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Varade S, Nadella M, Hirake A, Mungase SB, Ali A, Adela R. Effect of garlic on the components of metabolic syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 318:116960. [PMID: 37517570 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.116960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Metabolic diseases are the major causes of macrovascular and microvascular complications which lead to morbidity and mortality. Traditionally, garlic has been used as food and medicine for more than 5000 years. However, efficacy studies have shown conflicting results regarding the garlic effect. AIM OF THE STUDY This study aims to evaluate the efficacy of garlic on the components of metabolic syndrome (MetS) in metabolic disease patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS This study was a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Pubmed, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), and Google scholar were searched till December 25, 2021 for identifying the relevant studies that have shown the effects of garlic on components of metabolic syndrome in metabolic disease patients. The mean difference with 95% CI was calculated using fixed-effect or random-effect models. RESULTS The effect of garlic has shown significant changes on waist circumference (p-value= <0.0001), total cholesterol (p < 0.0001), low density lipoprotein (p = 0.01), high density lipoprotein (p < 0.00001), triglycerides (p < 0.00001), systolic blood pressure (p < 0.00001), diastolic blood pressure (p < 0.00001), glucose (p < 0.00001), Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) (p = 0.04), C-reactive protein (p < 0.00001), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α (p = 0.002), interleukin (IL)-6 (p = 0.0001). Subgroup analysis has shown the favorable effects of garlic in metabolic disease patients. CONCLUSION Our meta-analysis results confirm the findings that garlic could be useful as an anti-hyperlipidemic, anti-hyperglycemic, anti-hypertensive and anti-inflammatory drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shruti Varade
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, NIPER-Guwahati, Sila Katamur (Halugurisuk), Changsari P.O., Kamrup Dst, Guwahati, Assam, 781101, India.
| | - Mounika Nadella
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, NIPER-Guwahati, Sila Katamur (Halugurisuk), Changsari P.O., Kamrup Dst, Guwahati, Assam, 781101, India.
| | - Amol Hirake
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, NIPER-Guwahati, Sila Katamur (Halugurisuk), Changsari P.O., Kamrup Dst, Guwahati, Assam, 781101, India.
| | - Suraj Bhausaheb Mungase
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, NIPER-Guwahati, Sila Katamur (Halugurisuk), Changsari P.O., Kamrup Dst, Guwahati, Assam, 781101, India.
| | - Amir Ali
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, NIPER-Guwahati, Sila Katamur (Halugurisuk), Changsari P.O., Kamrup Dst, Guwahati, Assam, 781101, India.
| | - Ramu Adela
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, NIPER-Guwahati, Sila Katamur (Halugurisuk), Changsari P.O., Kamrup Dst, Guwahati, Assam, 781101, India.
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Grasmann J, Almenräder F, Voracek M, Tran US. Only Small Effects of Mindfulness-Based Interventions on Biomarker Levels of Inflammation and Stress: A Preregistered Systematic Review and Two Three-Level Meta-Analyses. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054445. [PMID: 36901875 PMCID: PMC10003032 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Mindfulness-based interventions (MBIs) have a positive effect on biomarkers of inflammation and stress in patients with psychiatric disorders and physical illnesses. Regarding subclinical populations, results are less clear. The present meta-analysis addressed the effects of MBIs on biomarkers in psychiatric populations and among healthy, stressed, and at-risk populations. All available biomarker data were investigated with a comprehensive approach, using two three-level meta-analyses. Pre-post changes in biomarker levels within treatment groups (k = 40 studies, total N = 1441) and treatment effects compared to control group effects, using only RCT data (k = 32, total N = 2880), were of similar magnitude, Hedges g = -0.15 (95% CI = [-0.23, -0.06], p < 0.001) and g = -0.11 (95% CI = [-0.23, 0.001], p = 0.053). Effects increased in magnitude when including available follow-up data but did not differ between type of sample, MBI, biomarker, and control group or duration of the MBI. This suggests that MBIs may ameliorate biomarker levels in both psychiatric and subclinical populations to a small extent. However, low study quality and evidence of publication bias may have impacted on the results. More large and preregistered studies are still needed in this field of research.
