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Kebschull JM, Casoni F, Consalez GG, Goldowitz D, Hawkes R, Ruigrok TJH, Schilling K, Wingate R, Wu J, Yeung J, Uusisaari MY. Cerebellum Lecture: the Cerebellar Nuclei-Core of the Cerebellum. CEREBELLUM (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2024; 23:620-677. [PMID: 36781689 PMCID: PMC10951048 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-022-01506-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
The cerebellum is a key player in many brain functions and a major topic of neuroscience research. However, the cerebellar nuclei (CN), the main output structures of the cerebellum, are often overlooked. This neglect is because research on the cerebellum typically focuses on the cortex and tends to treat the CN as relatively simple output nuclei conveying an inverted signal from the cerebellar cortex to the rest of the brain. In this review, by adopting a nucleocentric perspective we aim to rectify this impression. First, we describe CN anatomy and modularity and comprehensively integrate CN architecture with its highly organized but complex afferent and efferent connectivity. This is followed by a novel classification of the specific neuronal classes the CN comprise and speculate on the implications of CN structure and physiology for our understanding of adult cerebellar function. Based on this thorough review of the adult literature we provide a comprehensive overview of CN embryonic development and, by comparing cerebellar structures in various chordate clades, propose an interpretation of CN evolution. Despite their critical importance in cerebellar function, from a clinical perspective intriguingly few, if any, neurological disorders appear to primarily affect the CN. To highlight this curious anomaly, and encourage future nucleocentric interpretations, we build on our review to provide a brief overview of the various syndromes in which the CN are currently implicated. Finally, we summarize the specific perspectives that a nucleocentric view of the cerebellum brings, move major outstanding issues in CN biology to the limelight, and provide a roadmap to the key questions that need to be answered in order to create a comprehensive integrated model of CN structure, function, development, and evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justus M Kebschull
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
| | - Filippo Casoni
- Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, and San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - G Giacomo Consalez
- Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, and San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Daniel Goldowitz
- Department of Medical Genetics, Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Richard Hawkes
- Department of Cell Biology & Anatomy and Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Tom J H Ruigrok
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Karl Schilling
- Department of Anatomy, Anatomy & Cell Biology, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, 53115, Bonn, Federal Republic of Germany
| | - Richard Wingate
- MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Joshua Wu
- Department of Medical Genetics, Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Joanna Yeung
- Department of Medical Genetics, Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Marylka Yoe Uusisaari
- Neuronal Rhythms in Movement Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-Son, Kunigami-Gun, Okinawa, 904-0495, Japan.
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2
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Mucci V, Demori I, Browne CJ, Deblieck C, Burlando B. Fibromyalgia in Pregnancy: Neuro-Endocrine Fluctuations Provide Insight into Pathophysiology and Neuromodulation Treatment. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11020615. [PMID: 36831148 PMCID: PMC9953487 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11020615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibromyalgia (FM) is a chronic pain disorder with unclear pathophysiological mechanisms, which leads to challenges in patient management. In addition to pain, the disorder presents with a broad range of symptoms, such as sleep disruption, chronic fatigue, brain fog, depression, muscle stiffness, and migraine. FM has a considerable female prevalence, and it has been shown that symptoms are influenced by the menstrual cycle and periods of significant hormonal and immunological changes. There is increasing evidence that females with FM experience an aggravation of symptoms in pregnancy, particularly during the third trimester and after childbirth. In this perspective paper, we focus on the neuro-endocrine interactions that occur between progesterone, allopregnanolone, and cortisol during pregnancy, and propose that they align with our previously proposed model of FM pathogenesis based on GABAergic "weakening" in a thalamocortical neural loop system. Based on our hypothesis, we introduce the possibility of utilizing transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) as a non-invasive treatment potentially capable of exerting sex-specific effects on FM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviana Mucci
- School of Science, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW 2560, Australia
- Correspondence:
| | - Ilaria Demori
- Department of Earth, Environmental and Life Sciences (DISTAV), University of Genova, Corso Europa, 26, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Cherylea J. Browne
- School of Science, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW 2560, Australia
- Translational Neuroscience Facility, School of Medical Sciences, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia
- Brain Stimulation and Rehabilitation (BrainStAR) Lab, School of Health Sciences, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW 2560, Australia
| | - Choi Deblieck
- Antwerp Management School, University of Antwerp, Boogkeers 5, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Bruno Burlando
- Department of Pharmacy, DIFAR, University of Genova, Viale Benedetto XV, 3, 16132 Genova, Italy
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3
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Baumel Y, Yamin HG, Cohen D. Cerebellar nuclei neurons display aberrant oscillations during harmaline-induced tremor. Heliyon 2021; 7:e08119. [PMID: 34660929 PMCID: PMC8503592 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e08119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Essential tremor, a common, debilitating motor disorder, is thought to be caused by cerebellar malfunction. It has been shown that rhythmic Purkinje cell firing is both necessary and sufficient to induce body tremor. During tremor, cerebellar nuclei (CN) cells also display oscillatory activity. This study examined whether rhythmic activity in the CN characterizes the occurrence of body tremor, or alternatively, whether aberrant bursting activity underlies body tremor. Cerebellar nuclei activity was chronically recorded and analyzed in freely moving and in harmaline treated rats. CN neurons displayed rhythmic activity in both conditions, but the number of oscillatory neurons and the relative oscillation time were significantly higher under harmaline. The dominant frequencies of the oscillations were broadly distributed under harmaline and the likelihood that two simultaneously recorded neurons would co-oscillate and their oscillation coherence were significantly lower. It is argued that these alterations rather than neuronal rhythmicity per se underlie harmaline-induced body tremor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuval Baumel
