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Janssens JV, Raaijmakers AJA, Weeks KL, Bell JR, Mellor KM, Curl CL, Delbridge LMD. The cardiomyocyte origins of diastolic dysfunction: cellular components of myocardial "stiffness". Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2024; 326:H584-H598. [PMID: 38180448 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00334.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
The impaired ability of the heart to relax and stretch to accommodate venous return is generally understood to represent a state of "diastolic dysfunction" and often described using the all-purpose noun "stiffness." Despite the now common qualitative usage of this term in fields of cardiac patho/physiology, the specific quantitative concept of stiffness as a molecular and biophysical entity with real practical interpretation in healthy and diseased hearts is sometimes obscure. The focus of this review is to characterize the concept of cardiomyocyte stiffness and to develop interpretation of "stiffness" attributes at the cellular and molecular levels. Here, we consider "stiffness"-related terminology interpretation and make links between cardiomyocyte stiffness and aspects of functional and structural cardiac performance. We discuss cross bridge-derived stiffness sources, considering the contributions of diastolic myofilament activation and impaired relaxation. This includes commentary relating to the role of cardiomyocyte Ca2+ flux and Ca2+ levels in diastole, the troponin-tropomyosin complex role as a Ca2+ effector in diastole, the myosin ADP dissociation rate as a modulator of cross bridge attachment and regulation of cross-bridge attachment by myosin binding protein C. We also discuss non-cross bridge-derived stiffness sources, including the titin sarcomeric spring protein, microtubule and intermediate filaments, and cytoskeletal extracellular matrix interactions. As the prevalence of conditions involving diastolic heart failure has escalated, a more sophisticated understanding of the molecular, cellular, and tissue determinants of cardiomyocyte stiffness offers potential to develop imaging and molecular intervention tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes V Janssens
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Antonia J A Raaijmakers
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kate L Weeks
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Baker Department of Cardiometabolic Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Diabetes, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - James R Bell
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Microbiology, Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kimberley M Mellor
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Physiology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Claire L Curl
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lea M D Delbridge
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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2
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Chaulin AM. Cardiospecific Troponins as Laboratory Biomarkers of Myocardial Cell Injury in Hypertension: A Mini-Review. Curr Med Chem 2024; 31:1235-1250. [PMID: 36825699 DOI: 10.2174/0929867330666230220100323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
To date, it is well known that a significant number of diseases of cardiovascular genesis (coronary heart disease, myocardial infarction, cardiomyopathy, Takotsubo syndrome, heart failure, etc.) and extra-cardiac genesis (renal failure, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, sepsis, diabetes mellitus, etc.) cause injury to contractile cells of the heart muscle (myocardial cells). The most sensitive and specific criteria for proving myocardial cell injury are cardiospecific troponins (CSTns) - CSTnI and CSTnT. According to the current clinical recommendations of the European, American, and Russian Cardiological Communities, CSTnI and CSTnT are the main biomarkers for early diagnosis of myocardial infarction. Hypertension is one of the most dangerous and common risk factors for the development of cardiovascular pathologies and is associated with a high risk of dangerous cardiovascular complications. Therefore, there is an urgent need to search for new biomarkers for the timely assessment of the prognosis of patients with hypertension. This mini-review aims to substantiate the possibilities of using the cardiomarkers (CSTnI and CSTnT) to assess the prognosis of patients suffering from hypertension and to discuss potential mechanisms that cause injury to myocardial cells and increase serum levels of CSTnI and CSTnT. This is a narrative mini-review, which was prepared using the following databases: Pubmed/Medline, PubMed Central, Embase, Scopus, and Web of Science. The following keywords were used in the literature search: "myocardial cells", "injury", "damage", and "hypertension" in combination with the terms "mechanisms of injury" "predictive significance", "cardiac troponins", or "cardiospecific troponins".
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksey Michailovich Chaulin
- Department of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Surgery, Samara State Medical University, Samara, 443099, Russia
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Samara State Medical University, Samara, 443099, Russia
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3
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Ishida H, Narita J, Ishii R, Suginobe H, Tsuru H, Wang R, Yoshihara C, Ueyama A, Ueda K, Hirose M, Hashimoto K, Nagano H, Kogaki S, Kuramoto Y, Miyashita Y, Asano Y, Ozono K. Clinical Outcomes and Genetic Analyses of Restrictive Cardiomyopathy in Children. CIRCULATION. GENOMIC AND PRECISION MEDICINE 2023; 16:382-389. [PMID: 37377035 DOI: 10.1161/circgen.122.004054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Restrictive cardiomyopathy in children is rare and outcomes are very poor. However, little information is available concerning genotype-outcome correlations. METHODS We analyzed the clinical characteristics and genetic testing, including whole exome sequencing, of 28 pediatric restrictive cardiomyopathy patients who were diagnosed from 1998 to 2021 at Osaka University Hospital in Japan. RESULTS The median age at diagnosis (interquartile range) was 6 (2.25-8.5) years. Eighteen patients received heart transplantations and 5 patients were on the waiting list. One patient died while waiting for transplantation. Pathologic or likely-pathogenic variants were identified in 14 of the 28 (50%) patients, including heterozygous TNNI3 missense variants in 8 patients. TNNT2, MYL2, and FLNC missense variants were also identified. No significant differences in clinical manifestations and hemodynamic parameters between positive and negative pathogenic variants were detected. However, 2- and 5-year survival rates were significantly lower in patients with pathogenic variants (50% and 22%) compared with survival in patients without pathogenic variants (62% and 54%; P=0.0496, log-rank test). No significant differences were detected in the ratio of patients diagnosed at nationwide school heart disease screening program between positive and negative pathogenic variants. Patients diagnosed by school screening showed better transplant-free survival compared with patients diagnosed by heart failure symptoms (P=0.0027 in log-rank test). CONCLUSIONS In this study, 50% of pediatric restrictive cardiomyopathy patients had pathogenic or likely-pathogenic gene variants, and TNNI3 missense variants were the most frequent. Patients with pathogenic variants showed significantly lower transplant-free survival compared with patients without pathogenic variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidekazu Ishida
- Department of Pediatrics (H.I., J.N., R.I., H.S., H.T., R.W., C.Y., A.U., K.U., M.H., K.H., H.N., S.K., K.O.), Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Jun Narita
- Department of Pediatrics (H.I., J.N., R.I., H.S., H.T., R.W., C.Y., A.U., K.U., M.H., K.H., H.N., S.K., K.O.), Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Ryo Ishii
- Department of Pediatrics (H.I., J.N., R.I., H.S., H.T., R.W., C.Y., A.U., K.U., M.H., K.H., H.N., S.K., K.O.), Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Hidehiro Suginobe
- Department of Pediatrics (H.I., J.N., R.I., H.S., H.T., R.W., C.Y., A.U., K.U., M.H., K.H., H.N., S.K., K.O.), Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Tsuru
- Department of Pediatrics (H.I., J.N., R.I., H.S., H.T., R.W., C.Y., A.U., K.U., M.H., K.H., H.N., S.K., K.O.), Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
- Department of Pediatrics, Niigata University School of Medicine, Japan (H.T.)
| | - Renjie Wang
- Department of Pediatrics (H.I., J.N., R.I., H.S., H.T., R.W., C.Y., A.U., K.U., M.H., K.H., H.N., S.K., K.O.), Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Chika Yoshihara
- Department of Pediatrics (H.I., J.N., R.I., H.S., H.T., R.W., C.Y., A.U., K.U., M.H., K.H., H.N., S.K., K.O.), Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Atsuko Ueyama
- Department of Pediatrics (H.I., J.N., R.I., H.S., H.T., R.W., C.Y., A.U., K.U., M.H., K.H., H.N., S.K., K.O.), Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Kazutoshi Ueda
- Department of Pediatrics (H.I., J.N., R.I., H.S., H.T., R.W., C.Y., A.U., K.U., M.H., K.H., H.N., S.K., K.O.), Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Masaki Hirose
- Department of Pediatrics (H.I., J.N., R.I., H.S., H.T., R.W., C.Y., A.U., K.U., M.H., K.H., H.N., S.K., K.O.), Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Kazuhisa Hashimoto
- Department of Pediatrics (H.I., J.N., R.I., H.S., H.T., R.W., C.Y., A.U., K.U., M.H., K.H., H.N., S.K., K.O.), Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Hiroki Nagano
- Department of Pediatrics (H.I., J.N., R.I., H.S., H.T., R.W., C.Y., A.U., K.U., M.H., K.H., H.N., S.K., K.O.), Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Shigetoyo Kogaki
- Department of Pediatrics (H.I., J.N., R.I., H.S., H.T., R.W., C.Y., A.U., K.U., M.H., K.H., H.N., S.K., K.O.), Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
- Department of Pediatrics and Neonatology, Osaka General Medical Center, Japan (S.K.)