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Frühbeck G, Catalán V, Ramírez B, Valentí V, Becerril S, Rodríguez A, Moncada R, Baixauli J, Silva C, Escalada J, Gómez-Ambrosi J. Serum Levels of IL-1 RA Increase with Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes in Relation to Adipose Tissue Dysfunction and are Reduced After Bariatric Surgery in Parallel to Adiposity. J Inflamm Res 2022; 15:1331-1345. [PMID: 35237063 PMCID: PMC8884708 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s354095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Excess adiposity leads to a dysfunctional adipose tissue that contributes to the development of obesity-associated comorbidities such as type 2 diabetes (T2D). Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1RA) is a naturally occurring antagonist of the IL-1 receptor with anti-inflammatory properties. The aim of the present study was to compare the circulating concentrations of IL-1RA and its mRNA expression in visceral adipose tissue (VAT) in subjects with normal weight (NW), obesity with normoglycemia (OB-NG), or obesity with impaired glucose tolerance or T2D (OB-IGT&T2D) and to analyze the effect of changes in body fat percentage (BF%) on IL-1RA levels. Methods Serum concentrations of IL-1RA were measured in 156 volunteers. Expression of IL1RN mRNA in VAT obtained from 36 individuals was determined. In addition, the concentrations of IL-1RA were measured before and after weight gain as well as weight loss following a dietetic program or Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB). Results Serum levels of IL-1RA were significantly increased in individuals with obesity, being further increased in the OB-IGT&T2D group (NW 440 ± 316, OB-NG 899 ± 562, OB-IGT&T2D 1265 ± 739 pg/mL; P<0.001) and associated with markers of inflammation and fatty liver. IL1RN mRNA expression in VAT was significantly increased in the OB-IGT&T2D group and correlated in the global cohort with the mRNA expression of SPP1, CCL2, CD68, and MMP9. Levels of IL-1RA were not modified after modest changes in BF%, but RYGB-induced weight loss significantly decreased IL-1RA concentrations from 1233 ± 1009 to 660 ± 538 pg/mL (P<0.001). Conclusion Serum IL-1RA concentrations are increased in patients with obesity being further elevated in obesity-associated IGT and T2D in association with markers of adipose tissue dysfunction. The mRNA expression of IL1RN is markedly increased in VAT of subjects with obesity and T2D in relation with genes involved in macrophage recruitment, inflammation and matrix remodeling. Serum IL-1RA concentrations are reduced when a notable amount of BF% is loss. Measurement of IL-1RA is an excellent biomarker of adipose tissue dysfunction in obesity-associated metabolic alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gema Frühbeck
- Metabolic Research Laboratory, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red-Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Pamplona, Spain
- Obesity and Adipobiology Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
- Department of Endocrinology & Nutrition, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Victoria Catalán
- Metabolic Research Laboratory, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red-Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Pamplona, Spain
- Obesity and Adipobiology Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Beatriz Ramírez
- Metabolic Research Laboratory, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red-Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Pamplona, Spain
- Obesity and Adipobiology Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Víctor Valentí
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red-Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Pamplona, Spain
- Obesity and Adipobiology Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
- Department of Surgery, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Sara Becerril
- Metabolic Research Laboratory, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red-Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Pamplona, Spain
- Obesity and Adipobiology Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Amaia Rodríguez
- Metabolic Research Laboratory, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red-Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Pamplona, Spain
- Obesity and Adipobiology Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Rafael Moncada
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red-Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Pamplona, Spain
- Obesity and Adipobiology Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
- Department of Anesthesia, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Jorge Baixauli
- Department of Surgery, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Camilo Silva
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red-Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Pamplona, Spain
- Obesity and Adipobiology Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
- Department of Endocrinology & Nutrition, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Javier Escalada
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red-Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Pamplona, Spain
- Department of Endocrinology & Nutrition, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Javier Gómez-Ambrosi
- Metabolic Research Laboratory, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red-Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Pamplona, Spain
- Obesity and Adipobiology Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
- Correspondence: Javier Gómez-Ambrosi, Metabolic Research Laboratory, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Irunlarrea 1, Pamplona, 31008, Spain, Tel +34 948 425600 (ext. 806567), Email
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High Dose of Intravenous Allogeneic Umbilical Cord-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells (CLV-100) Infusion Displays Better Immunomodulatory Effect among Healthy Volunteers: A Phase 1 Clinical Study. Stem Cells Int 2020; 2020:8877003. [PMID: 33061992 PMCID: PMC7539086 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8877003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) express growth factors and other cytokines that stimulate repair and control the immune response. MSCs are also immunoprivileged with low risk of rejection. Umbilical cord-derived MSCs (UCMSCs) are particularly attractive as an off-the-shelf allogeneic treatment in emergency medical conditions. We aim to determine the safety and efficacy of intravenous allogeneic infusion of UCMSCs (CLV-100) by Cytopeutics® (Selangor, Malaysia) in healthy volunteers, and to determine the effective dose at which an immunomodulatory effect is observed. Methodology. Umbilical cord samples were collected after delivery of full-term, healthy babies with written consent from both parents. All 3 generations (newborn, parents, and grandparents) were screened for genetic mutations, infections, cancers, and other inherited diseases. Samples were transferred to a certified Good Manufacturing Practice laboratory for processing. Subjects were infused with either low dose (LD, 65 million cells) or high dose (HD, 130 million cells) of CLV-100 and followed up for 6 months. We measured cytokines using ELISA including anti-inflammatory cytokines interleukin 1 receptor antagonist (IL-1RA), interleukin 10 (IL-10), pro-/anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin 6 (IL-6), and the proinflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α). Results 11 healthy subjects (LD, n = 5; HD, n = 6; mean age of 55 ± 13 years) were recruited. All subjects tolerated the CLV-100 infusion well with no adverse reaction throughout the study especially in vital parameters and routine blood tests. At 6 months, the HD group had significantly higher levels of anti-inflammatory markers IL1-RA (705 ± 160 vs. 306 ± 36 pg/mL; p = 0.02) and IL-10 (321 ± 27 vs. 251 ± 28 pg/mL; p = 0.02); and lower levels of proinflammatory marker TNF-α (74 ± 23 vs. 115 ± 15 pg/mL; p = 0.04) compared to LD group. Conclusion Allogeneic UCMSCs CLV-100 infusion is safe and well-tolerated in low and high doses. Anti-inflammatory effect is observed with a high-dose infusion.
