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Lashaki EK, Mizani A, Hosseini SA, Habibi B, Taherkhani K, Javadi A, Taremiha A, Dodangeh S. Global prevalence of enterobiasis in young children over the past 20 years: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Osong Public Health Res Perspect 2023; 14:441-450. [PMID: 38204424 PMCID: PMC10788413 DOI: 10.24171/j.phrp.2023.0204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Parasitic infections are the most common diseases worldwide, and enterobiasis is a common parasitic infection in children. Various studies have reported on the prevalence of Enterobius vermicularis in different regions of the world. However, no study has gathered and analyzed this data systematically. Our systematic review and meta-analysis investigated the overall prevalence of E. vermicularis among children globally. Data were extracted from 4 available databases for studies published from January 2002 to April 2022. The quality of the included studies was scored based on the standard Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology. A random-effect model was chosen to calculate the pooled prevalence and corresponding 95% confidence interval (CI) according to the degree of heterogeneity in the included studies. Thus, 40 publications (42 data sets) that included 3,279 children with enterobiasis met all criteria and were included in the analysis. The meta-analysis showed that heterogeneity among the included studies was high (Q=4,399.35, I2=99.96%; df=41; p<0.001). The pooled global prevalence of enterobiasis among the studied children was 12.9% (95% CI, 8.2%-17.7%). Our systematic review and meta-analysis estimated that, for the past 20 years, 12.9% of children around the world have been infected with E. vermicularis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Kia Lashaki
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Faculty of Medical sciences, Tonekabon Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tonekabon, Iran
| | - Azadeh Mizani
- Department of Parasitology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Abdollah Hosseini
- Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Communicable Diseases Institute, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Bentolhoda Habibi
- Student Research Committee, Mazandaran University of Medical Science, Sari, Iran
| | - Khadijeh Taherkhani
- Dental Caries Prevention Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Amir Javadi
- Department of Social Medicine, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - AliReza Taremiha
- Clinical Research Development Unit, Booalisina Hospital, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Samira Dodangeh
- Children Growth Research Center, Research Institute for Prevention of Non-Communicable Diseases, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
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A Large Adnexal Tumor Caused by Enterobius Vermicularis Mimicking Malignancy. Helminthologia 2022; 59:373-376. [PMID: 36875679 PMCID: PMC9979071 DOI: 10.2478/helm-2022-0037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterobius vermicularis usually causes trivial infections in the juvenile population. However, its extragenital presentation in adults is relatively rare. We present the case of a 64-year-old female suffering from poorly controlled diabetes and lower abdominal pain. CT scan showed a large tumorous expansion of the lower abdomen, mimicking malignancy. Perioperative findings revealed a large adnexal tumor adhering to the rectum. In addition, the histological examination uncovered a mixed inflammatory infiltrate with multiple surrounding eggs of the parasite and granulomatous reaction in the left fallopian tube and left ovarian cortex. As reported in our article, the rare ectopic sites of Enterobius vermicularis in postmenopause may become a diagnostic challenge.
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Croonen B, Oei A, Mol S, Schneeberger P. Peritoneal lesions caused by Enterobius vermicularis suspected to be metastases of ovarian malignancy. BMJ Case Rep 2021; 14:14/7/e238618. [PMID: 34244195 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2020-238618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterobius vermicularis, also known as pinworm, is a helminth that commonly causes intestinal parasitic infestation. E. vermicularis can also cause extraintestinal infestations. We report a case of lower abdominal pain and intermittent vaginal bleeding in a 45-year-old woman who was referred to our gynaecology department. On investigation, a transvaginal ultrasound showed a multilocular cyst in the left ovary, along with elevated levels of cancer antigen 125. Consequently, a laparoscopic salpingo-oophorectomy was performed. A biopsy of atypical peritoneal lesions revealed remains of E. vermicularis Peritoneal lesions are a rare complication of enterobiasis, and the diagnosis of this complication is usually delayed by limitations in diagnostic options. Although extraintestinal enterobiasis does not require treatment because it is the last stage of the parasitic cycle, primary intestinal infestation requires treatment with mebendazole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Britt Croonen
- Gynecology and obstetrics, Bernhoven Hospital, Uden, The Netherlands
| | - Angèle Oei
- Gynecology and obstetrics, Bernhoven Hospital, Uden, The Netherlands
| | - Suzanne Mol
- Pathology, Jeroen Bosch Hospital, 's-Hertogenbosch, The Netherlands
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Fernandes AM, Narayanaswamy S, Pai SA. Serendipitous discovery in a fistula-in-ano. J Clin Pathol 2020; 74:e4. [PMID: 32796049 DOI: 10.1136/jclinpath-2020-206690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anisha M Fernandes
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicne, Columbia Asia Referral Hospital Yeshwanthpur, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Sathish Narayanaswamy
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicne, Columbia Asia Referral Hospital Yeshwanthpur, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Sanjay A Pai
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicne, Columbia Asia Referral Hospital Yeshwanthpur, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