- The Leslie and Susan Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, 52900, Israel
| | - Hagar G Yamin
- The Leslie and Susan Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, 52900, Israel
| | - Dana Cohen
- The Leslie and Susan Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, 52900, Israel
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4
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Flace P, Livrea P, Basile GA, Galletta D, Bizzoca A, Gennarini G, Bertino S, Branca JJV, Gulisano M, Bianconi S, Bramanti A, Anastasi G. The Cerebellar Dopaminergic System. Front Syst Neurosci 2021; 15:650614. [PMID: 34421548 PMCID: PMC8375553 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2021.650614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
In the central nervous system (CNS), dopamine (DA) is involved in motor and cognitive functions. Although the cerebellum is not been considered an elective dopaminergic region, studies attributed to it a critical role in dopamine deficit-related neurological and psychiatric disorders [e.g., Parkinson's disease (PD) and schizophrenia (SCZ)]. Data on the cerebellar dopaminergic neuronal system are still lacking. Nevertheless, biochemical studies detected in the mammalians cerebellum high dopamine levels, while chemical neuroanatomy studies revealed the presence of midbrain dopaminergic afferents to the cerebellum as well as wide distribution of the dopaminergic receptor subtypes (DRD1-DRD5). The present review summarizes the data on the cerebellar dopaminergic system including its involvement in associative and projective circuits. Furthermore, this study also briefly discusses the role of the cerebellar dopaminergic system in some neurologic and psychiatric disorders and suggests its potential involvement as a target in pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Flace
- Medical School, University of Bari ‘Aldo Moro', Bari, Italy
| | | | - Gianpaolo Antonio Basile
- Department of Biomedical, Dental Sciences and Morphological and Functional Images, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Diana Galletta
- Unit of Psychiatry and Psychology, Federico II University Hospital, Naples, Italy
| | - Antonella Bizzoca
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Bari, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Gennarini
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Bari, Italy
| | - Salvatore Bertino
- Department of Biomedical, Dental Sciences and Morphological and Functional Images, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | | | - Massimo Gulisano
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Firenze, Firenze, Italy
| | - Simona Bianconi
- Physical, Rehabilitation Medicine and Sport Medicine Unit, University Hospital “G. Martino”, Messina, Italy
| | - Alessia Bramanti
- Scientific Institute for Research, Hospitalization and Health Care IRCCS “Centro Neurolesi Bonino Pulejo”, Messina, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Anastasi
- Department of Biomedical, Dental Sciences and Morphological and Functional Images, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
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Hirono M, Karube F, Yanagawa Y. Modulatory Effects of Monoamines and Perineuronal Nets on Output of Cerebellar Purkinje Cells. Front Neural Circuits 2021; 15:661899. [PMID: 34194302 PMCID: PMC8236809 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2021.661899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Classically, the cerebellum has been thought to play a significant role in motor coordination. However, a growing body of evidence for novel neural connections between the cerebellum and various brain regions indicates that the cerebellum also contributes to other brain functions implicated in reward, language, and social behavior. Cerebellar Purkinje cells (PCs) make inhibitory GABAergic synapses with their target neurons: other PCs and Lugaro/globular cells via PC axon collaterals, and neurons in the deep cerebellar nuclei (DCN) via PC primary axons. PC-Lugaro/globular cell connections form a cerebellar cortical microcircuit, which is driven by serotonin and noradrenaline. PCs' primary outputs control not only firing but also synaptic plasticity of DCN neurons following the integration of excitatory and inhibitory inputs in the cerebellar cortex. Thus, strong PC-mediated inhibition is involved in cerebellar functions as a key regulator of cerebellar neural networks. In this review, we focus on physiological characteristics of GABAergic transmission from PCs. First, we introduce monoaminergic modulation of GABAergic transmission at synapses of PC-Lugaro/globular cell as well as PC-large glutamatergic DCN neuron, and a Lugaro/globular cell-incorporated microcircuit. Second, we review the physiological roles of perineuronal nets (PNNs), which are organized components of the extracellular matrix and enwrap the cell bodies and proximal processes, in GABA release from PCs to large glutamatergic DCN neurons and in cerebellar motor learning. Recent evidence suggests that alterations in PNN density in the DCN can regulate cerebellar functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritoshi Hirono
- Department of Physiology, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Fuyuki Karube
- Lab of Histology and Cytology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yuchio Yanagawa
- Department of Genetic and Behavioral Neuroscience, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
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6
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Dey S, Surendran D, Engberg O, Gupta A, Fanibunda SE, Das A, Maity BK, Dey A, Visvakarma V, Kallianpur M, Scheidt HA, Walker G, Vaidya VA, Huster D, Maiti S. Altered Membrane Mechanics Provides a Receptor-Independent Pathway for Serotonin Action. Chemistry 2021; 27:7533-7541. [PMID: 33502812 PMCID: PMC8252079 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202100328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Serotonin, an important signaling molecule in humans, has an unexpectedly high lipid membrane affinity. The significance of this finding has evoked considerable speculation. Here we show that membrane binding by serotonin can directly modulate membrane properties and cellular function, providing an activity pathway completely independent of serotonin receptors. Atomic force microscopy shows that serotonin makes artificial lipid bilayers softer, and induces nucleation of liquid disordered domains inside the raft-like liquid-ordered domains. Solid-state NMR spectroscopy corroborates this data at the atomic level, revealing a homogeneous decrease in the order parameter of the lipid chains in the presence of serotonin. In the RN46A immortalized serotonergic neuronal cell line, extracellular serotonin enhances transferrin receptor endocytosis, even in the presence of broad-spectrum serotonin receptor and transporter inhibitors. Similarly, it increases the membrane binding and internalization of oligomeric peptides. Our results uncover a mode of serotonin-membrane interaction that can potentiate key cellular processes in a receptor-independent fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simli Dey
- Department of Chemical SciencesTata Institute of Fundamental ResearchHomi Bhabha Road, ColabaMumbai400005India
| | - Dayana Surendran
