1
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Kemi OJ, Hoydal MA, Haram PM, Smith GL, Ellingsen O, Koch LG, Britton SL, Wisloff U. Inherited physical capacity: Widening divergence from young to adult to old. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2024; 1534:145-155. [PMID: 38520387 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.15130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
Cardiorespiratory performance segregates into rat strains of inherited low- and high-capacity runners (LCRs and HCRs); during adulthood, this segregation remains stable, but widens in senescence and is followed by segregated function, health, and mortality. However, this segregation has not been investigated prior to adulthood. We, therefore, assessed cardiorespiratory performance and cardiac cell (cardiomyocyte) structure-function in 1- and 4-month-old LCRs and HCRs. Maximal oxygen uptake was 23% less in LCRs at 1-month compared to HCRs at 1-month, and 72% less at 4 months. Cardiomyocyte contractility was 37-56% decreased, and Ca2+ release was 34-62% decreased, in 1- and 4-month LCRs versus HCRs. This occurred because HCRs had improved contractility and Ca2+ release during maturation, whereas LCRs did not. In quiescent cardiomyocytes, LCRs displayed 180% and 297% more Ca2+ sparks and 91% and 38% more Ca2+ waves at 1 and 4 months versus HCRs. Cell sizes were not different between LCRs and HCRs, but LCRs showed reduced transverse-tubules versus HCRs, though no discrepant transverse-tubule generation occurred during maturation. In conclusion, LCRs show reduced scores for aerobic capacity and cardiomyocyte structure-function compared to HCRs and there is a widening divergence between LCRs and HCRs during juvenile to near-adult maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ole J Kemi
- School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, University of Glasgow College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, Glasgow, UK
| | - Morten A Hoydal
- Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Per M Haram
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, St Olav's Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Godfrey L Smith
- School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, University of Glasgow College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, Glasgow, UK
| | - Oyvind Ellingsen
- Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Cardiology, St Olav's Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Lauren G Koch
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, USA
| | - Steven L Britton
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Ulrik Wisloff
- Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Trondheim, Norway
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Science, University of Queensland, Saint Lucia, Queensland, Australia
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2
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Ahsan M, Garneau L, Aguer C. The bidirectional relationship between AMPK pathway activation and myokine secretion in skeletal muscle: How it affects energy metabolism. Front Physiol 2022; 13:1040809. [PMID: 36479347 PMCID: PMC9721351 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.1040809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Myokines are peptides and proteins secreted by skeletal muscle cells, into the interstitium, or in the blood. Their regulation may be dependent or independent of muscle contraction to induce a variety of metabolic effects. Numerous myokines have been implicated in influencing energy metabolism via AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signalling. As AMPK is centrally involved in glucose and lipid metabolism, it is important to understand how myokines influence its signalling, and vice versa. Such insight will better elucidate the mechanism of metabolic regulation during exercise and at rest. This review encompasses the latest research conducted on the relationship between AMPK signalling and myokines within skeletal muscles via autocrine or paracrine signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdi Ahsan
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Léa Garneau
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Institut du Savoir Montfort –Recherche, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Céline Aguer
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Institut du Savoir Montfort –Recherche, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University—Campus Outaouais, Gatineau, QC, Canada
- School of Human Kinetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Interdisciplinary School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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3
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Multiple Applications of Different Exercise Modalities with Rodents. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:3898710. [PMID: 34868454 PMCID: PMC8639251 DOI: 10.1155/2021/3898710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
A large proportion of chronic diseases can be derived from a sedentary lifestyle. Raising physical activity awareness is indispensable, as lack of exercise is the fourth most common cause of death worldwide. Animal models in different research fields serve as important tools in the study of acute or chronic noncommunicable disorders. With the help of animal-based exercise research, exercise-mediated complex antioxidant and inflammatory pathways can be explored, which knowledge can be transferred to human studies. Whereas sustained physical activity has an enormous number of beneficial effects on many organ systems, these animal models are easily applicable in several research areas. This review is aimed at providing an overall picture of scientific research studies using animal models with a focus on different training modalities. Without wishing to be exhaustive, the most commonly used forms of exercise are presented.
