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Houillier P, Lievre L, Hureaux M, Prot-Bertoye C. Mechanisms of paracellular transport of magnesium in intestinal and renal epithelia. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2023; 1521:14-31. [PMID: 36622354 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Magnesium is the fourth most abundant cation in the body. It plays a critical role in many biological processes, including the process of energy release. Paracellular transport of magnesium is mandatory for magnesium homeostasis. In addition to intestinal absorption that occurs in part across the paracellular pathway, magnesium is reabsorbed by the kidney tubule. The bulk of magnesium is reabsorbed through the paracellular pathway in the proximal tubule and the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle. The finding that rare genetic diseases due to pathogenic variants in genes encoding specific claudins (CLDNs), proteins located at the tight junction that determine the selectivity and the permeability of the paracellular pathway, led to an awareness of their importance in magnesium homeostasis. Familial hypomagnesemia with hypercalciuria and nephrocalcinosis is caused by a loss of function of CLDN16 or CLDN19. Pathogenic CLDN10 variants cause HELIX syndrome, which is associated with a severe renal loss of sodium chloride and hypermagnesemia. The present review summarizes the current knowledge of the mechanisms and factors involved in paracellular magnesium permeability. The review also highlights some of the unresolved questions that need to be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Houillier
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
- CNRS ERL 8228 - Laboratoire de Physiologie Rénale et Tubulopathies, Paris, France
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Service de Physiologie, Paris, France
- Centre de Référence des Maladies Rénales Héréditaires de l'Enfant et de l'Adulte (MARHEA), Paris, France
- Centre de Référence des Maladies Rares du Calcium et du Phosphate, Paris, France
| | - Loïc Lievre
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
- CNRS ERL 8228 - Laboratoire de Physiologie Rénale et Tubulopathies, Paris, France
| | - Marguerite Hureaux
- Centre de Référence des Maladies Rénales Héréditaires de l'Enfant et de l'Adulte (MARHEA), Paris, France
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Service de Génétique, Paris, France
- Paris Centre de Recherche Cardio-vasculaire, INSERM, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Caroline Prot-Bertoye
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
- CNRS ERL 8228 - Laboratoire de Physiologie Rénale et Tubulopathies, Paris, France
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Service de Physiologie, Paris, France
- Centre de Référence des Maladies Rénales Héréditaires de l'Enfant et de l'Adulte (MARHEA), Paris, France
- Centre de Référence des Maladies Rares du Calcium et du Phosphate, Paris, France
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2
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Zhang J, Hou A, Dong J, Zheng S, Yu H, Wang X, Jiang H, Yang L. Screening out key compounds of Glechomae Herba for antiurolithic activity and quality control based on spectrum-effect relationships coupled with UPLC-QDA. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 149:112829. [PMID: 35305349 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.112829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Glechomae Herba (GH) has been widely used in the treatment of urolithiasis, especially kidney stones, in China and Southeast Asia. Pharmacological studies have suggested that the antioxidant property of GH contributes to its anticalculus effect. CaSR is one of the main locations of kidney stones, and the mechanism of action of CaSR inhibitors in the treatment of kidney stones is similar to that of GH. However, until now, the antiurolithic chemical compounds in GH and their interaction with CaSR remain unknown. In our study, we revealed the interaction between the active compounds in GH and the active compounds in CaSR inhibitors by using spectrum-effect relationship analysis, pharmacodynamics, and molecular docking techniques. The results showed ten common peaks from the fingerprints of GH extracts from different regions. Pharmacological experiments showed that GH could significantly treat renal tissue lesions. Chlorogenic acid (CA), rosmarinic acid (RA), P5, luteolin, apigenin, and P9 were screened after the analysis of spectrum-effect relationships. In vitro validation experiments showed that all the screened compounds had inhibitory effects on the development of kidney stones in our model. The molecular docking results showed that the above compounds could be docked with CaSR in a natural state, and the docking score was less than 7. This work constructs a general model for the combination of UPLC-QDA and antiurolithic drugs, studies the spectrum-effect relationship of GH, and provides a new possibility for the development of new antiurolithic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Basic and Application Research of Beiyao (Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Ajiao Hou
- Key Laboratory of Basic and Application Research of Beiyao (Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Jiaojiao Dong
- Key Laboratory of Basic and Application Research of Beiyao (Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Senwang Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Basic and Application Research of Beiyao (Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Huan Yu
- Key Laboratory of Basic and Application Research of Beiyao (Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Xuejiao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Basic and Application Research of Beiyao (Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Hai Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Basic and Application Research of Beiyao (Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, Harbin 150040, China.
| | - Liu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Basic and Application Research of Beiyao (Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, Harbin 150040, China.
