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Raffield LM, Zakai NA, Duan Q, Laurie C, Smith JD, Irvin MR, Doyle MF, Naik RP, Song C, Manichaikul AW, Liu Y, Durda P, Rotter JI, Jenny NS, Rich SS, Wilson JG, Johnson AD, Correa A, Li Y, Nickerson DA, Rice K, Lange EM, Cushman M, Lange LA, Reiner AP. D-Dimer in African Americans: Whole Genome Sequence Analysis and Relationship to Cardiovascular Disease Risk in the Jackson Heart Study. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2017; 37:2220-2227. [PMID: 28912365 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.117.310073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Plasma levels of the fibrinogen degradation product D-dimer are higher among African Americans (AAs) compared with those of European ancestry and higher among women compared with men. Among AAs, little is known of the genetic architecture of D-dimer or the relationship of D-dimer to incident cardiovascular disease. APPROACH AND RESULTS We measured baseline D-dimer in 4163 AAs aged 21 to 93 years from the prospective JHS (Jackson Heart Study) cohort and assessed association with incident cardiovascular disease events. In participants with whole genome sequencing data (n=2980), we evaluated common and rare genetic variants for association with D-dimer. Each standard deviation higher baseline D-dimer was associated with a 20% to 30% increased hazard for incident coronary heart disease, stroke, and all-cause mortality. Genetic variation near F3 was associated with higher D-dimer (rs2022030, β=0.284, P=3.24×10-11). The rs2022030 effect size was nearly 3× larger among women (β=0.373, P=9.06×10-13) than among men (β=0.135, P=0.06; P interaction =0.009). The sex by rs2022030 interaction was replicated in an independent sample of 10 808 multiethnic men and women (P interaction =0.001). Finally, the African ancestral sickle cell variant (HBB rs334) was significantly associated with higher D-dimer in JHS (β=0.507, P=1.41×10-14), and this association was successfully replicated in 1933 AAs (P=2.3×10-5). CONCLUSIONS These results highlight D-dimer as an important predictor of cardiovascular disease risk in AAs and suggest that sex-specific and African ancestral genetic effects of the F3 and HBB loci contribute to the higher levels of D-dimer among women and AAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M Raffield
- From the Department of Genetics (L.M.R., Q.D., Y. Li), Department of Biostatistics (Y. Li), and Department of Computer Science (Y. Li), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine (N.A.Z., M.F.D., P.D., N.S.J., M.C.), and Department of Medicine (N.A.Z., M.C.), Hematology/Oncology Division, Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington; Department of Biostatistics (C.L., K.R.), Department of Genome Sciences (J.D.S., D.A.N.), and Department of Epidemiology (A.P.R.), University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama, Birmingham (M.R.I.); Hematology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD (R.P.N.); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Division of Intramural Research, Population Sciences Branch, Bethesda, MD (C.S., A.D.J.); Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville (A.W.M., S.S.R.); Epidemiology & Prevention, Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (Y. Liu); Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute and Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, and the David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA (J.I.R.); Department of Physiology and Biophysics (J.G.W.), and Department of Medicine (A.C.), University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson; and Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora (E.M.L., L.A.L.).
| | - Neil A Zakai
- From the Department of Genetics (L.M.R., Q.D., Y. Li), Department of Biostatistics (Y. Li), and Department of Computer Science (Y. Li), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine (N.A.Z., M.F.D., P.D., N.S.J., M.C.), and Department of Medicine (N.A.Z., M.C.), Hematology/Oncology Division, Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington; Department of Biostatistics (C.L., K.R.), Department of Genome Sciences (J.D.S., D.A.N.), and Department of Epidemiology (A.P.R.), University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama, Birmingham (M.R.I.); Hematology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD (R.P.N.); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Division of Intramural Research, Population Sciences Branch, Bethesda, MD (C.S., A.D.J.); Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville (A.W.M., S.S.R.); Epidemiology & Prevention, Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (Y. Liu); Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute and Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, and the David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA (J.I.R.); Department of Physiology and Biophysics (J.G.W.), and Department of Medicine (A.C.), University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson; and Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora (E.M.L., L.A.L.)