- Department of Chemical SciencesTata Institute of Fundamental ResearchHomi Bhabha Road, ColabaMumbai400005India
| | - Oskar Engberg
- Institute of Medical Physics and BiophysicsUniversity of LeipzigHärtelstr. 16–1804107LeipzigGermany
| | - Ankur Gupta
- Department of Chemical SciencesTata Institute of Fundamental ResearchHomi Bhabha Road, ColabaMumbai400005India
| | - Sashaina E. Fanibunda
- Department of Biological SciencesTata Institute of Fundamental ResearchHomi Bhabha Road, ColabaMumbai400005India
- Kasturba Health SocietyMedical Research CenterMumbaiIndia
| | - Anirban Das
- Department of Chemical SciencesTata Institute of Fundamental ResearchHomi Bhabha Road, ColabaMumbai400005India
| | - Barun Kumar Maity
- Department of Chemical SciencesTata Institute of Fundamental ResearchHomi Bhabha Road, ColabaMumbai400005India
| | - Arpan Dey
- Department of Chemical SciencesTata Institute of Fundamental ResearchHomi Bhabha Road, ColabaMumbai400005India
| | - Vicky Visvakarma
- Department of Chemical SciencesTata Institute of Fundamental ResearchHomi Bhabha Road, ColabaMumbai400005India
| | - Mamata Kallianpur
- Department of Chemical SciencesTata Institute of Fundamental ResearchHomi Bhabha Road, ColabaMumbai400005India
| | - Holger A. Scheidt
- Institute of Medical Physics and BiophysicsUniversity of LeipzigHärtelstr. 16–1804107LeipzigGermany
| | - Gilbert Walker
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioM5S3H6Canada
| | - Vidita A. Vaidya
- Department of Biological SciencesTata Institute of Fundamental ResearchHomi Bhabha Road, ColabaMumbai400005India
| | - Daniel Huster
- Department of Chemical SciencesTata Institute of Fundamental ResearchHomi Bhabha Road, ColabaMumbai400005India
- Institute of Medical Physics and BiophysicsUniversity of LeipzigHärtelstr. 16–1804107LeipzigGermany
| | - Sudipta Maiti
- Department of Chemical SciencesTata Institute of Fundamental ResearchHomi Bhabha Road, ColabaMumbai400005India
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7
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Yamamoto R, Furuyama T, Sugai T, Ono M, Pare D, Kato N. Serotonergic control of GABAergic inhibition in the lateral amygdala. J Neurophysiol 2019; 123:670-681. [PMID: 31875487 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00500.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Much evidence implicates the serotonergic regulation of the amygdala in anxiety. Thus the present study was undertaken to characterize the influence of serotonin (5-HT) on principal neurons (PNs) of the rat lateral amygdala (LA), using whole cell recordings in vitro. Because inhibition is a major determinant of PN activity, we focused on the control of GABAergic transmission by 5-HT. IPSCs were elicited by local electrical stimulation of LA in the presence of glutamate receptor antagonists. We found that 5-HT reduces GABAA inhibitory postsynaptic currents (IPSCs) via presynaptic 5-HT1B receptors. While the presynaptic inhibition of GABA release also attenuated GABAB currents, this effect was less pronounced than for GABAA currents because 5-HT also induced a competing postsynaptic enhancement of GABAB currents. That is, GABAB currents elicited by pressure application of GABA or baclofen were enhanced by 5-HT. In addition, we obtained evidence suggesting that 5-HT differentially regulates distinct subsets of GABAergic synapses. Indeed, GABAA IPSCs were comprised of two components: a relatively 5-HT-insensitive IPSC that had a fast time course and a 5-HT-sensitive component that had a slower time course. Because the relative contribution of these two components varied depending on whether neurons were recorded at proximity versus at a distance from the stimulating electrodes, we speculate that distinct subtypes of local-circuit cells contribute the two contingents of GABAergic synapses. Overall, our results indicate that 5-HT is a potent regulator of synaptic inhibition in LA.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We report that 5-HT, acting via presynaptic 5-HT1B receptors, attenuates GABAA IPSCs by reducing GABA release in the lateral amygdala (LA). In parallel, 5-HT enhances GABAB currents postsynaptically, such that GABAB inhibitory postsynaptic currents (IPSCs) are relatively preserved from the presynaptic inhibition of GABA release. We also found that the time course of 5-HT-sensitive and -insensitive GABAA IPSCs differ. Together, these results indicate that 5-HT is a potent regulator of synaptic inhibition in LA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Yamamoto
- Department of Physiology, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Takafumi Furuyama
- Department of Physiology, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Tokio Sugai
- Department of Physiology, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Munenori Ono
- Department of Physiology, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Denis Pare
- Center for Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience, Rutgers University-Newark, Newark, New Jersey
| | - Nobuo Kato
- Department of Physiology, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa, Japan
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8
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Moreno-Rius J. Opioid addiction and the cerebellum. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2019; 107:238-251. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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9
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Developmental Changes in Serotonergic Modulation of GABAergic Synaptic Transmission and Postsynaptic GABA A Receptor Composition in the Cerebellar Nuclei. THE CEREBELLUM 2019; 17:346-358. [PMID: 29349630 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-018-0922-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Outputs from the cerebellar nuclei (CN) are important for generating and controlling movement. The activity of CN neurons is controlled not only by excitatory inputs from mossy and climbing fibers and by γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-based inhibitory transmission from Purkinje cells in the cerebellar cortex but is also modulated by inputs from other brain regions, including serotonergic fibers that originate in the dorsal raphe nuclei. We examined the modulatory effects of serotonin (5-HT) on GABAergic synapses during development, using rat cerebellar slices. As previously reported, 5-HT presynaptically decreased the amplitudes of stimulation-evoked inhibitory postsynaptic currents (IPSCs) in CN neurons, with this effect being stronger in slices from younger animals (postnatal days [P] 11-13) than in slices from older animals (P19-21). GABA release probabilities accordingly exhibited significant decreases from P11-13 to P19-21. Although there was a strong correlation between the GABA release probability and the magnitude of 5-HT-induced inhibition, manipulating the release probability by changing extracellular Ca2+ concentrations failed to control the extent of 5-HT-induced inhibition. We also found that the IPSCs exhibited slower kinetics at P11-13 than at P19-21. Pharmacological and molecular biological tests revealed that IPSC kinetics were largely determined by the prevalence of α1 subunits within GABAA receptors. In summary, pre- and postsynaptic developmental changes in serotonergic modulation and GABAergic synaptic transmission occur during the second to third postnatal weeks and may significantly contribute to the formation of normal adult cerebellar function.
