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Németh K, Sterczer Á, Kiss DS, Lányi RK, Hemző V, Vámos K, Bartha T, Buzás A, Lányi K. Determination of Bile Acids in Canine Biological Samples: Diagnostic Significance. Metabolites 2024; 14:178. [PMID: 38668306 PMCID: PMC11052161 DOI: 10.3390/metabo14040178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2024] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The comprehensive examination of bile acids is of paramount importance across various fields of health sciences, influencing physiology, microbiology, internal medicine, and pharmacology. While enzymatic reaction-based photometric methods remain fundamental for total BA measurements, there is a burgeoning demand for more sophisticated techniques such as liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) for comprehensive BA profiling. This evolution reflects a need for nuanced diagnostic assessments in clinical practice. In canines, a BA assessment involves considering factors, such as food composition, transit times, and breed-specific variations. Multiple matrices, including blood, feces, urine, liver tissue, and gallbladder bile, offer insights into BA profiles, yet interpretations remain complex, particularly in fecal analysis due to sampling challenges and breed-specific differences. Despite ongoing efforts, a consensus regarding optimal matrices and diagnostic thresholds remains elusive, highlighting the need for further research. Emphasizing the scarcity of systematic animal studies and underscoring the importance of ap-propriate sampling methodologies, our review advocates for targeted investigations into BA alterations in canine pathology, promising insights into pathomechanisms, early disease detection, and therapeutic avenues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krisztián Németh
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine, István u. 2, H-1078 Budapest, Hungary; (K.N.); (D.S.K.); (V.H.); (T.B.)
| | - Ágnes Sterczer
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, István u. 2, H-1078 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - Dávid Sándor Kiss
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine, István u. 2, H-1078 Budapest, Hungary; (K.N.); (D.S.K.); (V.H.); (T.B.)
| | - Réka Katalin Lányi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Szeged, Zrínyi u. 9, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary;
| | - Vivien Hemző
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine, István u. 2, H-1078 Budapest, Hungary; (K.N.); (D.S.K.); (V.H.); (T.B.)
| | - Kriszta Vámos
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, István u. 2, H-1078 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - Tibor Bartha
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine, István u. 2, H-1078 Budapest, Hungary; (K.N.); (D.S.K.); (V.H.); (T.B.)
| | - Anna Buzás
- Institute of Food Chain Science, University of Veterinary Medicine, István u. 2, H-1078 Budapest, Hungary; (A.B.); (K.L.)
| | - Katalin Lányi
- Institute of Food Chain Science, University of Veterinary Medicine, István u. 2, H-1078 Budapest, Hungary; (A.B.); (K.L.)
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Eberhart T, Stanley FU, Ricci L, Chirico T, Ferrarese R, Sisti S, Scagliola A, Baj A, Badurek S, Sommer A, Culp-Hill R, Dzieciatkowska M, Shokry E, Sumpton D, D'Alessandro A, Clementi N, Mancini N, Cardaci S. ACOD1 deficiency offers protection in a mouse model of diet-induced obesity by maintaining a healthy gut microbiota. Cell Death Dis 2024; 15:105. [PMID: 38302438 PMCID: PMC10834593 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-024-06483-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Aconitate decarboxylase 1 (ACOD1) is the enzyme synthesizing itaconate, an immuno-regulatory metabolite tuning host-pathogen interactions. Such functions are achieved by affecting metabolic pathways regulating inflammation and microbe survival. However, at the whole-body level, metabolic roles of itaconate remain largely unresolved. By using multiomics-integrated approaches, here we show that ACOD1 responds to high-fat diet consumption in mice by promoting gut microbiota alterations supporting metabolic disease. Genetic disruption of itaconate biosynthesis protects mice against obesity, alterations in glucose homeostasis and liver metabolic dysfunctions by decreasing meta-inflammatory responses to dietary lipid overload. Mechanistically, fecal metagenomics and microbiota transplantation experiments demonstrate such effects are dependent on an amelioration of the intestinal ecosystem composition, skewed by high-fat diet feeding towards obesogenic phenotype. In particular, unbiased fecal microbiota profiling and axenic culture experiments point towards a primary role for itaconate in inhibiting growth of Bacteroidaceae and Bacteroides, family and genus of Bacteroidetes phylum, the major gut microbial taxon associated with metabolic health. Specularly to the effects imposed by Acod1 deficiency on fecal microbiota, oral itaconate consumption enhances diet-induced gut dysbiosis and associated obesogenic responses in mice. Unveiling an unrecognized role of itaconate, either endogenously produced or exogenously administered, in supporting microbiota alterations underlying diet-induced obesity in mice, our study points ACOD1 as a target against inflammatory consequences of overnutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Eberhart
- Cancer Metabolism Unit, Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132, Milan, Italy
| | - Federico Uchenna Stanley
- Cancer Metabolism Unit, Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132, Milan, Italy
| | - Luisa Ricci
- Cancer Metabolism Unit, Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132, Milan, Italy
| | - Tiziana Chirico
- Cancer Metabolism Unit, Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132, Milan, Italy
| | - Roberto Ferrarese
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology and Virology, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, 20100, Italy
- IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, 20100, Italy
- Synlab Italia, Castenedolo, BS, Italy
| | - Sofia Sisti
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology and Virology, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, 20100, Italy
- IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, 20100, Italy
| | - Alessandra Scagliola
- Cancer Metabolism Unit, Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132, Milan, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Genetica Molecolare, INGM, "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi", Milan, Italy
| | - Andreina Baj
- Department of Medicine and Technological Innovation, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Sylvia Badurek
- Preclinical Phenotyping Facility, Vienna BioCenter Core Facilities (VBCF), member of the Vienna BioCenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas Sommer
- Next Generation Sequencing Facility, Vienna BioCenter Core Facilities (VBCF), member of the Vienna BioCenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Rachel Culp-Hill
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Monika Dzieciatkowska
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | | | | | - Angelo D'Alessandro
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Nicola Clementi
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology and Virology, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, 20100, Italy
- IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, 20100, Italy
| | - Nicasio Mancini
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology and Virology, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, 20100, Italy
- IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, 20100, Italy
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology and Virology, Department of Medicine and Technological Innovation, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology and Virology, Fondazione Macchi University Hospital, Varese, Italy
| | - Simone Cardaci
- Cancer Metabolism Unit, Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132, Milan, Italy.