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4
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Biro PA, Thomas F, Ujvari B, Beckmann C. Can Energetic Capacity Help Explain Why Physical Activity Reduces Cancer Risk? Trends Cancer 2020; 6:829-837. [PMID: 32601046 DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2020.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Increased physical activity reduces cancer risk in humans, but why this whole-organism attribute reduces cancer remains unclear. Active individuals tend to have high capacity to generate energy on a sustained basis, which in turn can permit greater immune responses crucial for fighting emerging neoplasia. Thus, we suggest energetic capacity as a potential mechanism to explain the activity-cancer link, given that humans are intrinsically (not externally) energy limited. Human and rodent studies show that individuals with high energetic capacity mount greater immune responses and have lower cancer incidence; these trends persist after controlling for actual physical activity, supporting a direct role of energetic capacity. If true, exercise efforts might best target those that increase one's energetic capacity, which may be both individual and exercise specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter A Biro
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Life and Environmental Science, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3216, Australia.
| | - Frédéric Thomas
- CREEC, UMR IRD/CNRS/UM 5290, 911 Avenue Agropolis, BP 64501, 34394 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Beata Ujvari
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Life and Environmental Science, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3216, Australia
| | - Christa Beckmann
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Life and Environmental Science, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3216, Australia; School of Science, Western Sydney University, Parramatta, NSW 2116, Australia
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5
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Pawelczyk JA. We choose to go the Moon … again … and here's what it means for physiology. Exp Physiol 2020; 106:4-5. [DOI: 10.1113/ep088232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- James A. Pawelczyk
- Noll Physiological Research Center Department of Kinesiology Penn State University University Park PA 16801 USA
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6
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Zhang Y, Kumarasamy S, Mell B, Cheng X, Morgan EE, Britton SL, Vijay-Kumar M, Koch LG, Joe B. Vertical selection for nuclear and mitochondrial genomes shapes gut microbiota and modifies risks for complex diseases. Physiol Genomics 2019; 52:1-14. [PMID: 31762410 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00089.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Here we postulate that the heritability of complex disease traits previously ascribed solely to the inheritance of the nuclear and mitochondrial genomes is broadened to encompass a third component of the holobiome, the microbiome. To test this, we expanded on the selectively bred low capacity runner/high capacity runner (LCR/HCR) rat exercise model system into four distinct rat holobiont model frameworks including matched and mismatched host nuclear and mitochondrial genomes. Vertical selection of varying nuclear and mitochondrial genomes resulted in differential acquisition of the microbiome within each of these holobiont models. Polygenic disease risk of these novel models were assessed and subsequently correlated with patterns of acquisition and contributions of their microbiomes in controlled laboratory settings. Nuclear-mitochondrial-microbiotal interactions were not for exercise as a reporter of health, but significantly noted for increased adiposity, increased blood pressure, compromised cardiac function, and loss of long-term memory as reporters of disease susceptibility. These findings provide evidence for coselection of the microbiome with nuclear and mitochondrial genomes as an important feature impacting the heritability of complex diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youjie Zhang
- Microbiome Consortium and Center for Hypertension and Precision Medicine, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio
| | - Sivarajan Kumarasamy
- Microbiome Consortium and Center for Hypertension and Precision Medicine, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio
| | - Blair Mell
- Microbiome Consortium and Center for Hypertension and Precision Medicine, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio
| | - Xi Cheng
- Microbiome Consortium and Center for Hypertension and Precision Medicine, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio
| | - Eric E Morgan
- Microbiome Consortium and Center for Hypertension and Precision Medicine, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio.,Department of Radiology, University of Toledo Medical Center, Toledo, Ohio
| | - Steven L Britton
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Matam Vijay-Kumar
- Microbiome Consortium and Center for Hypertension and Precision Medicine, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio
| | - Lauren Gerard Koch
- Microbiome Consortium and Center for Hypertension and Precision Medicine, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio
| | - Bina Joe
- Microbiome Consortium and Center for Hypertension and Precision Medicine, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio
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7