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10
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Zhang Q, Wu JF, Shi QL, Li MY, Wang CJ, Wang X, Wang WY, Wu Y. The Neuronal Activation of Deep Cerebellar Nuclei Is Essential for Environmental Enrichment-Induced Post-Stroke Motor Recovery. Aging Dis 2019; 10:530-543. [PMID: 31164998 PMCID: PMC6538218 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2018.1220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The level of cerebellar activity in stroke patients has been shown to correlate with the extent of functional recovery. We reasoned that the cerebellum may be an important player in post-stroke rehabilitation. Because the neurons in the deep cerebellar nuclei (DCN) represent virtually all of the output from the cerebellum, in this study, using environmental enrichment (EE) to promote rehabilitation, we investigated the influence of the optogenetic neuronal modulation of DCN on EE-induced rehabilitation. We found that neuronal inhibition of the DCN almost completely blocked motor recovery in EE treated mice, but the stroke mice with neuronal activation of the DCN achieved a similar recovery level as those in the EE treated group. No difference was observed in anxiety-like behavior. Moreover, Htr2a in the DCN, the gene encoding 5-HT2A receptor, was shown to be a hub gene in the protein-protein interaction network identified using RNA-seq. This indicated that 5-HT2A receptor-mediated signaling may be responsible for DCN-dependent functional improvement in EE. We further verified this using the 5-HT2A receptor antagonist, MDL100907, to inhibit the function of 5-HT2A receptor in the DCN. This treatment resulted in impaired recovery in EE treated mice, who performed at a level as poor as the stroke-only group. Thus, this work contributes to an understanding of the importance of the DCN activation in EE-induced post-stroke rehabilitation. Attempts to clarify the mechanism of 5-HT2A receptor-mediated signaling in the DCN may also lead to the creation of a pharmacological mimetic of the benefits of EE-induced rehabilitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qun Zhang
- 1Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun-Fa Wu
- 1Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qi-Li Shi
- 2Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Ningbo Second Hospital, Zhejiang, China.,3University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,4Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Ming-Yue Li
- 5Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chuan-Jie Wang
- 1Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Wang
- 6Department of Rehabilitation, Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wen-Yuan Wang
- 4Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,1Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Wu
- 1Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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11
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Monoaminergic modulation of GABAergic transmission onto cerebellar globular cells. Neuropharmacology 2017; 118:79-89. [PMID: 28300552 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Revised: 03/04/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Cerebellar Purkinje cells (PCs) project their axon collaterals to underneath of the PC layer and make GABAergic synaptic contacts with globular cells, a subgroup of Lugaro cells. GABAergic transmission derived from the PC axon collaterals is so powerful that it could inhibit globular cells and regulate their firing patterns. However, the physiological properties and implications of the GABAergic synapses on globular cells remain unknown. Using whole-cell patch-clamp recordings from globular cells in the mouse cerebellum, we examined the monoaminergic modulation of GABAergic inputs to these cells. Application of either serotonin (5-HT) or noradrenaline (NA) excited globular cells, thereby leading to their firing. The 5-HT- and NA-induced firing was temporally confined and attenuated by GABAergic transmission, although 5-HT and NA exerted an inhibitory effect on the release of GABA from presynaptic terminals of PC axon collaterals. Agonists for 5-HT1B receptors and α2-adrenoceptors mimicked the 5-HT- and NA-induced suppression of GABAergic activity. Through their differential modulatory actions on the cerebellar inhibitory neural circuits, 5-HT facilitated PC firing, whereas NA suppressed it. These results indicate that 5-HT and NA regulate the membrane excitability of globular cells and PCs through their differential modulation of not only the membrane potential but also GABAergic synaptic circuits. Monoaminergic modulation of the neural connections between globular cells and PCs could play a role in cerebellar motor coordination.