| | - Yuki Kuramoto
- Department of Cardiology (Y.K., Y.M., Y.A.), Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Yohei Miyashita
- Department of Cardiology (Y.K., Y.M., Y.A.), Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Asano
- Department of Cardiology (Y.K., Y.M., Y.A.), Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
- Department of Genome Medicine, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, Japan (Y.A.)
| | - Keiichi Ozono
- Department of Pediatrics (H.I., J.N., R.I., H.S., H.T., R.W., C.Y., A.U., K.U., M.H., K.H., H.N., S.K., K.O.), Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
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Pham JH, Giudicessi JR, Tweet MS, Boucher L, Newman DB, Geske JB. Tale of two hearts: a TNNT2 hypertrophic cardiomyopathy case report. Front Cardiovasc Med 2023; 10:1167256. [PMID: 37180798 PMCID: PMC10174446 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2023.1167256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is a heritable cardiomyopathy that is predominantly caused by pathogenic mutations in sarcomeric proteins. Here we report two individuals, a mother and her daughter, both heterozygous carriers of the same HCM-causing mutation in cardiac Troponin T (TNNT2). Despite sharing an identical pathogenic variant, the two individuals had very different manifestations of the disease. While one patient presented with sudden cardiac death, recurrent tachyarrhythmia, and findings of massive left ventricular hypertrophy, the other patient manifested with extensive abnormal myocardial delayed enhancement despite normal ventricular wall thickness and has remained relatively asymptomatic. Recognition of the marked incomplete penetrance and variable expressivity possible in a single TNNT2-positive family has potential to guide HCM patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin H. Pham
- Mayo Clinic Alix School of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - John R. Giudicessi
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester MN, United States
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Marysia S. Tweet
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester MN, United States
| | - Lauren Boucher
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester MN, United States
| | - D. Brian Newman
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester MN, United States
| | - Jeffrey B. Geske
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester MN, United States
- Correspondence: Jeffrey B. Geske
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5
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Chaulin AM. Hypertension as One of the Main Non-Myocardial Infarction-Related Causes of Increased Cardiospecific Troponins: From Mechanisms to Significance in Current Medical Practice. J Clin Med Res 2022; 14:448-457. [PMID: 36578369 PMCID: PMC9765318 DOI: 10.14740/jocmr4796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well known that many pathological conditions of both cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) (coronary heart disease, myocardial infarction, arrhythmias, myocarditis, cardiomyopathy, etc.) and non-cardiac (sepsis, anemia, kidney diseases, diabetes mellitus, etc.) origin in the course of their development cause injury to contractile cardiac muscle cells - myocardial cells (MCs). One of the most sensitive and specific criteria for detecting MC injury are cardiospecific troponins (CTs), which are regulatory protein molecules that are released into the blood serum from MC upon their death or injury. Current methods for determining CTs are called high-sensitive ones, and their main advantage is a very low minimum detectable concentration (limit of detection) (average 1 - 10 ng/L or less), which allows early detection of minor MC injury at the earliest stages of CVDs, and therefore they can change the understanding of disease development mechanisms and open up new diagnostic possibilities. One of the most common and dangerous early diseases of the cardiovascular system is hypertension (HT). The novelty of this article lies in the discussion of a new diagnostic direction - predicting the risk of developing CVDs and their dangerous complications in patients with HT by determining the concentration of CTs. In addition, pathophysiological mechanisms underlying MC injury and the release of CTs into the bloodstream and the elimination of CTs into the urine are proposed. This information will contribute to additional fundamental and clinical research to verify the new diagnostic possibility of using CTs in clinical practice (for the management of patients with HT).
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksey Michailovich Chaulin
- Department of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Surgery, Samara State Medical University, Samara 443099, Russia
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Samara State Medical University, Samara 443099, Russia
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6
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Lu Q, Pan B, Bai H, Zhao W, Liu L, Li G, Liu R, Lv T, Huang X, Li X, Tian J. Intranuclear cardiac troponin I plays a functional role in regulating Atp2a2 expression in cardiomyocytes. Genes Dis 2022; 9:1689-1700. [PMID: 36157491 PMCID: PMC9485201 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2021.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In the past studies, it is shown that cardiac troponin I (cTnI, encoded by TNNI3), as a cytoplasmic protein, is an inhibitory subunit in troponin complex, and involves in cardiomyocyte diastolic regulation. Here, we assessed a novel role of cTnI as a nucleoprotein. Firstly, the nuclear translocation of cTnI was found in mouse, human fetuses and rat heart tissues. In addition, there were differences in percentage of intranuclear cTnI in different conditions. Based on weighted gene co-expression network analyses (WGCNA) and verification in cell experiments, a strong expression correlation was found between TNNI3 and Atp2a2, which encodes sarco-endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ ATPase isoform 2a (SERCA2a), and involves in ATP hydrolysis and Ca2+ transient. TNNI3 gain and loss caused Atpa2a2 increase/decrease in a dose-dependent manner both in mRNA and protein levels, in vivo and in vitro. By using ChIP-sequence we demonstrated specific binding DNA sequences of cTnI were enriched in ATP2a2 promoter −239∼–889 region and the specific binding sequence motif of cTnI was analyzed by software as "CCAT", which has been reported to be required for YY1 binding to the promoter region of YY1-related genes. Moreover, it was further verified that pcDNA3.1 (−)-TNNI3 could express cTnI proteins and increase the promoter activity of Atp2a2 through luciferase report assay. In the end, we evaluated beat frequencies, total ATP contents, Ca2+ transients in TNNI3-siRNA myocardial cells. These findings indicated, for the first time, cTnI may regulate Atp2a2 in cardiomyocytes as a co-regulatory factor and participate in the regulation of intracellular Ca ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Lu
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, PR China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing 400014, PR China.,Department of Biomedical Science, Charlie E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA
| | - Bo Pan
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, PR China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing 400014, PR China
| | - Haobo Bai
- Department of Orthopedic, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China
| | - Weian Zhao
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, PR China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing 400014, PR China
| | - Lingjuan Liu
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, PR China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing 400014, PR China
| | - Gu Li
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, PR China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing 400014, PR China
| | - Ruimin Liu
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, PR China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing 400014, PR China
| | - Tiewei Lv
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, PR China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing 400014, PR China
| | - Xupei Huang
- Department of Biomedical Science, Charlie E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA
| | - Xi Li
- Biology Science Institutes of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China
| | - Jie Tian
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, PR China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing 400014, PR China
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Chaulin AM. Cardiac Troponins as Biomarkers of Cardiac Myocytes Damage in Case of Arterial Hypertension: From Pathological Mechanisms to Predictive Significance. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:life12091448. [PMID: 36143484 PMCID: PMC9505657 DOI: 10.3390/life12091448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. Many pathological conditions of both cardiovascular and non-cardiac origin in the course of their development cause damage to contractile cardiac muscle cells—cardiac myocytes (CMCs). One of the most sensitive and specific criteria for detecting CMCs are cardiac troponins (CTs), which are regulatory protein molecules that are released into the blood serum from CMCs upon their death or damage. New (high-sensitive) methods for detecting CTs allow the detection of minor CMCs damages at the earliest stages of cardiovascular diseases and can therefore change the understanding of disease development mechanisms and open up new diagnostic possibilities. One of the most common and dangerous early diseases of the cardiovascular system is arterial hypertension. The purpose of this paper is to summarize the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying CMCs damage and CTs release into the bloodstream in the case of arterial hypertension and to state the clinical significance of increased CTs levels in patients with arterial hypertension. Materials and methods. This is a descriptive review, which was prepared using the following databases: Embase, Pubmed/Medline and Web of Science. The following key words were used in the literature search: “myocardial injury” and “arterial hypertension” in combination with the terms “cardiac troponins” and “mechanisms of increase”. Conclusions. According to a literature analysis, CMCs damage and CTs release in the case of arterial hypertension occur according to the following pathophysiological mechanisms: myocardial hypertrophy, CMCs apoptosis, damage to the CMC cell membrane and increase in its permeability for CTs molecules, as well as changes in the glomerular filtration rate. Most often, increased CTs serum levels in case of arterial hypertension indicate an unfavorable prognosis. Data on the CTs predictive significance in case of arterial hypertension open the prospects for the use of these biomarkers in the choice of patient management plans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksey Michailovich Chaulin
- Department of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Surgery, Samara State Medical University, 443099 Samara, Russia; or ; Tel.: +7-(927)-770-25-87
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Samara State Medical University, 443099 Samara, Russia
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8
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Features of the Metabolisms of Cardiac Troponin Molecules—Part 1: The Main Stages of Metabolism, Release Stage. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2022; 44:1376-1394. [PMID: 35723315 PMCID: PMC8947512 DOI: 10.3390/cimb44030092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiac troponins (cTns) have long been the most valuable and specific biomarkers for detecting ischemic myocardial cells (MCs) injury, which is one of the key signs of myocardial infarction (MI). Modern methods (highly sensitive and ultra-sensitive immunoassays (hs-cTns)) of detection are an important and indispensable tool for the early diagnosis of MI and the choice of patient management protocols. Timely diagnosis of MI can significantly improve the prognosis of patients. However, in real clinical practice, doctors often face a significant problem when using cTns—the difficulty of differential diagnosis due to frequent and unexplained increases in the concentration of cTns in blood serum. In addition, there is conflicting information that may potentially affect the diagnostic capabilities and value of cTns: the influence of certain biological factors (diurnal rhythm, gender and age) on serum cTns levels; extra-cardiac expression of cTns; the possibilities of non-invasive diagnosis of MI; and other pathological conditions that cause non-ischemic injury to MCs. To solve these problems, it is necessary to concentrate on studying the metabolism of cTns. The review of our current knowledge about cTns metabolism consists of two parts. In this (first) part of the manuscript, the main stages of cTns metabolism are briefly described and the mechanisms of cTns release from MCs are considered in detail.