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Gupta B, Jain S. Perianal nodule due to Enterobius vermicularis: Cytomorphological spectrum on fine needle aspiration cytology with a review of literature. Trop Parasitol 2018; 8:53-55. [PMID: 29930910 PMCID: PMC5991033 DOI: 10.4103/tp.tp_33_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterobius vermicularis (EV), an intestinal nematode, causes lesions at ectopic sites also. Although lesions are fully curable with antihelminthic drugs, patients may require surgical intervention in clinically unsuspected cases to arrive at correct diagnosis and appropriate treatment. Accurate diagnosis of these lesions on fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) has an advantage of avoiding unwanted surgery. To the best of our literature search, there are few case reports of EV diagnosed on cytology, but none of them describes the various stages of development of eggs and hatching of larvae. Dealing cytopathologist should be cognizant of them as parasite can be present in any of these forms/stages. Recently, we came across an interesting case of young boy who presented with perineal nodule and on FNAC from the lesion showed EV larvae and its eggs in various stages of hatching and development. The patient responded to antihelminthic treatment (AHT). Morphological clues with a review of cytological literature are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barkha Gupta
- Department of Pathology, Maulana Azad Medical College, New Delhi, India
| | - Shyama Jain
- Department of Pathology, Maulana Azad Medical College, New Delhi, India
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Tsai CY, Junod R, Jacot-Guillarmod M, Beniere C, Ziadi S, Bongiovanni M. VaginalEnterobius vermicularisdiagnosed on liquid-based cytology during Papanicolaou test cervical cancer screening: A report of two cases and a review of the literature. Diagn Cytopathol 2017; 46:179-186. [DOI: 10.1002/dc.23812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Revised: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Yi Tsai
- Service of Clinical Pathology; Lausanne University Hospital, Institute of Pathology; Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Rachel Junod
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; Lausanne University Hospital; Switzerland
| | | | - Charles Beniere
- Service of Clinical Pathology; Lausanne University Hospital, Institute of Pathology; Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Sonia Ziadi
- Service of Clinical Pathology; Lausanne University Hospital, Institute of Pathology; Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Massimo Bongiovanni
- Service of Clinical Pathology; Lausanne University Hospital, Institute of Pathology; Lausanne Switzerland
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Moosazadeh M, Abedi G, Afshari M, Mahdavi SA, Farshidi F, Kheradmand E. Prevalence of Enterobius vermicularis among Children in Iran: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Osong Public Health Res Perspect 2017; 8:108-115. [PMID: 28540154 PMCID: PMC5441434 DOI: 10.24171/j.phrp.2017.8.2.02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Revised: 04/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Enterobius vermicularis is a parasitic disease that is common in crowded areas such as schools and kindergartens. Primary investigations of electronic evidence have reported different prevalences of E. vermicularis in Iran. Therefore, we aimed to estimate the total prevalence of this infection among Iranian children using a meta-analysis. Methods Relevant studies were identified in national and international databases. We selected eligible papers for meta-analysis after investigating titles, abstracts, and full texts; assessing study quality; and applying inclusion/exclusion criteria. Data were extracted by two independent researchers. The results were combined using a random effects model in Stata v. 11 software. Results Among 19 eligible articles including 11,676 participants, the prevalences of E. vermicularis among all children, boys, and girls were 1.2%–66.1%, 2.3%–65.5%, and 1.7%–65.5%, respectively. Pooled prevalences (95% confidence interval) of E. vermicularis among all children, boys, and girls were 17.2% (12.6%–21.8%), 17.2% (12.6%–21.8%), and 16.9% (9.03%–24.8%), respectively. Conclusion This meta-analysis showed that a great majority of Iranian children are infected with E. vermicularis, possibly due to poor public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmood Moosazadeh
- Addiction Institute, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.,Health Sciences Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Ghasem Abedi
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.,Health Sciences Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Mahdi Afshari
- Department of Community Medicine, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol, Iran
| | - Seif Ali Mahdavi
- Amol Faculty of Paramedics, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Fereshteh Farshidi
- Health Sciences Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Elham Kheradmand
- Health Sciences Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
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Prevalence of Enterobius vermicularis Among Children in Kindergartens and Primary Schools in Iran: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Osong Public Health Res Perspect 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrp.2016.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Rizvi G, Rawat V, Pandey HS, Kumar M. Acute abdomen: An uncommon presentation of a common intestinal nematode. Trop Parasitol 2015; 5:123-6. [PMID: 26629456 PMCID: PMC4557152 DOI: 10.4103/2229-5070.162526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterobius vermicularis is a common parasitic infection of the intestine which is rarely symptomatic. It is unusual to find it in the wall or outside the gastrointestinal tract. We encountered five such cases where we observed the worm outside the lumen of the intestine. The pathological findings and the clinical features are discussed. This case series highlight that E. vermicularis can be the cause of pathology within the abdomen and should be considered in the differential diagnosis of some commonly encountered abdominal conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghazala Rizvi
