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Brown R, Small DM, Doherty DF, Holsinger L, Booth R, Williams R, Ingram RJ, Elborn JS, Mall MA, Taggart CC, Weldon S. Therapeutic Inhibition of Cathepsin S Reduces Inflammation and Mucus Plugging in Adult βENaC-Tg Mice. Mediators Inflamm 2021; 2021:6682657. [PMID: 33828414 PMCID: PMC8004367 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6682657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Elevated levels of the cysteine protease cathepsin S (CatS) are associated with chronic mucoobstructive lung diseases such as cystic fibrosis (CF) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). We have previously demonstrated that prophylactic treatment with a CatS inhibitor from birth reduces inflammation, mucus plugging, and lung tissue damage in juvenile β-epithelial Na+ channel-overexpressing transgenic (βENaC-Tg) mice with chronic inflammatory mucoobstructive lung disease. In this study, we build upon this work to examine the effects of therapeutic intervention with a CatS inhibitor in adult βENaC-Tg mice with established disease. METHODS βENaC-Tg mice and wild-type (WT) littermates were treated with a CatS inhibitor from 4 to 6 weeks of age, and CatS-/- βENaC-Tg mice were analysed at 6 weeks of age. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid inflammatory cell counts were quantified, and lung tissue destruction and mucus obstruction were analysed histologically. RESULTS At 6 weeks of age, βENaC-Tg mice developed significant airway inflammation, lung tissue damage, and mucus plugging when compared to WT mice. CatS-/- βENaC-Tg mice and βENaC-Tg mice receiving inhibitor had significantly reduced airway mononuclear and polymorphonuclear (PMN) cell counts as well as mucus plugging. However, in contrast to CatS-/- βENaC-Tg mice, therapeutic inhibition of CatS in βENaC-Tg mice had no effect on established emphysema-like lung tissue damage. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that while early CatS targeting may be required to prevent the onset and progression of lung tissue damage, therapeutic CatS targeting effectively inhibited airway inflammation and mucus obstruction. These results indicate the important role CatS may play in the pathogenesis and progression of mucoobstructive lung disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Brown
- Airway Innate Immunity Research (AiiR) Group, Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Donna M. Small
- Airway Innate Immunity Research (AiiR) Group, Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Declan F. Doherty
- Airway Innate Immunity Research (AiiR) Group, Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | | | | | - Richard Williams
- Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Rebecca J. Ingram
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - J. Stuart Elborn
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Marcus A. Mall
- Department of Translational Pulmonology, Translational Lung Research Center Heidelberg (TLRC), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonology, Immunology and Critical Care Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany
| | - Clifford C. Taggart
- Airway Innate Immunity Research (AiiR) Group, Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Sinéad Weldon
- Airway Innate Immunity Research (AiiR) Group, Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
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Verhoeff K, Mitchell JR. Cardiopulmonary physiology: why the heart and lungs are inextricably linked. ADVANCES IN PHYSIOLOGY EDUCATION 2017; 41:348-353. [PMID: 28679570 DOI: 10.1152/advan.00190.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Revised: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Because the heart and lungs are confined within the thoracic cavity, understanding their interactions is integral for studying each system. Such interactions include changes in external constraint to the heart, blood volume redistribution (venous return), direct ventricular interaction (DVI), and left ventricular (LV) afterload. During mechanical ventilation, these interactions can be amplified and result in reduced cardiac output. For example, increased intrathoracic pressure associated with mechanical ventilation can increase external constraint and limit ventricular diastolic filling and, therefore, output. Similarly, high intrathoracic pressures can alter blood volume distribution and limit diastolic filling of both ventricles while concomitantly increasing pulmonary vascular resistance, leading to increased DVI, which may further limit LV filling. While LV afterload is generally considered to decrease with increased intrathoracic pressure, the question arises if the reduced LV afterload is primarily a consequence of a reduced LV preload. A thorough understanding of the interaction between the heart and lungs can be complicated but is essential for clinicians and health science students alike. In this teaching review, we have attempted to highlight the present understanding of certain salient aspects of cardiopulmonary physiology and pathophysiology, as well as provide a resource for multidisciplined health science educators and students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Verhoeff
- Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; and
| | - Jamie R Mitchell
- Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; and
- Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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Henriques I, Lopes-Pacheco M, Padilha GA, Marques PS, Magalhães RF, Antunes MA, Morales MM, Rocha NN, Silva PL, Xisto DG, Rocco PRM. Moderate Aerobic Training Improves Cardiorespiratory Parameters in Elastase-Induced Emphysema. Front Physiol 2016; 7:329. [PMID: 27536247 PMCID: PMC4971418 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: We investigated the therapeutic effects of aerobic training on lung mechanics, inflammation, morphometry and biological markers associated with inflammation, and endothelial cell damage, as well as cardiac function in a model of elastase-induced emphysema. Methods: Eighty-four BALB/c mice were randomly allocated to receive saline (control, C) or 0.1 IU porcine pancreatic elastase (emphysema, ELA) intratracheally once weekly for 4 weeks. After the end of administration period, once cardiorespiratory impairment associated with emphysema was confirmed, each group was further randomized into sedentary (S) and trained (T) subgroups. Trained mice ran on a motorized treadmill, at moderate intensity, 30 min/day, 3 times/week for 4 weeks. Results: Four weeks after the first instillation, ELA animals, compared to C, showed: (1) reduced static lung elastance (Est,L) and levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in lung tissue, (2) increased elastic and collagen fiber content, dynamic elastance (E, in vitro), alveolar hyperinflation, and levels of interleukin-1β and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and (3) increased right ventricular diastolic area (RVA). Four weeks after aerobic training, ELA-T group, compared to ELA-S, was associated with reduced lung hyperinflation, elastic and collagen fiber content, TNF-α levels, and RVA, as well as increased Est,L, E, and levels of VEGF. Conclusion: Four weeks of regular and moderate intensity aerobic training modulated lung inflammation and remodeling, thus improving pulmonary function, and reduced RVA and pulmonary arterial hypertension in this animal model of elastase-induced emphysema.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabela Henriques
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Investigation, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Miquéias Lopes-Pacheco
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Investigation, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de JaneiroRio de Janeiro, Brazil; Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de JaneiroRio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Gisele A Padilha
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Investigation, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Patrícia S Marques
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Investigation, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Raquel F Magalhães
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Investigation, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Mariana A Antunes
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Investigation, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marcelo M Morales
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Nazareth N Rocha
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Investigation, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de JaneiroRio de Janeiro, Brazil; Department of Physiology, Fluminense Federal UniversityNiterói, Brazil
| | - Pedro L Silva
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Investigation, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Débora G Xisto
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Investigation, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Patricia R M Rocco
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Investigation, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Trojanek JB, Cobos-Correa A, Diemer S, Kormann M, Schubert SC, Zhou-Suckow Z, Agrawal R, Duerr J, Wagner CJ, Schatterny J, Hirtz S, Sommerburg O, Hartl D, Schultz C, Mall MA. Airway mucus obstruction triggers macrophage activation and matrix metalloproteinase 12-dependent emphysema. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2015; 51:709-20. [PMID: 24828142 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2013-0407oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Whereas cigarette smoking remains the main risk factor for emphysema, recent studies in β-epithelial Na(+) channel-transgenic (βENaC-Tg) mice demonstrated that airway surface dehydration, a key pathophysiological mechanism in cystic fibrosis (CF), caused emphysema in the absence of cigarette smoke exposure. However, the underlying mechanisms remain unknown. The aim of this study was to elucidate mechanisms of emphysema formation triggered by airway surface dehydration. We therefore used expression profiling, genetic and pharmacological inhibition, Foerster resonance energy transfer (FRET)-based activity assays, and genetic association studies to identify and validate emphysema candidate genes in βENaC-Tg mice and patients with CF. We identified matrix metalloproteinase 12 (Mmp12) as a highly up-regulated gene in lungs from βENaC-Tg mice, and demonstrate that elevated Mmp12 expression was associated with progressive emphysema formation, which was reduced by genetic deletion and pharmacological inhibition of MMP12 in vivo. By using FRET reporters, we show that MMP12 activity was elevated on the surface of airway macrophages in bronchoalveolar lavage from βENaC-Tg mice and patients with CF. Furthermore, we demonstrate that a functional polymorphism in MMP12 (rs2276109) was associated with severity of lung disease in CF. Our results suggest that MMP12 released by macrophages activated on dehydrated airway surfaces may play an important role in emphysema formation in the absence of cigarette smoke exposure, and may serve as a therapeutic target in CF and potentially other chronic lung diseases associated with airway mucus dehydration and obstruction.