| | - Qing Duan
- From the Department of Genetics (L.M.R., Q.D., Y. Li), Department of Biostatistics (Y. Li), and Department of Computer Science (Y. Li), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine (N.A.Z., M.F.D., P.D., N.S.J., M.C.), and Department of Medicine (N.A.Z., M.C.), Hematology/Oncology Division, Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington; Department of Biostatistics (C.L., K.R.), Department of Genome Sciences (J.D.S., D.A.N.), and Department of Epidemiology (A.P.R.), University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama, Birmingham (M.R.I.); Hematology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD (R.P.N.); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Division of Intramural Research, Population Sciences Branch, Bethesda, MD (C.S., A.D.J.); Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville (A.W.M., S.S.R.); Epidemiology & Prevention, Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (Y. Liu); Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute and Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, and the David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA (J.I.R.); Department of Physiology and Biophysics (J.G.W.), and Department of Medicine (A.C.), University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson; and Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora (E.M.L., L.A.L.)
| | - Cecelia Laurie
- From the Department of Genetics (L.M.R., Q.D., Y. Li), Department of Biostatistics (Y. Li), and Department of Computer Science (Y. Li), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine (N.A.Z., M.F.D., P.D., N.S.J., M.C.), and Department of Medicine (N.A.Z., M.C.), Hematology/Oncology Division, Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington; Department of Biostatistics (C.L., K.R.), Department of Genome Sciences (J.D.S., D.A.N.), and Department of Epidemiology (A.P.R.), University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama, Birmingham (M.R.I.); Hematology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD (R.P.N.); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Division of Intramural Research, Population Sciences Branch, Bethesda, MD (C.S., A.D.J.); Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville (A.W.M., S.S.R.); Epidemiology & Prevention, Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (Y. Liu); Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute and Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, and the David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA (J.I.R.); Department of Physiology and Biophysics (J.G.W.), and Department of Medicine (A.C.), University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson; and Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora (E.M.L., L.A.L.)
| | - Joshua D Smith
- From the Department of Genetics (L.M.R., Q.D., Y. Li), Department of Biostatistics (Y. Li), and Department of Computer Science (Y. Li), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine (N.A.Z., M.F.D., P.D., N.S.J., M.C.), and Department of Medicine (N.A.Z., M.C.), Hematology/Oncology Division, Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington; Department of Biostatistics (C.L., K.R.), Department of Genome Sciences (J.D.S., D.A.N.), and Department of Epidemiology (A.P.R.), University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama, Birmingham (M.R.I.); Hematology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD (R.P.N.); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Division of Intramural Research, Population Sciences Branch, Bethesda, MD (C.S., A.D.J.); Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville (A.W.M., S.S.R.); Epidemiology & Prevention, Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (Y. Liu); Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute and Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, and the David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA (J.I.R.); Department of Physiology and Biophysics (J.G.W.), and Department of Medicine (A.C.), University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson; and Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora (E.M.L., L.A.L.)
| | - Marguerite R Irvin
- From the Department of Genetics (L.M.R., Q.D., Y. Li), Department of Biostatistics (Y. Li), and Department of Computer Science (Y. Li), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine (N.A.Z., M.F.D., P.D., N.S.J., M.C.), and Department of Medicine (N.A.Z., M.C.), Hematology/Oncology Division, Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington; Department of Biostatistics (C.L., K.R.), Department of Genome Sciences (J.D.S., D.A.N.), and Department of Epidemiology (A.P.R.), University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama, Birmingham (M.R.I.); Hematology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD (R.P.N.); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Division of Intramural Research, Population Sciences Branch, Bethesda, MD (C.S., A.D.J.); Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville (A.W.M., S.S.R.); Epidemiology & Prevention, Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (Y. Liu); Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute and Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, and the David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA (J.I.R.); Department of Physiology and Biophysics (J.G.W.), and Department of Medicine (A.C.), University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson; and Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora (E.M.L., L.A.L.)
| | - Margaret F Doyle
- From the Department of Genetics (L.M.R., Q.D., Y. Li), Department of Biostatistics (Y. Li), and Department of Computer Science (Y. Li), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine (N.A.Z., M.F.D., P.D., N.S.J., M.C.), and Department of Medicine (N.A.Z., M.C.), Hematology/Oncology Division, Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington; Department of Biostatistics (C.L., K.R.), Department of Genome Sciences (J.D.S., D.A.N.), and Department of Epidemiology (A.P.R.), University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama, Birmingham (M.R.I.); Hematology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD (R.P.N.); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Division of Intramural Research, Population Sciences Branch, Bethesda, MD (C.S., A.D.J.); Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville (A.W.M., S.S.R.); Epidemiology & Prevention, Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (Y. Liu); Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute and Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, and the David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA (J.I.R.); Department of Physiology and Biophysics (J.G.W.), and Department of Medicine (A.C.), University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson; and Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora (E.M.L., L.A.L.)
