystokinin increased Ki-67 positive cells and reduced TUNEL positive cells in the granular layer of hippocampal DG. CCK failed to have a significant effect on spatial learning and memory. Conclusion: Results indicate neuroprotective and proliferative effects of CCK in the hippocampus; however, other factors are probably involved until the newly born neurons achieve necessary integrity for behavioral changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parham Reisi
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran ; Biosensor Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran ; Physiology Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Ali Reza Ghaedamini
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Golbidi
- School of Dentistry, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Moloud Shabrang
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Zohreh Arabpoor
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Bahman Rashidi
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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Zhou Y, Ru Y, Shi H, Wang Y, Wu B, Upur H, Zhang Y. Cholecystokinin receptors regulate sperm protein tyrosine phosphorylation via uptake of HCO3-. Reproduction 2015; 150:257-68. [PMID: 26175429 DOI: 10.1530/rep-15-0138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Cholecystokinin (CCK), a peptide hormone and a neurotransmitter, was detected in mature sperm two decades ago. However, the exact role of CCK and the types of CCK receptors (now termed CCK1 and CCK2) in sperm have not been identified. Here, we find that CCK1 and CCK2 receptors are immunolocalized to the acrosomal region of mature sperm. The antagonist of CCK1 or CCK2 receptor strongly activated the soluble adenylyl cyclase/cAMP/protein kinase A signaling pathway that drives sperm capacitation-associated protein tyrosine phosphorylation in dose- and time-dependent manners. But these actions of stimulation were abolished when sperm were incubated in the medium in the absence of HCO3-. Further investigation demonstrated that the inhibitor of CCK1 or CCK2 receptor could accelerate the uptake of HCO3- and significantly elevate the intracellular pH of sperm. Interestingly, the synthetic octapeptide of CCK (CCK8) showed the same action and mechanism as antagonists of CCK receptors. Moreover, CCK8 and the antagonist of CCK1 or CCK2 receptor were also able to accelerate human sperm capacitation-associated protein tyrosine phosphorylation by stimulating the influx of HCO3-. Thus, the present results suggest that CCK and its receptors may regulate sperm capacitation-associated protein tyrosine phosphorylation by modulating the uptake of HCO3-.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchuan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular BiologyShanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Andrology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai 200031, People's Republic of ChinaShanghai institute of Planned Parenthood ResearchShanghai, ChinaCollege of Basic MedicalXinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanfei Ru
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular BiologyShanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Andrology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai 200031, People's Republic of ChinaShanghai institute of Planned Parenthood ResearchShanghai, ChinaCollege of Basic MedicalXinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Shanghai, China
| | - Huijuan Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular BiologyShanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Andrology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai 200031, People's Republic of ChinaShanghai institute of Planned Parenthood ResearchShanghai, ChinaCollege of Basic MedicalXinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanjiao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular BiologyShanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Andrology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai 200031, People's Republic of ChinaShanghai institute of Planned Parenthood ResearchShanghai, ChinaCollege of Basic MedicalXinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Shanghai, China State Key Laboratory of Molecular BiologyShanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Andrology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai 200031, People's Republic of ChinaShanghai institute of Planned Parenthood ResearchShanghai, ChinaCollege of Basic MedicalXinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Shanghai, China
| | - Bin Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular BiologyShanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Andrology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai 200031, People's Republic of ChinaShanghai institute of Planned Parenthood ResearchShanghai, ChinaCollege of Basic MedicalXinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Shanghai, China
| | - Halmurat Upur