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Yaghoob Nezhad F, Verbrugge SAJ, Schönfelder M, Becker L, Hrabě de Angelis M, Wackerhage H. Genes Whose Gain or Loss-of-Function Increases Endurance Performance in Mice: A Systematic Literature Review. Front Physiol 2019; 10:262. [PMID: 30967789 PMCID: PMC6439621 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Endurance is not only a key factor in many sports but endurance-related variables are also associated with good health and low mortality. Twin and family studies suggest that several endurance-associated traits are ≈50% inherited. However, we still poorly understand what DNA sequence variants contribute to endurance heritability. To address this issue, we conducted a systematic review to identify genes whose experimental loss or gain-of-function increases endurance capacity in mice. We found 31 genes including two isoforms of Ppargc1a whose manipulation increases running or swimming endurance performance by up to 1800%. Genes whose gain-of-function increases endurance are Adcy5, Adcy8, Hk2, Il15, Mef2c, Nr4a3, Pck1 (Pepck), Ppard, Ppargc1a (both the a and b isoforms of the protein Pgc-1α), Ppargc1b, Ppp3ca (calcineurin), Scd1, Slc5a7, Tfe3, Tfeb, Trib3 & Trpv1. Genes whose loss-of-function increases endurance in mice are Actn3, Adrb2, Bdkrb2, Cd47, Crym, Hif1a, Myoz1, Pappa, Pknox1, Pten, Sirt4, Thbs1, Thra, and Tnfsf12. Of these genes, human DNA sequence variants of ACTN3, ADCY5, ADRB2, BDKRB2, HIF1A, PPARD, PPARGC1A, PPARGC1B, and PPP3CA are also associated with endurance capacity and/or VO2max trainability suggesting evolutionary conservation between mice and humans. Bioinformatical analyses show that there are numerous amino acid or copy number-changing DNA variants of endurance genes in humans, suggesting that genetic variation of endurance genes contributes to the variation of human endurance capacity, too. Moreover, several of these genes/proteins change their expression or phosphorylation in skeletal muscle or the heart after endurance exercise, suggesting a role in the adaptation to endurance exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fakhreddin Yaghoob Nezhad
- Exercise Biology Group, Department of Sport and Health Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Sander A J Verbrugge
- Exercise Biology Group, Department of Sport and Health Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Martin Schönfelder
- Exercise Biology Group, Department of Sport and Health Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Lore Becker
- German Mouse Clinic, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Martin Hrabě de Angelis
- German Mouse Clinic, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany.,Chair of Experimental Genetics, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Henning Wackerhage
- Exercise Biology Group, Department of Sport and Health Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
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8
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Kay JC, Claghorn GC, Thompson Z, Hampton TG, Garland T. Electrocardiograms of mice selectively bred for high levels of voluntary exercise: Effects of short-term exercise training and the mini-muscle phenotype. Physiol Behav 2018; 199:322-332. [PMID: 30508549 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2018.11.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Changes in cardiac function that occur with exercise training have been studied in detail, but those accompanying evolved increases in the duration or intensity of physical activity are poorly understood. To address this gap, we studied electrocardiograms (ECGs) of mice from an artificial selection experiment in which four replicate lines are bred for high voluntary wheel running (HR) while four non-selected lines are maintained as controls (C). ECGs were recorded using an ECGenie (Mouse Specifics, Inc.) both before and after six days of wheel access (as used in the standard protocol to select breeders). We hypothesized that HR mice would show innate differences in ECG characteristics and that the response to training would be greater in HR mice relative to C mice because the former run more. After wheel access, in statistical analyses controlling for variation in body mass, all mice had lower heart rates, and mice from HR lines had longer PR intervals than C lines. Also after wheel access, male mice had increased heart rate variability, whereas females had decreased heart rate variability. With body mass as a covariate, six days of wheel access significantly increased ventricle mass in both HR and C males. Within the HR lines, a subset of mice known as mini-muscle individuals have a 50% reduction in hindlimb muscle mass and generally larger internal organs, including the heart ventricles. As compared with normal-muscled individuals, mini-muscle individuals had a longer QRS complex, both before and after wheel access. Some studies in other species of mammals have shown correlations between athletic performance and QRS duration. Correlations between wheel running and either heart rate or QRS duration (before wheel running) among the eight individual lines of the HR selection experiment or among 17 inbred mouse strains taken from the literature were not statistically significant. However, total revolutions and average speed were negatively correlated with PR duration among lines of the HR selection experiment for males, and duration of running was negatively correlated with PR duration among 17 inbred strains for females. We conclude that HR mice have enhanced trainability of cardiac function as compared with C mice (as indicated by their longer PR duration after wheel access), and that the mini-muscle phenotype causes cardiac changes that have been associated with increased athletic performance in previous studies of mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarren C Kay