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9
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Hassoun R, Budde H, Mügge A, Hamdani N. Cardiomyocyte Dysfunction in Inherited Cardiomyopathies. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:11154. [PMID: 34681814 PMCID: PMC8541428 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222011154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Inherited cardiomyopathies form a heterogenous group of disorders that affect the structure and function of the heart. Defects in the genes encoding sarcomeric proteins are associated with various perturbations that induce contractile dysfunction and promote disease development. In this review we aimed to outline the functional consequences of the major inherited cardiomyopathies in terms of myocardial contraction and kinetics, and to highlight the structural and functional alterations in some sarcomeric variants that have been demonstrated to be involved in the pathogenesis of the inherited cardiomyopathies. A particular focus was made on mutation-induced alterations in cardiomyocyte mechanics. Since no disease-specific treatments for familial cardiomyopathies exist, several novel agents have been developed to modulate sarcomere contractility. Understanding the molecular basis of the disease opens new avenues for the development of new therapies. Furthermore, the earlier the awareness of the genetic defect, the better the clinical prognostication would be for patients and the better the prevention of development of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roua Hassoun
- Institut für Forschung und Lehre (IFL), Molecular and Experimental Cardiology, Ruhr University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany
- Department of Cardiology, St. Josef-Hospital and Bergmannsheil, Ruhr University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Heidi Budde
- Institut für Forschung und Lehre (IFL), Molecular and Experimental Cardiology, Ruhr University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany
- Department of Cardiology, St. Josef-Hospital and Bergmannsheil, Ruhr University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Andreas Mügge
- Institut für Forschung und Lehre (IFL), Molecular and Experimental Cardiology, Ruhr University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany
- Department of Cardiology, St. Josef-Hospital and Bergmannsheil, Ruhr University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Nazha Hamdani
- Institut für Forschung und Lehre (IFL), Molecular and Experimental Cardiology, Ruhr University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany
- Department of Cardiology, St. Josef-Hospital and Bergmannsheil, Ruhr University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany
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10
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Tsuru H, Ishida H, Narita J, Ishii R, Suginobe H, Ishii Y, Wang R, Kogaki S, Taira M, Ueno T, Miyashita Y, Kioka H, Asano Y, Sawa Y, Ozono K. Cardiac Fibroblasts Play Pathogenic Roles in Idiopathic Restrictive Cardiomyopathy. Circ J 2021; 85:677-686. [PMID: 33583869 DOI: 10.1253/circj.cj-20-1008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Restrictive cardiomyopathy (RCM) is characterized by impaired ventricular relaxation. Although several mutations were reported in some patients, no mutations were identified in cardiomyocyte expressing genes of other patients, indicating that pathological mechanisms underlying RCM could not be determined by cardiomyocytes only. Cardiac fibroblasts (CFs) are a major cell population in the heart; however, the pathological roles of CFs in cardiomyopathy are not fully understood.Methods and Results:This study established 4 primary culture lines of CFs from RCM patients and analyzed their cellular physiology, the effects on the contraction and relaxation ability of healthy cardiomyocytes under co-culture with CFs, and RNA sequencing. Three of four patients hadTNNI3mutations. There were no significant alterations in cell proliferation, apoptosis, migration, activation, and attachment. However, when CFs from RCM patients were co-cultured with healthy cardiomyocytes, the relaxation velocity of cardiomyocytes was significantly impaired both under direct and indirect co-culture conditions. RNA sequencing revealed that gene expression profiles of CFs in RCM were clearly distinct from healthy CFs. The differential expression gene analysis identified that several extracellular matrix components and cytokine expressions were dysregulated in CFs from RCM patients. CONCLUSIONS The comprehensive gene expression patterns were altered in RCM-derived CFs, which deteriorated the relaxation ability of cardiomyocytes. The specific changes in extracellular matrix composition and cytokine secretion from CFs might affect pathological behavior of cardiomyocytes in RCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirofumi Tsuru
- Department of Pediatrics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Hidekazu Ishida
- Department of Pediatrics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Jun Narita
- Department of Pediatrics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Ryo Ishii
- Department of Pediatrics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Hidehiro Suginobe
- Department of Pediatrics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Yoichiro Ishii
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Osaka Women's and Children's Hospital
| | - Renjie Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Shigetoyo Kogaki
- Department of Pediatrics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine.,Department of Pediatrics and Neonatology, Osaka General Medical Center
| | - Masaki Taira
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Takayoshi Ueno
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Yohei Miyashita
- Department of Cardiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Hidetaka Kioka
- Department of Cardiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Yoshihiro Asano
- Department of Cardiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Yoshiki Sawa
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Keiichi Ozono
- Department of Pediatrics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine
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11
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Guidry ME, Nickerson DP, Crampin EJ, Nash MP, Loiselle DS, Tran K. Insights From Computational Modeling Into the Contribution of Mechano-Calcium Feedback on the Cardiac End-Systolic Force-Length Relationship. Front Physiol 2020; 11:587. [PMID: 32547426 PMCID: PMC7273927 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In experimental studies on cardiac tissue, the end-systolic force-length relation (ESFLR) has been shown to depend on the mode of contraction: isometric or isotonic. The isometric ESFLR is derived from isometric contractions spanning a range of muscle lengths while the isotonic ESFLR is derived from shortening contractions across a range of afterloads. The ESFLR of isotonic contractions consistently lies below its isometric counterpart. Despite the passing of over a hundred years since the first insight by Otto Frank, the mechanism(s) underlying this protocol-dependent difference in the ESFLR remain incompletely explained. Here, we investigate the role of mechano-calcium feedback in accounting for the difference between these two ESFLRs. Previous studies have compared the dynamics of isotonic contractions to those of a single isometric contraction at a length that produces maximum force, without considering isometric contractions at shorter muscle lengths. We used a mathematical model of cardiac excitation-contraction to simulate isometric and force-length work-loop contractions (the latter being the 1D equivalent of the whole-heart pressure-volume loop), and compared Ca2+ transients produced under equivalent force conditions. We found that the duration of the simulated Ca2+ transient increases with decreasing sarcomere length for isometric contractions, and increases with decreasing afterload for work-loop contractions. At any given force, the Ca2+ transient for an isometric contraction is wider than that during a work-loop contraction. By driving simulated work-loops with wider Ca2+ transients generated from isometric contractions, we show that the duration of muscle shortening was prolonged, thereby shifting the work-loop ESFLR toward the isometric ESFLR. These observations are explained by an increase in the rate of binding of Ca2+ to troponin-C with increasing force. However, the leftward shift of the work-loop ESFLR does not superimpose on the isometric ESFLR, leading us to conclude that while mechano-calcium feedback does indeed contribute to the difference between the two ESFLRs, it does not completely account for it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan E Guidry
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - David P Nickerson
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Edmund J Crampin
- Systems Biology Laboratory, School of Mathematics and Statistics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Martyn P Nash
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Department of Engineering Science, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Denis S Loiselle
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Department of Physiology, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Kenneth Tran
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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12