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Morgan AR, Parker GJM, Roberts C, Buonaccorsi GA, Maguire NC, Hubbard Cristinacce PL, Singh D, Vestbo J, Bjermer L, Jögi J, Taib Z, Sarv J, Bruijnzeel PLB, Olsson LE, Bondesson E, Nihlén U, McGrath DM, Young SS, Waterton JC, Nordenmark LH. Feasibility assessment of using oxygen-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging for evaluating the effect of pharmacological treatment in COPD. Eur J Radiol 2014; 83:2093-101. [PMID: 25176287 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejrad.2014.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Revised: 06/21/2014] [Accepted: 08/07/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Oxygen-enhanced MRI (OE-MRI) biomarkers have potential value in assessment of COPD, but need further evaluation before treatment-induced changes can be interpreted. The objective was to evaluate how OE-MRI parameters of regional ventilation and oxygen uptake respond to standard pharmacological interventions in COPD, and how the response compares to that of gold standard pulmonary function tests. MATERIALS AND METHODS COPD patients (n=40), mean FEV1 58% predicted normal, received single-dose inhaled formoterol 9μg, or placebo, followed by 8 weeks treatment bid with a combination of budesonide and formoterol Turbuhaler(®) 320/9μg or formoterol Turbuhaler(®). OE-MRI biomarkers were obtained, as well as X-ray computed tomography (CT) biomarkers and pulmonary function tests, in a two-center study. An ANCOVA statistical model was used to assess effect size of intervention measurable in OE-MRI parameters of lung function. RESULTS OE-MRI data were successfully acquired at both study sites. 8-week treatment with budesonide/formoterol significantly decreased lung wash-out time by 31% (p<0.01), decreased the change in lung oxygen level upon breathing pure oxygen by 13% (p<0.05) and increased oxygen extraction from the lung by 58% (p<0.01). Single-dose formoterol increased both lung wash-out time (+47%, p<0.05) and lung oxygenation time (+47%, p<0.05). FEV1 was improved by single-dose formoterol (+12%, p<0.001) and 8 weeks of budesonide/formoterol (+ 18%, p<0.001), consistent with published studies. CONCLUSIONS In COPD, OE-MRI parameters showed response to both single-dose bronchodilatory effects of a β2-agonist, formoterol, and 8-week treatment with an inhaled corticosteroid, budesonide, and the measurements are feasible in a small-scale multi-center trial setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra R Morgan
- Bioxydyn Ltd, Manchester, UK; Centre for Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Imaging Institute, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
| | - Geoff J M Parker
- Bioxydyn Ltd, Manchester, UK; Centre for Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Imaging Institute, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Caleb Roberts
- Bioxydyn Ltd, Manchester, UK; Centre for Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Imaging Institute, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | | | | | - Penny L Hubbard Cristinacce
- Centre for Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Imaging Institute, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Dave Singh
- University of Manchester, Medicines Evaluation Unit, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, University Hospital of South Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Jørgen Vestbo
- University of Manchester, Medicines Evaluation Unit, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, University Hospital of South Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Leif Bjermer
- Department of Respiratory Medicine & Allergology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Jonas Jögi
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Skåne University Hospital and Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Ulf Nihlén
- Department of Respiratory Medicine & Allergology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden; AstraZeneca R&D, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Deirdre M McGrath
- Centre for Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Imaging Institute, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | | | - John C Waterton
- Centre for Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Imaging Institute, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK; AstraZeneca R&D, Alderley Park, UK
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Kennedy-Feitosa E, Pinto RFS, Pires KMP, Monteiro APT, Machado MN, Santos JC, Ribeiro ML, Zin WA, Canetti CA, Romana-Souza B, Porto LC, Valenca SS. The influence of 5-lipoxygenase on cigarette smoke-induced emphysema in mice. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2014; 1840:199-208. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2013.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2013] [Revised: 09/08/2013] [Accepted: 09/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Genetic polymorphisms of xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes influence the risk of pulmonary emphysema. Pharmacogenet Genomics 2011; 21:876-83. [DOI: 10.1097/fpc.0b013e32834d597f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Raupach T, Lüthje L, Kögler H, Duve C, Schweda F, Hasenfuß G, Andreas S. Local and systemic effects of angiotensin receptor blockade in an emphysema mouse model. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2011; 24:215-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2010.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2010] [Revised: 12/02/2010] [Accepted: 12/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Bezerra FS, Valença SS, Pires KMP, Lanzetti M, Pimenta WA, Schmidt AC, Porto LC, Zin WA. Long-term exposure to cigarette smoke impairs lung function and increases HMGB-1 expression in mice. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2011; 177:120-6. [PMID: 21457800 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2011.