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3
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Abdollahiyan S, Nabavi-Rad A, Keshavarz Azizi Raftar S, Monnoye M, Salarieh N, Farahanie A, Asadzadeh Aghdaei H, Zali MR, Hatami B, Gérard P, Yadegar A. Characterization of gut microbiome composition in Iranian patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Sci Rep 2023; 13:20584. [PMID: 37996480 PMCID: PMC10667333 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-47905-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Gut microbiota dysbiosis is intimately associated with development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Nevertheless, the gut microbial community during the course of NAFLD and NASH is yet to be comprehensively profiled. This study evaluated alterations in fecal microbiota composition in Iranian patients with NAFLD and NASH compared with healthy individuals. This cross-sectional study enrolled 15 NAFLD, 15 NASH patients, and 20 healthy controls, and their clinical parameters were examined. The taxonomic composition of the fecal microbiota was determined by sequencing the V3-V4 region of 16S rRNA genes of stool samples. Compared to the healthy controls, NAFLD and NASH patients presented reduced bacterial diversity and richness. We noticed a reduction in the relative abundance of Bacteroidota and a promotion in the relative abundance of Proteobacteria in NAFLD and NASH patients. L-histidine degradation I pathway, pyridoxal 5'-phosphate biosynthesis I pathway, and superpathway of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate biosynthesis and salvage were more abundant in NAFLD patients than in healthy individuals. This study examined fecal microbiota dysbiosis in NAFLD and NASH patients and presented consistent results to European countries. These condition- and ethnicity-specific data could provide different diagnostic signatures and therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Abdollahiyan
- Foodborne and Waterborne Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Nabavi-Rad
- Foodborne and Waterborne Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shahrbanoo Keshavarz Azizi Raftar
- Foodborne and Waterborne Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Magali Monnoye
- Micalis Institute, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Paris-Saclay University, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Naghmeh Salarieh
- Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Azam Farahanie
- Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamid Asadzadeh Aghdaei
- Basic and Molecular Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Zali
- Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Behzad Hatami
- Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Philippe Gérard
- Micalis Institute, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Paris-Saclay University, Jouy-en-Josas, France.
| | - Abbas Yadegar
- Foodborne and Waterborne Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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4
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Jiang L, Fan JG. The role of the gut microbiome in chronic liver diseases: Present insights and future outlook. Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int 2023; 22:441-443. [PMID: 37690926 DOI: 10.1016/j.hbpd.2023.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lu Jiang
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China; Shanghai Key Lab of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Shanghai 200092, China; Shanghai Institute for Pediatric Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Jian-Gao Fan
- Shanghai Key Lab of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Shanghai 200092, China; Department of Gastroenterology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China.
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5
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Jiang L, Xu J, Cheng SY, Wang Y, Cai W. The gut microbiome and intestinal failure-associated liver disease. Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int 2023; 22:452-457. [PMID: 37453856 DOI: 10.1016/j.hbpd.2023.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Intestinal failure-associated liver disease (IFALD) is a common hepatobiliary complication resulting from long-term parenteral nutrition (PN) in patients with intestinal failure. The spectrum of IFALD ranges from cholestasis, steatosis, portal fibrosis, to cirrhosis. Development of IFALD is a multifactorial process, in which gut dysbiosis plays a critical role in its initiation and progression in conjunction with increased intestinal permeability, activation of hepatic immune responses, and administration of lipid emulsion. Gut microbiota manipulation including pre/probiotics, fecal microbiota transplantation, and antibiotics has been studied in IFALD with varying success. In this review, we summarize current knowledge on the taxonomic and functional changes of gut microbiota in preclinical and clinical studies of IFALD. We also review the function of microbial metabolites and associated signalings in the context of IFALD. By providing microbiota-targeted interventions aiming to optimize PN-induced liver injury, our review provides perspectives for future basic and translational investigations in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Jiang
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200092, China; Shanghai Institute for Pediatric Research, Shanghai 200092, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Juan Xu
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Si-Yang Cheng
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200092, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Wei Cai
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200092, China; Shanghai Institute for Pediatric Research, Shanghai 200092, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Shanghai 200092, China; Department of Pediatric Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200092, China.
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6
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Giuli L, Maestri M, Santopaolo F, Pompili M, Ponziani FR. Gut Microbiota and Neuroinflammation in Acute Liver Failure and Chronic Liver Disease. Metabolites 2023; 13:772. [PMID: 37367929 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13060772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute liver failure and chronic liver disease are associated with a wide spectrum of neurological changes, of which the best known is hepatic encephalopathy (HE). Historically, hyperammonemia, causing astrocyte swelling and cerebral oedema, was considered the main etiological factor in the pathogenesis of cerebral dysfunction in patients with acute and/or chronic liver disease. However, recent studies demonstrated a key role of neuroinflammation in the development of neurological complications in this setting. Neuroinflammation is characterized by activation of microglial cells and brain secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-6, which alter neurotransmission, leading to cognitive and motor dysfunction. Changes in the gut microbiota resulting from liver disease play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of neuroinflammation. Dysbiosis and altered intestinal permeability, resulting in bacterial translocation and endotoxemia, are responsible for systemic inflammation, which can spread to brain tissue and trigger neuroinflammation. In addition, metabolites derived from the gut microbiota can act on the central nervous system and facilitate the development of neurological complications, exacerbating clinical manifestations. Thus, strategies aimed at modulating the gut microbiota may be effective therapeutic weapons. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on the role of the gut-liver-brain axis in the pathogenesis of neurological dysfunction associated with liver disease, with a particular focus on neuroinflammation. In addition, we highlight emerging therapeutic approaches targeting the gut microbiota and inflammation in this clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Giuli
- Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology-Hepatology Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Marta Maestri
- Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology-Hepatology Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Santopaolo
- Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology-Hepatology Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Maurizio Pompili
- Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology-Hepatology Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia Traslazionale, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Romana Ponziani
- Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology-Hepatology Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia Traslazionale, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy
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Caballano-Infantes E, Ho-Plágaro A, López-Gómez C, Martín-Reyes F, Rodríguez-Pacheco F, Taminiau B, Daube G, Garrido-Sánchez L, Alcaín-Martínez G, Andrade RJ, García-Cortés M, Lucena MI, García-Fuentes E, Rodríguez-Díaz C. Membrane Vesicles of Toxigenic Clostridioides difficile Affect the Metabolism of Liver HepG2 Cells. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12040818. [PMID: 37107193 PMCID: PMC10135135 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12040818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) appears to be associated with different liver diseases. C. difficile secretes membrane vesicles (MVs), which may be involved in the development of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NALFD) and drug-induced liver injury (DILI). In this study, we investigated the presence of C. difficile-derived MVs in patients with and without CDI, and analyzed their effects on pathways related to NAFLD and DILI in HepG2 cells. Fecal extracellular vesicles from CDI patients showed an increase of Clostridioides MVs. C. difficile-derived MVs that were internalized by HepG2 cells. Toxigenic C. difficile-derived MVs decreased mitochondrial membrane potential and increased intracellular ROS compared to non-toxigenic C. difficile-derived MVs. In addition, toxigenic C. difficile-derived MVs upregulated the expression of genes related to mitochondrial fission (FIS1 and DRP1), antioxidant status (GPX1), apoptosis (CASP3), glycolysis (HK2, PDK1, LDHA and PKM2) and β-oxidation (CPT1A), as well as anti- and pro-inflammatory genes (IL-6 and IL-10). However, non-toxigenic C. difficile-derived MVs did not produce changes in the expression of these genes, except for CPT1A, which was also increased. In conclusion, the metabolic and mitochondrial changes produced by MVs obtained from toxigenic C. difficile present in CDI feces are common pathophysiological features observed in the NAFLD spectrum and DILI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estefanía Caballano-Infantes
- Department of Regeneration and Cell Therapy Andalusian, Center for Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine (CABIMER), University of Pablo de Olavide-University of Seville-CSIC, Junta de Andalucía, 41092 Seville, Spain
| | - Ailec Ho-Plágaro
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga y Plataforma en Nanomedicina, IBIMA Plataforma BIONAND, 29010 Málaga, Spain
- UGC de Aparato Digestivo, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, 29010 Málaga, Spain
| | - Carlos López-Gómez
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga y Plataforma en Nanomedicina, IBIMA Plataforma BIONAND, 29010 Málaga, Spain
- UGC de Aparato Digestivo, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, 29010 Málaga, Spain
| | - Flores Martín-Reyes
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga y Plataforma en Nanomedicina, IBIMA Plataforma BIONAND, 29010 Málaga, Spain
- UGC de Aparato Digestivo, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, 29010 Málaga, Spain
| | - Francisca Rodríguez-Pacheco
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga y Plataforma en Nanomedicina, IBIMA Plataforma BIONAND, 29010 Málaga, Spain
- UGC de Aparato Digestivo, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, 29010 Málaga, Spain
| | - Bernard Taminiau
- Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Department of Food Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Georges Daube
- Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Department of Food Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Lourdes Garrido-Sánchez
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga y Plataforma en Nanomedicina, IBIMA Plataforma BIONAND, 29010 Málaga, Spain
- UGC de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, 29010 Málaga, Spain
- CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Guillermo Alcaín-Martínez
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga y Plataforma en Nanomedicina, IBIMA Plataforma BIONAND, 29010 Málaga, Spain
- UGC de Aparato Digestivo, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, 29010 Málaga, Spain
| | - Raúl J. Andrade
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga y Plataforma en Nanomedicina, IBIMA Plataforma BIONAND, 29010 Málaga, Spain
- UGC de Aparato Digestivo, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, 29010 Málaga, Spain
- Departamento de Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Málaga, 29010 Málaga, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Miren García-Cortés
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga y Plataforma en Nanomedicina, IBIMA Plataforma BIONAND, 29010 Málaga, Spain
- UGC de Aparato Digestivo, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, 29010 Málaga, Spain
- Departamento de Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Málaga, 29010 Málaga, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - M. Isabel Lucena
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga y Plataforma en Nanomedicina, IBIMA Plataforma BIONAND, 29010 Málaga, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Servicio de Farmacología Clínica, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Málaga, 29010 Málaga, Spain
- UICEC IBIMA, Plataforma SCReN (Spanish Clinical Research Network), Servicio de Farmacología Clínica, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Universidad de Málaga, 29010 Málaga, Spain
| | - Eduardo García-Fuentes
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga y Plataforma en Nanomedicina, IBIMA Plataforma BIONAND, 29010 Málaga, Spain
- UGC de Aparato Digestivo, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, 29010 Málaga, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence:
| | - Cristina Rodríguez-Díaz
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga y Plataforma en Nanomedicina, IBIMA Plataforma BIONAND, 29010 Málaga, Spain
- UGC de Aparato Digestivo, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, 29010 Málaga, Spain
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8
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Philips CA, Ahamed R, Abduljaleel JK, Rajesh S, Augustine P. Identification and Analysis of Gut Microbiota and Functional Metabolism in Decompensated Cirrhosis with Infection. J Clin Transl Hepatol 2023; 11:15-25. [PMID: 36406325 PMCID: PMC9647106 DOI: 10.14218/jcth.2021.00428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Intestinal dysbiosis play a role in the adverse outcomes of sepsis and septic shock. However, variations in bacterial diversity and microbiota-related functional metabolic alterations within the gut microbiome in decompensated cirrhosis (DC) patients with infection remain unknown. METHODS We conducted 16-srRNA sequencing on stool samples (n=51: sepsis, 27/no sepsis, 24) collected from consecutive DC patients upon admission. Bacterial diversity, significant taxa, and respective metabolic profiling were performed based on subgroup comparisons. Conet/Cytoscape was utilized to identify significant non-random patterns of bacterial copresence and mutual exclusion for clinical events. RESULTS Genera associated with pathogenicity in conditions of immune exhaustion (Corynebacterium, Lautropia) were predominant in patients with sepsis. Metabolic pathways associated with oxidative stress and endotoxemia [lipopolysaccharide (LPS) synthesis and sulfur relay] were significantly upregulated in sepsis. Specific taxa were associated with sites of infection in DC patients. Protective oxidant pathways that increase glutathione were upregulated in those without sepsis. Gammaproteobacteria family of sulfur-metabolizing bacteria, exaggeration of orally predominant pathogens (Prevotella), and pathways of severe LPS-related hyperinflammatory stress were notable in those with interleukin-6 levels >1,000 pg/dL. Pathogenic genera related to an immune deficient state was significant in DC with ≥2 infection episodes. Megamonas was associated with survival during the same admission. CONCLUSIONS Specific gut microbiota and their metabolites were associated with sepsis and related events in patients with DC. Identifying beneficial strains that reduce immune exhaustion and supplementation of favorable metabolites could improve therapeutics for DC and sepsis, for which larger prospective, well controlled population-based studies remain an unmet need.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyriac Abby Philips