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Tadros HJ, Life CS, Garcia G, Pirozzi E, Jones EG, Datta S, Parvatiyar MS, Chase PB, Allen HD, Kim JJ, Pinto JR, Landstrom AP. Meta-analysis of cardiomyopathy-associated variants in troponin genes identifies loci and intragenic hot spots that are associated with worse clinical outcomes. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2020; 142:118-125. [PMID: 32278834 PMCID: PMC7275889 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2020.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Troponin (TNN)-encoded cardiac troponins (Tn) are critical for sensing calcium and triggering myofilament contraction. TNN variants are associated with development of cardiomyopathy; however, recent advances in genetic analysis have identified rare population variants. It is unclear how certain variants are associated with disease while others are tolerated. OBJECTIVE To compare probands with TNNT2, TNNI3, and TNNC1 variants and utilize high-resolution variant comparison mapping of pathologic and rare population variants to identify loci associated with disease pathogenesis. METHODS Cardiomyopathy-associated TNN variants were identified in the literature and topology mapping conducted. Clinical features were compiled and compared. Rare population variants were obtained from the gnomAD database. Signal-to-noise (S:N) normalized pathologic variant frequency against population variant frequency. Abstract review of clinical phenotypes was applied to "significant" hot spots. RESULTS Probands were compiled (N = 70 studies, 224 probands) as were rare variants (N = 125,748 exomes; 15,708 genomes, MAF <0.001). TNNC1-positive probands demonstrated the youngest age of presentation (20.0 years; P = .016 vs TNNT2; P = .004 vs TNNI3) and the highest death, transplant, or ventricular fibrillation events (P = .093 vs TNNT2; P = .024 vs TNNI3; Kaplan Meir: P = .025). S:N analysis yielded hot spots of diagnostic significance within the tropomyosin-binding domains, α-helix 1, and the N-Terminus in TNNT2 with increased sudden cardiac death and ventricular fibrillation (P = .004). The inhibitory region and C-terminal region in TNNI3 exhibited increased restrictive cardiomyopathy (P =.008). HCM and RCM models tended to have increased calcium sensitivity and DCM decreased sensitivity (P < .001). DCM and HCM studies typically showed no differences in Hill coefficient which was decreased in RCM models (P < .001). CM models typically demonstrated no changes to Fmax (P = .239). CONCLUSION TNNC1-positive probands had younger ages of diagnosis and poorer clinical outcomes. Mapping of TNN variants identified locations in TNNT2 and TNNI3 associated with heightened pathogenicity, RCM diagnosis, and increased risk of sudden death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna J Tadros
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Cardiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States; Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Chelsea S Life
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, United States
| | - Gustavo Garcia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, United States
| | - Elisa Pirozzi
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Edward G Jones
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Susmita Datta
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Michelle S Parvatiyar
- Department of Nutrition, Food and Exercise Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, United States
| | - P Bryant Chase
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, United States
| | - Hugh D Allen
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Cardiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Jeffrey J Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Cardiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Jose R Pinto
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, United States
| | - Andrew P Landstrom
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Cardiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States; Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States.
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13
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Wong S, Feng HZ, Jin JP. The evolutionarily conserved C-terminal peptide of troponin I is an independently configured regulatory structure to function as a myofilament Ca 2+-desensitizer. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2019; 136:42-52. [PMID: 31505197 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2019.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The C-terminal end segment of troponin subunit I (TnI) is a structure highly conserved among the three muscle type-specific isoforms and across vertebrate species. Partial deletion or point mutation in this segment impairs cardiac muscle relaxation. In the present study, we characterized the C-terminal 27 amino acid peptide of human cardiac TnI (HcTnI-C27) for its role in modulating muscle contractility. Biologically or chemically synthesized HcTnI-C27 peptide retains an epitope structure in physiological solutions similarly to that in intact TnI as recognized by an anti-TnI C-terminus monoclonal antibody (mAb TnI-1). Protein binding studies found that HcTnI-C27 retains the binding affinity for tropomyosin as previously shown with intact cardiac TnI. A restrictive cardiomyopathy mutation R192H in this segment abolishes the bindings to mAb TnI-1 and tropomyosin, demonstrating a pathogenic loss of function. Contractility studies using skinned muscle preparations demonstrated that addition of HcTnI-C27 peptide reduces the Ca2+-sensitivity of myofibrils without decreasing maximum force production. The results indicate that the C-terminal end segment of TnI is a regulatory element of troponin, which retains the native configuration in the form of free peptide to confer an effect on myofilament Ca2+-desensitization. Without negative inotropic impact, this short peptide may be developed into a novel reagent to selectively facilitate cardiac muscle relaxation at the activated state as a potential treatment for heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sienna Wong
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 540 E. Canfield, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Han-Zhong Feng
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 540 E. Canfield, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - J-P Jin
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 540 E. Canfield, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
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14
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Landim-Vieira M, Schipper JM, Pinto JR, Chase PB. Cardiomyocyte nuclearity and ploidy: when is double trouble? J Muscle Res Cell Motil 2019; 41:329-340. [PMID: 31317457 DOI: 10.1007/s10974-019-09545-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Considerable effort has gone into investigating mechanisms that underlie the developmental transition in which mammalian cardiomyocytes (CMs) switch from being able to proliferate during development, to essentially having lost that ability at maturity. This problem is interesting not only for scientific curiosity, but also for its clinical relevance because controlling the ability of mature CMs to replicate would provide a much-needed approach for restoring cardiac function in damaged hearts. In this review, we focus on the propensity of mature mammalian CMs to be multinucleated and polyploid, and the extent to which this may be necessary for normal physiology yet possibly disadvantageous in some circumstances. In this context, we explore whether the concept of the myonuclear domain (MND) in multinucleated skeletal muscle fibers might apply to cardiomyocytes, and whether cardio-MND size might be related to the transition of CMs to become multinuclear. Nuclei in CMs are almost certainly integrators of not only biochemical, but also-because of their central location within the myofibrils-mechanical information, and this multimodal, integrative function in adult CMs-involving molecules that have been extensively studied along with newly identified possibilities-could influence both gene expression as well as replication of the genome and the nuclei themselves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maicon Landim-Vieira
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Joslyn M Schipper
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA.,Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - J Renato Pinto
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - P Bryant Chase
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA. .,Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Biology Unit One Room 206, 81 Chieftain Way, Tallahassee, FL, 32306-4370, USA.
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15
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Li CJ, Chen CS, Yiang GT, Tsai APY, Liao WT, Wu MY. Advanced Evolution of Pathogenesis Concepts in Cardiomyopathies. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8040520. [PMID: 30995779 PMCID: PMC6518034 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8040520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Revised: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiomyopathy is a group of heterogeneous cardiac diseases that impair systolic and diastolic function, and can induce chronic heart failure and sudden cardiac death. Cardiomyopathy is prevalent in the general population, with high morbidity and mortality rates, and contributes to nearly 20% of sudden cardiac deaths in younger individuals. Genetic mutations associated with cardiomyopathy play a key role in disease formation, especially the mutation of sarcomere encoding genes and ATP kinase genes, such as titin, lamin A/C, myosin heavy chain 7, and troponin T1. Pathogenesis of cardiomyopathy occurs by multiple complex steps involving several pathways, including the Ras-Raf-mitogen-activated protein kinase-extracellular signal-activated kinase pathway, G-protein signaling, mechanotransduction pathway, and protein kinase B/phosphoinositide 3-kinase signaling. Excess biomechanical stress induces apoptosis signaling in cardiomyocytes, leading to cell loss, which can induce myocardial fibrosis and remodeling. The clinical features and pathophysiology of cardiomyopathy are discussed. Although several basic and clinical studies have investigated the mechanism of cardiomyopathy, the detailed pathophysiology remains unclear. This review summarizes current concepts and focuses on the molecular mechanisms of cardiomyopathy, especially in the signaling from mutation to clinical phenotype, with the aim of informing the development of therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Jung Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung 813, Taiwan.
| | - Chien-Sheng Chen
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei 231, Taiwan.
- Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 970, Taiwan.
| | - Giou-Teng Yiang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei 231, Taiwan.
- Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 970, Taiwan.
| | - Andy Po-Yi Tsai
- Department of Medical Research, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Hualien 970, Taiwan.
| | - Wan-Ting Liao
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402, Taiwan.
- Chinese Medicine Department, Show Chwan Memorial Hospital, Changhua 500, Taiwan.
| | - Meng-Yu Wu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei 231, Taiwan.
- Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 970, Taiwan.
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16
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Cai F, Hwang PM, Sykes BD. Structural Changes Induced by the Binding of the Calcium Desensitizer W7 to Cardiac Troponin. Biochemistry 2018; 57:6461-6469. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.8b00882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Fangze Cai
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2H7
| | - Peter M. Hwang
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2H7
| | - Brian D. Sykes
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2H7
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17
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Ruan YP, Lu CX, Zhao XY, Liang RJ, Lian H, Routledge M, Wu W, Zhang X, Fan ZJ. Restrictive Cardiomyopathy Resulting from a Troponin I Type 3 Mutation in a Chinese Family. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 31:1-7. [PMID: 28031081 DOI: 10.1016/s1001-9294(16)30015-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Objective To identify the pathogenic variant responsible for restrictive cardiomyopathy (RCM) in a Chinese family.Methods Next generation sequencing was used for detecting the mutation and Results verified by sequencing. We used restriction enzyme digestion to test the mutation in the family members and 200 unrelated normal subjects without any cardiac inherited diseases when the mutation was identified.Results Five individuals died from cardiac diseases, two of whom suffered from sudden cardiac death. Two individuals have suffered from chronic cardiac disorders. Mutation analysis revealed a novel missense mutation in exon 7 of troponin I type 3 (TNNI3), resulting in substitution of serine (S) with proline (P) at amino acid position 150, which cosegregated with the disease in the family, which is predicted to be probably damaging using PolyPhen-2. The mutation was not detected in the 200 unrelated subjects we tested.Conclusion Using next generation sequencing, which has very recently been shown to be successful in identifying novel causative mutations of rare Mendelian disorders, we found a novel mutation of TNNI3 in a Chinese family with RCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Ping Ruan
- Department of Cardiology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Chao-Xia Lu
- McKusick-Zhang Center for Genetic Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Xiao-Yi Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Rui-Juan Liang
- Department of Cardiology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Hui Lian
- Department of Cardiology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Michael Routledge
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JZ, UK
| | - Wei Wu
- Department of Cardiology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Xue Zhang
- McKusick-Zhang Center for Genetic Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Zhong-Jie Fan
- Department of Cardiology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
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18
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Johnston JR, Chase PB, Pinto JR. Troponin through the looking-glass: emerging roles beyond regulation of striated muscle contraction. Oncotarget 2017; 9:1461-1482. [PMID: 29416706 PMCID: PMC5787451 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.22879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Troponin is a heterotrimeric Ca2+-binding protein that has a well-established role in regulating striated muscle contraction. However, mounting evidence points to novel cellular functions of troponin, with profound implications in cancer, cardiomyopathy pathogenesis and skeletal muscle aging. Here, we highlight the non-canonical roles and aberrant expression patterns of troponin beyond the sarcomeric milieu. Utilizing bioinformatics tools and online databases, we also provide pathway, subcellular localization, and protein-protein/DNA interaction analyses that support a role for troponin in multiple subcellular compartments. This emerging knowledge challenges the conventional view of troponin as a sarcomere-specific protein exclusively involved in muscle contraction and may transform the way we think about sarcomeric proteins, particularly in the context of human disease and aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie R Johnston
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, The Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, FL, 32306-4300, USA
| | - P Bryant Chase
- Department of Biological Science, The Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, 32306-4370, USA
| | - Jose Renato Pinto
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, The Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, FL, 32306-4300, USA
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19
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Ochala J, Sun YB. Novel myosin-based therapies for congenital cardiac and skeletal myopathies. J Med Genet 2016; 53:651-4. [PMID: 27412953 PMCID: PMC5099184 DOI: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2016-103881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The dysfunction in a number of inherited cardiac and skeletal myopathies is primarily due to an altered ability of myofilaments to generate force and motion. Despite this crucial knowledge, there are, currently, no effective therapeutic interventions for these diseases. In this short review, we discuss recent findings giving strong evidence that genetically or pharmacologically modulating one of the myofilament proteins, myosin, could alleviate the muscle pathology. This should constitute a research and clinical priority.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Ochala
- Centre of Human and Aerospace Physiological Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Yin-Biao Sun
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, King's College London, London, UK
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20
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Achal M, Trujillo AS, Melkani GC, Farman GP, Ocorr K, Viswanathan MC, Kaushik G, Newhard CS, Glasheen BM, Melkani A, Suggs JA, Moore JR, Swank DM, Bodmer R, Cammarato A, Bernstein SI. A Restrictive Cardiomyopathy Mutation in an Invariant Proline at the Myosin Head/Rod Junction Enhances Head Flexibility and Function, Yielding Muscle Defects in Drosophila. J Mol Biol 2016; 428:2446-2461. [PMID: 27107639 PMCID: PMC4884507 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2016.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Revised: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
An "invariant proline" separates the myosin S1 head from its S2 tail and is proposed to be critical for orienting S1 during its interaction with actin, a process that leads to muscle contraction. Mutation of the invariant proline to leucine (P838L) caused dominant restrictive cardiomyopathy in a pediatric patient (Karam et al., Congenit. Heart Dis. 3:138-43, 2008). Here, we use Drosophila melanogaster to model this mutation and dissect its effects on the biochemical and biophysical properties of myosin, as well as on the structure and physiology of skeletal and cardiac muscles. P838L mutant myosin isolated from indirect flight muscles of transgenic Drosophila showed elevated ATPase and actin sliding velocity in vitro. Furthermore, the mutant heads exhibited increased rotational flexibility, and there was an increase in the average angle between the two heads. Indirect flight muscle myofibril assembly was minimally affected in mutant homozygotes, and isolated fibers displayed normal mechanical properties. However, myofibrils degraded during aging, correlating with reduced flight abilities. In contrast, hearts from homozygotes and heterozygotes showed normal morphology, myofibrillar arrays, and contractile parameters. When P838L was placed in trans to Mhc(5), an allele known to cause cardiac restriction in flies, it did not yield the constricted phenotype. Overall, our studies suggest that increased rotational flexibility of myosin S1 enhances myosin ATPase and actin sliding. Moreover, instability of P838L myofibrils leads to decreased function during aging of Drosophila skeletal muscle, but not cardiac muscle, despite the strong evolutionary conservation of the P838 residue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhulika Achal
- Biology Department, Molecular Biology Institute, Heart Institute, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182-4614, USA
| | - Adriana S Trujillo
- Biology Department, Molecular Biology Institute, Heart Institute, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182-4614, USA
| | - Girish C Melkani
- Biology Department, Molecular Biology Institute, Heart Institute, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182-4614, USA
| | - Gerrie P Farman
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Lowell, MA 01854, USA
| | - Karen Ocorr
- Development, Aging and Regeneration Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Meera C Viswanathan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Gaurav Kaushik
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Christopher S Newhard
- Department of Biological Sciences and Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180-3590, USA
| | - Bernadette M Glasheen
- Department of Biological Sciences and Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180-3590, USA
| | - Anju Melkani
- Biology Department, Molecular Biology Institute, Heart Institute, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182-4614, USA
| | - Jennifer A Suggs
- Biology Department, Molecular Biology Institute, Heart Institute, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182-4614, USA
| | - Jeffrey R Moore
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Lowell, MA 01854, USA
| | - Douglas M Swank
- Department of Biological Sciences and Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180-3590, USA
| | - Rolf Bodmer
- Development, Aging and Regeneration Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Anthony Cammarato
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Sanford I Bernstein
- Biology Department, Molecular Biology Institute, Heart Institute, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182-4614, USA.