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular BiologyShanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Andrology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai 200031, People's Republic of ChinaShanghai institute of Planned Parenthood ResearchShanghai, ChinaCollege of Basic MedicalXinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Shanghai, China
| | - Yonglian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular BiologyShanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Andrology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai 200031, People's Republic of ChinaShanghai institute of Planned Parenthood ResearchShanghai, ChinaCollege of Basic MedicalXinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Shanghai, China
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mGluR5 protect astrocytes from ischemic damage in postnatal CNS white matter. Cell Calcium 2015; 58:423-30. [PMID: 26189008 PMCID: PMC4634333 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2015.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2015] [Revised: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 06/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Astrocytes perform essential neuron-supporting functions in the central nervous system (CNS) and their disruption has devastating effects on neuronal integrity in multiple neuropathologies. Although astrocytes are considered resistant to most pathological insults, ischemia can result in astrocyte injury and astrocytes in postnatal white matter are particularly vulnerable. Metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluR) are neuroprotective in ischemia and are widely expressed by astrocytes throughout CNS grey matter, but their potential cytoprotective role in astrocytes had not been determined. Here, we identify functional expression of group I mGluR in white matter astrocytes and demonstrate their activation protects astrocytes from ischemic damage in the postnatal mouse optic nerve. Optic nerve astrocytes are shown to express mGluR5 using immunolabelling of sections and explant cultures from transgenic reporter mice in which GFAP drives expression of EGFP. In addition, using Fluo-4 calcium imaging in isolated intact optic nerves, we show that the group I/II mGluR agonist ACPD and the specific group I mGluR agonist DHPG evoke glial Ca(2+) signals that were significantly inhibited by the group I mGluR antagonist AIDA. A key finding is that activation of group I mGluR protects astrocytes against oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) in situ, in isolated intact optic nerves from GFAP-EGFP mice. This study identifies a role for group I mGluR in protecting astrocytes against ischemia in postnatal white matter and suggests this may be a strategy for limiting damage in neuropathologies involving excitotoxity.
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Dallaporta M, Bonnet MS, Horner K, Trouslard J, Jean A, Troadec JD. Glial cells of the nucleus tractus solitarius as partners of the dorsal hindbrain regulation of energy balance: a proposal for a working hypothesis. Brain Res 2010; 1350:35-42. [PMID: 20451504 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2010.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2010] [Revised: 04/09/2010] [Accepted: 04/13/2010] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
While the evidences emphasizing the role of astroglial cells in numerous aspects of information processing within the brain merges, the literature dealing with the involvement of this cell population in the signalization involved in feeding behavior and energetic homeostasis remains scarce. Nevertheless, some clues are now available indicating that glia could play a dynamic role in the regulation of energy balance, and that strengthening research effort in this field may further our understanding of the mechanisms controlling feeding behaviour. In the present review, we have summarized recent data indicating that the multifaceted glial compartment of the brainstem should be considered in future research aimed at identifying feeding-related processes operating at this level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Dallaporta
- Centre de Recherche en Neurobiologie-Neurophysiologie de Marseille, UMR 6231 CNRS, Département de Physiologie Neurovégétative, USC INRA 2027, Université Paul Cézanne, Marseille, France
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12
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CCK as a modulator of cardiovascular function. J Chem Neuroanat 2009; 38:176-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2009.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2009] [Revised: 05/22/2009] [Accepted: 06/19/2009] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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13