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35406, USA
| | - Gerald C Claghorn
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Zoe Thompson
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA; Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | | | - Theodore Garland
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
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9
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Zakari M, Alsahly M, Koch LG, Britton SL, Katwa LC, Lust RM. Are There Limitations to Exercise Benefits in Peripheral Arterial Disease? Front Cardiovasc Med 2018; 5:173. [PMID: 30538994 PMCID: PMC6277525 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2018.00173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Substantial evidence exists indicating that inactivity contributes to the progression of chronic disease, and conversely, that regular physical activity can both prevent the onset of disease as well as delay the progression of existing disease. To that end "exercise as medicine" has been advocated in the broad context as general medical care, but also in the specific context as a therapeutic, to be considered in much the same way as other drugs. As there are non-responders to many medications, there also are non-responders to exercise; individual who participate but do not demonstrate appreciable improvement/benefit. In some settings, the stress induced by exercise may aggravate an underlying condition, rather than attenuate chronic disease. As personalized medicine evolves with ready access to genetic information, so too will the incorporation of exercise in the context of those individual genetics. The focus of this brief review is to distinguish between the inherent capacity to perform, as compared to adaptive response to active exercise training in relation to cardiovascular health and peripheral arterial disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madaniah Zakari
- Department of Physiology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Taibah University, Al-Madinah Al-Munawwarah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Musaad Alsahly
- Department of Physiology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States
| | - Lauren G. Koch
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, United States
| | - Steven L. Britton
- Departments of Anesthesiology and Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Laxmansa C. Katwa
- Department of Physiology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States
| | - Robert M. Lust
- Department of Physiology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States
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10
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Faraci C, Annis S, Jin J, Li H, Khrapko K, Woods DC. Impact of exercise on oocyte quality in the POLG mitochondrial DNA mutator mouse. Reproduction 2018; 156:185-194. [PMID: 29875308 PMCID: PMC6074767 DOI: 10.1530/rep-18-0061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The mtDNA 'mutator' mouse, also called the 'POLG' mouse, is a well-characterized model frequently used for studies of progeroid aging. Harboring a mutation in the proofreading domain of the mitochondrial polymerase, polymerase-γ (Polg), POLG mice acquire mtDNA mutations at an accelerated rate. This results in premature mitochondrial dysfunction and a systemic aging phenotype. Previous work has demonstrated that the progeroid phenotype in POLG is attenuated following endurance exercise, the only reported intervention to extend health span and lifespan of these mice. Herein, oocyte quality was evaluated in sedentary and exercised POLG mice. In mice homozygous for the Polg mutation, litter size is dramatically reduced as compared to heterozygous Polg mice. Following ovarian hyper-stimulation, oocytes were retrieved until 9 months of age in exercised and sedentary groups, with no oocytes ovulated thereafter. Although ovulated oocyte numbers were not impacted by exercise, we did find a modest improvement in both the ovarian follicle reserve and in oocyte quality based on meiotic spindle assembly, chromosomal segregation and mitochondrial distribution at 7 months of age in exercised POLG mice as compared to sedentary counterparts. Of note, analysis of mtDNA mutational load revealed no differences between exercised and sedentary groups. Collectively, these data indicate that exercise differentially influences somatic tissues of the POLG mouse as compared to oocytes, highlighting important mechanistic differences between mitochondrial regulatory mechanisms in the soma and the germline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Faraci
- Department of BiologyNortheastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sofia Annis
- Department of BiologyNortheastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Joyce Jin
- Department of BiologyNortheastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Housaiyin Li
- Department of BiologyNortheastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Konstantin Khrapko
- Department of BiologyNortheastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Dori C Woods
- Department of BiologyNortheastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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11
