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Xing J, Wang H, Xie Y, Fan T, Cui C, Li Y, Wang S, Gu W, Wang C, Tang H, Liu L. Novel rare genetic variants of familial and sporadic pulmonary atresia identified by whole-exome sequencing. Open Life Sci 2023; 18:20220593. [PMID: 37215497 PMCID: PMC10199322 DOI: 10.1515/biol-2022-0593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary atresia (PA) is a severe cyanotic congenital heart disease. Although some genetic mutations have been described to be associated with PA, the knowledge of pathogenesis is insufficient. The aim of this research was to use whole-exome sequencing (WES) to determine novel rare genetic variants in PA patients. We performed WES in 33 patients (27 patient-parent trios and 6 single probands) and 300 healthy control individuals. By applying an enhanced analytical framework to incorporate de novo and case-control rare variation, we identified 176 risk genes (100 de novo variants and 87 rare variants). Protein‒protein interaction (PPI) analysis and Genotype-Tissue Expression analysis revealed that 35 putative candidate genes had PPIs with known PA genes with high expression in the human heart. Expression quantitative trait loci analysis revealed that 27 genes that were identified as novel PA genes that could be affected by the surrounding single nucleotide polymorphism were screened. Furthermore, we screened rare damaging variants with a threshold of minor allele frequency at 0.5% in the ExAC_EAS and GnomAD_exome_EAS databases, and the deleteriousness was predicted by bioinformatics tools. For the first time, 18 rare variants in 11 new candidate genes have been identified that may play a role in the pathogenesis of PA. Our research provides new insights into the pathogenesis of PA and helps to identify the critical genes for PA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyue Xing
- Henan Key Laboratory of Chronic Disease Management, Central China Fuwai Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Fuwai Central China Cardiovascular Hospital & Central China Branch of National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhengzhou, Henan, 451464, China
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Regenerative Medicine, Heart Center of Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, Central China Fuwai Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Fuwai Central China Cardiovascular Hospital & Central China Branch of National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhengzhou, Henan, 451464, China
| | - Hongdan Wang
- Medical Genetics Institute of Henan Province, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou University People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou 450003, China
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Birth Defects Prevention, Henan Key Laboratory of Population Defects Prevention, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Yuanyuan Xie
- Department of Pediatrics, The Seventh Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Taibing Fan
- Department of Children’s Heart Center, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, Department of Children’s Heart Center of Central China Fuwai Hospital, Henan Key Medical Laboratory of Tertiary Prevention and Treatment for Congenital Heart Disease, Central China Fuwai Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 451464, China
| | - Cunying Cui
- Department of Ultrasound, Fuwai Central China Cardiovascular Hospital, Central China Fuwai Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 451464, China
| | - Yanan Li
- Department of Ultrasound, Fuwai Central China Cardiovascular Hospital, Central China Fuwai Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 451464, China
| | - Shuai Wang
- Department of Translational Medicine Center, Chigene (Beijing) Translational Medical Research Center Co., Beijing, 100176, China
| | - Weiyue Gu
- Department of Translational Medicine Center, Chigene (Beijing) Translational Medical Research Center Co., Beijing, 100176, China
| | - Chengzeng Wang
- Department of Ultrasound, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China
| | - Hao Tang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Chronic Disease Management, Central China Fuwai Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Fuwai Central China Cardiovascular Hospital & Central China Branch of National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhengzhou, Henan, 451464, China
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Regenerative Medicine, Heart Center of Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, Central China Fuwai Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Fuwai Central China Cardiovascular Hospital & Central China Branch of National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhengzhou, Henan, 451464, China
| | - Lin Liu
- Department of Ultrasound, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China
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Nozari A, Aghaei-Moghadam E, Zeinaloo A, Alavi A, Ghasemi Firouzabdi S, Minaee S, Eskandari Hesari M, Behjati F. A Pathogenic Homozygous Mutation in The Pleckstrin Homology Domain of RASA1 Is Responsible for Familial Tricuspid Atresia in An Iranian Consanguineous Family. CELL JOURNAL 2018; 21:70-77. [PMID: 30507091 PMCID: PMC6275424 DOI: 10.22074/cellj.2019.5734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Objective Tricuspid atresia (TA) is a rare life-threatening form of congenital heart defect (CHD). The genetic
mechanisms underlying TA are not clearly understood. According to previous studies, the endocardial cushioning event,
as the primary sign of cardiac valvulogenesis, is governed by several overlapping signaling pathways including Ras/
ERK pathway. RASA1, a regulator of cardiovascular development, is involved in this pathway and its haploinsufficiency
(due to heterozygous mutations) has been identified as the underlying etiology of the autosomal dominant capillary
malformation/arteriovenous malformation (CM/AVM).