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Sun S, Cao H, Han M, Li TT, Zhao ZQ, Zhang YQ. Evidence for suppression of electroacupuncture on spinal glial activation and behavioral hypersensitivity in a rat model of monoarthritis. Brain Res Bull 2007; 75:83-93. [PMID: 18158100 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2007.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2007] [Revised: 07/18/2007] [Accepted: 07/26/2007] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Our previous study demonstrated that single intrathecal (i.t.) application of fluorocitrate, a glial metabolic inhibitor, synergized electroacupuncture (EA) antagonizing behavioral hypersensitivity in complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA)-induced monoarthritic rat. To further investigate the relationship between spinal glial activation and EA analgesia, the present study examined the effects of multiple EA on spinal glial activation evoked by monoarthritis (MA). The results showed that (1) unilateral intra-articular injection of CFA produced a robust glial activation on the spinal cord, which was associated with the development and maintenance of behavioral hypersensitivity; (2) multiple EA stimulation of ipsilateral "Huantiao" (GB30) and "Yanglingquan" (GB34) acupoints or i.t. injection of fluorocitrate (1 nmol) significantly suppressed spinal glial activation; (3) inhibitory effects of EA on spinal glial activation and behavioral hypersensitivity were significantly enhanced when EA combined with fluorocitrate, indicating that disruption of glial function may potentiate EA analgesia in inflammatory pain states. These data suggested that analgesic effects of EA might be associated with its counter-regulation to spinal glial activation, and thereby provide a potential strategy for the treatment of arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Sun
- Institute of Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science and State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 138 Yixueyuan Road, Shanghai 200032, China
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Harper EA, Roberts SP, Kalindjian SB. Thermodynamic analysis of ligands at cholecystokinin CCK2 receptors in rat cerebral cortex. Br J Pharmacol 2007; 151:1352-67. [PMID: 17592503 PMCID: PMC2189820 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0707355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2007] [Revised: 05/01/2007] [Accepted: 05/22/2007] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Several studies using radioligand binding assays, have shown that measurement of thermodynamic parameters can allow discrimination of agonists and antagonists (Weiland et al., 1979; Borea et al., 1996a). Here we investigate whether agonists and antagonists can be thermodynamically discriminated at CCK(2) receptors in rat cerebral cortex. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH The pK(L) of [(3)H]-JB93182 in rat cerebral cortex membranes was determined at 4, 12, 21 and 37 degrees C in 50 mM Tris-HCl buffer (buffer B pH 6.96; containing 0.089 mM bacitracin). pK(I) values of ligands of diverse chemical structure and with differing intrinsic activity (alpha), as defined by the lumen-perfused rat and mouse stomach bioassays, were determined in buffer B at 4, 12, 21 and 37 degrees C. KEY RESULTS [(3)H]-JB93182 labelled a homogeneous population of receptors in rat cerebral cortex at 4, 12, 21 and 37 degrees C and the pK(L) and B(max) were not altered by incubation temperature. [(3)H]-JB93182 binding reached equilibrium after 10, 50, 90 and 220 min at 37, 21, 12 and 4 degrees C, respectively. pK(I) values for R-L-365,260, R-L-740,093, YM220, PD134,308 and JB95008 were higher at 4 degrees C than at 37 degrees C. There was no effect of temperature on pK(I) values for pentagastrin, CCK-8S, S-L-365,260, YM022, PD140,376 and JB93242. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS CCK(2) receptor agonists and antagonists at rat CCK(2) receptors cannot be discriminated by thermodynamic analysis using [(3)H]-JB93182 as the radioligand.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Harper
- James Black Foundation, 68 Half Moon Lane, Dulwich, London, UK.
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Watkins LR, Hutchinson MR, Johnston IN, Maier SF. Glia: novel counter-regulators of opioid analgesia. Trends Neurosci 2005; 28:661-9. [PMID: 16246435 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2005.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 255] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2005] [Revised: 08/08/2005] [Accepted: 10/06/2005] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Development of analgesic tolerance and withdrawal-induced pain enhancement present serious difficulties for the use of opioids for pain control. Although neuronal mechanisms to account for these phenomena have been sought for many decades, their bases remain unresolved. Within the past four years, a novel non-neuronal candidate has been uncovered that opposes acute opioid analgesia and contributes to development of opioid tolerance and tolerance-associated pain enhancement. This novel candidate is spinal cord glia. Glia are important contributors to the creation of enhanced pain states via the release of neuroexcitatory substances. New data suggest that glia also release neuroexcitatory substances in response to morphine, thereby opposing its effects. Controlling glial activation could therefore increase the clinical utility of analgesic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda R Watkins
- Department of Psychology and the Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309-0345, USA.