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Biro PA, Garland T, Beckmann C, Ujvari B, Thomas F, Post JR. Metabolic Scope as a Proximate Constraint on Individual Behavioral Variation: Effects on Personality, Plasticity, and Predictability. Am Nat 2018; 192:142-154. [PMID: 30016170 DOI: 10.1086/697963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Behavioral ecologists have hypothesized that among-individual differences in resting metabolic rate (RMR) may predict consistent individual differences in mean values for costly behaviors or for behaviors that affect energy intake rate. This hypothesis has empirical support and presently attracts considerable attention, but, notably, it does not provide predictions for individual differences in (a) behavioral plasticity or (b) unexplained variation (residual variation from mean individual behavior, here termed predictability). We outline how consideration of aerobic maximum metabolic rate (MMR) and particularly aerobic scope (= MMR - RMR) can be used to simultaneously make predictions about mean and among- and within-individual variation in behavior. We predict that while RMR should be proportional to an individual's mean level of sustained behavioral activity (one aspect of its personality), individuals with greater aerobic scope will also have greater scope to express behavioral plasticity and/or greater unpredictability in behavior (=greater residual variation). As a first step toward testing these predictions, we analyze existing activity data from selectively bred lines of mice that differ in both daily activity and aerobic scope. We find that replicate high-scope mice are more active on average and show greater among-individual variation in activity, greater among-individual variation in plasticity, and greater unpredictability. These data provide some tentative first support for our hypothesis, suggesting that further research on this topic would be valuable.
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12
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Collins KH, Hart DA, Smith IC, Issler AM, Reimer RA, Seerattan RA, Rios JL, Herzog W. Acute and chronic changes in rat soleus muscle after high-fat high-sucrose diet. Physiol Rep 2018; 5:e13270. [PMID: 28533262 PMCID: PMC5449557 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of obesity on different musculoskeletal tissues are not well understood. The glycolytic quadriceps muscles are compromised with obesity, but due to its high oxidative capacity, the soleus muscle may be protected against obesity‐induced muscle damage. To determine the time–course relationship between a high‐fat/high‐sucrose (HFS) metabolic challenge and soleus muscle integrity, defined as intramuscular fat invasion, fibrosis and molecular alterations over six time points. Male Sprague‐Dawley rats were fed a HFS diet (n = 64) and killed at serial short‐term (3 days, 1 week, 2 weeks, 4 weeks) and long‐term (12 weeks, 28 weeks) time points. Chow‐fed controls (n = 21) were killed at 4, 12, and 28 weeks. At sacrifice, animals were weighed, body composition was calculated (DXA), and soleus muscles were harvested and flash‐frozen. Cytokine and adipokine mRNA levels for soleus muscles were assessed, using RT‐qPCR. Histological assessment of muscle fibrosis and intramuscular fat was conducted, CD68+ cell number was determined using immunohistochemistry, and fiber typing was assessed using myosin heavy chain protein analysis. HFS animals demonstrated significant increases in body fat by 1 week, and this increase in body fat was sustained through 28 weeks on the HFS diet. Short‐term time‐point soleus muscles demonstrated up‐regulated mRNA levels for inflammation, atrophy, and oxidative stress molecules. However, intramuscular fat, fibrosis, and CD68+ cell number were similar to their respective control group at all time points evaluated. Therefore, the oxidative capacity of the soleus may be protective against diet‐induced alterations to muscle integrity. Increasing oxidative capacity of muscles using aerobic exercise may be a beneficial strategy for mitigating obesity‐induced muscle damage, and its consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey H Collins
- Human Performance Laboratory, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - David A Hart
- Human Performance Laboratory, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,The Centre for Hip Health & Mobility, Department of Family Practice, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Alberta Health Services Bone & Joint Health Strategic Clinical Network, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Ian C Smith
- Human Performance Laboratory, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Anthony M Issler
- Human Performance Laboratory, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Raylene A Reimer
- Human Performance Laboratory, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Ruth A Seerattan
- Human Performance Laboratory, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jaqueline L Rios
- Human Performance Laboratory, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,CAPES Foundation, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Walter Herzog
- Human Performance Laboratory, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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13
