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Valachovic AC, Chaves JN, DeMoranville KJ, Garbenis T, Nguyen BMH, Hughes M, Huss JM, Schaeffer PJ. Manipulation of photoperiod induces fat storage, but not fat mobilization in the migratory songbird, Dumetella carolinensis (Gray Catbird). J Comp Physiol B 2023; 193:569-580. [PMID: 37728689 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-023-01508-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
The annual cycle of migratory birds requires significant phenotypic remodeling. We sought to induce the migratory phenotype in Gray Catbirds by exposing them to a short-day light cycle. While adipose storage was stimulated, exceeding that typically seen in wild birds, other aspects of the migratory phenotype were unchanged. Of particular interest, the rate of lipid export from excised adipose tissue was nearly halved. This is in contrast to wild migratory birds in which lipid export rates are increased. These data suggest that exposure to an altered light cycle only activated the lipid storage program while inhibiting the lipid transport program. The factors governing lipid mobilization and transport remain to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail C Valachovic
- Department of Biology, Miami University, 700 E. High St., 212 Pearson Hall, Oxford, OH, 45056, USA
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Jussara N Chaves
- Department of Biology, Miami University, 700 E. High St., 212 Pearson Hall, Oxford, OH, 45056, USA
- Rua Maria Do Bom Sucesso de Proença Moraes, No. 200 - Casa c34, São Paulo, 18214-570, Brazil
| | - Kristen J DeMoranville
- Department of Biology, Miami University, 700 E. High St., 212 Pearson Hall, Oxford, OH, 45056, USA
- Department of Natural Resources Science, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, 02881, USA
| | - Taylor Garbenis
- Department of Statistics, Miami University, Oxford, OH, 45056, USA
- Nationwide Insurance, Columbus, OH, 43215, USA
| | - Boi Minh Ha Nguyen
- Department of Statistics, Miami University, Oxford, OH, 45056, USA
- Deloitte & Touche LLP, Chicago, IL, 60601, USA
| | - Michael Hughes
- Department of Statistics, Miami University, Oxford, OH, 45056, USA
| | - Janice M Huss
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Paul J Schaeffer
- Department of Biology, Miami University, 700 E. High St., 212 Pearson Hall, Oxford, OH, 45056, USA.
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2
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Lyu J, Zhao Y, Zhang N, Xu X, Zheng R, Yu W, Xin W, Yan C, Ji K. Bezafibrate Rescues Mitochondrial Encephalopathy in Mice via Induction of Daily Torpor and Hypometabolic State. Neurotherapeutics 2022; 19:994-1006. [PMID: 35334081 PMCID: PMC9294104 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-022-01216-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Leigh syndrome (LS) is one of the most common mitochondrial encephalopathy diseases in infants. To date, there is still an absence of effective therapy. Bezafibrate (BEZ), a pan-peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) agonist, ameliorates the phenotype of the mouse model of mitochondrial disease via an unclear mechanism. Here, we applied it to Ndufs4 knockout (KO) mice, a widely used LS animal model, to observe the therapeutic effects and metabolic changes associated with BEZ treatment to explore the therapeutic strategies for mitochondrial diseases. Administration of BEZ significantly enhances survival and attenuates disease progression in Ndufs4 KO mice. Decreased oxidative stress and stunted growth were also observed. As a PPAR agonist, we did not find mitochondrial biogenesis or enhanced metabolism upon BEZ treatment. On the contrary, mice with dietary BEZ showed daily torpor bouts and lower metabolic rates. We speculate that activating energy-saving metabolism in mice may be associated with the therapeutic effects of BEZ, but the exact mechanism of action requires further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwei Lyu
- Research Institute of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Diseases and Department of Neurology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Yuying Zhao
- Research Institute of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Diseases and Department of Neurology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
- Department of Neurology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, No.107 West Wenhua Road, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Na Zhang
- Research Institute of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Diseases and Department of Neurology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Xuebi Xu
- Research Institute of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Diseases and Department of Neurology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Ouhai District, Nanbaixiang Street, Wenzhou, 325000, China
| | - Rui Zheng
- Research Institute of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Diseases and Department of Neurology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
- Department of Neurology Qilu Hospital, Qingdao of Shandong University, Qingdao, 266035, Shandong, China
| | - Wenfei Yu
- Research Institute of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Diseases and Department of Neurology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Wang Xin
- College of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, Shandong, China
| | - Chuanzhu Yan
- Research Institute of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Diseases and Department of Neurology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
- Department of Neurology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, No.107 West Wenhua Road, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
- Department of Neurology Qilu Hospital, Qingdao of Shandong University, Qingdao, 266035, Shandong, China
- Brain Science Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Kunqian Ji
- Research Institute of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Diseases and Department of Neurology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China.