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21
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Thompson BR, Martindale J, Metzger JM. Sarcomere neutralization in inherited cardiomyopathy: small-molecule proof-of-concept to correct hyper-Ca2+-sensitive myofilaments. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2016; 311:H36-43. [PMID: 27199134 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00981.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The sarcomere is the functional unit of the heart. Alterations in sarcomere activation lead to disease states such as hypertrophic and restrictive cardiomyopathy (HCM/RCM). Mutations in many of the sarcomeric genes are causal for HCM/RCM. In most cases, these mutations result in increased Ca(2+) sensitivity of the sarcomere, giving rise to altered systolic and diastolic function. There is emerging evidence that small-molecule sarcomere neutralization is a potential therapeutic strategy for HCM/RCM. To pursue proof-of-concept, W7 was used here because of its well-known Ca(2+) desensitizer biochemical effects at the level of cardiac troponin C. Acute treatment of adult cardiac myocytes with W7 caused a dose-dependent (1-10 μM) decrease in contractility in a Ca(2+)-independent manner. Alkalosis was used as an in vitro experimental model of acquired heightened Ca(2+) sensitivity, resulting in increased live cell contractility and decreased baseline sarcomere length, which were rapidly corrected with W7. As an inherited cardiomyopathy model, R193H cardiac troponin I (cTnI) transgenic myocytes showed significant decreased baseline sarcomere length and slowed relaxation that were rapidly and dose-dependently corrected by W7. Langendorff whole heart pacing stress showed that R193H cTnI transgenic hearts had elevated end-diastolic pressures at all pacing frequencies compared with hearts from nontransgenic mice. Acute treatment with W7 rapidly restored end-diastolic pressures to normal values in R193H cTnI hearts, supporting a sarcomere intrinsic mechanism of dysfunction. The known off-target effects of W7 notwithstanding, these results provide further proof-of-concept that small-molecule-based sarcomere neutralization is a potential approach to remediate hyper-Ca(2+)-sensitive sarcomere function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian R Thompson
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Joshua Martindale
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Joseph M Metzger
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota
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22
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Zheng H, Huang H, Ji Z, Yang Q, Yu Q, Shen F, Liu C, Xiong F. A Double Heterozygous Mutation of TNNI3 Causes Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy in a Han Chinese Family. Cardiology 2015; 133:91-6. [PMID: 26506446 DOI: 10.1159/000440877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the variations in the TNNI3 gene in a Chinese Han family affected by hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) and the potential molecular mechanism linking these mutations with disease. METHODS Peripheral venous blood was acquired from family members, and TNNI3 mutations were identified by DNA sequencing. The pathophysiology of TNNI3 mutations was investigated using bioinformatics, subcellular localization determination and Western blotting. RESULTS Sanger sequencing revealed that the proband possessed 2 heterozygous mutations, c.235C>T and c.470C>T, located at exons 4 and 6 of the TNNI3 gene. The proband (II-2) and her brother (II-1), who had been previously diagnosed with HCM, harbored both mutations whereas their healthy parents harbored only 1. Alignment of the TNNI3 amino acid sequence indicated that the two Pro residues were highly conserved across species. Subcellular localization showed that both wild-type (WT) and mutant TNNI3 proteins were localized at the cell nucleus. Western blot analysis of expression in human embryonic kidney 293T cells showed that the intracellular levels of the mutant proteins were significantly decreased compared to WT TNNI3 (p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Our findings showed that a double heterozygous mutation in the TNNI3 gene is involved in the pathogenesis of HCM via haploinsufficiency. These results will inspire further studies to investigating the link between the TNNI3 gene and HCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Zheng
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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23
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Abstract
There has been a progressive evolution in systems of classification for cardiomyopathy, driven by advances in imaging modalities, disease recognition, and genetics, following initial clinical descriptions in the 1960s. A pathophysiological classification emerged and was endorsed by World Health Organisation Task Forces in 1980 and 1995: dilated, hypertrophic, restrictive, and arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathies; subdivided into idiopathic and disease-specific cardiomyopathies. Genetic advances have increasingly linked "idiopathic" phenotypes to specific mutations, although most linkages exhibit highly variable or little genotype-phenotype correlation, confounded by age-dependent changes and varying penetrance. The following two dominant classification systems are currently in use, with advocates in both continents. First, American Heart Association (2006): "A heterogeneous group of diseases of the myocardium associated with mechanical and/or electrical dysfunction that usually exhibit inappropriate ventricular hypertrophy or dilatation due to a variety of causes that frequently are genetic". These are subdivided to those predominantly involving the heart - primary - due to genetic mutation, including ion channelopathies, acquired disease, or mixed; and those with systemic involvement in other organ systems - secondary. Second, European Society of Cardiology (2008): "A myocardial disorder in which heart muscle is structurally and functionally abnormal… sufficient to cause the observed myocardial abnormality", with subdivision to familial and non-familial, excluding ion channelopathies, and split to specific disease subtypes and idiopathic. Further differences exist in the definitions for hypertrophic cardiomyopathy; however, whichever high-level classification is used, the clinical reality remains phenotype driven. Clinical evaluation and diagnostic imaging dominate initial patient contact, revealing diagnostic red flags that determine further specific tests. Genetic testing is undertaken early. A recent attempt to harmonise these competing systems named the MOGE(S) system, based on descriptive logical nosology, currently remains unproven as a fully practical solution.
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Thompson BR, Metzger JM. Cell biology of sarcomeric protein engineering: disease modeling and therapeutic potential. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2015; 297:1663-9. [PMID: 25125179 DOI: 10.1002/ar.22966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2013] [Revised: 12/12/2013] [Accepted: 12/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The cardiac sarcomere is the functional unit for myocyte contraction. Ordered arrays of sarcomeric proteins, held in stoichiometric balance with each other, respond to calcium to coordinate contraction and relaxation of the heart. Altered sarcomeric structure-function underlies the primary basis of disease in multiple acquired and inherited heart disease states. Hypertrophic and restrictive cardiomyopathies are caused by inherited mutations in sarcomeric genes and result in altered contractility. Ischemia-mediated acidosis directly alters sarcomere function resulting in decreased contractility. In this review, we highlight the use of acute genetic engineering of adult cardiac myocytes through stoichiometric replacement of sarcomeric proteins in these disease states with particular focus on cardiac troponin I. Stoichiometric replacement of disease causing mutations has been instrumental in defining the molecular mechanisms of hypertrophic and restrictive cardiomyopathy in a cellular context. In addition, taking advantage of stoichiometric replacement through gene therapy is discussed, highlighting the ischemia-resistant histidine-button, A164H cTnI. Stoichiometric replacement of sarcomeric proteins offers a potential gene therapy avenue to replace mutant proteins, alter sarcomeric responses to pathophysiologic insults, or neutralize altered sarcomeric function in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian R Thompson
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota
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25
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Parvatiyar MS, Pinto JR. Pathogenesis associated with a restrictive cardiomyopathy mutant in cardiac troponin T is due to reduced protein stability and greatly increased myofilament Ca2+ sensitivity. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2014; 1850:365-72. [PMID: 25450489 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2014.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Revised: 09/12/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dilated and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy mutations in troponin can blunt effects of protein kinase A (PKA) phosphorylation of cardiac troponin I (cTnI), decreasing myofilament Ca2+-sensitivity; however this effect has never been tested for restrictive cardiomyopathy (RCM) mutants. This study explores whether an RCM cardiac troponin T mutant (cTnT-ΔE96) interferes with convergent PKA regulation and if TnT instability contributes to greatly enhanced Ca2+-sensitivity in skinned fibers. METHODS Force of contraction in skinned cardiac porcine fiber and spectroscopic studies were performed. RESULTS A decrease of -0.26 and -0.25 pCa units in Ca2+-sensitivity of contraction after PKA incubation was observed for skinned fibers incorporated with WT or cTnT-ΔE96, respectively. To further assess whether cTnT-ΔE96 interferes solely with transmission of cTnI phosphorylation effects, skinned fibers were reconstituted with PKA pseudo-phosphorylated cTnI (cTnI-SS/DD.cTnC). Fibers displaced with cTnT-WT, reconstituted with cTnI-SS/DD.cTnC decreased Ca2+-sensitivity of force (pCa50=5.61) compared to control cTnI-WT.cTnC (pCa50=5.75), similarly affecting cTnT-ΔE96 (pCa50=6.03) compared to control \cTnI-WT.cTnC (pCa50=6.14). Fluorescence studies measuring cTnC(IAANS) Ca2+-affinity changes due to cTnT-ΔE96 indicated that higher complexity (thin filament) better recapitulates skinned fiber Ca2+ sensitive changes. Circular dichroism revealed reduced α-helicity and earlier thermal unfolding for cTnT-ΔE96 compared to WT. CONCLUSIONS Although ineffective in decreasing myofilament Ca2+-sensitivity to normal levels, cTnT-ΔE96 does not interfere with PKA cTnI phosphorylation mediated effects; 2) cTnT-ΔE96 requires actin to increase cTnC Ca2+-affinity; and 3) deletion of E96 reduces cTnT stability, likely disrupting crucial thin filament interactions. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE The pathological effect of cTnT-ΔE96 is largely manifested by dramatic myofilament Ca2+-sensitization which still persists even after PKA phosphorylation mediated Ca2+-desensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle S Parvatiyar
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Jose Renato Pinto
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA.