- Clinical and Translational Hepatology, Monarch Liver Laboratory, The Liver Institute, Center of Excellence in GI Sciences, Rajagiri Hospital, Aluva, Kerala, India
- Correspondence to: Cyriac Abby Philips, Clinical and Translational Hepatology, The Liver Institute, Center of Excellence in GI Sciences, Ground Floor, Phase-II, Rajagiri Hospital, Chunangamvely, Aluva, Kerala 683112, India. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9587-336X. Tel: +484-290-5000 (Ext. 4049), Fax: +484-290-5000, E-mail:
| | - Rizwan Ahamed
- Gastroenterology and Advanced GI Endoscopy, Center for Excellence in Gastrointestinal Sciences, Rajagiri Hospital, Aluva, Kerala, India
| | - Jinsha K.P. Abduljaleel
- Gastroenterology and Advanced GI Endoscopy, Center for Excellence in Gastrointestinal Sciences, Rajagiri Hospital, Aluva, Kerala, India
| | - Sasidharan Rajesh
- Diagnostic and Interventional Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Center for Excellence in Gastrointestinal Sciences, Rajagiri Hospital, Aluva, Kerala, India
| | - Philip Augustine
- Gastroenterology and Advanced GI Endoscopy, Center for Excellence in Gastrointestinal Sciences, Rajagiri Hospital, Aluva, Kerala, India
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9
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Capparelli R, Cuomo P, Gentile A, Iannelli D. Microbiota-Liver Diseases Interactions. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043883. [PMID: 36835291 PMCID: PMC9959879 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Gut microbiota regulates essential processes of host metabolism and physiology: synthesis of vitamins, digestion of foods non-digestible by the host (such as fibers), and-most important-protects the digestive tract from pathogens. In this study, we focus on the CRISPR/Cas9 technology, which is extensively used to correct multiple diseases, including liver diseases. Then, we discuss the non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), affecting more than 25% of the global population; colorectal cancer (CRC) is second in mortality. We give space to rarely discussed topics, such as pathobionts and multiple mutations. Pathobionts help to understand the origin and complexity of the microbiota. Since several types of cancers have as target the gut, it is vital extending the research of multiple mutations to the type of cancers affecting the gut-liver axis.
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10
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Zhang L, Chen C, Chai D, Li C, Qiu Z, Kuang T, Liu L, Deng W, Wang W. Characterization of the intestinal fungal microbiome in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. J Transl Med 2023; 21:126. [PMID: 36793057 PMCID: PMC9933289 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-023-03940-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Gut mycobiota plays a crucial role in benign liver diseases; however, its correlation with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains elusive. This study aimed to elucidate fungal differences in patients with HCC-associated cirrhosis compared to cirrhotic patients without HCC and healthy controls. METHODS The 72 fecal samples from 34 HCC patients, 20 cirrhotic patients, and 18 healthy controls were collected and analyzed using ITS2 rDNA sequencing. RESULTS Our results revealed the presence of intestinal fungal dysbiosis with significant enrichment of opportunistic pathogenic fungi such as Malassezia, Malassezia sp., Candida, and C. albicans in HCC patients compared with healthy controls and cirrhosis patients. Alpha-diversity analysis demonstrated that patients with HCC and cirrhosis showed decreased fungal diversity compared to healthy controls. Beta diversity analysis indicated that the three groups exhibited significant segregated clustering. Besides, C. albicans was found to be significantly more abundant in the HCC patients with TNM stage III-IV than those with stage I-II, in contrast to the commensal organism S. cerevisiae. We also confirmed that the HCC patients were successfully classified with an area under the curve value of 0.906 based on the fecal fungal signature. Finally, our animal experiments confirm that aberrant colonization of the intestine by C. albicans and M. furfur can promote the development of HCC. CONCLUSIONS This study indicates that dysbiosis of the gut mycobiome might be involved in HCC development. TRIAL REGISTRATION ChiCTR, ChiCTR2100054537. Registered 19 December 2021, http://www.chictr.org.cn/edit.aspx?pid=144550&htm=4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilong Zhang
- grid.412632.00000 0004 1758 2270Department of General Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, No.238, Jiefang Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430060 Hubei China ,Hubei Key Laboratory of Digestive System Disease, No.238, Jiefang Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430060 Hubei China ,grid.412632.00000 0004 1758 2270Central Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, No. 238, Jiefang Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430060 Hubei China
| | - Chen Chen
- grid.412632.00000 0004 1758 2270Department of General Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, No.238, Jiefang Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430060 Hubei China ,grid.412632.00000 0004 1758 2270Central Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, No. 238, Jiefang Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430060 Hubei China
| | - Dongqi Chai
- grid.412632.00000 0004 1758 2270Department of General Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, No.238, Jiefang Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430060 Hubei China ,Hubei Key Laboratory of Digestive System Disease, No.238, Jiefang Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430060 Hubei China ,grid.412632.00000 0004 1758 2270Central Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, No. 238, Jiefang Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430060 Hubei China
| | - Chunlei Li
- grid.412632.00000 0004 1758 2270Department of General Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, No.238, Jiefang Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430060 Hubei China ,Hubei Key Laboratory of Digestive System Disease, No.238, Jiefang Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430060 Hubei China ,grid.412632.00000 0004 1758 2270Central Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, No. 238, Jiefang Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430060 Hubei China
| | - Zhendong Qiu
- grid.412632.00000 0004 1758 2270Department of General Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, No.238, Jiefang Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430060 Hubei China ,Hubei Key Laboratory of Digestive System Disease, No.238, Jiefang Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430060 Hubei China ,grid.412632.00000 0004 1758 2270Central Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, No. 238, Jiefang Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430060 Hubei China
| | - Tianrui Kuang
- grid.412632.00000 0004 1758 2270Department of General Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, No.238, Jiefang Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430060 Hubei China ,Hubei Key Laboratory of Digestive System Disease, No.238, Jiefang Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430060 Hubei China ,grid.412632.00000 0004 1758 2270Central Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, No. 238, Jiefang Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430060 Hubei China
| | - Li Liu
- grid.412632.00000 0004 1758 2270Department of General Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, No.238, Jiefang Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430060 Hubei China ,Hubei Key Laboratory of Digestive System Disease, No.238, Jiefang Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430060 Hubei China ,grid.412632.00000 0004 1758 2270Central Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, No. 238, Jiefang Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430060 Hubei China
| | - Wenhong Deng
- Department of General Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, No.238, Jiefang Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei, China. .,Central Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, No. 238, Jiefang Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei, China.
| | - Weixing Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, No.238, Jiefang Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei, China. .,Central Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, No. 238, Jiefang Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei, China.