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16
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Kozuka N, Itofusa R, Kudo Y, Morita M. Lipopolysaccharide and proinflammatory cytokines require different astrocyte states to induce nitric oxide production. J Neurosci Res 2005; 82:717-28. [PMID: 16247808 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.20671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) production by astrocytes is a significant factor affecting brain physiology and pathology, but the mechanism by which it is regulated is not known. Previous studies using different specimens and stimuli might have described different aspects of a complex system. We investigated the effect of culture and stimulus conditions on NO production by cultured astrocytes and identified two combinations of these allowing NO production. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced NO production required a high seeding cell density and was independent of the serum concentration, whereas that induced by proinflammatory cytokines required simultaneous treatment with interleukin-1beta, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and interferon-gamma and low-serum conditions but was less affected by the seeding density. These two pathways showed differential sensitivity to protein kinase inhibitors. Both LPS and cytokines induced expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). Although LPS-induced iNOS expression required a high seeding cell density, cytokine-induced iNOS expression, in contrast to NO production, was not affected by the serum concentration. These results suggest that astrocytes interact with the environment and alter their responsiveness to NO production-inducing stimuli by regulating iNOS expression and activity. This is the first evidence for the selective use of two different regulatory pathways in any cell type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagisa Kozuka
- Laboratory of Cellular Neurobiology, School of Life Science, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Science, Tokyo, Japan
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17
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Dual regulation of calcium oscillation in astrocytes by growth factors and pro-inflammatory cytokines via the mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade. J Neurosci 2003. [PMID: 14645490 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.23-34-10944.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In response to neurotransmitters, astrocytes show various types of calcium increase (transient, oscillatory, and complex), the physiological significance of which is still controversial. To explore this variability, we examined factors affecting the calcium increase pattern in cultured astrocytes and investigated the consequences of the astrocytic calcium response in slice preparations. We found that growth factors (GFs) (EGF plus basic FGF) promoted calcium oscillation in response to glutamate, ATP, or thimerosal (which directly activates the inositol-1,4,5 triphosphate receptor) and that this effect was suppressed by pro-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin-1beta or tumor necrosis factor-alpha), lipopolysaccharide, or a MEK (mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase) inhibitor, suggesting dual regulation of calcium oscillation in astrocytes by factors affecting brain function and pathology via the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade. The calcium oscillation was accompanied by enlargement of the calcium store, cell proliferation, and the development of a hypertrophic morphology. The cytokines suppressed GF-induced MAPK-dependent immediate early gene promoter activation, but not phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), showing that they affected gene regulation by acting on the MAPK cascade downstream of ERK. In slice preparations, a metabotropic glutamate receptor agonist converted the spontaneous neuronal calcium increase, attributable to synaptic transmission, to an oscillatory response similar to that seen in astrocytes in culture, indicating that the calcium response in astrocytes acted as a feedback mechanism on the activity of neighboring neurons. This is the first evidence for a dual regulation of calcium oscillation by physiological factors and for the control of calcium dynamics actually being used in physiological processes.