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Järvelä-Reijonen E, Puttonen S, Karhunen L, Sairanen E, Laitinen J, Kolehmainen M, Pihlajamäki J, Kujala UM, Korpela R, Ermes M, Lappalainen R, Kolehmainen M. The Effects of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) Intervention on Inflammation and Stress Biomarkers: a Randomized Controlled Trial. Int J Behav Med 2020; 27:539-555. [PMID: 32394219 PMCID: PMC7497453 DOI: 10.1007/s12529-020-09891-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Psychological processes can be manifested in physiological health. We investigated whether acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT), targeted on psychological flexibility (PF), influences inflammation and stress biomarkers among working-age adults with psychological distress and overweight/obesity. METHOD Participants were randomized into three parallel groups: (1) ACT-based face-to-face (n = 65; six group sessions led by a psychologist), (2) ACT-based mobile (n = 73; one group session and mobile app), and (3) control (n = 66; only the measurements). Systemic inflammation and stress markers were analyzed at baseline, at 10 weeks after the baseline (post-intervention), and at 36 weeks after the baseline (follow-up). General PF and weight-related PF were measured with questionnaires (Acceptance and Action Questionnaire, Acceptance and Action Questionnaire for Weight-Related Difficulties). RESULTS A group × time interaction (p = .012) was detected in the high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) level but not in other inflammation and stress biomarkers. hsCRP decreased significantly in the face-to-face group from week 0 to week 36, and at week 36, hsCRP was lower among the participants in the face-to-face group than in the mobile group (p = .035, post hoc test). Age and sex were stronger predictors of biomarker levels at follow-up than the post-intervention PF. CONCLUSION The results suggest that ACT delivered in group sessions may exert beneficial effects on low-grade systemic inflammation. More research is needed on how to best apply psychological interventions for the health of both mind and body among people with overweight/obesity and psychological distress. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01738256, Registered 17 August, 2012.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elina Järvelä-Reijonen
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Sampsa Puttonen
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, P.O. Box 40, FI-00251 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Leila Karhunen
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
- Institute of Clinical Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Kuopio University Hospital, P.O. Box 100, FI-70029 KYS Kuopio, Finland
| | - Essi Sairanen
- Department of Psychology, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, FI-40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
- Department of Social and Psychological Studies, Karlstad University, SE-651 88 Karlstad, Sweden
| | - Jaana Laitinen
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, P.O. Box 40, FI-00251 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mikko Kolehmainen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jussi Pihlajamäki
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
- Institute of Clinical Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Kuopio University Hospital, P.O. Box 100, FI-70029 KYS Kuopio, Finland
| | - Urho M Kujala
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, FI-40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Riitta Korpela
- Medical Faculty, Pharmacology, Medical Nutrition Physiology and Human Microbe Research Program, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 63, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Miikka Ermes
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, P.O. Box 1300, FI-33101 Tampere, Finland
| | - Raimo Lappalainen
- Department of Psychology, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, FI-40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Marjukka Kolehmainen
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
- Institute of Clinical Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Kuopio University Hospital, P.O. Box 100, FI-70029 KYS Kuopio, Finland
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Grasser LR, Burghardt P, Daugherty AM, Amirsadri A, Javanbakht A. Inflammation and Trauma-Related Psychopathology in Syrian and Iraqi Refugees. Behav Sci (Basel) 2020; 10:E75. [PMID: 32272662 PMCID: PMC7226275 DOI: 10.3390/bs10040075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Refugees experience high rates of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), anxiety, and depression due to exposure to civilian war trauma and forced migration. Inflammatory products may offer viable biological indicators of trauma-related psychopathology in this cohort, promoting rapid and objective assessment of psychopathology. Incoming Syrian and Iraqi refugees (n = 36) ages 18-65 completed self-report measures of PTSD, anxiety, and depression and provided saliva samples during an assessment at a primary care clinic within the first month of resettlement in the United States. Interleukin 1β (IL-1β) and C-reactive protein (CRP) differentially correlated with symptom severity by domain, and there was a non-significant trend for sex moderating the relation between inflammation and PTSD symptoms. Our findings show unique relations between trauma-related psychopathology and inflammation. There is a need for further research in diverse ethnic cohorts with differential trauma exposures for inflammation to be considered a biological indicator of psychopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lana Ruvolo Grasser
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; (L.R.G.); (A.M.D.); (A.A.)
| | - Paul Burghardt
- Nutrition and Food Science, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA;
| | - Ana M Daugherty
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; (L.R.G.); (A.M.D.); (A.A.)