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11
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Liver Regeneration and Immunity: A Tale to Tell. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021176. [PMID: 36674692 PMCID: PMC9864482 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The physiological importance of the liver is demonstrated by its unique and essential ability to regenerate following extensive injuries affecting its function. By regenerating, the liver reacts to hepatic damage and thus enables homeostasis to be restored. The aim of this review is to add new findings that integrate the regenerative pathway to the current knowledge. An optimal regeneration is achieved through the integration of two main pathways: IL-6/JAK/STAT3, which promotes hepatocyte proliferation, and PI3K/PDK1/Akt, which in turn enhances cell growth. Proliferation and cell growth are events that must be balanced during the three phases of the regenerative process: initiation, proliferation and termination. Achieving the correct liver/body weight ratio is ensured by several pathways as extracellular matrix signalling, apoptosis through caspase-3 activation, and molecules including transforming growth factor-beta, and cyclic adenosine monophosphate. The actors involved in the regenerative process are numerous and many of them are also pivotal players in both the immune and non-immune inflammatory process, that is observed in the early stages of hepatic regeneration. Balance of Th17/Treg is important in liver inflammatory process outcomes. Knowledge of liver regeneration will allow a more detailed characterisation of the molecular mechanisms that are crucial in the interplay between proliferation and inflammation.
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12
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da Silva Brito WA, Mutter F, Wende K, Cecchini AL, Schmidt A, Bekeschus S. Consequences of nano and microplastic exposure in rodent models: the known and unknown. Part Fibre Toxicol 2022; 19:28. [PMID: 35449034 PMCID: PMC9027452 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-022-00473-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The ubiquitous nature of micro- (MP) and nanoplastics (NP) is a growing environmental concern. However, their potential impact on human health remains unknown. Research increasingly focused on using rodent models to understand the effects of exposure to individual plastic polymers. In vivo data showed critical exposure effects depending on particle size, polymer, shape, charge, concentration, and exposure routes. Those effects included local inflammation, oxidative stress, and metabolic disruption, leading to gastrointestinal toxicity, hepatotoxicity, reproduction disorders, and neurotoxic effects. This review distillates the current knowledge regarding rodent models exposed to MP and NP with different experimental designs assessing biodistribution, bioaccumulation, and biological responses. Rodents exposed to MP and NP showed particle accumulation in several tissues. Critical responses included local inflammation and oxidative stress, leading to microbiota dysbiosis, metabolic, hepatic, and reproductive disorders, and diseases exacerbation. Most studies used MP and NP commercially provided and doses higher than found in environmental exposure. Hence, standardized sampling techniques and improved characterization of environmental MP and NP are needed and may help in toxicity assessments of relevant particle mixtures, filling knowledge gaps in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walison Augusto da Silva Brito
- Leibniz Institute for Plasma Science and Technology (INP), ZIK Plasmatis, Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 2, Greifswald, Germany.,Department of General Pathology, State University of Londrina, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Fiona Mutter
- Leibniz Institute for Plasma Science and Technology (INP), ZIK Plasmatis, Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 2, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Kristian Wende
- Leibniz Institute for Plasma Science and Technology (INP), ZIK Plasmatis, Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 2, Greifswald, Germany
| | | | - Anke Schmidt
- Leibniz Institute for Plasma Science and Technology (INP), ZIK Plasmatis, Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 2, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Sander Bekeschus
- Leibniz Institute for Plasma Science and Technology (INP), ZIK Plasmatis, Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 2, Greifswald, Germany.
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13
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Zeng S, Schnabl B. Roles for the mycobiome in liver disease. Liver Int 2022; 42:729-741. [PMID: 34995410 PMCID: PMC8930708 DOI: 10.1111/liv.15160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Liver disease, a major cause of global mortality, has been associated with dysbiosis of the intestinal microbiota (bacteria, fungi, viruses, and other microbes). Studies have associated changes in gut bacteria with pathogenesis and severity of liver disease, but the contributions of the mycobiome (the fungal populations of the gut) to health and disease have not been well studied. We review recent findings of alterations in the composition of the mycobiota in patients with liver disease and discuss the mechanisms by which these might affect pathogenesis and disease progression. Strategies to manipulate the gut mycobiota might be developed to treat or prevent liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suling Zeng
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA,Department of Medicine, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Bernd Schnabl
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA,Department of Medicine, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
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14
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Wang H, Wang Q, Yang C, Guo M, Cui X, Jing Z, Liu Y, Qiao W, Qi H, Zhang H, Zhang X, Zhao N, Zhang M, Chen M, Zhang S, Xu H, Zhao L, Qiao M, Wu Z. Bacteroides acidifaciens in the gut plays a protective role against CD95-mediated liver injury. Gut Microbes 2022; 14:2027853. [PMID: 35129072 PMCID: PMC8820816 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2022.2027853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The intestinal flora plays an important role in the development of many human and animal diseases. Microbiome association studies revealed the potential regulatory function of intestinal bacteria in many liver diseases, such as autoimmune hepatitis, viral hepatitis and alcoholic hepatitis. However, the key intestinal bacterial strains that affect pathological liver injury and the underlying functional mechanisms remain unclear. We found that the gut microbiota from gentamycin (Gen)-treated mice significantly alleviated concanavalin A (ConA)-induced liver injury compared to vancomycin (Van)-treated mice by inhibiting CD95 expression on the surface of hepatocytes and reducing CD95/CD95L-mediated hepatocyte apoptosis. Through the combination of microbiota sequencing and correlation analysis, we isolated 5 strains with the highest relative abundance, Bacteroides acidifaciens (BA), Parabacteroides distasonis (PD), Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron (BT), Bacteroides dorei (BD) and Bacteroides uniformis (BU), from the feces of Gen-treated mice. Only BA played a protective role against ConA-induced liver injury. Further studies demonstrated that BA-reconstituted mice had reduced CD95/CD95L signaling, which was required for the decrease in the L-glutathione/glutathione (GSSG/GSH) ratio observed in the liver. BA-reconstituted mice were also more resistant to alcoholic liver injury. Our work showed that a specific murine intestinal bacterial strain, BA, ameliorated liver injury by reducing hepatocyte apoptosis in a CD95-dependent manner. Determination of the function of BA may provide an opportunity for its future use as a treatment for liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hesuiyuan Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Qing Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Chengmao Yang
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Mingming Guo
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaoyue Cui
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhe Jing
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yujie Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Wanjin Qiao
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Hang Qi