- Department of Pathology, Government Medical College, Haldwani, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Vinita Rawat
- Department of Microbiology, Government Medical College, Haldwani, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Hari Shankar Pandey
- Department of Pathology, Government Medical College, Haldwani, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Mukesh Kumar
- Department of Microbiology, Government Medical College, Haldwani, Uttarakhand, India
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Raju K, Verappa S, Venkataramappa SM. Enterobius vermicularis infestation masquerading as cervical carcinoma: A cytological diagnosis. J Nat Sci Biol Med 2015; 6:476-9. [PMID: 26283859 PMCID: PMC4518439 DOI: 10.4103/0976-9668.160047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Although prevalence of Enterobius vermicularis (EV) infestation in Intestines ranges from 35% to 70%, its prevalence in female genital tract is not known despite several incidental findings. Acute inflammatory cells in the background of cervical Pap smear indicate infestation and should not be neglected as contamination. A 40-year-woman presented with white vaginal discharge persistent for past 1 year. Local examination showed hypertrophied cervix with eversion of both lips and hard consistency of the anterior lip of cervix. A clinical diagnosis of cervical carcinoma was made. However, cervical Pap smear indicated EV eggs in an inflammatory background, treatment to which resulted in completely recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalyani Raju
- Department of Pathology, ESIC Medical College and PGIMSR, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Seema Verappa
- Department of Pathology, ESIC Medical College and PGIMSR, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
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Rajendran S, Carmody E, Murphy M, Barry B. Enterobius granulomas as a cause of abdominal pain. BMJ Case Rep 2015; 2015:bcr-2015-210464. [PMID: 26286908 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2015-210464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Simon Rajendran
- Department of Surgery, Royal College of Surgeons, London, UK
| | - Emma Carmody
- Department of Surgery, Bons Secours Hospital, Cork, Ireland
| | - Micheal Murphy
- Department of Radiology, Bons Secours Hospital, Cork, Ireland
| | - Brian Barry
- Department of Surgery, Bons Secours Hospital, Cork, Ireland
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Li HM, Zhou CH, Li ZS, Deng ZH, Ruan CW, Zhang QM, Zhu TJ, Xu LQ, Chen YD. Risk factors for Enterobius vermicularis infection in children in Gaozhou, Guangdong, China. Infect Dis Poverty 2015; 4:28. [PMID: 26038691 PMCID: PMC4451960 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-015-0058-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enterobius vermicularis infection is a prevalent intestinal parasitic disease in children. In this study, we explored the epidemiological status and risk factors for E. vermicularis infection in children in southern China. METHODS A cross-sectional survey was carried out in Gaozhou city, Guangdong province, China, in December 2011. Children aged 2-12 years from five schools participated in the study. The adhesive cellophane-tape perianal swab method was applied to detect E. vermicularis infection, while a questionnaire was sent to each child's guardian(s) to collect demographic and socioeconomic data, as well as hygiene behaviors, pertaining to each child. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to capture the potential risk factors. RESULTS Out of the 802 children surveyed, 440 were infected with E. vermicularis, with an average prevalence of 54.86 %, and a range from 45.96 to 68.13 %. The age variable was found to be statistically significant, whereas the sex variable was not. It was found that a mother's education level (low) and not washing hands before dinner were major risk factors in all children (802). After stratification by age, a father's education level (primary or below) and biting pencils (or toys) were significant risk factors in the younger children (508), while not washing hands before dinner and playing on the ground were important risk factors in the older children (294). CONCLUSION This study demonstrates the prevalence of E. vermicularis infection in children in Gaozhou and reveals underlying risk factors. Most importantly, it reveals that risk factors differ among the different age groups, which indicates that different control measures targeted at particular age groups should be implemented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Mei Li
- />National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, WHO Collaborative Center for Malaria, Schistosomiasis and Filariasis, Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, 200025 China
| | - Chang-Hai Zhou
- />National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, WHO Collaborative Center for Malaria, Schistosomiasis and Filariasis, Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, 200025 China
| | - Zhi-Shi Li
- />Gaozhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Gaozhou, 515200 China
| | - Zhuo-Hui Deng
- />Guangdong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, 510000 China
| | - Cai-Wen Ruan
- />Guangdong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, 510000 China
| | - Qi-Ming Zhang
- />Guangdong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, 510000 China
| | - Ting-Jun Zhu
- />National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, WHO Collaborative Center for Malaria, Schistosomiasis and Filariasis, Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, 200025 China
| | - Long-Qi Xu
- />National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, WHO Collaborative Center for Malaria, Schistosomiasis and Filariasis, Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, 200025 China
| | - Ying-Dan Chen
- />National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, WHO Collaborative Center for Malaria, Schistosomiasis and Filariasis, Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, 200025 China
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