- Department of Psychology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
- Institute of Gerontology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Alireza Amirsadri
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; (L.R.G.); (A.M.D.); (A.A.)
| | - Arash Javanbakht
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; (L.R.G.); (A.M.D.); (A.A.)
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Association of high sensitivity C-reactive protein concentrations and metabolic syndrome among Thai adults. ASIAN BIOMED 2018. [DOI: 10.2478/abm-2010-0047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background: Limited information is available regarding associations of metabolic syndrome with C-reactive protein (CRP) concentrations among Asian populations. Objective: Investigate the association of high sensitivity CRP (hsCRP) concentrations and metabolic syndrome among Thai adults. Methods: This cross-sectional study was comprised of 467 Thai participants (209 men and 258 women) receiving annual health check-up. Spearman’s rank correlation coefficients were used to assess the associations between metabolic parameters (age, waist circumference, blood pressure, triglycerides, HDL-C, fasting plasma glucose, fasting insulin and uric acid) with hsCRP concentrations for men and women, respectively. Multivariable logistic regression procedures were used to estimate the risk (odds ratios (OR), and 95% confidence intervals (CI) of metabolic syndrome according to low, moderate, and high hsCRP concentrations (<1.0, 1.0-3.0, and >3.0 mg/L, respectively). Results: Measures of adiposity and fasting insulin were positively and significantly correlated with hsCRP concentrations among women with and without metabolic syndrome. Similar associations were observed among men without metabolic syndrome. After controlling for confounders, moderately elevated hsCRP concentrations were associated with a 2.38-fold increased risk of metabolic syndrome (OR=2.38, 95%CI=1.20-4.72) among men. Men with high hsCRP concentrations had a 5.45-fold increased risk of metabolic syndrome (OR=5.45, 95%CI=2.24- 13.27) when compared with those who had low hsCRP concentrations. The corresponding OR for women with moderately elevated and high hsCRP concentrations were 4.92 (OR=4.92, 95%CI=2.34-10.35) and 11.93 (OR=11.93, 95%CI=5.54-25.72), respectively. Conclusions: These findings are consistent with the literature suggesting a role of hsCRP as a biomarker for metabolic syndrome.
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Robberecht H, Hermans N. Biomarkers of Metabolic Syndrome: Biochemical Background and Clinical Significance. Metab Syndr Relat Disord 2016; 14:47-93. [PMID: 26808223 DOI: 10.1089/met.2015.0113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Biomarkers of the metabolic syndrome are divided into four subgroups. Although dividing them in groups has some limitations, it can be used to draw some conclusions. In a first part, the dyslipidemias and markers of oxidative stress are discussed, while inflammatory markers and cardiometabolic biomarkers are reviewed in a second part. For most of them, the biochemical background and clinical significance are discussed, although here also a well-cut separation cannot always be made. Altered levels cannot always be claimed as the cause, risk, or consequence of the syndrome. Several factors are interrelated to each other and act in a concerted, antagonistic, synergistic, or modulating way. Most important conclusions are summarized at the end of every reviewed subgroup. Genetic biomarkers or influences of various food components on concentration levels are not included in this review article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry Robberecht
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, NatuRA (Natural Products and Food Research and Analysis), University of Antwerp , Wilrijk, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Nina Hermans
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, NatuRA (Natural Products and Food Research and Analysis), University of Antwerp , Wilrijk, Antwerp, Belgium
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Klemettilä JP, Kampman O, Seppälä N, Viikki M, Hämäläinen M, Moilanen E, Mononen N, Lehtimäki T, Leinonen E. Association study of the HTR2C, leptin and adiponectin genes and serum marker analyses in clozapine treated long-term patients with schizophrenia. Eur Psychiatry 2014; 30:296-302. [PMID: 25284335 DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpsy.2014.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Revised: 08/15/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Clozapine treatment is associated with weight gain and cardio-metabolic consequences among patients with schizophrenia. Polymorphisms of leptin, serotonin receptor HTR2C and adiponectin genes have been associated with antipsychotic-induced weight gain and metabolic comorbidity. However, the results of the studies so far are inconclusive. The aim of the present study was first to test for a possible role of serum leptin and adiponectin levels as a marker of weight gain in association with inflammatory cytokines/adipokines (IL-6, IL-1Ra, hs-CRP and adipsin), and second to study associations between SNPs LEP rs7799039 (-2548 A/G), ADIPOQ rs1501299 and HTR2C rs1414334 and weight gain and levels of leptin and adiponectin, in 190 patients with schizophrenia on clozapine treatment, with retrospectively assessed weight change and cross-sectionally measured cytokine levels. A strong association was found between serum levels of leptin and weight gain and cytokines/adipokines related to metabolic comorbidity, especially among female patients (in women leptin vs. weight gain, IL-6 and IL-1Ra, P<0.001; in men leptin vs. weight gain, P=0.026, leptin vs. IL-1Ra, P<0.001). In male patients low adiponectin level was a more specific marker of clozapine-induced weight gain (P=0.037). The results of the present study do not support a major role of SNPs LEP rs7799039, ADIPOQ rs1501299 and HTR2C rs1414334 in the regulation of weight gain or association of serum levels of leptin and adiponectin and corresponding studied SNPs in patients with schizophrenia on clozapine treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-P Klemettilä
- Department of Psychiatry, Pitkäniemi Hospital, Tampere University Hospital, 33380 Pitkäniemi, Finland.