Materials and Methods In this prospective study, we used whole exome sequencing (WES) followed by serial
bioinformatics filtering steps for two siblings with TA and early onset CM. Their parents were consanguineous which
had a history of recurrent abortions. Patients were carefully assessed to exclude extra-cardiac anomalies.
Results We identified a homozygous RASA1 germline mutation, c.1583A>G (p.Tyr528Cys) in the family. This mutation
lies in the pleckstrin homology (PH) domain of the gene. The parents who were heterozygous for this variant displayed
CM.
Conclusion This is the first study reporting an adverse phenotypic outcome of a RASA1 homozygous mutation.
Here, we propose that the phenotypic consequence of the homozygous RASA1 p.Tyr528Cys mutation is more serious
than the heterozygous type. This could be responsible for the TA pathogenesis in our patients. We strongly suggest
that parents with CM/AVM should be investigated for RASA1 heterozygous mutations. Prenatal diagnosis and fetal
echocardiography should also be carried out in the event of pregnancy in heterozygous parents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahoura Nozari
- Genetics Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ehsan Aghaei-Moghadam
- Department of Pediatrics Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Aliakbar Zeinaloo
- Department of Pediatrics Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Afagh Alavi
- Genetics Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Shohre Minaee
- Department of Pediatrics Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Marzieh Eskandari Hesari
- Department of Pediatrics Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farkhondeh Behjati
- Department of Pediatrics Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Electronic Address:
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Romano V, de Beer TAP, Schwede T. A computational protocol to evaluate the effects of protein mutants in the kinase gatekeeper position on the binding of ATP substrate analogues. BMC Res Notes 2017; 10:104. [PMID: 28219448 PMCID: PMC5319021 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-017-2428-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The determination of specific kinase substrates in vivo is challenging due to the large number of protein kinases in cells, their substrate specificity overlap, and the lack of highly specific inhibitors. In the late 90s, Shokat and coworkers developed a protein engineering-based method addressing the question of identification of substrates of protein kinases. The approach was based on the mutagenesis of the gatekeeper residue within the binding site of a protein kinase to change the co-substrate specificity from ATP to ATP analogues. One of the challenges in applying this method to other kinase systems is to identify the optimal combination of mutation in the enzyme and chemical derivative such that the ATP analogue acts as substrate for the engineered, but not the native kinase enzyme. In this study, we developed a computational protocol for estimating the effect of mutations at the gatekeeper position on the accessibility of ATP analogues within the binding site of engineered kinases. Results We tested the protocol on a dataset of tyrosine and serine/threonine protein kinases from the scientific literature where Shokat’s method was applied and experimental data were available. Our protocol correctly identified gatekeeper residues as the positions to mutate within the binding site of the studied kinase enzymes. Furthermore, the approach well reproduced the experimental data available in literature. Conclusions We have presented a computational protocol that scores how different mutations at the gatekeeper position influence the accommodation of various ATP analogues within the binding site of protein kinases. We have assessed our approach on protein kinases from the scientific literature and have verified the ability of the approach to well reproduce the available experimental data and identify suitable combinations of engineered kinases and ATP analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Romano
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Tjaart A P de Beer
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland. .,SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Torsten Schwede
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Basel, Switzerland
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4
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Lee HC, Lo HC, Lo DM, Su MY, Hu JR, Wu CC, Chang SN, Dai MS, Tsai C, Tsai HJ. Amiodarone Induces Overexpression of Similar to Versican b to Repress the EGFR/Gsk3b/Snail Signaling Axis during Cardiac Valve Formation of Zebrafish Embryos. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0144751. [PMID: 26650936 PMCID: PMC4674151 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0144751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Although Amiodarone, a class III antiarrhythmic drug, inhibits zebrafish cardiac valve formation, the detailed molecular pathway is still unclear. Here, we proved that Amiodarone acts as an upstream regulator, stimulating similar to versican b (s-vcanb) overexpression at zebrafish embryonic heart and promoting cdh-5 overexpression by inhibiting snail1b at atrioventricular canal (AVC), thus blocking invagination of endocardial cells and, as a result, preventing the formation of cardiac valves. A closer investigation showed that an intricate set of signaling events ultimately caused the up-regulation of cdh5. In particular, we investigated the role of EGFR signaling and the activity of Gsk3b. It was found that knockdown of EGFR signaling resulted in phenotypes similar to those of Amiodarone-treated embryos. Since the reduced phosphorylation of EGFR was rescued by knockdown of s-vcanb, it was concluded that the inhibition of EGFR activity by Amiodarone is s-vcanb-dependent. Moreover, the activity of Gsk3b, a downstream effector of EGFR, was greatly increased in both Amiodarone-treated embryos and EGFR-inhibited embryos. Therefore, it was concluded that reduced EGFR signaling induced by Amiodarone treatment results in the inhibition of Snail functions through increased Gsk3b activity, which, in turn, reduces snail1b expression, leading to the up-regulation the cdh5 at the AVC, finally resulting in defective formation of valves. This signaling cascade implicates the EGFR/Gsk3b/Snail axis as the molecular basis for the inhibition of cardiac valve formation by Amiodarone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung-Chieh Lee