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Hongyang Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Na Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Mengjuan Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Min Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Song Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Haijin Xu
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China,The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Liqing Zhao
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Mingqiang Qiao
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China,The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhenzhou Wu
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China,The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China,CONTACT Zhenzhou Wu Nankai University, No. 94 Weijin Road, Nankai Distract, Tianjin300071, China
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15
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Raftar SKA, Ashrafian F, Abdollahiyan S, Yadegar A, Moradi HR, Masoumi M, Vaziri F, Moshiri A, Siadat SD, Zali MR. The anti-inflammatory effects of Akkermansia muciniphila and its derivates in HFD/CCL4-induced murine model of liver injury. Sci Rep 2022; 12:2453. [PMID: 35165344 PMCID: PMC8844054 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-06414-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation plays a critical role in the promotion of hepatocyte damage and liver fibrosis. In recent years the protective role of Akkermansia muciniphila, a next-generation beneficial microbe, has been suggested for metabolic and inflammatory disorders. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the effects of live and pasteurized A. muciniphila and its extra cellular vesicles (EVs) on inflammatory markers involved in liver fibrosis in a mouse model of a high-fat diet (HFD)/carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced liver injury. Firstly, the responses of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) to live and pasteurized A. muciniphila and its EVs were examined in the quiescent and LPS-activated LX-2 cells. Next, the anti-inflammatory effects of different forms of A. muciniphila were examined in the mouse model of HFD/CCl4-induced liver injury. The gene expression of various inflammatory markers was evaluated in liver, colon, and white adipose tissues. The cytokine secretion in the liver and white adipose tissues was also measured by ELISA. The results showed that administration of live and pasteurized A. muciniphila and its EVs leads to amelioration in HSCs activation. Based on data obtained from the histopathological analysis, an improvement in gut health was observed through enhancing the epithelium and mucosal layer thickness and strengthening the intestinal integrity in all treatments. Moreover, live A. muciniphila and its EVs had inhibitory effects on liver inflammation and hepatocytes damage. In addition, the tissue cytokine production and inflammatory gene expression levels revealed that live A. muciniphila and its EVs had more pronounced anti-inflammatory effects on liver and adipose tissues. Furthermore, EVs had better effects on the modulation of gene expression related to TLRs, PPARs, and immune response in the liver. In conclusion, the present results showed that oral administration of A. muciniphila and its derivatives for four weeks could enhance the intestinal integrity and anti-inflammatory responses of the colon, adipose, and liver tissues and subsequently prevent liver injury in HFD/CCL4 mice.
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16
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Singhal R, Donde H, Ghare S, Stocke K, Zhang J, Vadhanam M, Reddy S, Gobejishvili L, Chilton P, Joshi-Barve S, Feng W, McClain C, Hoffman K, Petrosino J, Vital M, Barve S. Decrease in acetyl-CoA pathway utilizing butyrate-producing bacteria is a key pathogenic feature of alcohol-induced functional gut microbial dysbiosis and development of liver disease in mice. Gut Microbes 2021; 13:1946367. [PMID: 34369304 PMCID: PMC8354657 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2021.1946367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Emerging research evidence has established the critical role of the gut-liver axis in the development of alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD). The present study employed 16S rRNA gene and whole genome shotgun (WGS) metagenomic analysis in combination with a revised microbial dataset to comprehensively detail the butyrate-producing microbial communities and the associated butyrate metabolic pathways affected by chronic ethanol feeding. Specifically, the data demonstrated that a decrease in several butyrate-producing bacterial genera belonging to distinct families within the Firmicutes phyla was a significant component of ethanol-induced dysbiosis. WGS analysis of total bacterial genomes encompassing butyrate synthesizing pathways provided the functional characteristics of the microbiome associated with butyrate synthesis. The data revealed that in control mice microbiome, the acetyl-coenzyme A (CoA) butyrate synthesizing pathway was the most prevalent and was significantly and maximally decreased by chronic ethanol feeding. Further WGS analysis i) validated the ethanol-induced decrease in the acetyl-CoA pathway by identifying the decrease in two critical genes but - (butyryl-CoA: acetate CoA transferase) and buk - (butyrate kinase) that encode the terminal condensing enzymes required for converting butyryl-CoA to butyrate and ii) detection of specific taxa of butyrate-producing bacteria containing but and buk genes. Notably, the administration of tributyrin (Tb) - a butyrate prodrug - significantly prevented ethanol-induced decrease in butyrate-producing bacteria, hepatic steatosis, inflammation, and injury. Taken together, our findings strongly suggest that the loss of butyrate-producing bacteria using the acetyl-CoA pathway is a significant pathogenic feature of ethanol-induced microbial dysbiosis and ALD and can be targeted for therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richa Singhal
- University of Louisville Department of Medicine,University of Louisville Alcohol Research Center
| | - Hridgandh Donde
- University of Louisville Department of Medicine,University of Louisville Alcohol Research Center
| | - Smita Ghare
- University of Louisville Department of Medicine,University of Louisville Alcohol Research Center
| | - Kendall Stocke
- University of Louisville Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Science
| | - Jingwein Zhang
- University of Louisville Department of Medicine,University of Louisville Alcohol Research Center
| | - Manicka Vadhanam
- University of Louisville Department of Medicine,University of Louisville Alcohol Research Center
| | - Sreelatha Reddy
- University of Louisville Department of Medicine,University of Louisville Alcohol Research Center
| | - Leila Gobejishvili
- University of Louisville Department of Medicine,University of Louisville Alcohol Research Center
| | - Paula Chilton
- University of Louisville Department of Medicine,University of Louisville Alcohol Research Center
| | - Swati Joshi-Barve
- University of Louisville Department of Medicine,University of Louisville Alcohol Research Center
| | - Wenke Feng
- University of Louisville Department of Medicine,University of Louisville Alcohol Research Center
| | - Craig McClain
- University of Louisville Department of Medicine,University of Louisville Alcohol Research Center
| | - Kristi Hoffman
- Baylor College of Medicine Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology,Baylor College of Medicine Center for Metagenomics and Microbiome Research
| | - Joseph Petrosino
- Baylor College of Medicine Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology,Baylor College of Medicine Center for Metagenomics and Microbiome Research
| | - Marius Vital
- Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany,Helmholtz Center for Infection Research,Helmholtz Association of German Research Centers
| | - Shirish Barve
- University of Louisville Department of Medicine,University of Louisville Alcohol Research Center,University of Louisville Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology,CONTACT Dr. Shirish Barve Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville Health Sciences Center, 505 S. Hancock St. CTR Bldg., Room 515, Louisville, KY40202, USA
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17