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3
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Agarwal S, Sudhini YR, Polat OK, Reiser J, Altintas MM. Renal cell markers: lighthouses for managing renal diseases. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2021; 321:F715-F739. [PMID: 34632812 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00182.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Kidneys, one of the vital organs in our body, are responsible for maintaining whole body homeostasis. The complexity of renal function (e.g., filtration, reabsorption, fluid and electrolyte regulation, and urine production) demands diversity not only at the level of cell types but also in their overall distribution and structural framework within the kidney. To gain an in depth molecular-level understanding of the renal system, it is imperative to discern the components of kidney and the types of cells residing in each of the subregions. Recent developments in labeling, tracing, and imaging techniques have enabled us to mark, monitor, and identify these cells in vivo with high efficiency in a minimally invasive manner. In this review, we summarize different cell types, specific markers that are uniquely associated with those cell types, and their distribution in the kidney, which altogether make kidneys so special and different. Cellular sorting based on the presence of certain proteins on the cell surface allowed for the assignment of multiple markers for each cell type. However, different studies using different techniques have found contradictions in cell type-specific markers. Thus, the term "cell marker" might be imprecise and suboptimal, leading to uncertainty when interpreting the data. Therefore, we strongly believe that there is an unmet need to define the best cell markers for a cell type. Although the compendium of renal-selective marker proteins presented in this review is a resource that may be useful to researchers, we acknowledge that the list may not be necessarily exhaustive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivangi Agarwal
- Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University, Chicago, Illinois
| | | | - Onur K Polat
- Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Jochen Reiser
- Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University, Chicago, Illinois
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4
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Lee JJ, Alzamil J, Rehman S, Pan W, Dimke H, Alexander RT. Activation of the calcium sensing receptor increases claudin-14 expression via a PLC -p38-Sp1 pathway. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21982. [PMID: 34694654 PMCID: PMC9297942 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202002137rrr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Activation of the basolateral calcium sensing receptor (CaSR) in the renal tubular thick ascending limb (TAL) increases claudin‐14 expression, which reduces paracellular calcium (Ca2+) permeability, thus increasing urinary Ca2+ excretion. However, the upstream signaling pathway contributing to altered CLDN14 gene expression is unknown. To delineate this pathway, we identified and then cloned the CaSR responsive region including the promoter of mouse Cldn14 into a luciferase reporter vector. This 1500 bp sequence upstream of the 5′ UTR of Cldn14 variant 1, conferred increased reporter activity in the presence of high extracellular Ca2+ (5 mM) relative to a lower (0.5 mM) concentration. Assessment of Cldn14 reporter activity in response to increased extracellular Ca2+ in the presence or absence of specific inhibitors confirmed signaling through PLC and p38, but not JNK. Overexpression of SP1 attenuated Cldn14 reporter activity in response to CasR signaling. SP1 is expressed in the TAL and phosphorylation was attenuated by CaSR signaling. Finally, activating mutations in the CaSR increased Cldn14 reporter activity while a dominant negative mutation in the CaSR inhibited it. Together, these studies suggest that basolateral activation of the CASR leads to increased Cldn14 expression via a PLC‐ stimulated p38 pathway that prevents Sp1 mediated repression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin J Lee
- Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,The Women's & Children's Health Research Institute, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jawad Alzamil
- Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Saba Rehman
- Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Wanling Pan
- Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Henrik Dimke
- Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Department of Nephrology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - R Todd Alexander
- Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,The Women's & Children's Health Research Institute, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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Abstract
Magnesium (Mg2+) is the second most abundant intracellular and fourth extracellular cation found in the body and is involved in a wide range of functions in the human cell and human physiology. Its role in most of the enzyme processes (ATP-ases)-stabilisation of nucleic acids (DNA, RNA), regulation of calcium and potassium ion channels, proliferation, glucose metabolism and apoptosis-make it one of the most important cations in the cell. Three pathogenetic mechanisms are mainly implicated in the development of hypomagnesaemia: reduced food intake, decreased intestinal absorption and increased renal excretion of Mg2+. This review presents the function of Mg2+, how it is handled in the kidney and the drugs that cause hypomagnesaemia. The frequency and the number of drugs like diuretics and proton-pump inhibitors (PPIs) that are used daily in medical practice are discussed in order to prevent and treat adverse effects by providing an insight into Mg2+ homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Periklis Katopodis
- Department of Biosciences, College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, London, UB8 3PH, UK.
| | - Emmanouil Karteris
- Department of Biosciences, College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, London, UB8 3PH, UK
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Vitamin D Metabolism and Its Role in Mineral and Bone Disorders in Chronic Kidney Disease in Humans, Dogs and Cats. Metabolites 2020; 10:metabo10120499. [PMID: 33291777 PMCID: PMC7761928 DOI: 10.3390/metabo10120499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Some differences regarding Vitamin D metabolism are described in dogs and cats in comparison with humans, which may be explained by an evolutionary drive among these species. Similarly, vitamin D is one of the most important regulators of mineral metabolism in dogs and cats, as well as in humans. Mineral metabolism is intrinsically related to bone metabolism, thus disturbances in vitamin D have been implicated in the development of chronic kidney disease mineral and bone disorders (CKD-MBD) in people, in addition to dogs and cats. Vitamin D deficiency may be associated with Renal Secondary Hyperparathyroidism (RSHPT), which is the most common mineral disorder in later stages of CKD in dogs and cats. Herein, we review the peculiarities of vitamin D metabolism in these species in comparison with humans, and the role of vitamin D disturbances in the development of CKD-MBD among dogs, cats, and people. Comparative studies may offer some evidence to help further research about vitamin D metabolism and bone disorders in CKD.