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Hao-Chan Lo
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Dao-Ming Lo
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Mai-Yan Su
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jia-Rung Hu
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Chieh Wu
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Centre, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Nan Chang
- Cardiovascular Center, National Taiwan University Hospital Yun Lin Branch, Yun Lin, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Shen Dai
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Centre, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chia‐Ti Tsai
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Medicine and Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (H-JT); (C-TT)
| | - Huai-Jen Tsai
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (H-JT); (C-TT)
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Abstract
Valvular heart disease is associated with significant morbidity and mortality and often the result of congenital malformations. However, the prevalence is increasing in adults not only because of the growing aging population, but also because of improvements in the medical and surgical care of children with congenital heart valve defects. The success of the Human Genome Project and major advances in genetic technologies, in combination with our increased understanding of heart valve development, has led to the discovery of numerous genetic contributors to heart valve disease. These have been uncovered using a variety of approaches including the examination of familial valve disease and genome-wide association studies to investigate sporadic cases. This review will discuss these findings and their implications in the treatment of valvular heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie LaHaye
- Center for Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Research and The Heart Center, Room WB4221, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, 43205, USA
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6
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MacGrogan D, Luxán G, Driessen-Mol A, Bouten C, Baaijens F, de la Pompa JL. How to make a heart valve: from embryonic development to bioengineering of living valve substitutes. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2014; 4:a013912. [PMID: 25368013 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a013912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Cardiac valve disease is a significant cause of ill health and death worldwide, and valve replacement remains one of the most common cardiac interventions in high-income economies. Despite major advances in surgical treatment, long-term therapy remains inadequate because none of the current valve substitutes have the potential for remodeling, regeneration, and growth of native structures. Valve development is coordinated by a complex interplay of signaling pathways and environmental cues that cause disease when perturbed. Cardiac valves develop from endocardial cushions that become populated by valve precursor mesenchyme formed by an epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). The mesenchymal precursors, subsequently, undergo directed growth, characterized by cellular compartmentalization and layering of a structured extracellular matrix (ECM). Knowledge gained from research into the development of cardiac valves is driving exploration into valve biomechanics and tissue engineering directed at creating novel valve substitutes endowed with native form and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donal MacGrogan
- Program of Cardiovascular Developmental Biology, Department of Cardiovascular Development and Repair, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Guillermo Luxán
- Program of Cardiovascular Developmental Biology, Department of Cardiovascular Development and Repair, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Anita Driessen-Mol
- Biomedical Engineering/Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Carlijn Bouten
- Biomedical Engineering/Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Frank Baaijens
- Biomedical Engineering/Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - José Luis de la Pompa
- Program of Cardiovascular Developmental Biology, Department of Cardiovascular Development and Repair, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), 28029 Madrid, Spain
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7