| | - O Kampman
- School of Medicine, University of Tampere, 33014 Tampere, Finland; Department of Psychiatry, Seinäjoki Hospital District, 60220 Seinäjoki, Finland
| | - N Seppälä
- Department of Psychiatry, Satakunta Hospital District, 28500 Pori, Finland
| | - M Viikki
- School of Medicine, University of Tampere, 33014 Tampere, Finland; Tampere Mental Health Centre, Hallituskatu 8B, 33200 Tampere, Finland
| | - M Hämäläinen
- The Immunopharmacology Research Group, School of Medicine, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, 33014 Tampere, Finland
| | - E Moilanen
- The Immunopharmacology Research Group, School of Medicine, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, 33014 Tampere, Finland
| | - N Mononen
- Fimlab Laboratories, Department of Clinical Chemistry, School of Medicine, University of Tampere, 33014 Tampere, Finland
| | - T Lehtimäki
- Fimlab Laboratories, Department of Clinical Chemistry, School of Medicine, University of Tampere, 33014 Tampere, Finland
| | - E Leinonen
- Department of Psychiatry, Pitkäniemi Hospital, Tampere University Hospital, 33380 Pitkäniemi, Finland; School of Medicine, University of Tampere, 33014 Tampere, Finland
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Roberts CK, Hevener AL, Barnard RJ. Metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance: underlying causes and modification by exercise training. Compr Physiol 2013; 3:1-58. [PMID: 23720280 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c110062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 260] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MS) is a collection of cardiometabolic risk factors that includes obesity, insulin resistance, hypertension, and dyslipidemia. Although there has been significant debate regarding the criteria and concept of the syndrome, this clustering of risk factors is unequivocally linked to an increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Regardless of the true definition, based on current population estimates, nearly 100 million have MS. It is often characterized by insulin resistance, which some have suggested is a major underpinning link between physical inactivity and MS. The purpose of this review is to: (i) provide an overview of the history, causes and clinical aspects of MS, (ii) review the molecular mechanisms of insulin action and the causes of insulin resistance, and (iii) discuss the epidemiological and intervention data on the effects of exercise on MS and insulin sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian K Roberts
- Exercise and Metabolic Disease Research Laboratory, Translational Sciences Section, School of Nursing, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA.
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Roberts CK, Hevener AL, Barnard RJ. Metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance: underlying causes and modification by exercise training. Compr Physiol 2013. [PMID: 23720280 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c110062.metabolic] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MS) is a collection of cardiometabolic risk factors that includes obesity, insulin resistance, hypertension, and dyslipidemia. Although there has been significant debate regarding the criteria and concept of the syndrome, this clustering of risk factors is unequivocally linked to an increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Regardless of the true definition, based on current population estimates, nearly 100 million have MS. It is often characterized by insulin resistance, which some have suggested is a major underpinning link between physical inactivity and MS. The purpose of this review is to: (i) provide an overview of the history, causes and clinical aspects of MS, (ii) review the molecular mechanisms of insulin action and the causes of insulin resistance, and (iii) discuss the epidemiological and intervention data on the effects of exercise on MS and insulin sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian K Roberts
- Exercise and Metabolic Disease Research Laboratory, Translational Sciences Section, School of Nursing, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA.