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2011] [Revised: 03/23/2011] [Accepted: 03/23/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Cigarette smoke (CS)-induced emphysema is caused by a continuous inflammatory response in the lower respiratory tract. The development of the condition is believed to be mediated by oxidant-antioxidant imbalance. This paper describes the effects of long-term CS exposure on alveolar cell recruitment, antioxidant defense systems, activity of extracellular matrix metalloelastases, expression of metalloelastase MMP-12, and high mobility group box-1 protein (HMGB-1). Ten C57Bl/6 mice were exposed to 12 cigarettes-a-day for 60 consecutive days, while 10 control animals were exposed to ambient air. After sacrifice, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) was removed, and lung tissue underwent biochemical and histological analyses. In CS-exposed animals influx of alveolar macrophages and neutrophils into BALF, lung static elastance, and expression of MMP-12 and HMGB-1 were significantly increased while the activity of antioxidant enzyme was significantly reduced in comparison with control group. Thus, we demonstrated for the first time that long-term CS exposure decreased antioxidant defenses concomitantly with impaired lung function, which was associated with HMGB-1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Silva Bezerra
- Laboratory of Tissue Repair, Histology and Embryology Department, Roberto Alcantara Gomes Institute of Biology, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Chemokine receptor CXCR3 is important for lung tissue damage and airway remodeling induced by short-term exposure to cigarette smoking in mice. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2010; 31:436-42. [PMID: 20208554 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2009.192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the role of chemokine receptor CXCR3 in cigarette smoking (CS)-induced pulmonary damage. METHODS CXCR3 knockout (CXCR3-/-) mice were used. Differences in airspace enlargement, mRNA expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), transforming growth factor (TGF) beta1, CXCL10 in lung homogenates, and CXCL10 content in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluids and homogenates were compared between CXCR3-/- mice and wild-type (WT) mice three days after three-day CS exposures. RESULTS The linear intercept was significantly less in CXCR3-/- mice than in WT mice (30.1+/-0.9 microm vs 40.3+/-2.4 microm, P<0.01). Morphologically, collagen was deposited less around airways and vessels in CXCR3-/- mice. The lung hydroxyproline content was significantly lower in CXCR3-/- mice than in WT mice (6.0+/-1.0 microg/mL vs 12.0+/-1.6 microg/mL, P<0.05). Profoundly lower mRNA expression of MMP2, MMP12, TGF beta 1, and CXCL10 was seen in lung homogenates from CXCR3-/- mice. CXCL10 concentrations in BAL fluid and lung homogenates were significantly lower in CXCR3-/- mice than in WT mice (BAL fluid: 19.3+/-1.4 pg/mL vs 24.8+/-1.6 pg/mL, P<0.05; lung homogenates: 76.6+/-7.0 pg/mL vs 119.5+/-15.9 pg/mL, P<0.05). CONCLUSION CXCR3 is important in mediating lung tissue damage and airway remodeling following a short-term CS insult, possibly through up-regulation of CXCL10 and inducement of mRNA expression of MMPs. Targeting CXCR3 may be helpful for prevention of CS-induced pulmonary pathology.
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Lüthje L, Raupach T, Michels H, Unsöld B, Hasenfuss G, Kögler H, Andreas S. Exercise intolerance and systemic manifestations of pulmonary emphysema in a mouse model. Respir Res 2009; 10:7. [PMID: 19175913 PMCID: PMC2644670 DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-10-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2008] [Accepted: 01/28/2009] [Indexed: 08/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Systemic effects of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) significantly contribute to severity and mortality of the disease. We aimed to develop a COPD/emphysema model exhibiting systemic manifestations of the disease. Methods Female NMRI mice were treated 5 times intratracheally with porcine pancreatic elastase (emphysema) or phosphate-buffered saline (control). Emphysema severity was quantified histologically by mean linear intercept, exercise tolerance by treadmill running distance, diaphragm dysfunction using isolated muscle strips, pulmonary hypertension by measuring right ventricular pressure, and neurohumoral activation by determining urinary norepinephrine concentration. Results Mean linear intercept was higher in emphysema (260.7 ± 26.8 μm) than in control lungs (24.7 ± 1.7 μm). Emphysema mice lost body weight, controls gained weight. Running distance was shorter in emphysema than in controls. Diaphragm muscle length was shorter in controls compared to emphysema. Fatigue tests of muscle strips revealed impaired relaxation in emphysema diaphragms. Maximum right ventricular pressure and norepinephrine were elevated in emphysema compared to controls. Linear correlations were observed between running distance changes and intercept, right ventricular weight, norepinephrine, and diaphragm length. Conclusion The elastase mouse model exhibited severe emphysema with consecutive exercise limitation, and neurohumoral activation. The model may deepen our understanding of systemic aspects of COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Lüthje
- Kardiologie und Pneumologie, Georg-August-Universität, Göttingen, Germany.
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Abstract
Emphysema is one manifestation of a group of chronic, obstructive, and frequently progressive destructive lung diseases. Cigarette smoking and air pollution are the main causes of emphysema in humans, and cigarette smoking causes emphysema in rodents. This review examines the concept of a homeostatically active lung structure maintenance program that, when attacked by proteases and oxidants, leads to the loss of alveolar septal cells and airspace enlargement. Inflammatory and noninflammatory mechanisms of disease pathogenesis, as well as the role of the innate and adaptive immune systems, are being explored in genetically altered animals and in exposure models of this disease. These recent scientific advances support a model whereby alveolar destruction resulting from a coalescence of mechanical forces, such as hyperinflation, and more recently recognized cellular and molecular events, including apoptosis, cellular senescence, and failed lung tissue repair, produces the clinically recognized syndrome of emphysema.
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