- Department of Neurology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, No.107 West Wenhua Road, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China.
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3
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Dias IB, Bouma HR, Henning RH. Unraveling the Big Sleep: Molecular Aspects of Stem Cell Dormancy and Hibernation. Front Physiol 2021; 12:624950. [PMID: 33867999 PMCID: PMC8047423 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.624950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue-resident stem cells may enter a dormant state, also known as quiescence, which allows them to withstand metabolic stress and unfavorable conditions. Similarly, hibernating mammals can also enter a state of dormancy used to evade hostile circumstances, such as food shortage and low ambient temperatures. In hibernation, the dormant state of the individual and its cells is commonly known as torpor, and is characterized by metabolic suppression in individual cells. Given that both conditions represent cell survival strategies, we here compare the molecular aspects of cellular quiescence, particularly of well-studied hematopoietic stem cells, and torpor at the cellular level. Critical processes of dormancy are reviewed, including the suppression of the cell cycle, changes in metabolic characteristics, and cellular mechanisms of dealing with damage. Key factors shared by hematopoietic stem cell quiescence and torpor include a reversible activation of factors inhibiting the cell cycle, a shift in metabolism from glucose to fatty acid oxidation, downregulation of mitochondrial activity, key changes in hypoxia-inducible factor one alpha (HIF-1α), mTOR, reversible protein phosphorylation and autophagy, and increased radiation resistance. This similarity is remarkable in view of the difference in cell populations, as stem cell quiescence regards proliferating cells, while torpor mainly involves terminally differentiated cells. A future perspective is provided how to advance our understanding of the crucial pathways that allow stem cells and hibernating animals to engage in their 'great slumbers.'
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Affiliation(s)
- Itamar B. Dias
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Hjalmar R. Bouma
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Robert H. Henning
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
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Fujisawa K, Takami T, Shintani H, Sasai N, Matsumoto T, Yamamoto N, Sakaida I. Seasonal variations in photoperiod affect hepatic metabolism of medaka (Oryzias latipes). FEBS Open Bio 2021; 11:1029-1040. [PMID: 33475250 PMCID: PMC8016123 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.13095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Organisms living in temperate regions are sensitive to seasonal variations in the environment; they are known to accumulate energy as fat in their livers during the winter when days are shorter, temperatures are lower, and food is scarce. However, the effect of variations in photoperiod alone on hepatic lipid metabolism has not been well studied. Therefore, in this study, we analyzed lipid metabolism in the liver of medaka, Oryzias latipes, while varying the length of days at constant temperature. Larger amounts of fatty acids accumulated in the liver after 14 days under short‐day conditions than under long‐day conditions. Metabolome analysis showed no accumulation of long‐chain unsaturated fatty acids, but showed a significant accumulation of long‐chain saturated fatty acids. Short‐day conditions induced a reduction in the levels of succinate, fumarate, and malate in the tricarboxylic acid cycle, decreased expression of PPARα, and decreased accumulation of acylcarnitine, which suggested inhibition of lipolysis. In addition, transparent medaka fed on a high‐fat diet under short‐day conditions exhibited greater amounts of fat accumulation and developed fatty liver. The findings of our study will be useful for creating a medaka hepatic steatosis model for future studies of hepatic steatosis‐related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Fujisawa
- Department of Liver regenerative medicine, Yamaguchi University School of Medicine, Ube, Japan.,Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Japan
| | - Taro Takami
- Department of Liver regenerative medicine, Yamaguchi University School of Medicine, Ube, Japan.,Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Japan
| | - Haruko Shintani
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Japan
| | - Nanami Sasai
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Japan.,Department of Laboratory Science, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Matsumoto
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Japan.,Department of Oncology and Laboratory Medicine, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Japan
| | - Naoki Yamamoto