| | - Rakhi P Naik
- From the Department of Genetics (L.M.R., Q.D., Y. Li), Department of Biostatistics (Y. Li), and Department of Computer Science (Y. Li), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine (N.A.Z., M.F.D., P.D., N.S.J., M.C.), and Department of Medicine (N.A.Z., M.C.), Hematology/Oncology Division, Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington; Department of Biostatistics (C.L., K.R.), Department of Genome Sciences (J.D.S., D.A.N.), and Department of Epidemiology (A.P.R.), University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama, Birmingham (M.R.I.); Hematology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD (R.P.N.); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Division of Intramural Research, Population Sciences Branch, Bethesda, MD (C.S., A.D.J.); Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville (A.W.M., S.S.R.); Epidemiology & Prevention, Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (Y. Liu); Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute and Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, and the David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA (J.I.R.); Department of Physiology and Biophysics (J.G.W.), and Department of Medicine (A.C.), University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson; and Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora (E.M.L., L.A.L.)
| | - Ci Song
- From the Department of Genetics (L.M.R., Q.D., Y. Li), Department of Biostatistics (Y. Li), and Department of Computer Science (Y. Li), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine (N.A.Z., M.F.D., P.D., N.S.J., M.C.), and Department of Medicine (N.A.Z., M.C.), Hematology/Oncology Division, Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington; Department of Biostatistics (C.L., K.R.), Department of Genome Sciences (J.D.S., D.A.N.), and Department of Epidemiology (A.P.R.), University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama, Birmingham (M.R.I.); Hematology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD (R.P.N.); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Division of Intramural Research, Population Sciences Branch, Bethesda, MD (C.S., A.D.J.); Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville (A.W.M., S.S.R.); Epidemiology & Prevention, Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (Y. Liu); Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute and Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, and the David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA (J.I.R.); Department of Physiology and Biophysics (J.G.W.), and Department of Medicine (A.C.), University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson; and Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora (E.M.L., L.A.L.)
| | - Ani W Manichaikul
- From the Department of Genetics (L.M.R., Q.D., Y. Li), Department of Biostatistics (Y. Li), and Department of Computer Science (Y. Li), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine (N.A.Z., M.F.D., P.D., N.S.J., M.C.), and Department of Medicine (N.A.Z., M.C.), Hematology/Oncology Division, Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington; Department of Biostatistics (C.L., K.R.), Department of Genome Sciences (J.D.S., D.A.N.), and Department of Epidemiology (A.P.R.), University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama, Birmingham (M.R.I.); Hematology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD (R.P.N.); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Division of Intramural Research, Population Sciences Branch, Bethesda, MD (C.S., A.D.J.); Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville (A.W.M., S.S.R.); Epidemiology & Prevention, Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (Y. Liu); Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute and Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, and the David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA (J.I.R.); Department of Physiology and Biophysics (J.G.W.), and Department of Medicine (A.C.), University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson; and Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora (E.M.L., L.A.L.)
| | - Yongmei Liu
- From the Department of Genetics (L.M.R., Q.D., Y. Li), Department of Biostatistics (Y. Li), and Department of Computer Science (Y. Li), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine (N.A.Z., M.F.D., P.D., N.S.J., M.C.), and Department of Medicine (N.A.Z., M.C.), Hematology/Oncology Division, Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington; Department of Biostatistics (C.L., K.R.), Department of Genome Sciences (J.D.S., D.A.N.), and Department of Epidemiology (A.P.R.), University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama, Birmingham (M.R.I.); Hematology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD (R.P.N.); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Division of Intramural Research, Population Sciences Branch, Bethesda, MD (C.S., A.D.J.); Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville (A.W.M., S.S.R.); Epidemiology & Prevention, Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (Y. Liu); Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute and Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, and the David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA (J.I.R.); Department of Physiology and Biophysics (J.G.W.), and Department of Medicine (A.C.), University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson; and Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora (E.M.L., L.A.L.)