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Chung JH. The role of DNA-PK in aging and energy metabolism. FEBS J 2018; 285:1959-1972. [PMID: 29453899 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Revised: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK) is a very large holoenzyme comprised of the p470 kDa DNA-PK catalytic subunit (DNA-PKcs ) and the Ku heterodimer consisting of the p86 (Ku 80) and p70 (Ku 70) subunits. It is best known for its nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ) activity, which repairs double-strand DNA (dsDNA) breaks (DSBs). As expected, the absence of DNA-PK activity results in sensitivity to ionizing radiation, which generates DSBs and defect in lymphocyte development, which requires NHEJ of the V(D)J region in the immunoglobulin and T-cell receptor loci. DNA-PK also has been reported to have functions seemingly unrelated to NHEJ. For example, DNA-PK responds to insulin signaling to facilitate the conversion of carbohydrates to fatty acids in the liver. More recent evidence indicates that DNA-PK activity increases with age in skeletal muscle, promoting mitochondrial loss and weight gain. These discoveries suggest that our understanding of DNA-PK is far from complete. As many excellent reviews have already been written about the role of DNA-PK in NHEJ, here we will review the non-NHEJ role of DNA-PK with a focus on its role in aging and energy metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay H Chung
- Laboratory of Obesity and Aging Research, Genetics and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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14
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Feng X, Uchida Y, Koch L, Britton S, Hu J, Lutrin D, Maze M. Exercise Prevents Enhanced Postoperative Neuroinflammation and Cognitive Decline and Rectifies the Gut Microbiome in a Rat Model of Metabolic Syndrome. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1768. [PMID: 29321779 PMCID: PMC5732173 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Postoperative cognitive decline (PCD) can affect in excess of 10% of surgical patients and can be considerably higher with risk factors including advanced age, perioperative infection, and metabolic conditions such as obesity and insulin resistance. To define underlying pathophysiologic processes, we used animal models including a rat model of metabolic syndrome generated by breeding for a trait of low aerobic exercise tolerance. After 35 generations, the low capacity runner (LCR) rats differ 10-fold in their aerobic exercise capacity from high capacity runner (HCR) rats. The LCR rats respond to surgical procedure with an abnormal phenotype consisting of exaggerated and persistent PCD and failure to resolve neuroinflammation. We determined whether preoperative exercise can rectify the abnormal surgical phenotype. Materials and methods Following institutional approval of the protocol each of male LCR and male HCR rats were randomly assigned to four groups and subjected to isoflurane anesthesia and tibia fracture with internal fixation (surgery) or anesthesia alone (sham surgery) and to a preoperative exercise regimen that involved walking for 10 km on a treadmill over 6 weeks (exercise) or being placed on a stationary treadmill (no exercise). Feces were collected before and after exercise for assessment of gut microbiome. Three days following surgery or sham surgery the rats were tested for ability to recall a contextual aversive stimulus in a trace fear conditioning paradigm. Thereafter some rats were euthanized and the hippocampus harvested for analysis of inflammatory mediators. At 3 months, the remainder of the rats were tested for memory recall by the probe test in a Morris Water Maze. Results Postoperatively, LCR rats exhibited exaggerated cognitive decline both at 3 days and at 3 months that was prevented by preoperative exercise. Similarly, LCR rats had excessive postoperative neuroinflammation that was normalized by preoperative exercise. Diversity of the gut microbiome in the LCR rats improved after exercise. Discussion Preoperative exercise eliminated the metabolic syndrome risk for the abnormal surgical phenotype and was associated with a more diverse gut microbiome. Prehabilitation with exercise should be considered as a possible intervention to prevent exaggerated and persistent PCD in high-risk settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomei Feng
- Center for Cerebrovascular Research, Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Yosuke Uchida
- Center for Cerebrovascular Research, Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Lauren Koch
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Steve Britton
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.,Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Jun Hu
- Center for Cerebrovascular Research, Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States.,Department of Anesthesia, Tongling People's Hospital, Tongling, China
| | - David Lutrin
- Center for Cerebrovascular Research, Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Mervyn Maze
- Center for Cerebrovascular Research, Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