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Japan.,Yamaguchi University Health Administration Center, Japan
| | - Isao Sakaida
- Department of Liver regenerative medicine, Yamaguchi University School of Medicine, Ube, Japan.,Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Japan
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5
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Abstract
Members of the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family play pleiotropic roles in cellular and metabolic homeostasis. During evolution, the ancestor FGF expands into multiple members by acquiring divergent structural elements that enable functional divergence and specification. Heparan sulfate-binding FGFs, which play critical roles in embryonic development and adult tissue remodeling homeostasis, adapt to an autocrine/paracrine mode of action to promote cell proliferation and population growth. By contrast, FGF19, 21, and 23 coevolve through losing binding affinity for extracellular matrix heparan sulfate while acquiring affinity for transmembrane α-Klotho (KL) or β-KL as a coreceptor, thereby adapting to an endocrine mode of action to drive interorgan crosstalk that regulates a broad spectrum of metabolic homeostasis. FGF19 metabolic axis from the ileum to liver negatively controls diurnal bile acid biosynthesis. FGF21 metabolic axes play multifaceted roles in controlling the homeostasis of lipid, glucose, and energy metabolism. FGF23 axes from the bone to kidney and parathyroid regulate metabolic homeostasis of phosphate, calcium, vitamin D, and parathyroid hormone that are important for bone health and systemic mineral balance. The significant divergence in structural elements and multiple functional specifications of FGF19, 21, and 23 in cellular and organismal metabolism instead of cell proliferation and growth sufficiently necessitate a new unified and specific term for these three endocrine FGFs. Thus, the term "FGF Metabolic Axis," which distinguishes the unique pathways and functions of endocrine FGFs from other autocrine/paracrine mitogenic FGFs, is coined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaokun Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China.
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6
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Hibernating astronauts-science or fiction? Pflugers Arch 2018; 471:819-828. [PMID: 30569200 PMCID: PMC6533228 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-018-2244-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
For long-duration manned space missions to Mars and beyond, reduction of astronaut metabolism by torpor, the metabolic state during hibernation of animals, would be a game changer: Water and food intake could be reduced by up to 75% and thus reducing payload of the spacecraft. Metabolic rate reduction in natural torpor is linked to profound changes in biochemical processes, i.e., shift from glycolysis to lipolysis and ketone utilization, intensive but reversible alterations in organs like the brain and kidney, and in heart rate control via Ca2+. This state would prevent degenerative processes due to organ disuse and increase resistance against radiation defects. Neuro-endocrine factors have been identified as main targets to induce torpor although the exact mechanisms are not known yet. The widespread occurrence of torpor in mammals and examples of human hypometabolic states support the idea of human torpor and its beneficial applications in medicine and space exploration.
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7
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Salminen A, Kaarniranta K, Kauppinen A. Integrated stress response stimulates FGF21 expression: Systemic enhancer of longevity. Cell Signal 2017; 40:10-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2017.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Revised: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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8
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Bonakdaran S, Khorasani Z, Jafarzadeh F. INCREASED SERUM LEVEL OF FGF21 IN GESTATIONAL DIABETES MELLITUS. ACTA ENDOCRINOLOGICA (BUCHAREST, ROMANIA : 2005) 2017; 13:278-281. [PMID: 31149188 PMCID: PMC6516566 DOI: 10.4183/aeb.2017.278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a common endocrine complication in pregnancy. There are few risk factors that clearly correlate with GDM. Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is a metabolic hormone that can regulate glucose metabolism. It has been recognized that serum levels of FGF21 are significantly increased in diabetes and insulin resistance states. The objective of this study was to determine the serum FGF21 levels in women with GDM compared with non-GDM women and its correlation with insulin resistance. METHODS Thirty GDM patients and 60 healthy pregnant controls that matched for maternal and gestational age were selected. Women with previous history of GDM, hypertension, polycystic ovary syndrome, renal or liver failure and drug consumption with effects on glucose or insulin levels were excluded. FGF21 was determined and correlated with biochemical parameters of glucose metabolism and insulin resistance. RESULTS FGF21 concentration was significantly higher in GDM (264.5±196.2 ng/L) as compared with control groups (59.1±36.5ng/L). Correlation of FGF21 with insulin resistance was not significant. A cut-off 82.07 ng/L of FGF21 had sensitivity of 100% and specificity of 85% for prediction of GDM. CONCLUSION FGF21 is increased in GDM and it is independent of insulin resistance. We suggest that FGF21 resistance could be directly involved in pathophysiology of GDM.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Bonakdaran
- Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Endocrine Research Center, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Z.M. Khorasani
- Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Endocrine Research Center, Mashhad, Iran
| | - F. Jafarzadeh
- Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Endocrine Research Center, Mashhad, Iran
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9
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Sa-Nguanmoo P, Chattipakorn N, Chattipakorn SC. Potential roles of fibroblast growth factor 21 in the brain. Metab Brain Dis 2016; 31:239-48. [PMID: 26738728 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-015-9789-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2015] [Accepted: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is an endocrine hormone, playing an important role in the regulation of metabolism. FGF21 is primarily expressed by several tissues, including liver, pancreas, thymus, heart, muscle, adipose tissue, and brain. In addition to the effects of FGF21 in lowering glucose and lipid levels, increasing insulin sensitivity and regulating energy homeostasis in rodents and non-human primate models of diabetes and obesity, previous reports have demonstrated that FGF21 also plays an important role in the brain involving it in potential effects in metabolic regulation, neuroprotection and cognition. In this review, the current available evidence from both in vitro and in vivo investigations regarding the roles of FGF21 and its function in the brain are comprehensively summarized. In addition, the mechanistic insights regarding the roles of FGF21 in the brain and its potential neuroprotective benefits are also presented and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piangkwan Sa-Nguanmoo
- Neurophysiology Unit, Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Nipon Chattipakorn
- Neurophysiology Unit, Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Siriporn C Chattipakorn
- Neurophysiology Unit, Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand.
- Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.
- Department of Oral Biology and Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.
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10
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Role of Leptin and Orexin-A Within the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus on Anxiety-Like Behaviors in Hamsters. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:2674-2684. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-9847-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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11
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Lang-Ouellette D, Richard TG, Morin P. Mammalian hibernation and regulation of lipid metabolism: a focus on non-coding RNAs. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2015; 79:1161-71. [PMID: 25540001 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297914110030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Numerous species will confront severe environmental conditions by undergoing significant metabolic rate reduction. Mammalian hibernation is one such natural model of hypometabolism. Hibernators experience considerable physiological, metabolic, and molecular changes to survive the harsh challenges associated with winter. Whether as fuel source or as key signaling molecules, lipids are of primary importance for a successful bout of hibernation and their careful regulation throughout this process is essential. In recent years, a plethora of non-coding RNAs has emerged as potential regulators of targets implicated in lipid metabolism in diverse models. In this review, we introduce the general characteristics associated with mammalian hibernation, present the importance of lipid metabolism prior to and during hibernation, as well as discuss the potential relevance of non-coding RNAs such as miRNAs and lncRNAs during this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Lang-Ouellette
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Université de Moncton, Moncton, New Brunswick, E1A 3E9, Canada.