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Loirand G, Sauzeau V, Pacaud P. Small G Proteins in the Cardiovascular System: Physiological and Pathological Aspects. Physiol Rev 2013; 93:1659-720. [DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00021.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Small G proteins exist in eukaryotes from yeast to human and constitute the Ras superfamily comprising more than 100 members. This superfamily is structurally classified into five families: the Ras, Rho, Rab, Arf, and Ran families that control a wide variety of cell and biological functions through highly coordinated regulation processes. Increasing evidence has accumulated to identify small G proteins and their regulators as key players of the cardiovascular physiology that control a large panel of cardiac (heart rhythm, contraction, hypertrophy) and vascular functions (angiogenesis, vascular permeability, vasoconstriction). Indeed, basal Ras protein activity is required for homeostatic functions in physiological conditions, but sustained overactivation of Ras proteins or spatiotemporal dysregulation of Ras signaling pathways has pathological consequences in the cardiovascular system. The primary object of this review is to provide a comprehensive overview of the current progress in our understanding of the role of small G proteins and their regulators in cardiovascular physiology and pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gervaise Loirand
- INSERM, UMR S1087; University of Nantes; and CHU Nantes, l'Institut du Thorax, Nantes, France
| | - Vincent Sauzeau
- INSERM, UMR S1087; University of Nantes; and CHU Nantes, l'Institut du Thorax, Nantes, France
| | - Pierre Pacaud
- INSERM, UMR S1087; University of Nantes; and CHU Nantes, l'Institut du Thorax, Nantes, France
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8
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Sala V, Gallo S, Leo C, Gatti S, Gelb BD, Crepaldi T. Signaling to cardiac hypertrophy: insights from human and mouse RASopathies. Mol Med 2012; 18:938-47. [PMID: 22576369 DOI: 10.2119/molmed.2011.00512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2011] [Accepted: 05/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiac hypertrophy is the heart's response to a variety of extrinsic and intrinsic stimuli, some of which might finally lead up to a maladaptive state. An integral part of the pathogenesis of the hypertrophic cardiomyopathy disease (HCM) is the activation of the rat sarcoma (RAS)/RAF/MEK (mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase)/MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) cascade. Therefore, the molecular signaling involving RAS has been the subject of intense research efforts, particularly after the identification of the RASopathies. These constitute a class of developmental disorders caused by germline mutations affecting proteins contributing to the RAS pathway. Among other phenotypic features, a subset of these syndromes is characterized by HCM, prompting researchers and clinicians to delve into the chief signaling constituents of cardiac hypertrophy. In this review, we summarize current advances in the knowledge of the molecular signaling events involved in the pathogenesis of cardiac hypertrophy through work completed on patients and on genetically manipulated animals with HCM and RASopathies. Important insights are drawn from the recognition of parallels between cardiac hypertrophy and cancer. Future research promises to further elucidate the complex molecular interactions responsible for cardiac hypertrophy, possibly pointing the way for the identification of new specific targets for the treatment of HCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Sala
- Department of Anatomy, Pharmacology and Forensic Medicine, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
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9
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Lincoln J, Yutzey KE. Molecular and developmental mechanisms of congenital heart valve disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 91:526-34. [PMID: 21538813 DOI: 10.1002/bdra.20799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2010] [Revised: 01/31/2011] [Accepted: 02/04/2011] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Congenital heart disease occurs in approximately 1% of all live births and includes structural abnormalities of the heart valves. However, this statistic underestimates congenital valve lesions, such as bicuspic aortic valve (BAV) and mitral valve prolapse (MVP), that typically become apparent later in life as progressive valve dysfunction and disease. At present, the standard treatment for valve disease is replacement, and approximately 95,000 surgical procedures are performed each year in the United States. The most common forms of congenital valve disease include abnormal valve cusp morphogenesis, as in the case of BAV, or defects in extracellular matrix (ECM) organization and homeostasis, as occurs in MVP. The etiology of these common valve diseases is largely unknown. However, the study of murine and avian model systems, along with human genetic linkage studies, have led to the identification of genes and regulatory processes that contribute to valve structural malformations and disease. This review focuses on the current understanding and therapeutic implications of molecular regulatory pathways that control valve development and contribute to valve disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joy Lincoln
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, 1400 Northwest 10th Avenue, Miami, FL, USA
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10