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Park SJ, Gavrilova O, Brown AL, Soto JE, Bremner S, Kim J, Xu X, Yang S, Um JH, Koch LG, Britton SL, Lieber RL, Philp A, Baar K, Kohama SG, Abel ED, Kim MK, Chung JH. DNA-PK Promotes the Mitochondrial, Metabolic, and Physical Decline that Occurs During Aging. Cell Metab 2017; 25:1135-1146.e7. [PMID: 28467930 PMCID: PMC5485859 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2017.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Revised: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Hallmarks of aging that negatively impact health include weight gain and reduced physical fitness, which can increase insulin resistance and risk for many diseases, including type 2 diabetes. The underlying mechanism(s) for these phenomena is poorly understood. Here we report that aging increases DNA breaks and activates DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK) in skeletal muscle, which suppresses mitochondrial function, energy metabolism, and physical fitness. DNA-PK phosphorylates threonines 5 and 7 of HSP90α, decreasing its chaperone function for clients such as AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), which is critical for mitochondrial biogenesis and energy metabolism. Decreasing DNA-PK activity increases AMPK activity and prevents weight gain, decline of mitochondrial function, and decline of physical fitness in middle-aged mice and protects against type 2 diabetes. In conclusion, DNA-PK is one of the drivers of the metabolic and fitness decline during aging, and therefore DNA-PK inhibitors may have therapeutic potential in obesity and low exercise capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Jun Park
- Laboratory of Obesity and Aging Research, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Oksana Gavrilova
- Mouse Metabolism Core, National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Alexandra L Brown
- Laboratory of Obesity and Aging Research, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jamie E Soto
- Program in Molecular Medicine and Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center and Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Shannon Bremner
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of California and V.A. Medical Centers, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Jeonghan Kim
- Laboratory of Obesity and Aging Research, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Xihui Xu
- Laboratory of Obesity and Aging Research, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Shutong Yang
- Laboratory of Obesity and Aging Research, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jee-Hyun Um
- Laboratory of Obesity and Aging Research, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Lauren G Koch
- Department of Anesthesiology, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Steven L Britton
- Department of Anesthesiology, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Richard L Lieber
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of California and V.A. Medical Centers, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Andrew Philp
- Department of Physiology and Membrane Biology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA USA 95616
| | - Keith Baar
- Department of Physiology and Membrane Biology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA USA 95616
| | - Steven G Kohama
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - E Dale Abel
- Program in Molecular Medicine and Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center and Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Myung K Kim
- Laboratory of Obesity and Aging Research, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jay H Chung
- Laboratory of Obesity and Aging Research, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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16
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17
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Kelly SA, Gomes FR, Kolb EM, Malisch JL, Garland T. Effects of activity, genetic selection, and their interaction on muscle metabolic capacities and organ masses in mice. J Exp Biol 2017; 220:1038-1047. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.148759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 12/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Chronic voluntary exercise elevates total daily energy expenditure (DEE) and food consumption, potentially resulting in organ compensation supporting nutrient extraction/utilization. Additionally, species with naturally higher DEE often have larger processing organs, which may represent genetic differences and/or phenotypic plasticity. We tested for possible adaptive changes in organ masses of 4 replicate lines of house mice selected (37 generations) for high running (HR lines) compared with 4 non-selected control (C) lines. Females were housed with or without wheel access for 13-14 weeks beginning at 53-60 days of age. In addition to organ compensation, chronic activity may also require an elevated aerobic capacity. Therefore, we also measured hematocrit and both citrate synthase activity and myoglobin concentration in heart and gastrocnemius. Both selection (HR vs. C) and activity (wheels vs. no wheels) significantly affected morphological and biochemical traits. For example, with body mass as a covariate, mice from HR lines had significantly higher hematocrit and larger ventricles, with more myoglobin. Wheel access lengthened the small intestine, increased relative ventricle and kidney size, and increased skeletal muscle citrate synthase activity and myoglobin concentration. As compared with C lines, HR mice had greater training effects for ventricle mass, hematocrit, large intestine length, and gastrocnemius citrate synthase activity. For ventricle and gastrocnemius citrate synthase activity, the greater training was explainable quantitatively as a result of greater wheel running (i.e., “more pain, more gain”). For hematocrit and large intestine length, differences were not related to amount of wheel running and instead indicate inherently greater adaptive plasticity in HR lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott A. Kelly
- Department of Biology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, USA
- Department of Zoology, Ohio Wesleyan University, Delaware, Ohio 43015, USA
| | - Fernando R. Gomes