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Lefranc F, Sadeghi N, Metens T, Brotchi J, Salmon I, Kiss R. Characterization of gastrin-induced cytostatic effect on cell proliferation in experimental malignant gliomas. Neurosurgery 2003; 52:881-90; discussion 890-1. [PMID: 12657185 DOI: 10.1227/01.neu.0000053366.00088.80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2002] [Accepted: 12/04/2002] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Growth patterns of astrocytic tumors can be modulated in vitro by gastrin. In this study, the influence of gastrin on the in vitro cell cycle kinetics and the in vivo growth features of three experimental malignant gliomas was investigated. METHODS Gastrin-induced influence on overall growth was assayed in vitro by means of the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium colorimetric assay for human U373 and rat C6 gliomas and for rat 9L gliosarcoma. Although cell cycle analyses were performed by means of computer-assisted microscope analyses of Feulgen-stained nuclei, the gastrin-induced effects of the levels of expression of cyclins D3 and E, CDK2, CDK4, CDK5, CDK7, p15, p16, E2F1, and E2F2 were assayed by means of quantitative Western blot test. The presence of ribonucleic acids for the CCK(B) and CCK(C) gastrin receptors in the U373, C6, and 9L models was assayed by means of quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction, and the presence or absence of ribonucleic acids for CCK(A) receptor was checked by means of conventional polymerase chain reaction. The influence of gastrin was also characterized in vivo in terms of the survival periods of conventional rats orthotopically grafted with the C6 and 9L models and nude rats with the U373 model. RESULTS Gastrin significantly decreased the overall growth rate in the rat C6 and the human U373 high-grade astrocytic tumor models with either CCK(B) or CCK(C) gastrin receptor but not in the 9L rat gliosarcoma, which had no CCK(B) gastrin receptor (but had CCK(A) receptor) and only weak amounts of CCK(C) receptor. This effect seems to occur via a cytostatic effect; that is, an accumulation of tumor astrocytes occurs in the G(1) cell cycle phase. The cytostatic effect could relate to a gastrin-induced decrease in the amounts of the cyclin D3-CDK4 complex in both C6 and U373 glioma cells. In vivo, gastrin significantly increased the survival periods of C6 and U373 glioma-bearing rats, but not of 9L gliosarcoma-bearing rats. CONCLUSION Gastrin is able to significantly modify the growth levels of a number of experimental gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Lefranc
- Department of Neurosurgery, Erasmus University Hospital, Brussels, Belgium
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Lefranc F, Camby I, Belot N, Bruyneel E, Chaboteaux C, Brotchi J, Mareel M, Salmon I, Kiss R. Gastrin significantly modifies the migratory abilities of experimental glioma cells. J Transl Med 2002; 82:1241-52. [PMID: 12218085 DOI: 10.1097/01.lab.0000029151.37006.9e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant astrocytic tumors are characterized by the pronounced and diffuse migration of tumor astrocytes into the brain parenchyma. The present study shows that gastrin is a brain neuropeptide that is able to significantly modulate astrocytic tumor migration at both invasion and motility levels. In the matter of invasion, gastrin severely reduces the in vitro invasive abilities of C6 rat glioma, 9L rat gliosarcoma, and U373 human glioma cells in a collagen matrix. In vitro, gastrin also markedly modifies the motility features in both C6 and U373 cells, at least partly through a decrease in the expression of the RhoA small GTPase, and so brings about some dramatic modifications to the organization in the actin cytoskeleton. The in vitro preincubation of C6 tumor cells with gastrin significantly increases the life spans of rats stereotactically implanted with these cells as compared with the survival periods of rats implanted with gastrin-untreated C6 cells. As suggested by our in vitro experiments, these effects, observed in vivo cannot relate to only the gastrin-induced decrease in tumor astrocyte migratory abilities. Indeed, gastrin also induces immunomodulatory effects, because we observed a marked gastrin-induced recruitment of lymphocytes into C6 gliomas and 9L gliosarcomas. These data all suggest that gastrin can act as an endogenous modulator of glioma progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Lefranc
- Department of Neurosurgery, Erasmus University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda R Watkins
- Department of Psychology and the Center for Neurosciences, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309-0345, USA
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Bittner K, Müller W. Oxidative downmodulation of the transient K-current IA by intracellular arachidonic acid in rat hippocampal neurons. J Neurophysiol 1999; 82:508-11. [PMID: 10400980 DOI: 10.1152/jn.1999.82.1.508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Membrane-permeable arachidonic acid (AA) is liberated in a Ca2+-dependent way inside cells. By using whole cell patch clamp we show that intracellular AA (1 pM) selectively reduces IA in rat hippocampal neurons, whereas extracellular application requires a 10(6)-fold concentration. The nonmetabolized AA analogue ETYA mimics the effect of AA that is blocked by ascorbic acid or intracellular glutathione, suggesting an intracellular oxidative mechanism. We conclude that intracellular AA is extremely potent in reducing IA by an oxidative mechanism, particularly during oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Bittner
- AG Molekulare Zellphysiologie, Institut für Physiologie der Charité, D-10117 Berlin, Germany
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