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Novel Potential Application of Chitosan Oligosaccharide for Attenuation of Renal Cyst Growth in the Treatment of Polycystic Kidney Disease. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25235589. [PMID: 33261193 PMCID: PMC7730275 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25235589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Chitosan oligosaccharide (COS), a natural polymer derived from chitosan, exerts several biological activities including anti-inflammation, anti-tumor, anti-metabolic syndrome, and drug delivery enhancer. Since COS is vastly distributed to kidney and eliminated in urine, it may have a potential advantage as the therapeutics of kidney diseases. Polycystic kidney disease (PKD) is a common genetic disorder characterized by multiple fluid-filled cysts, replacing normal renal parenchyma and leading to impaired renal function and end-stage renal disease (ESRD). The effective treatment for PKD still needs to be further elucidated. Interestingly, AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) has been proposed as a drug target for PKD. This study aimed to investigate the effect of COS on renal cyst enlargement and its underlying mechanisms. We found that COS at the concentrations of 50 and 100 µg/mL decreased renal cyst growth without cytotoxicity, as measured by MTT assay. Immunoblotting analysis showed that COS at 100 µg/mL activated AMPK, and this effect was abolished by STO-609, a calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase beta (CaMKKβ) inhibitor. Moreover, COS elevated the level of intracellular calcium. These results suggest that COS inhibits cyst progression by activation of AMPK via CaMKKβ. Therefore, COS may hold the potential for pharmaceutical application in PKD.
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8
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Anastasio P, Trepiccione F, De Santo NG, Capasso G, Viggiano D, Capolongo G. Regulation of urinary calcium excretion by vasopressin. Clin Kidney J 2020; 13:873-877. [PMID: 33123363 PMCID: PMC7577769 DOI: 10.1093/ckj/sfaa134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The antidiuretic hormone (ADH) or arginine vasopressin (AVP) regulates the body's water balance. Recently, modifications in AVP levels have been related to osteoporosis during ageing and microgravity/bed rest. Therefore the present study was devised to assess whether the absence of AVP, as in patients with central diabetes insipidus (CDI), modulates renal calcium excretion. Methods We retrospectively analysed data from 12 patients with CDI with measured 24-h urinary excretion levels of calcium. Data were available at the moment of the diagnosis when patients were drug-free and after therapy with dDAVP, an analog of AVP. Hypercalciuria was defined as 24-h urinary Ca2+ >275 mg/day in males and >250 mg/day in females and a urinary calcium (Ca):creatinine (Cr) ratio >0.20 mg/mg. Results Untreated CDI patients had a daily urinary Ca2+ excretion of 383 ± 47 mg/day and a urinary Ca:Cr ratio of 0.26 ± 0.38 mg/mg. The urine osmolarity significantly increased after the administration of dDAVP by 210% and the urinary flow decreased by 72%. Furthermore, the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) increased by 7%, which did not reach statistical significance. dDAVP treatment did not significantly modify the urinary Ca2+ concentration; however, the daily calcium excretion and the urinary Ca:Cr ratio were significantly decreased (160 ± 27 mg/day and 0.11 ± 0.02 mg/mg, respectively). Conclusions Patients with CDI show hypercalciuria even though urine is more diluted than normal controls, and dDAVP reverses this effect. These data support the intriguing relationship between AVP and osteoporosis in ageing and microgravity/bed rest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pietro Anastasio
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Campania 'L.Vanvitelli', Naples, Italy
| | - Francesco Trepiccione
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Campania 'L.Vanvitelli', Naples, Italy.,BIOGEM, Ariano Irpino, Italy
| | | | - Giovambattista Capasso
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Campania 'L.Vanvitelli', Naples, Italy.,BIOGEM, Ariano Irpino, Italy
| | - Davide Viggiano
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Campania 'L.Vanvitelli', Naples, Italy.,BIOGEM, Ariano Irpino, Italy.,Department of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Molise, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Giovanna Capolongo
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Campania 'L.Vanvitelli', Naples, Italy
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9
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Du X, Zhi J, Yang D, Wang Q, Luo X, Deng X. Research progress in the mechanism of calcium ion on contraction and relaxation of airway smooth muscle cells. J Recept Signal Transduct Res 2020; 41:117-122. [PMID: 32808844 DOI: 10.1080/10799893.2020.1806315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
lntracellular calcium ion is the key secondary messenger system of the cellular processes in airway smooth muscle cells(ASMc). The treatment and regulation of Ca2+ in airway smooth muscle (ASM) is, in part, to associated with many airway diseases such as asthma, COPD and pulmonary fibrosis. The mechanism of contraction and relaxation of ASM is a concerned aspect in airway diseases. This review emphasizes established and recent discoveries whice show the research progress of Ca2+ on cell contraction and relaxation in ASM in recent years, to provide theoretical support and new targets for clinical prevention and treatment of perioperative bronchospasm and variousrespiratory related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiyu Du