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Neag MA, Mitre AO, Catinean A, Buzoianu AD. Overview of the microbiota in the gut-liver axis in viral B and C hepatitis. World J Gastroenterol 2021; 27:7446-7461. [PMID: 34887642 PMCID: PMC8613744 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v27.i43.7446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Viral B and C hepatitis are a major current health issue, both diseases having a chronic damaging effect on the liver and its functions. Chronic liver disease can lead to even more severe and life-threatening conditions, such as liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Recent years have uncovered an important interplay between the liver and the gut microbiome: the gut-liver axis. Hepatitis B and C infections often cause alterations in the gut microbiota by lowering the levels of ‘protective’ gut microorganisms and, by doing so, hinder the microbiota ability to boost the immune response. Treatments aimed at restoring the gut microbiota balance may provide a valuable addition to current practice therapies and may help limit the chronic changes observed in the liver of hepatitis B and C patients. This review aims to summarize the current knowledge on the anato-functional axis between the gut and liver and to highlight the influence that hepatitis B and C viruses have on the microbiota balance, as well as the influence of treatments aimed at restoring the gut microbiota on infected livers and disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Adriana Neag
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Cluj-Napoca, Cluj-Napoca 400337, Romania
| | - Andrei Otto Mitre
- Faculty of Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Cluj-Napoca, Cluj-Napoca 400012, Romania
| | - Adrian Catinean
- Department of Internal Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Cluj-Napoca, Cluj-Napoca 400006, Romania
| | - Anca Dana Buzoianu
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Cluj-Napoca, Cluj-Napoca 400337, Romania
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18
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Keshavarz Azizi Raftar S, Ashrafian F, Yadegar A, Lari A, Moradi HR, Shahriary A, Azimirad M, Alavifard H, Mohsenifar Z, Davari M, Vaziri F, Moshiri A, Siadat SD, Zali MR. The Protective Effects of Live and Pasteurized Akkermansia muciniphila and Its Extracellular Vesicles against HFD/CCl4-Induced Liver Injury. Microbiol Spectr 2021; 9:e0048421. [PMID: 34549998 PMCID: PMC8557882 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00484-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Akkermansia muciniphila, as a member of the gut microbiota, has been proposed as a next-generation probiotic. Liver fibrosis is the main determinant of liver dysfunction and mortality in patients with chronic liver disease. In this study, we aimed to determine the beneficial effects of live and pasteurized A. muciniphila and its extracellular vesicles (EVs) on the prevention of liver fibrosis. The response of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) to live and pasteurized A. muciniphila and its EVs was examined in quiescent, lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated LX-2 cells. Liver fibrosis was induced in 8-week-old C57BL/6 mice, using a high-fat diet (HFD) and carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) administration for 4 weeks. The mice were concomitantly treated via oral gavage with three forms of bacteria. The relative expression of different fibrosis and inflammatory markers was assessed in the tissues. Histological markers, serum biochemical parameters, and cytokine production were also analyzed, and their correlations with the relative abundance of targeted fecal bacteria were examined. All A. muciniphila preparations exhibited protective effects against HSC activation; however, EVs showed the greatest activity in HSC regression. Oral gavage with A. muciniphila ameliorated the serum biochemical and inflammatory cytokines and improved liver and colon histopathological damages. The relative expression of fibrosis and inflammatory biomarkers was substantially attenuated in the tissues of all treated mice. The composition of targeted stool bacteria in the live A. muciniphila group was clearly different from that in the fibrosis group. This study indicated that A. muciniphila and its derivatives could successfully protect against HFD/CCl4-induced liver injury. However, further studies are needed to prove the beneficial effects of A. muciniphila on the liver. IMPORTANCE Akkermansia muciniphila, as a member of the gut microbiota, has been proposed as a next-generation probiotic. Liver fibrosis is the main determinant of liver dysfunction and mortality in patients with chronic liver disease. In this study, we aimed to determine the beneficial effects of live and pasteurized A. muciniphila and its extracellular vesicles (EVs) on the prevention of liver fibrosis. The results of the present study indicated that oral administration of live and pasteurized A. muciniphila and its EVs could normalize the fecal targeted bacteria composition, improve the intestinal permeability, modulate inflammatory responses, and subsequently prevent liver injury in HFD/CCl4-administered mice. Following the improvement of intestinal and liver histopathology, HFD/CCl4-induced kidney damage and adipose tissue inflammation were also ameliorated by different A. muciniphila treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahrbanoo Keshavarz Azizi Raftar
- Microbiology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
- Mycobacteriology and Pulmonary Research Department, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
- Foodborne and Waterborne Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Ashrafian
- Microbiology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
- Mycobacteriology and Pulmonary Research Department, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
- Clinical Research Department, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Yadegar
- Foodborne and Waterborne Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Arezou Lari
- Systems Biomedicine Unit, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamid Reza Moradi
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Arefeh Shahriary
- Microbiology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoumeh Azimirad
- Foodborne and Waterborne Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Helia Alavifard
- Basic and Molecular Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zhaleh Mohsenifar
- Taleghani Hospital, Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Davari
- Microbiology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
- Mycobacteriology and Pulmonary Research Department, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farzam Vaziri
- Microbiology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
- Mycobacteriology and Pulmonary Research Department, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Arfa Moshiri
- Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Experimental Therapy Unit, Laboratory of Oncology, Giannina Gaslini Children’s Hospital, Genoa, Italy
| | - Seyed Davar Siadat
- Microbiology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
- Mycobacteriology and Pulmonary Research Department, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Zali
- Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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19
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Sharma SP, Suk KT, Kim DJ. Significance of gut microbiota in alcoholic and non-alcoholic fatty liver diseases. World J Gastroenterol 2021; 27:6161-6179. [PMID: 34712025 PMCID: PMC8515797 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v27.i37.6161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver-gut communication is vital in fatty liver diseases, and gut microbes are the key regulators in maintaining liver homeostasis. Chronic alcohol abuse and persistent overnutrition create dysbiosis in gut ecology, which can contribute to fatty liver disease. In this review, we discuss the gut microbial compositional changes that occur in alcoholic and nonalcoholic fatty liver diseases and how this gut microbial dysbiosis and its metabolic products are involved in fatty liver disease pathophysiology. We also summarize the new approaches related to gut microbes that might help in the diagnosis and treatment of fatty liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satya Priya Sharma
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Diseases, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon 24252, South Korea
| | - Ki Tae Suk
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Diseases, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon 24252, South Korea
| | - Dong Joon Kim
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Diseases, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon 24252, South Korea