| | - Peter Durda
- From the Department of Genetics (L.M.R., Q.D., Y. Li), Department of Biostatistics (Y. Li), and Department of Computer Science (Y. Li), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine (N.A.Z., M.F.D., P.D., N.S.J., M.C.), and Department of Medicine (N.A.Z., M.C.), Hematology/Oncology Division, Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington; Department of Biostatistics (C.L., K.R.), Department of Genome Sciences (J.D.S., D.A.N.), and Department of Epidemiology (A.P.R.), University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama, Birmingham (M.R.I.); Hematology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD (R.P.N.); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Division of Intramural Research, Population Sciences Branch, Bethesda, MD (C.S., A.D.J.); Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville (A.W.M., S.S.R.); Epidemiology & Prevention, Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (Y. Liu); Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute and Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, and the David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA (J.I.R.); Department of Physiology and Biophysics (J.G.W.), and Department of Medicine (A.C.), University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson; and Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora (E.M.L., L.A.L.)
| | - Jerome I Rotter
- From the Department of Genetics (L.M.R., Q.D., Y. Li), Department of Biostatistics (Y. Li), and Department of Computer Science (Y. Li), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine (N.A.Z., M.F.D., P.D., N.S.J., M.C.), and Department of Medicine (N.A.Z., M.C.), Hematology/Oncology Division, Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington; Department of Biostatistics (C.L., K.R.), Department of Genome Sciences (J.D.S., D.A.N.), and Department of Epidemiology (A.P.R.), University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama, Birmingham (M.R.I.); Hematology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD (R.P.N.); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Division of Intramural Research, Population Sciences Branch, Bethesda, MD (C.S., A.D.J.); Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville (A.W.M., S.S.R.); Epidemiology & Prevention, Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (Y. Liu); Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute and Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, and the David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA (J.I.R.); Department of Physiology and Biophysics (J.G.W.), and Department of Medicine (A.C.), University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson; and Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora (E.M.L., L.A.L.)
| | - Nancy S Jenny
- From the Department of Genetics (L.M.R., Q.D., Y. Li), Department of Biostatistics (Y. Li), and Department of Computer Science (Y. Li), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine (N.A.Z., M.F.D., P.D., N.S.J., M.C.), and Department of Medicine (N.A.Z., M.C.), Hematology/Oncology Division, Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington; Department of Biostatistics (C.L., K.R.), Department of Genome Sciences (J.D.S., D.A.N.), and Department of Epidemiology (A.P.R.), University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama, Birmingham (M.R.I.); Hematology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD (R.P.N.); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Division of Intramural Research, Population Sciences Branch, Bethesda, MD (C.S., A.D.J.); Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville (A.W.M., S.S.R.); Epidemiology & Prevention, Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (Y. Liu); Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute and Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, and the David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA (J.I.R.); Department of Physiology and Biophysics (J.G.W.), and Department of Medicine (A.C.), University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson; and Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora (E.M.L., L.A.L.)
| | - Stephen S Rich
- From the Department of Genetics (L.M.R., Q.D., Y. Li), Department of Biostatistics (Y. Li), and Department of Computer Science (Y. Li), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine (N.A.Z., M.F.D., P.D., N.S.J., M.C.), and Department of Medicine (N.A.Z., M.C.), Hematology/Oncology Division, Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington; Department of Biostatistics (C.L., K.R.), Department of Genome Sciences (J.D.S., D.A.N.), and Department of Epidemiology (A.P.R.), University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama, Birmingham (M.R.I.); Hematology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD (R.P.N.); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Division of Intramural Research, Population Sciences Branch, Bethesda, MD (C.S., A.D.J.); Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville (A.W.M., S.S.R.); Epidemiology & Prevention, Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (Y. Liu); Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute and Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, and the David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA (J.I.R.); Department of Physiology and Biophysics (J.G.W.), and Department of Medicine (A.C.), University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson; and Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora (E.M.L., L.A.L.)
| | - James G Wilson
- From the Department of Genetics (L.M.R., Q.D., Y. Li), Department of Biostatistics (Y. Li), and Department of Computer Science (Y. Li), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine (N.A.Z., M.F.D., P.D., N.S.J., M.C.), and Department of Medicine (N.A.Z., M.C.), Hematology/Oncology Division, Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington; Department of Biostatistics (C.L., K.R.), Department of Genome Sciences (J.D.S., D.A.N.), and Department of Epidemiology (A.P.R.), University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama, Birmingham (M.R.I.); Hematology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD (R.P.N.); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Division of Intramural Research, Population Sciences Branch, Bethesda, MD (C.S., A.D.J.); Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville (A.W.M., S.S.R.); Epidemiology & Prevention, Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (Y. Liu); Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute and Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, and the David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA (J.I.R.); Department of Physiology and Biophysics (J.G.W.), and Department of Medicine (A.C.), University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson; and Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora (E.M.L., L.A.L.)