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12
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FUS-linked essential tremor associated with motor dysfunction in Drosophila. Hum Genet 2016; 135:1223-1232. [PMID: 27395408 PMCID: PMC5052300 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-016-1709-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Essential tremor (ET) is one of the most common adult-onset neurological disorders which produce motor and non-motor symptoms. To date, there are no gold standard pathological hallmarks of ET, and despite a strong genetic contribution toward ET development, only a few pathogenic mutations have been identified. Recently, a pathogenic FUS-Q290X mutation has been reported in a large ET-affected family; however, the pathophysiologic mechanism underlying FUS-linked ET is unknown. Here, we generated transgenic Drosophila expressing hFUS-WT and hFUS-Q290X and targeted their expression in different tissues. We found that the targeted expression of hFUS-Q290X in the dopaminergic and the serotonergic neurons did not cause obvious neuronal degeneration, but it resulted in motor dysfunction which was accompanied by impairment in the GABAergic pathway. The involvement of the GABAergic pathway was supported by rescue of motor symptoms with gabapentin. Interestingly, we observed gender specific downregulation of GABA-R and NMDA-R expression and reduction in serotonin level. Overexpression of hFUS-Q290X also caused an increase in longevity and this was accompanied by downregulation of the IIS/TOR signalling pathway. Our in vivo studies of the hFUS-Q290X mutation in Drosophila link motor dysfunction to impairment in the GABAergic pathway. Our findings would facilitate further efforts in unravelling the pathophysiology of ET.
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13
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Rahimi-Balaei M, Afsharinezhad P, Bailey K, Buchok M, Yeganeh B, Marzban H. Embryonic stages in cerebellar afferent development. CEREBELLUM & ATAXIAS 2015; 2:7. [PMID: 26331050 PMCID: PMC4552263 DOI: 10.1186/s40673-015-0026-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The cerebellum is important for motor control, cognition, and language processing. Afferent and efferent fibers are major components of cerebellar circuitry and impairment of these circuits causes severe cerebellar malfunction, such as ataxia. The cerebellum receives information from two major afferent types – climbing fibers and mossy fibers. In addition, a third set of afferents project to the cerebellum as neuromodulatory fibers. The spatiotemporal pattern of early cerebellar afferents that enter the developing embryonic cerebellum is not fully understood. In this review, we will discuss the cerebellar architecture and connectivity specifically related to afferents during development in different species. We will also consider the order of afferent fiber arrival into the developing cerebellum to establish neural connectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Rahimi-Balaei
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, College of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Rm129, BMSB, 745 Bannatyne Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0J9 Canada ; College of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Manitoba Institute of Child Health (MICH), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba Canada
| | - Pegah Afsharinezhad
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, College of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Rm129, BMSB, 745 Bannatyne Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0J9 Canada
| | - Karen Bailey
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, College of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Rm129, BMSB, 745 Bannatyne Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0J9 Canada
| | - Matthew Buchok
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, College of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Rm129, BMSB, 745 Bannatyne Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0J9 Canada
| | - Behzad Yeganeh
- Program in Physiology and Experimental Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children and University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario Canada
| | - Hassan Marzban
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, College of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Rm129, BMSB, 745 Bannatyne Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0J9 Canada ; College of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Manitoba Institute of Child Health (MICH), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba Canada
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14
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Manto M, Honnorat J, Hampe CS, Guerra-Narbona R, López-Ramos JC, Delgado-García JM, Saitow F, Suzuki H, Yanagawa Y, Mizusawa H, Mitoma H. Disease-specific monoclonal antibodies targeting glutamate decarboxylase impair GABAergic neurotransmission and affect motor learning and behavioral functions. Front Behav Neurosci 2015; 9:78. [PMID: 25870548 PMCID: PMC4375997 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2015.00078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoantibodies to the smaller isoform of glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) can be found in patients with type 1 diabetes and a number of neurological disorders, including stiff-person syndrome, cerebellar ataxia and limbic encephalitis. The detection of disease-specific autoantibody epitopes led to the hypothesis that distinct GAD autoantibodies may elicit specific neurological phenotypes. We explored the in vitro/in vivo effects of well-characterized monoclonal GAD antibodies. We found that GAD autoantibodies present in patients with stiff person syndrome (n = 7) and cerebellar ataxia (n = 15) recognized an epitope distinct from that recognized by GAD autoantibodies present in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (n = 10) or limbic encephalitis (n = 4). We demonstrated that the administration of a monoclonal GAD antibody representing this epitope specificity; (1) disrupted in vitro the association of GAD with γ-Aminobutyric acid containing synaptic vesicles; (2) depressed the inhibitory synaptic transmission in cerebellar slices with a gradual time course and a lasting suppressive effect; (3) significantly decreased conditioned eyelid responses evoked in mice, with no modification of learning curves in the classical eyeblink-conditioning task; (4) markedly impaired the facilitatory effect exerted by the premotor cortex over the motor cortex in a paired-pulse stimulation paradigm; and (5) induced decreased exploratory behavior and impaired locomotor function in rats. These findings support the specific targeting of GAD by its autoantibodies in the pathogenesis of stiff-person syndrome and cerebellar ataxia. Therapies of these disorders based on selective removal of such GAD antibodies could be envisioned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Manto