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20
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Abstract
Bile acids (BAs) are a family of hydroxylated steroids secreted by the liver that aid in the breakdown and absorption of dietary fats. BAs also function as nutrient and inflammatory signaling molecules, acting through cognate receptors, to coordinate host metabolism. Commensal bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract are functional modifiers of the BA pool, affecting composition and abundance. Deconjugation of host BAs creates a molecular network that inextricably links gut microtia with their host. In this review we highlight the roles of BAs in mediating this mutualistic relationship with a focus on those events that impact host physiology and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- James C Poland
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - C Robb Flynn
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
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21
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Sieck GC. Physiology in Perspective: The New Normal-Life in a Pandemic. Physiology (Bethesda) 2021; 35:220-221. [PMID: 32490749 PMCID: PMC7276975 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00014.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
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22
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Lammert C, Shin AS, Xu H, Hemmerich C, M O'Connell T, Chalasani N. Short-chain fatty acid and fecal microbiota profiles are linked to fibrosis in primary biliary cholangitis. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2021; 368:6219082. [PMID: 33836051 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnab038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota and metabolome could play a role in primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) progression. We aimed to assess fecal microbiota and fecal short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in PBC according to fibrosis. In a cross-sectional study of 23 PBC patients, fecal microbiota and SCFAs were determined using 16S rRNA sequencing and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, respectively. Fecal acetate and SCFAs were higher in advanced fibrosis. Advanced fibrosis microbiota exhibited decreased alpha diversity, increased Weisella and a distinct community composition. SCFAs correlated with individual taxa in non-advanced fibrosis. Fecal microbiota and SCFAs correspond to fibrosis in PBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig Lammert
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Andrea S Shin
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Huiping Xu
- Department of Biostatistics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Christopher Hemmerich
- Center for Genomics and Bioinformatics, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Thomas M O'Connell
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Naga Chalasani
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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23
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Kang K, Sun Y, Pan D, Sang LX, Sun MJ, Li YL, Chang B. Distinctive gut microbial dysbiosis between chronic alcoholic fatty liver disease and metabolic-associated fatty liver disease in mice. Exp Ther Med 2021; 21:418. [PMID: 33777186 PMCID: PMC7967804 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2021.9862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota, which may affect normal physiological and biochemical functions, has an important role in the development of human liver diseases. The aim of the present study was to investigate differences in the gut microbiota between chronic alcoholic fatty liver disease (AFLD) and metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD). AFLD was induced by chronic alcohol administration and MAFLD was induced by a Western-style diet in C57BL/6 mice. After 8 weeks, the levels of plasma alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), lipopolysaccharide (LPS), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1β and IL-10 were assessed and H&E staining of mouse liver tissue was performed. High-throughput sequencing of 16S ribosomal DNA from the intestinal contents was used to analyze the different effects of AFLD and MAFLD on the gut microbiota. Differences in the gut microbiota composition were assessed by the t-test. The results revealed increases in LPS, ALT, AST, TG, IL-1β and TNF-α in the AFLD group. Compared with those in the MAFLD control group, the MAFLD group exhibited increased plasma ALT, TG, TC, IL-6, IL-1β and TNF-α levels and decreased plasma IL-10 levels. In addition, the α- and β-diversities revealed that the AFLD and MAFLD groups exhibited obvious changes in the gut structure (with an increase in abundance in the AFLD group and a decrease in abundance in the MAFLD group). In comparison to the AFLD control group, Enterococcaceae were the most abundant bacteria at the family level and Enterococcus and Streptococcus were the most abundant bacteria at the genus level in the AFLD group. However, in the MAFLD group, Lachnospiraceae was the most abundant at the family level, with increases in Erysipelatoclostridium, Gordonibacter and Streptococcus at the genus level and a decrease in the genus Bifidobacterium. In conclusion, the present study confirmed that the AFLD and MAFLD groups harbored differences in the gut microbiota. The marked differences in the gut microbiota at the family and genus levels may contribute to the development process of FLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Kang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Yue Sun
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Dan Pan
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Li-Xuan Sang
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Ming-Jun Sun
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Yi-Ling Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Bing Chang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
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24
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Jiang L, Stärkel P, Fan JG, Fouts DE, Bacher P, Schnabl B. The gut mycobiome: a novel player in chronic liver diseases. J Gastroenterol 2021; 56:1-11. [PMID: 33151407 PMCID: PMC7819863 DOI: 10.1007/s00535-020-01740-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The human gut microbiome (bacteria, fungi, viruses, and archaea) is a complex and diverse ecosystem. It plays an important role in human health, but is involved in several intestinal and extraintestinal diseases. Most research to date has focused on the role of bacteria, while studies focusing on fungi (also referred to as "mycobiome" or "fungome") are still in its infancy. In this review, we focus on the existing literature available about the gut mycobiome with an emphasis on compositional mycobiome changes associated with liver diseases, the impact on pathogenesis of disease, and its potential use as therapeutic targets. We also provide insights into current methodologies of studying mycobiome, and we highlight the interkingdom interactions in the context of disease and how they affect health of the host. Herein, by focusing on the gut mycobiome, this review provides novel insights and directions for liver research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Jiang
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, MC0063, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA ,Department of Medicine, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA USA
| | - Peter Stärkel
- Cliniques Universitaires Saint Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jian-Gao Fan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | | | - Petra Bacher
- Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel and UKSH Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany ,Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Bernd Schnabl
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, MC0063, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA ,Department of Medicine, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA USA
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25
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High fat diet-triggered non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: A review of proposed mechanisms. Chem Biol Interact 2020; 330:109199. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2020.109199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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