| | - Andrew D Johnson
- From the Department of Genetics (L.M.R., Q.D., Y. Li), Department of Biostatistics (Y. Li), and Department of Computer Science (Y. Li), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine (N.A.Z., M.F.D., P.D., N.S.J., M.C.), and Department of Medicine (N.A.Z., M.C.), Hematology/Oncology Division, Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington; Department of Biostatistics (C.L., K.R.), Department of Genome Sciences (J.D.S., D.A.N.), and Department of Epidemiology (A.P.R.), University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama, Birmingham (M.R.I.); Hematology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD (R.P.N.); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Division of Intramural Research, Population Sciences Branch, Bethesda, MD (C.S., A.D.J.); Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville (A.W.M., S.S.R.); Epidemiology & Prevention, Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (Y. Liu); Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute and Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, and the David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA (J.I.R.); Department of Physiology and Biophysics (J.G.W.), and Department of Medicine (A.C.), University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson; and Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora (E.M.L., L.A.L.)
| | - Adolfo Correa
- From the Department of Genetics (L.M.R., Q.D., Y. Li), Department of Biostatistics (Y. Li), and Department of Computer Science (Y. Li), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine (N.A.Z., M.F.D., P.D., N.S.J., M.C.), and Department of Medicine (N.A.Z., M.C.), Hematology/Oncology Division, Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington; Department of Biostatistics (C.L., K.R.), Department of Genome Sciences (J.D.S., D.A.N.), and Department of Epidemiology (A.P.R.), University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama, Birmingham (M.R.I.); Hematology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD (R.P.N.); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Division of Intramural Research, Population Sciences Branch, Bethesda, MD (C.S., A.D.J.); Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville (A.W.M., S.S.R.); Epidemiology & Prevention, Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (Y. Liu); Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute and Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, and the David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA (J.I.R.); Department of Physiology and Biophysics (J.G.W.), and Department of Medicine (A.C.), University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson; and Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora (E.M.L., L.A.L.)
| | - Yun Li
- From the Department of Genetics (L.M.R., Q.D., Y. Li), Department of Biostatistics (Y. Li), and Department of Computer Science (Y. Li), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine (N.A.Z., M.F.D., P.D., N.S.J., M.C.), and Department of Medicine (N.A.Z., M.C.), Hematology/Oncology Division, Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington; Department of Biostatistics (C.L., K.R.), Department of Genome Sciences (J.D.S., D.A.N.), and Department of Epidemiology (A.P.R.), University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama, Birmingham (M.R.I.); Hematology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD (R.P.N.); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Division of Intramural Research, Population Sciences Branch, Bethesda, MD (C.S., A.D.J.); Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville (A.W.M., S.S.R.); Epidemiology & Prevention, Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (Y. Liu); Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute and Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, and the David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA (J.I.R.); Department of Physiology and Biophysics (J.G.W.), and Department of Medicine (A.C.), University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson; and Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora (E.M.L., L.A.L.)
| | - Deborah A Nickerson
- From the Department of Genetics (L.M.R., Q.D., Y. Li), Department of Biostatistics (Y. Li), and Department of Computer Science (Y. Li), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine (N.A.Z., M.F.D., P.D., N.S.J., M.C.), and Department of Medicine (N.A.Z., M.C.), Hematology/Oncology Division, Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington; Department of Biostatistics (C.L., K.R.), Department of Genome Sciences (J.D.S., D.A.N.), and Department of Epidemiology (A.P.R.), University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama, Birmingham (M.R.I.); Hematology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD (R.P.N.); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Division of Intramural Research, Population Sciences Branch, Bethesda, MD (C.S., A.D.J.); Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville (A.W.M., S.S.R.); Epidemiology & Prevention, Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (Y. Liu); Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute and Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, and the David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA (J.I.R.); Department of Physiology and Biophysics (J.G.W.), and Department of Medicine (A.C.), University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson; and Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora (E.M.L., L.A.L.)