- Unité d'Etude du Mouvement, FNRS Neurologie, ULB Erasme Brussels, Belgium
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Fumihito Saitow
- Department of Pharmacology, Nippon Medical School Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hidenori Suzuki
- Department of Pharmacology, Nippon Medical School Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuchio Yanagawa
- Department of Genetic and Behavioral Neuroscience, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine and JST, CREST, Maebashi City Gunma, Japan
| | | | - Hiroshi Mitoma
- Department of Medical Education, Tokyo Medical University Tokyo, Japan
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15
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García-Oscos F, Torres-Ramírez O, Dinh L, Galindo-Charles L, Pérez Padilla EA, Pineda JC, Atzori M, Salgado H. Activation of 5-HT receptors inhibits GABAergic transmission by pre-and post-synaptic mechanisms in layer II/III of the juvenile rat auditory cortex. Synapse 2015; 69:115-27. [DOI: 10.1002/syn.21794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 11/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Francisco García-Oscos
- School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas; Richardson Texas
- Department of Psychiatry; University of Texas, Southwestern Medical Center; Dallas Texas
| | - Oswaldo Torres-Ramírez
- Centro de Investigaciones Regionales “Dr. Hideyo Noguchi”; Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida; Yucatán México
| | - Lu Dinh
- School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas; Richardson Texas
| | - Luis Galindo-Charles
- Department of Psychiatry; University of Texas, Southwestern Medical Center; Dallas Texas
| | - Elsy Arlene Pérez Padilla
- Centro de Investigaciones Regionales “Dr. Hideyo Noguchi”; Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida; Yucatán México
| | - Juan Carlos Pineda
- Centro de Investigaciones Regionales “Dr. Hideyo Noguchi”; Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida; Yucatán México
| | - Marco Atzori
- School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas; Richardson Texas
- Facultad de Ciencias; Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí; San Luis Potosí México
| | - Humberto Salgado
- School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas; Richardson Texas
- Centro de Investigaciones Regionales “Dr. Hideyo Noguchi”; Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida; Yucatán México
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16
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Holst K, Guseva D, Schindler S, Sixt M, Braun A, Chopra H, Pabst O, Ponimaskin E. Serotonin receptor 5-HT7 regulates morphology and migratory properties of dendritic cells. J Cell Sci 2015; 128:2866-80. [DOI: 10.1242/jcs.167999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are potent antigen-presenting cells endowed with the unique ability to initiate adaptive immune responses upon inflammation. Inflammatory processes are often associated with an increased production of serotonin, which operates by activating specific receptors. However, the functional role of serotonin receptors in regulation of DC functions is poorly understood. Here we demonstrate that expression of serotonin receptor 5-HT7 (5-HT7R) as well as its down-stream effector Cdc42 is upregulated in DCs upon maturation. While DC maturation was independent of 5-HT7R, receptor stimulation affected DC morphology via Cdc42-mediated signaling. In addition, basal activity of 5-HT7R was required for the proper expression of the chemokine receptor CCR7, which is a key factor to control DC migration. Consistently, we observed that 5-HT7R enhances chemotactic motility of DCs in vitro by modulating their directionality and migration velocity. Accordingly, migration of DCs in murine colon explants was abolished after pharmacological receptor blockade. Our results indicate a critical role of 5-HT7R/Cdc42-mediated signaling in regulation of DC morphology and motility, suggesting 5-HT7R as a novel target for treatment of a variety of inflammatory and immune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Holst
- Cellular Neurophysiology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Daria Guseva
- Cellular Neurophysiology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Susann Schindler
- Department of Airway Immunology, Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Michael Sixt
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, A-3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Armin Braun
- Department of Airway Immunology, Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Himpriya Chopra
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Oliver Pabst
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Evgeni Ponimaskin
- Cellular Neurophysiology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
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17
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5-HT2A receptor-mediated excitation on cerebellar fastigial nucleus neurons and promotion of motor behaviors in rats. Pflugers Arch 2013; 466:1259-71. [PMID: 24145983 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-013-1378-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2013] [Revised: 09/16/2013] [Accepted: 10/08/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
It has long been known that serotonergic afferent inputs are the third largest afferent population in the cerebellum after mossy fibers and climbing fibers. However, the role of serotonergic inputs in cerebellar-mediated motor behaviors is still largely unknown. Here, we show that only 5-HT2A receptors among the 5-HT2 receptor subfamily are expressed and localized in the rat cerebellar fastigial nucleus (FN), one of the ultimate outputs of the spinocerebellum precisely regulating trunk and limb movements. Remarkably, selective activation of 5-HT2A receptors evokes a postsynaptic excitatory effect on FN neurons in a concentration-dependent manner in vitro, which is in accord with the 5-HT-elicited excitation on the same tested neurons. Furthermore, selective 5-HT2A receptor antagonist M100907 concentration-dependently blocks the excitatory effects of 5-HT and TCB-2, a 5-HT2A receptor agonist, on FN neurons. Consequently, microinjection of 5-HT into bilateral FNs significantly promotes rat motor performances on accelerating rota-rod and balance beam and narrows stride width rather than stride length in locomotion gait. All these motor behavioral effects are highly consistent with those of selective activation of 5-HT2A receptors in FNs, and blockage of the component of 5-HT2A receptor-mediated endogenous serotonergic inputs in FNs markedly attenuates these motor performances. All these results demonstrate that postsynaptic 5-HT2A receptors greatly contribute to the 5-HT-mediated excitatory effect on cerebellar FN neurons and promotion of the FN-related motor behaviors, suggesting that serotonergic afferent inputs may actively participate in cerebellar motor control through their direct modulation on the final output of the spinocerebellum.