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DeLaughter DM, Saint-Jean L, Baldwin HS, Barnett JV. What chick and mouse models have taught us about the role of the endocardium in congenital heart disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 91:511-25. [PMID: 21538818 DOI: 10.1002/bdra.20809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2010] [Revised: 02/08/2011] [Accepted: 02/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Specific cell and tissue interactions drive the formation and function of the vertebrate cardiovascular system. Although much attention has been focused on the muscular components of the developing heart, the endocardium plays a key role in the formation of a functioning heart. Endocardial cells exhibit heterogeneity that allows them to participate in events such as the formation of the valves, septation of the outflow tract, and trabeculation. Here we review, the contributions of the endocardium to cardiovascular development and outline useful approaches developed in the chick and mouse that have revealed endocardial cell heterogeneity, the signaling molecules that direct endocardial cell behavior, and how these insights have contributed to our understanding of cardiovascular development and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel M DeLaughter
- Departments of Cell & Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 2220 Pierce Ave., Nashville, TN 37232-6600, USA
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11
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Yi J, Chen M, Wu X, Yang X, Xu T, Zhuang Y, Han M, Xu R. Endothelial SUR-8 acts in an ERK-independent pathway during atrioventricular cushion development. Dev Dyn 2010; 239:2005-13. [PMID: 20549726 PMCID: PMC3138404 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.22343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
SUR-8, a conserved leucine-rich repeats protein, was first identified as a positive regulator of Ras pathway in Caenorhabditis elegans. Biochemical studies indicated that SUR-8 interacts with Ras and Raf, leading to the elevated ERK activity. However, the physiological role of SUR-8 during mammalian development remains unclear. Here we found that germline deletion of SUR-8 in mice resulted in early embryonic lethality. Inactivated SUR-8 specifically in mouse endothelial cells (ECs) revealed that SUR-8 is essential for embryonic heart development. SUR-8 deficiency in ECs resulted in late embryonic lethality, and the mutant mice displayed multiple cardiac defects. The reduced endothelial-mesenchymal transformation (EMT) and the reduced mesenchyme proliferation phase were observed in the atrioventricular canal (AVC) within the mutant hearts, leading to the formation of hypoplastic endocardial cushions. However, ERK activation did not appear to be affected in mutant ECs, suggesting that SUR-8 may act in an ERK-independent pathway to regulate AVC development. Developmental Dynamics 239:2005–2013, 2010 © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yi
- Institute of Developmental Biology & Molecular Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
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12
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Jing-bin H, Ying-long L, Pei-wu S, Xiao-dong L, Ming D, Xiang-ming F. Molecular mechanisms of congenital heart disease. Cardiovasc Pathol 2010; 19:e183-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carpath.2009.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2009] [Revised: 06/21/2009] [Accepted: 06/30/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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Abstract
Congenital heart disease (CHD) is the most common type of birth defect. Despite the many advances in the understanding of cardiac development and the identification of many genes related to cardiac development, the fundamental etiology for the majority of cases of congenital heart disease remains unknown. This review summarizes normal cardiac development, and outlines the recent discoveries of the genetic causes of congenital heart disease and provides possible strategies for exploring genetic causes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Bin Huang
- Cardiovascular Institute and Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Pediatric Cardiac Center, Bejing, China
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14
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Qu X, Jia H, Garrity DM, Tompkins K, Batts L, Appel B, Zhong TP, Baldwin HS. Ndrg4 is required for normal myocyte proliferation during early cardiac development in zebrafish. Dev Biol 2008; 317:486-96. [PMID: 18407257 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2008.02.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2007] [Revised: 02/01/2008] [Accepted: 02/20/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
NDRG4 is a novel member of the NDRG family (N-myc downstream-regulated gene). The roles of NDRG4 in development have not previously been evaluated. We show that, during zebrafish embryonic development, ndrg4 is expressed exclusively in the embryonic heart, the central nervous system (CNS) and the sensory system. Ndrg4 knockdown in zebrafish embryos causes a marked reduction in proliferative myocytes and results in hypoplastic hearts. This growth defect is associated with cardiac phenotypes in morphogenesis and function, including abnormal heart looping, inefficient circulation and weak contractility. We reveal that ndrg4 is required for restricting the expression of versican and bmp4 to the developing atrioventricular canal. This constellation of ndrg4 cardiac defects phenocopies those seen in mutant hearts of heartstrings (hst), the tbx5 loss-of-function mutants in zebrafish. We further show that ndrg4 expression is significantly decreased in hearts with reduced tbx5 activities. Conversely, increased expression of tbx5 that is due to tbx20 knockdown leads to an increase in ndrg4 expression. Together, our studies reveal an essential role of ndrg4 in regulating proliferation and growth of cardiomyocytes, suggesting that ndrg4 may function downstream of tbx5 during heart development and growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianghu Qu