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Lu Z, Gao Y, Tan A, Yang X, Zhang H, Mo L, Wu C, Hu Y, Mo Z. Increased high-sensitivity C-reactive protein predicts a high risk of lower urinary tract symptoms in Chinese male: Results from the Fangchenggang Area Male Health and Examination Survey. Prostate 2012; 72:193-200. [PMID: 21594882 DOI: 10.1002/pros.21421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2011] [Accepted: 04/14/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reports have shown that increased serum C-reactive protein (CRP) suggests a risk of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) in the West population. However, few studies have investigated the role of CRP as regards LUTS in a Chinese male population. METHODS Data were collected from 1,452 men who participated in the population-based Fangchenggang Area Male Health and Examination Survey (FAMHES), which was carried out in Guangxi, China, from September 2009 to December 2009. In the current study, serum CRP was measured with a high-sensitivity method (hsCRP) and LUTS was assessed by International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS). Meanwhile, information about potential confounding variables (smoking, hypertension, diabetes, etc.) were included. RESULTS We observed that statistically significant distinction presented in the distribution of hsCRP levels and age between LUTS group and non-LUTS group (P < 0.001). Comparing with the lowest hsCRP tertile, men with the highest hsCRP tertile were 1.72 times more likely to have overall LUTS and 1.93 times more likely to have irritative symptoms. As for individual symptoms of LUTS, statistically significant correlations were noted between serum hsCRP levels and urgency (OR = 1.74, 95% CI = 1.09-2.78) and nocturia (OR = 1.64, 95% CI = 1.18-2.27), when comparing them from the 1st to 3rd hsCRP tertiles. After multivariate adjusted, the results changed slightly and were still significant. CONCLUSIONS In a Chinese male population, we firstly confirmed a positive correlation of serum hsCRP with LUTS. It can be inferred that inflammation may be involved in the processes of LUTS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Lu
- Institute of Urology and Nephrology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
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Atwa H, Mesbah B, Sad A. Adiponectin could be a comprehensive marker of metabolic syndrome in obese children. SOUTH AFRICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/16070658.2012.11734405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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14
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Kontunen P, Vuolteenaho K, Nieminen R, Lehtimäki L, Kautiainen H, Kesäniemi YA, Ukkola O, Kauppi M, Hakala M, Moilanen E. Resistin is linked to inflammation, and leptin to metabolic syndrome, in women with inflammatory arthritis. Scand J Rheumatol 2011; 40:256-62. [DOI: 10.3109/03009742.2010.548827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Psychological distress predicts the development of the metabolic syndrome: a prospective population-based study. Psychosom Med 2011; 73:158-65. [PMID: 21148808 DOI: 10.1097/psy.0b013e3182037315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine prospectively the association of psychological distress with the development of the metabolic syndrome (MetS) and the potential influence of demographic characteristics, health behaviors, and inflammation in this association. METHODS A total of 466 (n = 185 males; 281 females) subjects, aged 36 to 56 years, and free of MetS at baseline, participated in a population-based study from 1997 to 1998 and again from 2004 to 2005. Mean observation time was 6.4 years. Various clinical, biochemical, and behavioral factors were measured at baseline, including assessment of psychological distress using the 12-item General Health Questionnaire. The development of MetS was measured at follow-up based on National Cholesterol Education Program criteria. RESULTS Subjects with high psychological distress at baseline (General Health Questionnaire scores, 4-12) were more than twice as likely to develop MetS than those with low psychological distress (odds ratio, 2.18; 95% confidence interval, 1.30-3.64). Adjustments for 1) age, gender, and sociodemographic variables; 2) health behaviors (smoking, alcohol use, and leisure time physical activity); and 3) C-reactive protein in the analysis diminished the odds of developing MetS in the distressed group (odds ratio, 1.87; 95% confidence interval, 1.83 and 1.81, respectively); however, the association remained statistically significant (p = .025-.038). CONCLUSIONS Psychological distress at baseline increases the risk of developing MetS during follow-up. This association remained robust after adjusting for age, gender, sociodemographic variables, baseline health behaviors, and C-reactive protein. These prospective findings are evidence of a significant association between psychological distress and the development of MetS.
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Hillman AJ, Lohsoonthorn V, Hanvivatvong O, Jiamjarasrangsi W, Lertmaharit S, Williams MA. Association of High Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein Concentrations and Metabolic Syndrome among Thai Adults. ASIAN BIOMED 2010; 4:385-393. [PMID: 22241575 PMCID: PMC3255568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the association of high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) concentrations and metabolic syndrome among Thai adults. METHODS: This cross-sectional study is comprised of 467 Thai participants (209 men and 258 women) receiving annual health check-up. Spearman's rank correlation coefficients were used to assess associations of metabolic parameters (age, waist circumference, blood pressure, triglycerides, HDL-C, fasting plasma glucose, fasting insulin and uric acid) with hsCRP concentrations for men and women, respectively. Multivariable logistic regression procedures were used to estimate the risk (odds ratios [OR] and 95% confidence intervals [95% CI]) of metabolic syndrome according to low, moderate and high hsCRP concentrations (<1.0, 1.0-3.0 and >3.0 mg/l, respectively). RESULTS: Measures of adiposity and fasting insulin were positively and significantly correlated with hsCRP concentrations among women with and without metabolic syndrome. Similar associations were observed among men without metabolic syndrome. After controlling for confounders, moderately elevated hsCRP concentrations were associated with a 2.38-fold increased risk of metabolic syndrome (OR=2.38, 95% CI: 1.20-4.72) among men. Men with high hsCRP concentrations had a 5.45-fold increased risk of metabolic syndrome (OR=5.45, 95% CI: 2.24-13.27) when compared with those who had low hsCRP concentrations. The corresponding odds ratios for women with moderately elevated and high hsCRP concentrations were 4.92 (OR=4.92, 95% CI: 2.34-10.35) and 11.93 (OR=11.93, 95% CI: 5.54-25.72), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: These findings are consistent with the literature suggesting a role of hsCRP as a biomarker for metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J. Hillman