- Department of Anesthesiology, Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Juan Zhi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Dong Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Qianyu Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xiang Luo
- Department of Anesthesiology, Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoming Deng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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Dashnyam K, Bayaraa O, Mandakhbayar N, Park JH, Lee JH, Jang TS, Luvsan K, Kim HW. Nanoscale Calcium Salt-Based Formulations As Potential Therapeutics for Osteoporosis. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2020; 6:4604-4613. [DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.0c00219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Khandmaa Dashnyam
- Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering (ITREN), Dankook University, Cheonan 330-714, South Korea
- Department of Nanobiomedical Science & BK21 PLUS Global Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan 330-714, South Korea
- Drug Research Institute, Mongolian University of Pharmaceutical Science, Ulaanbaatar 14250, Mongolia
| | - Oyunchimeg Bayaraa
- Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering (ITREN), Dankook University, Cheonan 330-714, South Korea
- Department of Nanobiomedical Science & BK21 PLUS Global Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan 330-714, South Korea
- Drug Research Institute, Mongolian University of Pharmaceutical Science, Ulaanbaatar 14250, Mongolia
| | - Nandin Mandakhbayar
- Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering (ITREN), Dankook University, Cheonan 330-714, South Korea
- Department of Nanobiomedical Science & BK21 PLUS Global Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan 330-714, South Korea
| | - Jeong-Hui Park
- Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering (ITREN), Dankook University, Cheonan 330-714, South Korea
- Department of Nanobiomedical Science & BK21 PLUS Global Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan 330-714, South Korea
| | - Jung-Hwan Lee
- Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering (ITREN), Dankook University, Cheonan 330-714, South Korea
- Department of Biomaterials Science, College of Dentistry, Dankook University, Cheonan 330-714, South Korea
| | - Tae-Su Jang
- Department of Pre-medi., College of Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, South Korea
| | - Khurelbaatar Luvsan
- Drug Research Institute, Mongolian University of Pharmaceutical Science, Ulaanbaatar 14250, Mongolia
| | - Hae-Won Kim
- Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering (ITREN), Dankook University, Cheonan 330-714, South Korea
- Department of Nanobiomedical Science & BK21 PLUS Global Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan 330-714, South Korea
- Department of Biomaterials Science, College of Dentistry, Dankook University, Cheonan 330-714, South Korea
- UCL Eastman-Korea Dental Medicine Innovation Centre, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, South Korea
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11
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Imenez Silva PH, Katamesh-Benabbas C, Chan K, Pastor Arroyo EM, Knöpfel T, Bettoni C, Ludwig MG, Gasser JA, Brandao-Burch A, Arnett TR, Bonny O, Seuwen K, Wagner CA. The proton-activated ovarian cancer G protein-coupled receptor 1 (OGR1) is responsible for renal calcium loss during acidosis. Kidney Int 2020; 97:920-933. [DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2019.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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12
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Renal Ca 2+ and Water Handling in Response to Calcium Sensing Receptor Signaling: Physiopathological Aspects and Role of CaSR-Regulated microRNAs. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20215341. [PMID: 31717830 PMCID: PMC6862519 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20215341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcium (Ca2+) is a universal and vital intracellular messenger involved in a diverse range of cellular and biological processes. Changes in the concentration of extracellular Ca2+ can disrupt the normal cellular activities and the physiological function of these systems. The calcium sensing receptor (CaSR) is a unique G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) activated by extracellular Ca2+ and by other physiological cations, aminoacids, and polyamines. CaSR is the main controller of the extracellular Ca2+ homeostatic system by regulating parathyroid hormone (PTH) secretion and, in turn, Ca2+ absorption and resorption. Recent advances highlight novel signaling pathways activated by CaSR signaling involving the regulation of microRNAs (miRNAs). miRNAs are naturally-occurring small non-coding RNAs that regulate post-transcriptional gene expression and are involved in several diseases. We previously described that high luminal Ca2+ in the renal collecting duct attenuates short-term vasopressin-induced aquaporin-2 (AQP2) trafficking through CaSR activation. Moreover, we demonstrated that CaSR signaling reduces AQP2 abundance via AQP2-targeting miRNA-137. This review summarizes the recent data related to CaSR-regulated miRNAs signaling pathways in the kidney.