| | - Kenneth Rice
- From the Department of Genetics (L.M.R., Q.D., Y. Li), Department of Biostatistics (Y. Li), and Department of Computer Science (Y. Li), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine (N.A.Z., M.F.D., P.D., N.S.J., M.C.), and Department of Medicine (N.A.Z., M.C.), Hematology/Oncology Division, Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington; Department of Biostatistics (C.L., K.R.), Department of Genome Sciences (J.D.S., D.A.N.), and Department of Epidemiology (A.P.R.), University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama, Birmingham (M.R.I.); Hematology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD (R.P.N.); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Division of Intramural Research, Population Sciences Branch, Bethesda, MD (C.S., A.D.J.); Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville (A.W.M., S.S.R.); Epidemiology & Prevention, Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (Y. Liu); Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute and Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, and the David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA (J.I.R.); Department of Physiology and Biophysics (J.G.W.), and Department of Medicine (A.C.), University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson; and Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora (E.M.L., L.A.L.)
| | - Ethan M Lange
- From the Department of Genetics (L.M.R., Q.D., Y. Li), Department of Biostatistics (Y. Li), and Department of Computer Science (Y. Li), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine (N.A.Z., M.F.D., P.D., N.S.J., M.C.), and Department of Medicine (N.A.Z., M.C.), Hematology/Oncology Division, Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington; Department of Biostatistics (C.L., K.R.), Department of Genome Sciences (J.D.S., D.A.N.), and Department of Epidemiology (A.P.R.), University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama, Birmingham (M.R.I.); Hematology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD (R.P.N.); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Division of Intramural Research, Population Sciences Branch, Bethesda, MD (C.S., A.D.J.); Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville (A.W.M., S.S.R.); Epidemiology & Prevention, Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (Y. Liu); Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute and Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, and the David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA (J.I.R.); Department of Physiology and Biophysics (J.G.W.), and Department of Medicine (A.C.), University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson; and Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora (E.M.L., L.A.L.)
| | - Mary Cushman
- From the Department of Genetics (L.M.R., Q.D., Y. Li), Department of Biostatistics (Y. Li), and Department of Computer Science (Y. Li), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine (N.A.Z., M.F.D., P.D., N.S.J., M.C.), and Department of Medicine (N.A.Z., M.C.), Hematology/Oncology Division, Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington; Department of Biostatistics (C.L., K.R.), Department of Genome Sciences (J.D.S., D.A.N.), and Department of Epidemiology (A.P.R.), University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama, Birmingham (M.R.I.); Hematology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD (R.P.N.); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Division of Intramural Research, Population Sciences Branch, Bethesda, MD (C.S., A.D.J.); Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville (A.W.M., S.S.R.); Epidemiology & Prevention, Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (Y. Liu); Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute and Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, and the David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA (J.I.R.); Department of Physiology and Biophysics (J.G.W.), and Department of Medicine (A.C.), University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson; and Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora (E.M.L., L.A.L.)
| | - Leslie A Lange
- From the Department of Genetics (L.M.R., Q.D., Y. Li), Department of Biostatistics (Y. Li), and Department of Computer Science (Y. Li), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine (N.A.Z., M.F.D., P.D., N.S.J., M.C.), and Department of Medicine (N.A.Z., M.C.), Hematology/Oncology Division, Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington; Department of Biostatistics (C.L., K.R.), Department of Genome Sciences (J.D.S., D.A.N.), and Department of Epidemiology (A.P.R.), University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama, Birmingham (M.R.I.); Hematology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD (R.P.N.); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Division of Intramural Research, Population Sciences Branch, Bethesda, MD (C.S., A.D.J.); Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville (A.W.M., S.S.R.); Epidemiology & Prevention, Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (Y. Liu); Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute and Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, and the David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA (J.I.R.); Department of Physiology and Biophysics (J.G.W.), and Department of Medicine (A.C.), University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson; and Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora (E.M.L., L.A.L.)
| | - Alex P Reiner
- From the Department of Genetics (L.M.R., Q.D., Y. Li), Department of Biostatistics (Y. Li), and Department of Computer Science (Y. Li), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine (N.A.Z., M.F.D., P.D., N.S.J., M.C.), and Department of Medicine (N.A.Z., M.C.), Hematology/Oncology Division, Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington; Department of Biostatistics (C.L., K.R.), Department of Genome Sciences (J.D.S., D.A.N.), and Department of Epidemiology (A.P.R.), University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama, Birmingham (M.R.I.); Hematology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD (R.P.N.); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Division of Intramural Research, Population Sciences Branch, Bethesda, MD (C.S., A.D.J.); Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville (A.W.M., S.S.R.); Epidemiology & Prevention, Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (Y. Liu); Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute and Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, and the David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA (J.I.R.); Department of Physiology and Biophysics (J.G.W.), and Department of Medicine (A.C.), University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson; and Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora (E.M.L., L.A.L.)
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