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26
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Lehrer SS, Geeves MA. The myosin-activated thin filament regulatory state, M − -open: a link to hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). J Muscle Res Cell Motil 2014; 35:153-60. [DOI: 10.1007/s10974-014-9383-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2014] [Accepted: 04/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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27
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Meyer S, van der Meer P, van Tintelen JP, van den Berg MP. Sex differences in cardiomyopathies. Eur J Heart Fail 2014; 16:238-47. [PMID: 24464619 DOI: 10.1002/ejhf.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2013] [Revised: 09/26/2013] [Accepted: 10/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiomyopathies are a heterogeneous group of heart muscle diseases with a variety of specific phenotypes. According to the contemporary European Society of Cardiology classification, they are classified into hypertrophic (HCM), dilated (DCM), arrhythmogenic right ventricular (ARVC), restrictive (RCM), and unclassified cardiomyopathies. Each class is aetiologically further categorized into inherited (familial) and non-inherited (non-familial) forms. There is substantial evidence that biological sex is a strong modulator of the clinical manifestation of these cardiomyopathies, and sex-specific characteristics are detectable in all classes. For the clinician, it is important to know the sex-specific aspects of clinical disease expression and the potential modes of inheritance or the hereditary influences underlying the development of cardiomyopathies, since these may aid in diagnosing such diseases in both sexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Meyer
- Department of Cardiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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28
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Kaushik G, Engler AJ. From stem cells to cardiomyocytes: the role of forces in cardiac maturation, aging, and disease. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2014; 126:219-42. [PMID: 25081620 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-394624-9.00009-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Stem cell differentiation into a variety of lineages is known to involve signaling from the extracellular niche, including from the physical properties of that environment. What regulates stem cell responses to these cues is there ability to activate different mechanotransductive pathways. Here, we will review the structures and pathways that regulate stem cell commitment to a cardiomyocyte lineage, specifically examining proteins within muscle sarcomeres, costameres, and intercalated discs. Proteins within these structures stretch, inducing a change in their phosphorylated state or in their localization to initiate different signals. We will also put these changes in the context of stem cell differentiation into cardiomyocytes, their subsequent formation of the chambered heart, and explore negative signaling that occurs during disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav Kaushik
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Adam J Engler
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
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29
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Fatkin D, Seidman CE, Seidman JG. Genetics and disease of ventricular muscle. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2014; 4:a021063. [PMID: 24384818 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a021063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cardiomyopathies are a heterogeneous group of heart muscle diseases associated with heart failure, arrhythmias, and death. Genetic variation has a critical role in the pathogenesis of cardiomyopathies, and numerous single-gene mutations have been associated with distinctive cardiomyopathy phenotypes. Contemporaneously with these discoveries, there has been enormous growth of genome-wide sequencing studies in large populations, data that show extensive genomic variation within every individual. The considerable allelic diversity in cardiomyopathy genes and in genes predicted to impact clinical expression of disease mutations indicates the need for a more nuanced interpretation of single-gene mutation in cardiomyopathies. These findings highlight the need to find new ways to interpret the functional significance of suites of genetic variants, as well as the need for new disease models that take global genetic variant burdens, epigenetic factors, and cardiac environmental factors into account.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane Fatkin
- Molecular Cardiology and Biophysics Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia
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30
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Fox PR, Basso C, Thiene G, Maron BJ. Spontaneously occurring restrictive nonhypertrophied cardiomyopathy in domestic cats: a new animal model of human disease. Cardiovasc Pathol 2013; 23:28-34. [PMID: 24035181 DOI: 10.1016/j.carpath.2013.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2013] [Revised: 08/01/2013] [Accepted: 08/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spontaneously occurring small animal models of myocardial disease, closely resembling the human condition, have been reported for hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (in cats) and arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (in cats and boxer dogs). Nonhypertrophied restrictive cardiomyopathy (RCM) is a well-recognized but relatively uncommon primary heart muscle disease causing substantial morbidity in humans. We describe RCM occurring in felines here as a potential model of human disease. METHODS We used two-dimensional and Doppler echocardiography to define morphologic and functional features of RCM in 35 domestic cats (25 male; 10±4 years old) presenting to a subspecialty veterinary clinic. Ten underwent complete necropsy examination. Echocardiographic parameters of diastolic filling were compared to those in 41 normal controls. RESULTS The 35 cats presented with congestive heart failure (n=32), lethargy (n=2), or syncope (n=1), associated with thromboembolism in 5 and supraventricular tachyarrhythmias in 8. During an average 4.4-year follow-up period, 18 died or were euthanized due to profound heart failure, and 3 died suddenly; survival from clinical presentation to death was 0.1 to 52 months. Echocardiographic and necropsy examination showed biatrial enlargement, nondilated ventricular chambers, and normal wall thicknesses and atrioventricular valves. Histopathology demonstrated disorganized myocyte architecture and patchy replacement myocardial fibrosis. Pulsed Doppler demonstrated restrictive physiology with increased early (E) mitral filling velocity (1.1±0.3 m/s) and peak E to peak late (A) flow ratios (4.3±1.2), reduced A filling velocity (0.3±0.1 m/s), and shortened mitral deceleration time (40.7±9.3 ms; all P<.001 vs. controls), with preserved left ventricular systolic function. CONCLUSIONS A primary myocardial disease occurring spontaneously in domestic cats is remarkably similar to restrictive nondilated and nonhypertrophied cardiomyopathy in man and represents another potential animal model for human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip R Fox
- Caspary Research Institute, The Animal Medical Center, New York, NY
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31
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Li Y, Zhang L, Jean-Charles PY, Nan C, Chen G, Tian J, Jin JP, Gelb IJ, Huang X. Dose-dependent diastolic dysfunction and early death in a mouse model with cardiac troponin mutations. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2013; 62:227-36. [PMID: 23810866 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2013.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2013] [Revised: 05/24/2013] [Accepted: 06/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Our aim was to explore the dose-dependent diastolic dysfunction and the mechanisms of heart failure and early death in transgenic (TG) mice modeling human restrictive cardiomyopathy (RCM). The first RCM mouse model (cTnI(193His) mice) carrying cardiac troponin I (cTnI) R193H mutation (mouse cTnI R193H equals to human cTnI R192H) was generated several years ago in our laboratory. The RCM mice manifested a phenotype similar to that observed in RCM patients carrying the same cTnI mutation, i.e. enlarged atria and restricted ventricles. However, the causes of heart failure and early death observed in RCM mice remain unclear. In this study, we have produced RCM TG mice (cTnI(193His)-L, cTnI(193His)-M and cTnI(193His)-H) that express various levels of mutant cTnI in the heart. Histological examination and echocardiography were performed on these mice to monitor the time course of the disease development and heart failure. Our data demonstrate that cTnI mutation-caused diastolic dysfunction is dose-dependent. The key mechanism is myofibril hypersensitivity to Ca(2+) resulting in an impaired relaxation in the mutant cardiac myocytes. Prolonged relaxation time and delay of Ca(2+) decay observed in the mutant cardiac myocytes are correlated with the level of the mutant protein in the heart. Markedly enlarged atria due to the elevated end-diastolic pressure and myocardial ischemia are observed in the heart of the transgenic mice. In the mice with the highest level of the mutant protein, restricted ventricles and systolic dysfunction occur followed immediately by heart failure and early death. Diastolic dysfunction caused by R193H troponin I mutation is specific, showing a dose-dependent pattern. These mouse models are useful tools for the study of diastolic dysfunction. Impaired diastole can cause myocardial ischemia and fibrosis formation, resulting in the development of systolic dysfunction and heart failure with early death in the RCM mice with a high level of the mutant protein in the heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuejin Li
- Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA
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32
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Lassalle MW. Expression and assembly of active human cardiac troponin in Escherichia coli. Protein Expr Purif 2012; 87:61-6. [PMID: 23116770 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2012.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2012] [Revised: 10/18/2012] [Accepted: 10/19/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Cardiomyopathy-related mutations in human cardiac troponin subunits, including troponin C (hcTnC), troponin I (hcTnI), and troponin T (hcTnT), are well-documented. Recently, it has been recognised that human cardiac troponin (hcTn) is a sophisticated allosteric system. Therefore, the effect of drugs on this protein complex should be studied with assembled hcTn rather than a short fragment of a subunit or the subunit itself. Here, we describe the expression and assembly of active hcTn in Escherichia coli, a novel method that is rapid and simple, and produces large amounts of functional hcTn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael W Lassalle
- Senior Research Fellow Center, Ehime University, 3 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8577, Japan.