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18
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Oostland M, van Hooft J. The role of serotonin in cerebellar development. Neuroscience 2013; 248:201-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2013] [Revised: 05/16/2013] [Accepted: 05/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Hirono M, Saitow F, Kudo M, Suzuki H, Yanagawa Y, Yamada M, Nagao S, Konishi S, Obata K. Cerebellar globular cells receive monoaminergic excitation and monosynaptic inhibition from Purkinje cells. PLoS One 2012; 7:e29663. [PMID: 22235322 PMCID: PMC3250469 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0029663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2011] [Accepted: 12/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibitory interneurons in the cerebellar granular layer are more heterogeneous than traditionally depicted. In contrast to Golgi cells, which are ubiquitously distributed in the granular layer, small fusiform Lugaro cells and globular cells are located underneath the Purkinje cell layer and small in number. Globular cells have not been characterized physiologically. Here, using cerebellar slices obtained from a strain of gene-manipulated mice expressing GFP specifically in GABAergic neurons, we morphologically identified globular cells, and compared their synaptic activity and monoaminergic influence of their electrical activity with those of small Golgi cells and small fusiform Lugaro cells. Globular cells were characterized by prominent IPSCs together with monosynaptic inputs from the axon collaterals of Purkinje cells, whereas small Golgi cells or small fusiform Lugaro cells displayed fewer and smaller spontaneous IPSCs. Globular cells were silent at rest and fired spike discharges in response to application of either serotonin (5-HT) or noradrenaline. The two monoamines also facilitated small Golgi cell firing, but only 5-HT elicited firing in small fusiform Lugaro cells. Furthermore, globular cells likely received excitatory monosynaptic inputs through mossy fibers. Because globular cells project their axons long in the transversal direction, the neuronal circuit that includes interplay between Purkinje cells and globular cells could regulate Purkinje cell activity in different microzones under the influence of monoamines and mossy fiber inputs, suggesting that globular cells likely play a unique modulatory role in cerebellar motor control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritoshi Hirono
- Obata Research Unit, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Saitama, Japan
- Yamada Research Unit, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Saitama, Japan
- Laboratory for Motor Learning Control, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Saitama, Japan
- * E-mail: (MH); (SK)
| | - Fumihito Saitow
- Department of Pharmacology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
- Japan Science and Technology Agency, CREST, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Moeko Kudo
- Yamada Research Unit, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Saitama, Japan
- Laboratory for Motor Learning Control, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Saitama, Japan
| | - Hidenori Suzuki
- Department of Pharmacology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
- Japan Science and Technology Agency, CREST, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuchio Yanagawa
- Japan Science and Technology Agency, CREST, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Genetic and Behavioral Neuroscience, Gunma University, Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan
| | - Masahisa Yamada
- Yamada Research Unit, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Saitama, Japan
| | - Soichi Nagao
- Laboratory for Motor Learning Control, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Saitama, Japan
| | - Shiro Konishi
- Department of Neurophysiology, Kagawa School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Kagawa, Japan
- * E-mail: (MH); (SK)
| | - Kunihiko Obata
- Obata Research Unit, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Saitama, Japan
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20
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Engbers JDT, Anderson D, Tadayonnejad R, Mehaffey WH, Molineux ML, Turner RW. Distinct roles for I(T) and I(H) in controlling the frequency and timing of rebound spike responses. J Physiol 2011; 589:5391-413. [PMID: 21969455 PMCID: PMC3240880 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2011.215632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2011] [Accepted: 09/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability for neurons to generate rebound bursts following inhibitory synaptic input relies on ion channels that respond in a unique fashion to hyperpolarization. Inward currents provided by T-type calcium channels (I(T)) and hyperpolarization-activated HCN channels (I(H)) increase in availability upon hyperpolarization, allowing for a rebound depolarization after a period of inhibition. Although rebound responses have long been recognized in deep cerebellar nuclear (DCN) neurons, the actual extent to which I(T) and I(H) contribute to rebound spike output following physiological levels of membrane hyperpolarization has not been clearly established. The current study used recordings and simulations of large diameter cells of the in vitro rat DCN slice preparation to define the roles for I(T) and I(H) in a rebound response. We find that physiological levels of hyperpolarization make only small proportions of the total I(T) and I(H) available, but that these are sufficient to make substantial contributions to a rebound response. At least 50% of the early phase of the rebound spike frequency increase is generated by an I(T)-mediated depolarization. An additional frequency increase is provided by I(H) in reducing the time constant and thus the extent of I(T) inactivation as the membrane returns from a hyperpolarized state to the resting level. An I(H)-mediated depolarization creates an inverse voltage-first spike latency relationship and produces a 35% increase in the precision of the first spike latency of a rebound. I(T) and I(H) can thus be activated by physiologically relevant stimuli and have distinct roles in the frequency, timing and precision of rebound responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan D T Engbers
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive N.W., Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 4N1.
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Tadayonnejad R, Anderson D, Molineux ML, Mehaffey WH, Jayasuriya K, Turner RW. Rebound discharge in deep cerebellar nuclear neurons in vitro. THE CEREBELLUM 2011; 9:352-74. [PMID: 20396983 PMCID: PMC2949560 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-010-0168-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Neurons of the deep cerebellar nuclei (DCN) play a critical role in defining the output of cerebellum in the course of encoding Purkinje cell inhibitory inputs. The earliest work performed with in vitro preparations established that DCN cells have the capacity to translate membrane hyperpolarizations into a rebound increase in firing frequency. The primary means of distinguishing between DCN neurons has been according to cell size and transmitter phenotype, but in some cases, differences in the firing properties of DCN cells maintained in vitro have been reported. In particular, it was shown that large diameter cells in the rat DCN exhibit two phenotypes of rebound discharge in vitro that may eventually help define their functional roles in cerebellar output. A transient burst and weak burst phenotype can be distinguished based on the frequency and pattern of rebound discharge immediately following a hyperpolarizing stimulus. Work to date indicates that the difference in excitability arises from at least the degree of activation of T-type Ca(2+) current during the immediate phase of rebound firing and Ca(2+)-dependent K(+) channels that underlie afterhyperpolarizations. Both phenotypes can be detected following stimulation of Purkinje cell inhibitory inputs under conditions that preserve resting membrane potential and natural ionic gradients. In this paper, we review the evidence supporting the existence of different rebound phenotypes in DCN cells and the ion channel expression patterns that underlie their generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Tadayonnejad