- Department of Epidemiology, Multidisciplinary International Research Training Program, University of Washington School of Public Health, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Vitool Lohsoonthorn
- Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Orrawadee Hanvivatvong
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Wiroj Jiamjarasrangsi
- Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Somrat Lertmaharit
- Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Michelle A. Williams
- Department of Epidemiology, Multidisciplinary International Research Training Program, University of Washington School of Public Health, Seattle, Washington, USA
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Puustinen PJ, Koponen H, Kautiainen H, Mäntyselkä P, Vanhala M. Gender-specific association of psychological distress with cardiovascular risk scores. Scand J Prim Health Care 2010; 28:36-40. [PMID: 20331387 PMCID: PMC3440612 DOI: 10.3109/02813431003648131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the gender differences in the association of psychological distress with cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk scores using two different CVD risk assessment models. DESIGN AND SETTING A cross-sectional, population-based study from 1997 to 1998 in Pieksämäki, Finland. SUBJECTS A population sample of 899 (399 male and 500 female) middle-aged subjects. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The 10-year risk for CVD events was calculated using the European SCORE model and the Framingham CVD risk prediction model. Psychological distress was measured using the 12-item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12). Study subjects were allocated into three groups according to their global GHQ-12 -scores: 0 points, 1-2 points, and 3-12 points. RESULTS Psychological distress was associated with higher mean CVD risk scores in men. Men in the highest GHQ group (3-12 points) had significantly higher mean European CVD risk score (3.6 [SD 3.3]) compared with men in the lowest group (0 points) (2.5 [SD 2.6]), the difference being 1.1 (95% CI 0.4 to 1.9). The p-value for linearity between the three GHQ groups was 0.003. The Framingham CVD risk prediction model yielded similar results: 15.7 (SD 10.2) vs. 12.3 (SD 9.6), the difference 3.4 (95% CI 1.0 to 6.0) and p-value for linearity 0.008. No significant association was observed in women. CONCLUSION A gender-specific association was found between psychological distress and cardiovascular risk scores. These results highlight the importance of identifying men with psychological distress when assessing CVD risk.
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St Sauver JL, Sarma AV, Jacobson DJ, McGree ME, Lieber MM, Girman CJ, Nehra A, Jacobsen SJ. Associations between C-reactive protein and benign prostatic hyperplasia/lower urinary tract symptom outcomes in a population-based cohort. Am J Epidemiol 2009; 169:1281-90. [PMID: 19395697 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwp085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation may play a role in the development of benign prostatic hyperplasia and/or lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS). Higher levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) may therefore be associated with the development of these outcomes. The authors examined the association of CRP levels measured in 1996 with rapid increases in prostate volume, prostate-specific antigen levels, and LUTS as well as rapid decreases in peak flow rates (through 2005) in a population-based cohort of men residing in Olmsted County, Minnesota. Men with CRP levels of > or =3.0 mg/L were more likely to have rapid increases in irritative LUTS (odds ratio (OR) = 2.14, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.18, 3.85) and rapid decreases in peak flow rates (OR = 2.54, 95% CI: 1.09, 5.92) compared with men with CRP levels of <3.0 mg/L. CRP levels were not significantly associated with rapid increases in prostate volume, obstructive LUTS, or prostate-specific antigen levels. Associations were attenuated after adjusting for age, body mass index, hypertension, and smoking history (irritative LUTS: OR = 2.00, 95% CI: 1.04, 3.82; peak flow rate: OR = 2.45, 95% CI: 0.73, 8.25). These results suggest that rapid increases in irritative LUTS and rapid decreases in peak flow rates may be due to inflammatory processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L St Sauver
- Division of Epidemiology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
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Ebrahimi A, Nabipour I, Vahdat K, Jafari SM, Fouladvand M, Assadi M, Movahed A, Obeidi N, Sanjdideh Z. High sensitivity C-reactive protein is associated with the metabolic syndrome independent to viral and bacterial pathogen burden. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2009; 84:296-302. [PMID: 19362745 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2009.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2008] [Revised: 02/20/2009] [Accepted: 03/12/2009] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
AIM To investigate the influences of bacterial or viral pathogen burden in the relationship of high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) and the metabolic syndrome in a population-based study. METHODS Data from 1754 men and women aged >or=25 years, from the Persian Gulf Healthy Heart Study were analyzed. The definition of the metabolic syndrome according to the Adult Treatment Panel III was used. Sera were analyzed for IgG antibodies to Chlamydia pneumoniae, Herpes simplex virus type 1, Helicobacter pylori and cytomegalovirus using ELISA. Measurement of CRP by a high-sensitivity CRP assay was done. RESULTS The subjects with the metabolic syndrome had a higher geometric mean of CRP levels than the normal persons (p<0.0001). A linear relationship between an increase in the number of metabolic syndrome components and CRP concentrations was observed (p for trend<0.0001). In multiple logistic regression models, hs-CRP showed significant associations with the metabolic syndrome after controlling for cardiovascular risk factors and infectious burden divided into 2, 3 and 4 pathogens [OR=2.06, CI (1.32-3.21), p=0.001; OR=1.75, CI (1.26-2.42), p=0. 001; OR=2.12, CI (1.46-3.08), p<0.0001; respectively]. CONCLUSION There was a strong association between inflammation and the metabolic syndrome independent to viral and bacterial infectious burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdolali Ebrahimi