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13
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Lee JJ, Liu X, O'Neill D, Beggs MR, Weissgerber P, Flockerzi V, Chen XZ, Dimke H, Alexander RT. Activation of the calcium sensing receptor attenuates TRPV6-dependent intestinal calcium absorption. JCI Insight 2019; 5:128013. [PMID: 31013259 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.128013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasma calcium (Ca2+) is maintained by amending the release of parathyroid hormone and through direct effects of the Ca2+ sensing receptor (CaSR) in the renal tubule. Combined, these mechanisms alter intestinal Ca2+ absorption by modulating 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D3 production, bone resorption, and renal Ca2+ excretion. The CaSR is a therapeutic target in the treatment of secondary hyperparathyroidism and hypocalcemia a common complication of calcimimetic therapy. The CaSR is also expressed in intestinal epithelium, however, a direct role in regulating local intestinal Ca2+ absorption is unknown. Chronic CaSR activation decreased expression of genes involved in Ca2+ absorption. In Ussing chambers, increasing extracellular Ca2+ or basolateral application of the calcimimetic cinacalcet decreased net Ca2+ absorption across intestinal preparations acutely. Conversely, Ca2+ absorption increased with decreasing extracellular Ca2+ concentration. These responses were absent in mice expressing a non-functional TRPV6, TRPV6D541A. Cinacalcet also attenuated Ca2+ fluxes through TRPV6 in Xenopus oocytes when co-expressed with the CaSR. Moreover, the phospholipase C inhibitor, U73122, prevented cinacalcet-mediated inhibition of Ca2+ flux. These results reveal a regulatory pathway whereby activation of the CaSR in the basolateral membrane of the intestine directly attenuates local Ca2+ absorption via TRPV6 to prevent hypercalcemia and help explain how calcimimetics induce hypocalcemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin J Lee
- Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,The Women's and Children's Health Research Institute, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Xiong Liu
- Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Debbie O'Neill
- Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Megan R Beggs
- Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,The Women's and Children's Health Research Institute, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Petra Weissgerber
- Experimentelle und Klinische Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Saarland University, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Veit Flockerzi
- Experimentelle und Klinische Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Saarland University, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Xing-Zhen Chen
- Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Henrik Dimke
- Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Department of Nephrology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - R Todd Alexander
- Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,The Women's and Children's Health Research Institute, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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Hassanin WF, Ibrahim NS, El-Barkouky EE, Abu-Taleb AM. Assessment of 47Ca Distribution and Biological Half-Life in Japanese Quail Chicks. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF POULTRY SCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.1590/1806-9061-2019-1028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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15
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Nephrolithiasis secondary to inherited defects in the thick ascending loop of henle and connecting tubules. Urolithiasis 2018; 47:43-56. [PMID: 30460527 DOI: 10.1007/s00240-018-1097-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Twin and genealogy studies suggest a strong genetic component of nephrolithiasis. Likewise, urinary traits associated with renal stone formation were found to be highly heritable, even after adjustment for demographic, anthropometric and dietary covariates. Recent high-throughput sequencing projects of phenotypically well-defined cohorts of stone formers and large genome-wide association studies led to the discovery of many new genes associated with kidney stones. The spectrum ranges from infrequent but highly penetrant variants (mutations) causing mendelian forms of nephrolithiasis (monogenic traits) to common but phenotypically mild variants associated with nephrolithiasis (polygenic traits). About two-thirds of the genes currently known to be associated with nephrolithiasis code for membrane proteins or enzymes involved in renal tubular transport. The thick ascending limb of Henle and connecting tubules are of paramount importance for renal water and electrolyte handling, urinary concentration and maintenance of acid-base homeostasis. In most instances, pathogenic variants in genes involved in thick ascending limb of Henle and connecting tubule function result in phenotypically severe disease, frequently accompanied by nephrocalcinosis with progressive CKD and to a variable degree by nephrolithiasis. The aim of this article is to review the current knowledge on kidney stone disease associated with inherited defects in the thick ascending loop of Henle and the connecting tubules. We also highlight recent advances in the field of kidney stone genetics that have implications beyond rare disease, offering new insights into the most common type of kidney stone disease, i.e., idiopathic calcium stone disease.
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16