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33
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Insights into restrictive cardiomyopathy from clinical and animal studies. J Geriatr Cardiol 2012; 8:168-83. [PMID: 22783303 PMCID: PMC3390071 DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1263.2011.00168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2011] [Revised: 08/24/2011] [Accepted: 08/31/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiomyopathies are diseases that primarily affect the myocardium, leading to serious cardiac dysfunction and heart failure. Out of the three major categories of cardiomyopathies (hypertrophic, dilated and restrictive), restrictive cardiomyopathy (RCM) is less common and also the least studied. However, the prognosis for RCM is poor as some patients dying in their childhood. The molecular mechanisms behind the disease development and progression are not very clear and the treatment of RCM is very difficult and often ineffective. In this article, we reviewed the recent progress in RCM research from the clinical studies and the translational studies done on diseased transgenic animal models. This will help for a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying the etiology and development of RCM and for the design of better treatments for the disease.
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34
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Application of echocardiography on transgenic mice with cardiomyopathies. Biochem Res Int 2012; 2012:715197. [PMID: 22675635 PMCID: PMC3363992 DOI: 10.1155/2012/715197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2012] [Accepted: 03/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiomyopathies are common cardiac disorders that primarily affect cardiac muscle resulting in cardiac dysfunction and heart failure. Transgenic mouse disease models have been developed to investigate the cellular mechanisms underlying heart failure and sudden cardiac death observed in cardiomyopathy cases and to explore the therapeutic outcomes in experimental animals in vivo. Echocardiography is an essential diagnostic tool for accurate and noninvasive assessment of cardiac structure and function in experimental animals. Our laboratory has been among the first to apply high-frequency research echocardiography on transgenic mice with cardiomyopathies. In this work, we have summarized our and other studies on assessment of systolic and diastolic dysfunction using conventional echocardiography, pulsed Doppler, and tissue Doppler imaging in transgenic mice with various cardiomyopathies. Estimation of embryonic mouse hearts has been performed as well using this high-resolution echocardiography. Some technical considerations in mouse echocardiography have also been discussed.
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35
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Houser SR, Margulies KB, Murphy AM, Spinale FG, Francis GS, Prabhu SD, Rockman HA, Kass DA, Molkentin JD, Sussman MA, Koch WJ. Animal models of heart failure: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circ Res 2012; 111:131-50. [PMID: 22595296 DOI: 10.1161/res.0b013e3182582523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 324] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Abstract
The heart exhibits remarkable adaptive responses to a wide array of genetic and extrinsic factors to maintain contractile function. When compensatory responses are not sustainable, cardiac dysfunction occurs, leading to cardiomyopathy. The many forms of cardiomyopathy exhibit a set of overlapping phenotypes reflecting the limited range of compensatory responses that the heart can use. These include cardiac hypertrophy, induction of genes normally expressed during development, fibrotic deposits that replace necrotic and apoptotic cardiomyocytes, and metabolic disturbances. The compensatory responses are mediated by signaling pathways that initially serve to maintain normal contractility; however, persistent activation of these pathways leads to cardiac dysfunction. Current research focuses on ways to target these specific pathways therapeutically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela A Harvey
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado at Boulder, USA
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37
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Chan WM, Liang Y, Wai MSM, Hung ASM, Yew DT. Cardiotoxicity induced in mice by long term ketamine and ketamine plus alcohol treatment. Toxicol Lett 2011; 207:191-6. [PMID: 21945864 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2011.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2011] [Revised: 09/06/2011] [Accepted: 09/08/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Increased use of ketamine as a recreational drug in rave party has raised lots of social concerns. Although its toxicity on the central nervous system (CNS) and urinary system had been reported, its potential adverse effects on the heart is still not addressed. Using our long term ketamine addiction model in which, 1-month-old ICR mice were given ketamine intraperitoneally (i.p. 30 mg/kg) for different study periods (6 weeks, 16 weeks and 28 weeks). The electrocardiogram (ECG) and the level of troponin as well as the presence of lactate dehydrogenase were used together to determine the cardiac function of mice. ST elevations were observed in 30% of mice from 6 weeks onwards. Concomitant increase in troponin in serum and presence of lactate dehydrogenase positive cardiac cells were taken together to indicate cardiac damages. The potential interactive effects of alcohol (ethanol) and ketamine were also addressed and 0.5 ml of 10% ethanol was administrated additionally to the mice daily and orally for the last 4 weeks in the 28-week long-term ketamine treated animals. The cardiac functions of these mice deteriorated more severely as indicated by further rise in troponin levels. In addition, high number of lactate dehydrogenase positive cardiac cells and abnormal ECGs in both ketamine and ketamine plus alcohol treated models also gave coherent conclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- W M Chan
- Brain Research Centre, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
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38
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Pinto JR, Yang SW, Hitz MP, Parvatiyar MS, Jones MA, Liang J, Kokta V, Talajic M, Tremblay N, Jaeggi M, Andelfinger G, Potter JD. Fetal cardiac troponin isoforms rescue the increased Ca2+ sensitivity produced by a novel double deletion in cardiac troponin T linked to restrictive cardiomyopathy: a clinical, genetic, and functional approach. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:20901-12. [PMID: 21502316 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.234336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel double deletion in cardiac troponin T (cTnT) of two highly conserved amino acids (Asn-100 and Glu-101) was found in a restrictive cardiomyopathic (RCM) pediatric patient. Clinical evaluation revealed the presence of left atrial enlargement and marked left ventricle diastolic dysfunction. The explanted heart examined by electron microscopy revealed myofibrillar disarray and mild fibrosis. Pedigree analysis established that this mutation arose de novo. The patient tested negative for six other sarcomeric genes. The single and double recombinant cTnT mutants were generated, and their functional consequences were analyzed in porcine skinned cardiac muscle. In the adult Tn environment (cTnT3 + cardiac troponin I), the single cTnT3-ΔN100 and cTnT3-ΔE101 mutations had opposing effects on the Ca(2+) sensitivity of force development compared with WT, whereas the double deletion cTnT3-ΔN100/ΔE101 increased the Ca(2+) sensitivity + 0.19 pCa units. In addition, cTnT3-ΔN100/ΔE101 decreased the cooperativity of force development, suggesting alterations in intrafilament protein-protein interactions. In the fetal Tn environment, (cTnT1 + slow skeletal troponin I), the single (cTnT1-ΔN110) and double (cTnT1-ΔN110/ΔE111) deletions did not change the Ca(2+) sensitivity compared with control. To recreate the patient's heterozygous genotype, we performed a reconstituted ATPase activity assay. Thin filaments containing 50:50 cTnT3-ΔN100/ΔE101:cTnT3-WT also increased the myofilament Ca(2+) sensitivity compared with WT. Co-sedimentation of thin filament proteins indicated that no significant changes occurred in the binding of Tn containing the RCM cTnT mutation to actin-Tm. This report reveals the protective role of Tn fetal isoforms as they rescue the increased Ca(2+) sensitivity produced by a cTnT-RCM mutation and may account for the lack of lethality during gestation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Renato Pinto
- University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33136, USA
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