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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15
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Hong SJ, Gokulrangan G, Schöneich C. Proteomic analysis of age dependent nitration of rat cardiac proteins by solution isoelectric focusing coupled to nanoHPLC tandem mass spectrometry. Exp Gerontol 2007; 42:639-51. [PMID: 17481840 PMCID: PMC3236179 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2007.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2006] [Revised: 02/27/2007] [Accepted: 03/20/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Protein nitration occurs as a result of oxidative stress induced by reactive oxygen (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS). Therefore, protein nitration serves as a hallmark for protein oxidation in vivo. We have previously reported on age dependent protein nitration in cardiac tissue of Fisher 344 BN-F1 rats analyzed by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis; however, only one specific nitration site was identified [Kanski, J., Behring, A., Pelling, J., Schöneich, C., 2005a. Proteomic identification of 3-nitrotyrosine-containing rat cardiac proteins: effects of biological aging. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. 288, H371-381]. In the present report, we used solution phase isoelectric focusing (IEF) followed by nanoHPLC-ESI-MS/MS that allowed us to obtain good MS/MS data to identify specific sites of protein nitration in cardiac tissue. As expected, more nitrated proteins were detected in cardiac tissue of old rats, including myosin heavy chain, neurofibromin, tropomyosin and nebulin-related anchoring protein. The post-translational modification of these cytoskeletal proteins may provide some rationale for the age-dependent functional decline of the heart.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Christian Schöneich
- Correspondence to: Prof. Christian Schöneich, University of Kansas, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, 2095 Constant Ave., Lawrence, KS 66047, Phone: (785)864-4880, FAX: (785)864-5736,
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16
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Flagg AE, Earley JU, Svensson EC. FOG-2 attenuates endothelial-to-mesenchymal transformation in the endocardial cushions of the developing heart. Dev Biol 2006; 304:308-16. [PMID: 17274974 PMCID: PMC1868509 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2006.12.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2006] [Revised: 12/04/2006] [Accepted: 12/17/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Development of the heart valves is a complex process that relies on the successful remodeling of endocardial cushions. This process is dependent on a number of transcriptional regulators, including GATA4 and its interacting partner FOG-2. We have previously shown that the endocardial cushions in FOG-2 deficient mice are hyperplastic and fail to remodel appropriately, suggesting a defect late in endocardial cushion development. To elucidate this defect, we examined the later steps in endocardial cushion development including mesenchymal cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. We also measured myocardialization and endothelial-to-mesenchymal transformation (EMT) using previously described in vitro assays. We found no difference in the ability of the endocardial cushions to undergo myocardialization or in the rates of mesenchymal cell proliferation, differentiation, or apoptosis in the FOG-2 deficient cushions when compared to wild-type controls. However, using a collagen gel invasion assay, we found a 78% increase in outflow tract cushion EMT and a 35% increase in atrioventricular cushion EMT in the FOG-2 deficient mice when compared with wild-type mice. Taken together with GATA4's known role in promoting EMT, these results suggest that FOG-2 functions in cardiac valve formation as an attenuator of EMT by repressing GATA4 activity within the developing endocardial cushions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alleda E Flagg
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Section of Cardiology, 5841 S. Maryland Ave, MC6088, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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17
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Lincoln J, Lange AW, Yutzey KE. Hearts and bones: shared regulatory mechanisms in heart valve, cartilage, tendon, and bone development. Dev Biol 2006; 294:292-302. [PMID: 16643886 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2006.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2006] [Revised: 03/06/2006] [Accepted: 03/19/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The mature heart valves are dynamic structures composed of highly organized cell lineages and extracellular matrices. The discrete architecture of connective tissue within valve leaflets and supporting structures allows the valve to withstand life-long functional demands and changes in hemodynamic forces and load. The dysregulation of ECM organization is a common feature of heart valve disease and can often be linked to genetic defects in matrix protein structure or developmental regulation. Recent studies have identified specific regulatory pathways that are active in the developing valve structures and also control cartilage, tendon, and bone development. This review will focus on the regulatory hierarchies that control normal and abnormal heart valve development in parallel with other connective tissue cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joy Lincoln
- Division of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology, MLC 7020, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
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