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Bazúa-Valenti S, Rojas-Vega L, Castañeda-Bueno M, Barrera-Chimal J, Bautista R, Cervantes-Pérez LG, Vázquez N, Plata C, Murillo-de-Ozores AR, González-Mariscal L, Ellison DH, Riccardi D, Bobadilla NA, Gamba G. The Calcium-Sensing Receptor Increases Activity of the Renal NCC through the WNK4-SPAK Pathway. J Am Soc Nephrol 2018; 29:1838-1848. [PMID: 29848507 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2017111155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Hypercalciuria can result from activation of the basolateral calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR), which in the thick ascending limb of Henle's loop controls Ca2+ excretion and NaCl reabsorption in response to extracellular Ca2+ However, the function of CaSR in the regulation of NaCl reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubule (DCT) is unknown. We hypothesized that CaSR in this location is involved in activating the thiazide-sensitive NaCl cotransporter (NCC) to prevent NaCl loss.Methods We used a combination of in vitro and in vivo models to examine the effects of CaSR on NCC activity. Because the KLHL3-WNK4-SPAK pathway is involved in regulating NaCl reabsorption in the DCT, we assessed the involvement of this pathway as well.Results Thiazide-sensitive 22Na+ uptake assays in Xenopus laevis oocytes revealed that NCC activity increased in a WNK4-dependent manner upon activation of CaSR with Gd3+ In HEK293 cells, treatment with the calcimimetic R-568 stimulated SPAK phosphorylation only in the presence of WNK4. The WNK4 inhibitor WNK463 also prevented this effect. Furthermore, CaSR activation in HEK293 cells led to phosphorylation of KLHL3 and WNK4 and increased WNK4 abundance and activity. Finally, acute oral administration of R-568 in mice led to the phosphorylation of NCC.Conclusions Activation of CaSR can increase NCC activity via the WNK4-SPAK pathway. It is possible that activation of CaSR by Ca2+ in the apical membrane of the DCT increases NaCl reabsorption by NCC, with the consequent, well known decrease of Ca2+ reabsorption, further promoting hypercalciuria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvana Bazúa-Valenti
- Molecular Physiology Unit, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico.,Department of Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Lorena Rojas-Vega
- Department of Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - María Castañeda-Bueno
- Department of Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Jonatan Barrera-Chimal
- Molecular Physiology Unit, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | | | - Norma Vázquez
- Molecular Physiology Unit, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Consuelo Plata
- Department of Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Adrián R Murillo-de-Ozores
- Molecular Physiology Unit, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico.,Department of Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Lorenza González-Mariscal
- Department of Physiology, Biophysics and Neuroscience, Center for Research and Advanced Studies (Cinvestav), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - David H Ellison
- Department of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon.,Renal Section, Veterans Administration Portland Health Care System, Portland, Oregon
| | - Daniela Riccardi
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom; and
| | - Norma A Bobadilla
- Molecular Physiology Unit, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico.,Department of Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Gerardo Gamba
- Molecular Physiology Unit, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico; .,Department of Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico.,Tecnológico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico
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17
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Lim JH, Kim HW, Kim MY, Kim TW, Kim EN, Kim Y, Chung S, Kim YS, Choi BS, Kim YS, Chang YS, Kim HW, Park CW. Cinacalcet-mediated activation of the CaMKKβ-LKB1-AMPK pathway attenuates diabetic nephropathy in db/db mice by modulation of apoptosis and autophagy. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:270. [PMID: 29449563 PMCID: PMC5833853 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-0324-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Revised: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Apoptosis and autophagy are harmoniously regulated biological processes for maintaining tissue homeostasis. AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) functions as a metabolic sensor to coordinate cellular survival and function in various organs, including the kidney. We investigated the renoprotective effects of cinacalcet in high-glucose treated human glomerular endothelial cells (HGECs), murine podocytes and C57BLKS/J-db/db mice. In cultured HGECs and podocytes, cinacalcet decreased oxidative stress and apoptosis and increased autophagy that were attributed to the increment of intracellular Ca2+ concentration and the phosphorylation of Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinaseβ (CaMKKβ)-Liver kinase B1 (LKB1)-AMPK and their downstream signals including the phosphorylation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and increases in superoxide dismutases and B cell leukemia/lymphoma 2/BCL-2-associated X protein expression. Interestingly, intracellular chelator BAPTA-AM reversed cinacalcet-induced CaMKKβ elevation and LKB1 phosphorylation. Cinacalcet reduced albuminuria without influencing either blood glucose or Ca2+ concentration and ameliorated diabetes-induced renal damage, which were related to the increased expression of calcium-sensing receptor and the phosphorylation of CaMKKβ-LKB1. Subsequent activation of AMPK was followed by the activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator-1α and phospho-Ser1177eNOS-nitric oxide, resulting in a decrease in apoptosis and oxidative stress as well as an increase in autophagy. Our results suggest that cinacalcet increases intracellular Ca2+ followed by an activation of CaMKKβ-LKB1-AMPK signaling in GECs and podocytes in the kidney, which provides a novel therapeutic means for type 2 diabetic nephropathy by modulation of apoptosis and autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Hee Lim
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea.,Institute for Aging and Metabolic Diseases, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyung Wook Kim
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Suwon, Korea
| | - Min Young Kim
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea.,Institute for Aging and Metabolic Diseases, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Tae Woo Kim
- Department of Hematology, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eun Nim Kim
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yaeni Kim
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sungjin Chung
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young Soo Kim
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Bum Soon Choi
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yong-Soo Kim
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yoon Sik Chang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hye Won Kim
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Korea
| | - Cheol Whee Park
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea. .,Institute for Aging and Metabolic Diseases, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea.