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12
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Vaughn LK, Denning G, Stuhr KL, de Wit H, Hill MN, Hillard CJ. Endocannabinoid signalling: has it got rhythm? Br J Pharmacol 2010; 160:530-43. [PMID: 20590563 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2010.00790.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Endogenous cannabinoid signalling is widespread throughout the body, and considerable evidence supports its modulatory role in many fundamental physiological processes. The daily and seasonal cycles of the relationship of the earth and sun profoundly affect the terrestrial environment. Terrestrial species have adapted to these cycles in many ways, most well studied are circadian rhythms and hibernation. The purpose of this review was to examine literature support for three hypotheses: (i) endocannabinoid signalling exhibits brain region-specific circadian rhythms; (ii) endocannabinoid signalling modulates the rhythm of circadian processes in mammals; and (iii) changes in endocannabinoid signalling contribute to the state of hibernation. The results of two novel studies are presented. First, we report the results of a study of healthy humans demonstrating that plasma concentrations of the endocannabinoid, N-arachidonylethanolamine (anandamide), exhibit a circadian rhythm. Concentrations of anandamide are threefold higher at wakening than immediately before sleep, a relationship that is dysregulated by sleep deprivation. Second, we investigated differences in endocannabinoids and congeners in plasma from Marmota monax obtained in the summer and during the torpor state of hibernation. We report that 2-arachidonoylglycerol is below detection in M. monax plasma and that concentrations of anandamide are not different. However, plasma concentrations of the anorexigenic lipid oleoylethanolamide were significantly lower in hibernation, while the concentrations of palmitoylethanolamide and 2-oleoylglycerol were significantly greater in hibernation. We conclude that available data support a bidirectional relationship between endocannabinoid signalling and circadian processes, and investigation of the contribution of endocannabinoid signalling to the dramatic physiological changes that occur during hibernation is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda K Vaughn
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI, USA
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13
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ISHIDA NK, UCHIDA D, DOI R, OISHI K, CHIKAHISA S, SEI H, HAMASAKA Y, SUZUKI T, HANAI S. Role of PPARα in control of torpor through FGF21-NPY pathway: From circadian clock genes to seasonal change and cardiovascular disease. Sleep Biol Rhythms 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1479-8425.2009.00413.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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14
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Wang T, Shah YM, Matsubara T, Zhen Y, Tanabe T, Nagano T, Fotso S, Krausz KW, Zabriskie TM, Idle JR, Gonzalez FJ. Control of steroid 21-oic acid synthesis by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha and role of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. J Biol Chem 2009; 285:7670-85. [PMID: 20032461 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.090175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
A previous study identified the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARalpha) activation biomarkers 21-steroid carboxylic acids 11beta-hydroxy-3,20-dioxopregn-4-en-21-oic acid (HDOPA) and 11beta,20-dihydroxy-3-oxo-pregn-4-en-21-oic acid (DHOPA). In the present study, the molecular mechanism and the metabolic pathway of their production were determined. The PPARalpha-specific time-dependent increases in HDOPA and 20alpha-DHOPA paralleled the development of adrenal cortex hyperplasia, hypercortisolism, and spleen atrophy, which was attenuated in adrenalectomized mice. Wy-14,643 activation of PPARalpha induced hepatic FGF21, which caused increased neuropeptide Y and agouti-related protein mRNAs in the hypothalamus, stimulation of the agouti-related protein/neuropeptide Y neurons, and activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, resulting in increased adrenal cortex hyperplasia and corticosterone production, revealing a link between PPARalpha and the HPA axis in controlling energy homeostasis and immune regulation. Corticosterone was demonstrated as the precursor of 21-carboxylic acids both in vivo and in vitro. Under PPARalpha activation, the classic reductive metabolic pathway of corticosterone was suppressed, whereas an alternative oxidative pathway was uncovered that leads to the sequential oxidation on carbon 21 resulting in HDOPA. The latter was then reduced to the end product 20alpha-DHOPA. Hepatic cytochromes P450, aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH3A2), and 21-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (AKR1C18) were found to be involved in this pathway. Activation of PPARalpha resulted in the induction of Aldh3a2 and Akr1c18, both of which were confirmed as target genes through introduction of promoter luciferase reporter constructs into mouse livers in vivo. This study underscores the power of mass spectrometry-based metabolomics combined with genomic and physiologic analyses in identifying downstream metabolic biomarkers and the corresponding upstream molecular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Wang
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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15
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Ge X, Wang Y, Lam KSL, Xu A. FGF21: a novel prospect for the treatment of metabolic diseases. Acta Pharm Sin B 2009. [PMID: 19337957 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2012.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The increasing prevalence of metabolic diseases is alarming and highlights the need for more effective and safer therapies to treat these diseases. Recent evidence from several animal studies indicates that FGF21 induces numerous beneficial metabolic changes without apparent adverse effects. These results suggest that FGF21 could be a novel and attractive drug candidate for the treatment of cardiovascular disease, obesity and type 2 diabetes. The pharmacology of FGF21, molecular mechanisms contributing to the actions of this compound, and knowledge gaps to be addressed to allow further exploration of the therapeutic potential of this molecule are discussed in this review.
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