- Department of Cell Biology & Anatomy, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta Canada T2N 4N1
| | - Dustin Anderson
- Department of Cell Biology & Anatomy, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta Canada T2N 4N1
| | - Michael L. Molineux
- Department of Cell Biology & Anatomy, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta Canada T2N 4N1
| | - W. Hamish Mehaffey
- Department of Cell Biology & Anatomy, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta Canada T2N 4N1
| | - Kusala Jayasuriya
- Department of Cell Biology & Anatomy, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta Canada T2N 4N1
| | - Ray W. Turner
- Department of Cell Biology & Anatomy, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta Canada T2N 4N1
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, HRIC 1AA14, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Dr. N.W., Calgary, Alberta Canada T2N 4N1
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Modulatory effects of serotonin on glutamatergic synaptic transmission and long-term depression in the deep cerebellar nuclei. Neuroscience 2010; 172:118-28. [PMID: 20969929 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2010.10.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2010] [Revised: 10/07/2010] [Accepted: 10/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The deep cerebellar nuclei (DCN) are the terminal components of the cerebellar circuitry and constitute its primary output structure. Their activity is important for certain forms of motor learning as well as generation and control of movement. DCN neurons receive glutamatergic excitatory inputs from the pontine nuclei via mossy fibres (MFs) and concomitantly receive inputs from 5-HT-containing neurons of the raphe nuclei. We aimed to explore the roles of 5-HT at MF-DCN synapses by using cerebellar slices from 11 to 15-day-old rats. Bath application of 5-HT reversibly decreased the amplitude of stimulation-evoked excitatory postsynaptic currents (eEPSCs) via the activation of 5-HT1B receptors at the presynaptic terminals of the MFs. Burst stimulation of the MFs elicited long-term depression (LTD) at the MF-DCN synapses that require activation of the group I metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR). In the presence of 5-HT, the extent of burst-induced LTD of MF EPSCs was significantly reduced. Application of 5-HT also decreased the amplitude of mGluR-dependent slow EPSCs evoked by similar burst stimulation. Furthermore, (S)-3,5-dihydroxyphenylglycine (DHPG), a group I mGluR agonist, induced chemical LTD of MF EPSCs, and 5-HT had no significant effect on this LTD. Taken together, the results suggest that 5-HT not only has transitory inhibitory effects on MF EPSCs but also plays a role in regulating the long-term synaptic efficacy.
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Baumel Y, Jacobson GA, Cohen D. Implications of functional anatomy on information processing in the deep cerebellar nuclei. Front Cell Neurosci 2009; 3:14. [PMID: 19949453 PMCID: PMC2783015 DOI: 10.3389/neuro.03.014.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2009] [Accepted: 11/08/2009] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The cerebellum has been implicated as a major player in producing temporal acuity. Theories of cerebellar timing typically emphasize the role of the cerebellar cortex while overlooking the role of the deep cerebellar nuclei (DCN) that provide the sole output of the cerebellum. Here we review anatomical and electrophysiological studies to shed light on the DCN's ability to support temporal pattern generation in the cerebellum. Specifically, we examine data on the structure of the DCN, the biophysical properties of DCN neurons and properties of the afferent systems to evaluate their contribution to DCN firing patterns. In addition, we manipulate one of the afferent structures, the inferior olive (IO), using systemic harmaline injection to test for a network effect on activity of single DCN neurons in freely moving animals. Harmaline induces a rhythmic firing pattern of short bursts on a quiescent background at about 8 Hz. Other neurons become quiescent for long periods (seconds to minutes). The observed patterns indicate that the major effect harmaline exerts on the DCN is carried indirectly by the inhibitory Purkinje cells (PCs) activated by the IO, rather than by direct olivary excitation. Moreover, we suggest that the DCN response profile is determined primarily by the number of concurrently active PCs, their firing rate and the level of synchrony occurring in their transitions between continuous firing and quiescence. We argue that DCN neurons faithfully transfer temporal patterns resulting from strong correlations in PCs state transitions, while largely ignoring the timing of simple spikes from individual PCs. Future research should aim at quantifying the contribution of PC state transitions to DCN activity, and the interplay between the different afferent systems that drive DCN activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuval Baumel
- Gonda Interdisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar Ilan UniversityRamat Gan, Israel
| | - Gilad A. Jacobson
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical ResearchBasel, Switzerland
| | - Dana Cohen
- Gonda Interdisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar Ilan UniversityRamat Gan, Israel
- The Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar Ilan UniversityRamat Gan, Israel
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Trace amine-associated receptor 1 as a monoaminergic modulator in brain. Biochem Pharmacol 2009; 78:1095-104. [PMID: 19482011 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2009.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2009] [Revised: 05/20/2009] [Accepted: 05/21/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Brain monoaminergic systems play critical roles in mood, cognition, emotion, reward, learning and attention, and aberrance in brain monoaminergic activity is associated with a variety of neuropsychiatric disorders/diseases. The present commentary focuses on trace amine-associated receptor 1 (TAAR1) and its potential regulatory roles in brain monoaminergic systems. TAAR1 was discovered in 2001 and has been established to be a G-protein-coupled receptor signaling through the cAMP pathway. This receptor is activated by a broad spectrum of agonists, although there are notable species differences in ligand efficacy and potency. TAAR1 is expressed and widely distributed in brain monoaminergic systems and co-localized with the dopamine transporter in a subset of dopaminergic neurons in rhesus monkey and mouse brain substantia nigra. TAAR1 activation by the common biogenic amines, the trace amine beta-phenylethylamine and methamphetamine alters the monoamine transporter function in both mouse and rhesus monkey brain synaptosomes, suggesting a modulatory role for this receptor in the presynaptic regulation of monoaminergic activity. However, little is known about other functional roles of TAAR1 in the brain. With a purpose to promote further studies on this receptor, we herein discuss the recent findings that provide insights into the functional significance and biological relevance of this receptor as a modulator in brain monoaminergic systems.
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