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18
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Jiang P, Huang R, Ma N, Jiang F. The Expression of Calcium Sensing Receptor in Normal and Diabetic Rat Eyes. Med Sci Monit 2018; 24:706-710. [PMID: 29397395 PMCID: PMC5808115 DOI: 10.12659/msm.905657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Calcium sensing receptor (CaSR) is widely expressed in many tissues of the body, but it is rarely reported to be expressed in the eyes. This research explored the expression and distribution of CaSR in eye tissues of normal and diabetic rats. MATERIAL AND METHODS Thirty male Sprague Dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into a diabetic and a normal group. Diabetes mellitus (DM) models were successfully established by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin. The expression and distribution of CaSR in the rat eyeballs were detected by immunohistochemistry. Quantitative RT-PCR and western blotting were used to detect the presence of CaSR in normal and diabetic rats. RESULTS CaSR was detected in the cornea, lens epithelium, and retina. CaSR was expressed the most in the cornea, followed by the lens epithelium, and the retina (p<0.05). The expression of CaSR was decreased in the eye tissue of diabetic rats (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS In this study, CaSR was detected in rat cornea, lens, and retina. It was significantly decreased in the eyes of diabetic rats. This indicated that the downregulated expression of CaSR was associated with diabetic oculopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Jiang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tongji Medical College, Huangzhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China (mainland)
| | - Rong Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tongji Medical College, Huangzhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China (mainland)
| | - Nan Ma
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tongji Medical College, Huangzhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China (mainland)
| | - Fagang Jiang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tongji Medical College, Huangzhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China (mainland)
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19
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Lee JJ, Plain A, Beggs MR, Dimke H, Alexander RT. Effects of phospho- and calciotropic hormones on electrolyte transport in the proximal tubule. F1000Res 2017; 6:1797. [PMID: 29043081 PMCID: PMC5627579 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.12097.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcium and phosphate are critical for a myriad of physiological and cellular processes within the organism. Consequently, plasma levels of calcium and phosphate are tightly regulated. This occurs through the combined effects of the phospho- and calciotropic hormones, parathyroid hormone (PTH), active vitamin D
3, and fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23). The organs central to this are the kidneys, intestine, and bone. In the kidney, the proximal tubule reabsorbs the majority of filtered calcium and phosphate, which amounts to more than 60% and 90%, respectively. The basic molecular mechanisms responsible for phosphate reclamation are well described, and emerging work is delineating the molecular identity of the paracellular shunt wherein calcium permeates the proximal tubular epithelium. Significant experimental work has delineated the molecular effects of PTH and FGF23 on these processes as well as their regulation of active vitamin D
3 synthesis in this nephron segment. The integrative effects of both phospho- and calciotropic hormones on proximal tubular solute transport and subsequently whole body calcium-phosphate balance thus have been further complicated. Here, we first review the molecular mechanisms of calcium and phosphate reabsorption from the proximal tubule and how they are influenced by the phospho- and calciotropic hormones acting on this segment and then consider the implications on both renal calcium and phosphate handling as well as whole body mineral balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin J Lee
- Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.,The Women and Children's Health Research Institute, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Allein Plain
- Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.,The Women and Children's Health Research Institute, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Megan R Beggs
- Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.,The Women and Children's Health Research Institute, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Henrik Dimke
- Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - R Todd Alexander
- Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.,The Women and Children's Health Research Institute, Edmonton, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, Edmonton Clinic Health Academy, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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20
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Prakash YS. Emerging concepts in smooth muscle contributions to airway structure and function: implications for health and disease. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2016; 311:L1113-L1140. [PMID: 27742732 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00370.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Airway structure and function are key aspects of normal lung development, growth, and aging, as well as of lung responses to the environment and the pathophysiology of important diseases such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and fibrosis. In this regard, the contributions of airway smooth muscle (ASM) are both functional, in the context of airway contractility and relaxation, as well as synthetic, involving production and modulation of extracellular components, modulation of the local immune environment, cellular contribution to airway structure, and, finally, interactions with other airway cell types such as epithelium, fibroblasts, and nerves. These ASM contributions are now found to be critical in airway hyperresponsiveness and remodeling that occur in lung diseases. This review emphasizes established and recent discoveries that underline the central role of ASM and sets the stage for future research toward understanding how ASM plays a central role by being both upstream and downstream in the many interactive processes that determine airway structure and function in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y S Prakash
- Departments of Anesthesiology, and Physiology & Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
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21
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Abstract