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, The Persian Gulf Tropical Medicine Research Center, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Iran
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Oxidative stress and metabolic syndrome. Life Sci 2009; 84:705-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2009.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 576] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2008] [Revised: 02/12/2009] [Accepted: 02/25/2009] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Cartier A, Bergeron J, Poirier P, Alméras N, Tremblay A, Lemieux I, Després JP. Increased plasma interleukin-1 receptor antagonist levels in men with visceral obesity. Ann Med 2009; 41:471-8. [PMID: 19492200 DOI: 10.1080/07853890903022801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adipose tissue (AT) is an important source of interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra). Its expression is markedly increased in obesity. AIMS AND METHODS To quantify the associations of IL-1Ra with body fat distribution as well as to examine the respective contributions of IL-1Ra and visceral adiposity to the variation in some cardiometabolic risk (CMR) markers. Plasma IL-1Ra levels were measured in a sample of 117 healthy non-diabetic men (age: 44.9+/-10.1 years; body mass index (BMI): 28.8+/-4.5 kg/m(2)). RESULTS Plasma IL-1Ra levels correlated positively with BMI, waist girth, and visceral and subcutaneous AT (0.39 < or = r<0.48; P < 0.0001). Multiple regression analyses revealed that visceral AT was the best independent predictor of IL-1Ra levels, explaining 22% (P < 0.0001) of its variance. IL-1Ra (P < 0.05) was an independent predictor of several CMR markers including triglyceride and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels, cholesterol/HDL cholesterol ratio, glucose and insulin concentrations in response to a 75 g oral glucose load, and fasting insulin levels, in addition to the expected contribution of visceral AT (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that elevated IL-1Ra concentrations are influenced to a greater extent by visceral than subcutaneous adiposity and that IL-1Ra is independently related to some features of CMR beyond the known contribution of visceral adiposity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amélie Cartier
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, 2725 chemin Sainte-Foy, Québec, QC, Canada
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Van Dyke TE, Kornman KS. Inflammation and factors that may regulate inflammatory response. J Periodontol 2008; 79:1503-7. [PMID: 18673003 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2008.080239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The concept of inflammation has a long history. Although an inflammatory response to injury or another trigger is necessary, chronic diseases, such as coronary heart disease and diabetes, may develop because of unchecked inflammatory responses that have maladapted over decades. For example, the earliest changes in atherosclerosis occur in the endothelium, leading to a cascade of inflammatory responses, such as accumulation of monocytes and T cells, migration of leukocytes into the intima, monocyte differentiation and proliferation, and lesion and fibrous cap development. Inflammatory markers, such as C-reactive protein, may allow clinical insight into these decades-long processes, adding value to predictive measures of disease outcomes. Anti-inflammatory factors, such as adiponectin, may provide further understanding of the inflammatory pathways involved. Greater understanding of the complex pathways involved in inflammation may provide alternative therapeutic strategies to combat inflammation and chronic diseases potentially arising from it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas E Van Dyke
- Department of Periodontology and Oral Biology, Boston University Goldman School of Dental Medicine, 100 E. Newton Street, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
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Alterations in the high density lipoprotein phenotype and HDL-associated enzymes in subjects with metabolic syndrome. Lipids 2008; 44:9-16. [PMID: 18956219 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-008-3251-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2008] [Accepted: 09/25/2008] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Patients with metabolic syndrome (MetS) usually have low high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels. We determined the HDL distribution profile as well as the HDL-related lipoprotein associated phospholipase A(2) (HDL-LpPLA(2)) and paraoxonase-1 (PON1) activities in subjects with MetS (n = 189) but otherwise healthy. Age and sex-matched individuals (n = 166) without MetS served as controls. The lower HDL-C concentration in MetS patients was due to a reduction in both large and small HDL subclasses (P < 0.001 and P < 0.05, respectively). As the number of MetS components increased, the HDL phenotype comprised of a greater percentage of small HDL-3 and less large HDL-2 subclasses, resulting in a decreased HDL-2/HDL-3 ratio (P < 0.001 for all trends). Multivariate analysis revealed that HDL-2 levels and the HDL-2/HDL-3 ratio significantly and independently correlated with HDL-C (positively) and TG (negatively) levels. HDL-3 concentration significantly and independently positively correlated with HDL-C and TG levels. HDL-LpPLA(2) activity was decreased in MetS patients (P < 0.01), a phenomenon that may contribute to the defective antiatherogenic activity of HDL in MetS. PON1 activity did not differ between groups. We conclude that MetS, in addition to the decrease in HDL-C concentration, is associated with alterations in the HDL phenotype, which is comprised of a greater percentage of small HDL subclasses. Furthermore, HDL-LpPLA(2) activity is decreased in MetS patients.
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