- Department of Biology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, USA
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão. Trav.14, 101, 05508-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Erik M. Kolb
- Department of Biology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA
| | - Jessica L. Malisch
- Department of Biology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, USA
- Department of Biology, St. Mary's College of Maryland, St. Mary's City, Maryland 20686, USA
| | - Theodore Garland
- Department of Biology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, USA
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18
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Rodrigues NA, Torsoni AS, Fante T, Dos Reis IGM, Gobatto CA, Manchado-Gobatto FB. Lactate minimum underestimates the maximal lactate steady-state in swimming mice. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2016; 42:46-52. [PMID: 28006434 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2016-0198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The intensity of lactate minimum (LM) has presented a good estimate of the intensity of maximal lactate steady-state (MLSS); however, this relationship has not yet been verified in the mouse model. We proposed validating the LM protocol for swimming mice by investigating the relationship among intensities of LM and MLSS as well as differences between sexes, in terms of aerobic capacity. Nineteen mice (male: 10, female: 9) were submitted to the evaluation protocols for LM and MLSS. The LM protocol consisted of hyperlactatemia induction (30 s exercise (13% body mass (bm)), 30 s resting pause and exhaustive exercise (13% bm), 9 min resting pause and incremental test). The LM underestimated MLSS (mice: 17.6%; male: 13.5%; female: 21.6%). Pearson's analysis showed a strong correlation among intensities of MLSS and LM (male (r = 0.67, p = 0.033); female (r = 0.86, p = 0.003)), but without agreement between protocols. The Bland-Altman analysis showed that bias was higher for females (1.5 (0.98) % bm; mean (MLSS and LM): 4.4%-6.4% bm) as compared with males (0.84 (1.24) % bm; mean (MLSS and LM): 4.5%-7.5% bm). The error associated with the estimated of intensity for males was lower when compared with the range of means for MLSS and LM. Therefore, the LM test could be used to determine individual aerobic intensity for males (considering the bias) but not females. Furthermore, the females supported higher intensities than the males. The differences in body mass between sexes could not explain the higher intensities supported by the females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Almeida Rodrigues
- a Laboratory of Applied Sports Physiology, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Adriana Souza Torsoni
- b Laboratory of Metabolic Disorders, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Thais Fante
- b Laboratory of Metabolic Disorders, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ivan Gustavo Masselli Dos Reis
- a Laboratory of Applied Sports Physiology, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Claudio Alexandre Gobatto
- a Laboratory of Applied Sports Physiology, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fúlvia Barros Manchado-Gobatto
- a Laboratory of Applied Sports Physiology, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil
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19
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Thyfault JP, Wright DC. "Weighing" the effects of exercise and intrinsic aerobic capacity: are there beneficial effects independent of changes in weight? Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2016; 41:911-6. [PMID: 27512815 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2016-0122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
It has been known for centuries that regularly performed exercise has beneficial effects on metabolic health. Owing to its central role in locomotion and the fact that it accounts for a large majority of whole-body glucose disposal and fatty acid oxidation, the effects of exercise on skeletal muscle has been a central focus in exercise physiology research. With this being said it is becoming increasingly well recognized that both adipose tissue and liver metabolism are robustly modified by exercise, especially in conditions of obesity and insulin resistance. One of the difficult questions to address is if the effects of exercise are direct or occur secondary to exercise-induced weight loss. The purpose of this review is to highlight recent work that has attempted to tease out the protective effects of exercise, or intrinsic aerobic capacity, against metabolic and inflammatory challenges as it relates to the treatment and prevention of obesity and insulin resistance. Recent studies reporting improvements in liver and adipose tissue insulin action following a single bout of exercise will also be discussed. The research highlighted in this review sheds new insight into protective, anti-inflammatory effects of exercise that occur largely independent of changes in adiposity and body weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Thyfault
- a Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, 2067 Hemenway Life Sciences and Innovation Center, MS:3043, 3901 Rainbow Blvd., Kansas, KS 66160, USA.,b Research Service, Kansas City VA Medical Center, Kansas City, MO 64128, USA
| | - David C Wright
- c Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, Room 343 Animal Sciences Building, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
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