Calcium is an important ion in cell signaling, hormone regulation, and bone health. Its regulation is complex and intimately connected to that of phosphate homeostasis. Both ions are maintained at appropriate levels to maintain the extracellular to intracellular gradients, allow for mineralization of bone, and to prevent extra skeletal and urinary calcification. The homeostasis involves the target organs intestine, parathyroid glands, kidney, and bone. Multiple hormones converge to regulate the extracellular calcium level: parathyroid hormone, vitamin D (principally 25(OH)D or 1,25(OH)2D), fibroblast growth factor 23, and α-klotho. Fine regulation of calcium homeostasis occurs in the thick ascending limb and collecting tubule segments via actions of the calcium sensing receptor and several channels/transporters. The kidney participates in homeostatic loops with bone, intestine, and parathyroid glands. Initially in the course of progressive kidney disease, the homeostatic response maintains serum levels of calcium and phosphorus in the desired range, and maintains neutral balance. However, once the kidneys are no longer able to appropriately respond to hormones and excrete calcium and phosphate, positive balance ensues leading to adverse cardiac and skeletal abnormalities. © 2016 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 6:1781-1800, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon M Moe
- Division of Nephrology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Roudebush Veterans Administration Medical Center, Indianapolis, Indiana.,Section of Nephrology, Roudebush Veterans Administration Medical Center, Indianapolis, Indiana
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22
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Hendy GN, Canaff L. Calcium-Sensing Receptor Gene: Regulation of Expression. Front Physiol 2016; 7:394. [PMID: 27679579 PMCID: PMC5020072 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The human calcium-sensing receptor gene (CASR) has 8 exons, and localizes to chromosome 3q. Exons 1A and 1B encode alternative 5′-untranslated regions (UTRs) that splice to exon 2 encoding the AUG initiation codon. Exons 2–7 encode the CaSR protein of 1078 amino acids. Promoter P1 has TATA and CCAAT boxes upstream of exon 1A, and promoter P2 has Sp1/3 motifs at the start site of exon 1B. Exon 1A transcripts from the P1 promoter are reduced in parathyroid tumors and colon carcinomas. Studies of colon carcinomas and neuroblastomas have emphasized the importance of epigenetic changes—promoter methylation of the GC-rich P2 promoter, histone acetylation—as well as involvement of microRNAs in bringing about CASR gene silencing and reduced CaSR expression. Functional cis-elements in the CASR promoters responsive to 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D [1,25(OH)2D], proinflammatory cytokines, and the transcription factor glial cells missing-2 (GCM2) have been characterized. Reduced levels of CaSR and reduced responsiveness to active vitamin D in parathyroid neoplasia and colon carcinoma may blunt the “tumor suppressor” activity of the CaSR. The hypocalcemia of critically ill patients with burn injury or sepsis is associated with CASR gene upregulation by TNF-alpha and IL-1beta via kappaB elements, and by IL-6 via Stat1/3 and Sp1/3 elements in the CASR gene promoters, respectively. The CASR is transactivated by GCM2—the expression of which is essential for parathyroid gland development. Hyperactive forms of GCM2 may contribute to later parathyroid hyperactivity or tumorigenesis. The expression of the CaSR—the calciostat—is regulated physiologically and pathophysiologically at the gene level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey N Hendy
- Experimental Therapeutics and Metabolism, McGill University Health Centre-Research Institute, Departments of Medicine, Physiology, and Human Genetics, McGill University Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Lucie Canaff
- Experimental Therapeutics and Metabolism, McGill University Health Centre-Research Institute, Departments of Medicine, Physiology, and Human Genetics, McGill University Montréal, QC, Canada
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23
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24
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Plain A, Wulfmeyer VC, Milatz S, Klietz A, Hou J, Bleich M, Himmerkus N. Corticomedullary difference in the effects of dietary Ca²⁺ on tight junction properties in thick ascending limbs of Henle's loop. Pflugers Arch 2015; 468:293-303. [PMID: 26497703 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-015-1748-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Revised: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The thick ascending limb of Henle's loop (TAL) drives an important part of the reabsorption of divalent cations. This reabsorption occurs via the paracellular pathway formed by the tight junction (TJ), which in the TAL shows cation selectivity. Claudins, a family of TJ proteins, determine the permeability and selectivity of this pathway. Mice were fed with normal or high-Ca(2+) diet, and effects on the reabsorptive properties of cortical and medullary TAL segments were analysed by tubule microdissection and microperfusion. Claudin expression was investigated by immunostaining and quantitative PCR. We show that the TAL adapted to high Ca(2+) load in a sub-segment-specific manner. In medullary TAL, transcellular NaCl transport was attenuated. The transepithelial voltage decreased from 10.9 ± 0.6 mV at control diet to 8.3 ± 0.5 mV at high Ca(2+) load, thereby reducing the driving force for Ca(2+) and Mg(2+) uptake. Cortical TAL showed a reduction in paracellular Ca(2+) and Mg(2+) permeabilities from 8.2 ± 0.7 to 6.2 ± 0.5 ∙ 10(-4) cm/s and from 4.8 ± 0.5 to 3.0 ± 0.2 · 10(-4) cm/s at control and high-Ca(2+) diet, respectively. Expression, localisation and regulation of claudins 10, 14, 16 and 19 differed along the corticomedullary axis: Towards the cortex, the main site of divalent cation reabsorption in TAL, high-Ca(2+) intake led to a strong upregulation of claudin-14 within TAL TJs while claudin-16 and -19 were unaltered. Towards the inner medulla, only claudin-10 was present in TAL TJ strands. In summary, high-Ca(2+) diet induced a reduction of divalent cation reabsorption via a diminution of NaCl transport and driving force in mTAL and via decreased paracellular permeabilities in cTAL. We reveal an important regulatory pattern along the corticomedullary axis and improve the understanding how the kidney disposes of detrimental excess Ca(2+).
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Affiliation(s)
- Allein Plain
- Institute of Physiology, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Olshausenstraße 40, Kiel, 24098, Germany
| | - Vera C Wulfmeyer
- Institute of Physiology, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Olshausenstraße 40, Kiel, 24098, Germany
| | - Susanne Milatz
- Institute of Physiology, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Olshausenstraße 40, Kiel, 24098, Germany
| | - Adrian Klietz
- Institute of Physiology, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Olshausenstraße 40, Kiel, 24098, Germany
| | - Jianghui Hou
- Washington University Renal Division, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Markus Bleich
- Institute of Physiology, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Olshausenstraße 40, Kiel, 24098, Germany
| | - Nina Himmerkus
- Institute of Physiology, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Olshausenstraße 40, Kiel, 24098, Germany.
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